General Fabrication

Requirements

Cutting Plates and Other Stock

UG-76(a) Plates, edges of heads and other parts may be cut to
shape to size by:
1. mechanical means
2. oxygen cutting
3. arc cutting
After oxygen or arc cutting, all slag and detrimental
discoloration of material which has been molten shall be
removed by mechanical means prior to further fabrication.
UG-76(b) Ends of nozzles or manhole necks which are to
remain unwelded in the finished vessel may be cut by shearing
provided sufficient additional material is removed by any
method
that
provides
a
smooth
surface.
UG-76 (c)
Exposed inside edges shall be chamfered or rounded.

Forming Shell Sections & Heads

UG-79(a) All plates for shell sections and for heads shall be
formed to the required shape by any process that will not
impair the physical properties of the material. Limits are
provided on cold working of all carbon and low alloy steel,
[see UCS 79(d)]
UG-79(b) If the plates are to be rolled, the adjoining edges of
longitudinal joints of cylindrical vessels shall first be shaped
to the proper curvature by preliminary rolling in order to
avoid objectionable flat spots.
UG-79(b) If the plates are to be
rolled, the adjoining edges of
longitudinal joints of cylindrical
vessels shall first be shaped to
the
proper
curvature
by
preliminary rolling in order to
avoid objectionable flat spots.

Forming Shell Sections & Heads

Plate - As rolled condition

Outer surface in
tension

Original center line radius (infinity)

double curvature (heads)

where

Final center
line radius

Inner surface in
compression

t = plate thickness
Rf= final center line
radius
Ro = original center line
radius ( for flat plate)

Forming Shell Sections & Heads

Permissible Out-Of-Roundness Of
Cylindrical, Conical and Spherical Shells
UG 80(a) Internal Pressure - The shell of a completed vessel
shall be substantially round and shall meet the following
requirements:

Example: 24 inch I. D.
shell x 1% tolerance
724 Inch permitted
deviation

(a)(1) The difference between the

maximum and minimum inside
diameters at any cross section
shall not exceed 1% of the nominal
diameter at the cross section under
consideration.
The diameters may be measured
on the inside or outside of the
vessel. If measured on the outside,
the diameters shall be corrected for
the plate thickness at the cross
section under consideration.

Permissible Out-Of-Roundness Of
Cylindrical, Conical and Spherical Shells
UG-80(a)(2) When the cross section passes through an
opening or within 11.D. of the opening measured from the
center of the opening, the permissible difference in inside
diameters given above may be increased by 2% of the
inside diameter of the opening.

<
%
*

Example: d = I.D. of nozzle

shell I.D. = 24 inches x 1% =
.24in.
nozzle I.D.= 10 inches x 2% = + .20in.
max. permissible deviation =
.44in.

Tolerance For Formed Heads

UG-81(a) The Inner surface of a torispherical, toriconical,
hemispherical or ellipsoidal head shall not deviate:
outside the specified shape by more than 1 1/4 % of D*
inside the specified shape by more than 5/8 % ofD*
the knuckle radius shall not be less than that specified.
*Note: D is the nominal inside diameter of the shell at the point of attachment

Lugs And Fitting Attachment

UG-82 Lugs, brackets, saddle type nozzles, manhole frames,
reinforcement around openings, and other appurtenances
shall be formed and fitted to conform reasonably to the
curvature of the shell or surface to which they are attached.
Requirements for pressure parts - UG 82(a)
Requirements for nonpressure parts - UG 82(b)
UG-82(a) When pressure parts, such as saddle type nozzles,
manhole frames and reinforcement around openings extend
over pressure retaining welds, such welds shall be ground
flush for the portion of the weld to be covered.

Lugs And Fitting Attachment

UG-82(b) When nonpressure parts such as lugs, brackets,
support legs and saddles extend extend over pressure
retaining welds, such parts shall be ground flush as
described in UG-82(a), or such parts shall be notched or
coped to clear those welds.