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WCDMA RAN Planning and Optimization (Book2 Design and Planning)
WCDMA RAN Planning and Optimization (Book2 Design and Planning)
Fundamental
www.huawei.com
Objectives
z
Page2
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page3
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page4
Classification
Designation
Extremely Low
Frequency
Voice Frequency
Very-low Frequency
Low Frequency
Medium Frequency
High Frequency
Very High Frequency
Ultra High Frequency
Super High Frequency
Extremely High
Frequency
ELF
VF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
300-3000GHz
The frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page5
The radio waves are distributed in 3Hz ~ 3000GHz. This spectrum is divided
into 12 bands, as shown in the above table. The frequencies in each specific
band present unique propagation features: The lower the frequency is, the
lower the propagation loss will be, the farther the coverage distance will be,
and the stronger the diffraction capability will be. However, lower-band
frequency resources are stringent and the system capacity is limited, so they
are primarily applied to the systems of broadcast, television and paging. The
higher-band frequency resources are abundant and the system capacity is large;
however, the higher the frequency is, the higher the propagation loss will be,
the shorter the coverage distance will be, and the weaker the diffraction
capability will be. In addition, the higher the frequency is, the higher the
technical difficulty will be, and the higher the system cost will be. The band
for purpose of the mobile communication system should allow for both
coverage effect and capacity. Compared with other bands, the UHF band
achieves a good tradeoff between the coverage effect and the capacity, and is
hence widely applied to the mobile communication field. Nevertheless, with
the increase of mobile communication demand, more capacity is required. The
mobile communication system is bound to develop toward the high-frequency
band.
When the radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction
changes regularly. If the electric field direction of radio wave is vertical to
the ground, the radio wave is vertical polarization wave
If the electric field direction of radio wave is parallel with the ground, the radio
wave is horizontal polarization wave
Dipole
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field
Electric Field
Electric Field
Electric Field
Page6
Propagation Path
Page7
Radio wave can be propagated from the transmitting antenna to the receiving
antenna in many ways: perpendicular incidence wave or ground refraction
wave, diffraction wave, troposphere reflection wave, ionosphere reflection
wave, as shown in the diagram. As for radio wave, the most simple
propagation mode between the transmitter and the receiver is free space
propagation. One is perpendicular incidence wave; the other is ground
reflection wave. The result of overlaying the perpendicular incidence wave
and the reflection wave may strengthen the signal, or weaken the signal,
which is known as multi-path effect. Diffraction wave is the main radio wave
signal source for shadow areas such building interior. The strength of the
diffraction wave is much dependent of the propagation environment. The
higher the frequency is, the weaker the diffraction signal will be. The
troposphere reflection wave derives from the troposphere. The heterogeneous
media in the troposphere changes from time to time for weather reasons. Its
reflectance decreases with the increase of height. This slowly changing
reflectance causes the radio wave to curve. The troposphere mode is
applicable to the wireless communication where the wavelength is less than
10m (i.e., frequency is greater than 30MHz).Ionosphere reflection propagation:
When the wavelength of the radio wave is less than 1m (frequency is greater
than 300MHz), the ionosphere is the reflector. There may be one or multiple
hops in the radio wave reflected from the ionosphere, so this propagation is
applicable to long-distance communication. Like the troposphere, the
ionosphere also presents the continuous fluctuation feature.
Propagation Path
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page9
Weather conditions
Page10
Landform Categories
Quasi-smooth landform
T
R
Irregular landform
The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform
Page11
Signal Fading
Receiving power (dBm)
-20
fast fading
slow fading
-40
-60
10
20
30
distance (m)
Page12
Slow fading: In case shadow effect is caused by obstacles, and the receiving
signal strength decreases but the field strength mid-value changes slowly with
the change of the topography, the strength decrease is called slow fading or
shadow fading. The field strength mid-value of slow fading takes on a
logarithmic normal distribution, and is related to location/locale. The fading
speed is dependent on the speed of the mobile station.
Fast fading: In case the amplitude and phase of the combined wave change
sharply with the motion of the mobile station, the change is called fast
fading. The spatial distribution of deep fading points is similar to interval of
half of wavelength. Since its field strength takes on Rayleigh distribution, the
fading is also called Rayleigh fading. The amplitude, phase and angle of the
fading are random.
Fast fading is subdivided into the following three categories:
Time-selective fading: In case the user moves quickly and causes Doppler
effect on the frequency domain, and thus results in frequency diffusion, timeselective fading will occur.
Space-selective fading: The fading features vary between different places and
different transmission paths.
Frequency-selective fading: The fading features vary between different
frequencies, which results in delay diffusion and frequency-selective fading.
Signal Diversity
Measures against fast fading --- Diversity
z
Time diversity
Space diversity
Frequency diversity
Page14
To resist such kind of fast fading, the BTS adopts the time diversify, space
diversity (polarization diversity), and frequency diversity.
Time diversity uses the methods of symbol interleaving, error check and error
correction code. Each code has different anti-fading features.
Space diversity uses the main/diversity antenna receiving. The BTS receiver
handles the signals received by the main and diversity antennas respectively,
typically in a maximum likelihood method. This main/diversity receiving
effect is guaranteed by the irrelevance of main antenna receiving and diversity
antenna receiving. Here irrelevance means the signals received by the main
antenna and the signals received by the diversity antenna do not have the
feature of simultaneous attenuation. This requires the interval between the
main antenna and the diversity antenna in case of space diversity to be greater
than 10 times of the radio signal wavelength (for GSM, the antenna interval
should be greater than 4m in a distance of 900m, and greater than 2m in a
distance of 1800m). Alternatively, the polarization diversity method should be
used to ensure that signals received by the main and diversity antennas do not
have the same attenuation features. As for mobile stations (mobile phones),
only one antenna exists, so this space diversity function is not supported. The
BTS receivers capability of balancing the signals of different delays in a
certain time range (time window) is also a mode of space diversity. In case of
soft switch in the CDMA communication, the mobile station contacts multiple
BTSs concurrently,
and selects the best signals from them, which is also a mode of space
diversity.
Frequency diversity is performed primarily by means of spreading. In the
GSM communication, it simply uses the frequency hopping to obtain the
frequency hop gain; in the CDMA communication, since every channel
works at a broad band (WCDMA has a band of 5MHz), the communication
itself is a kind of spreading communication.
The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from the
receiving antenna
Solution
RAKE
RAKEtechnology
technology
Page16
Diffraction Loss
z
T
R
Page17
Penetration Loss
z
WdBm
XdBm
Penetration
Penetrationloss
loss=X-W=B
=X-W=BdB
dB
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page18
Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the average signal
strength outside the building and the average signal strength of one layer of
the building.
Penetration loss represents the capability of the signal penetrating the building.
The buildings of different structures affect the signals significantly. The
penetration loss generated by the long wavelength is greater than that
generated by the short wavelength of the same building. The incidence angle
of the electromagnetic wave also affects the penetration loss considerably.
Typical Penetration loss:
z
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page19
Propagation model
z
Propagation model is used for predicting the medium value of path loss.
The formula can be simplified under if the heights of UE and base station
are given
PathLoss = f (d , f )
is the
Propagation environment affect the model, and the main factors are :
Vegetation;
Weather;
External noise
Page20
If the heights of UE and BTS are given and ignore the environment affect, the
path loss is just related with the distance between UE and BTS and radio
frequency.
Page21
Free space means an infinite space full of even, linear, isotropic ideal media,
and is an ideal situation. For example, the radio wave propagation of satellite
is very similar to the propagation condition of free space. As seen from the
above formula, once the distance is doubled, the loss will increase by 6dB. If
the frequency is doubled, as shown in the above example, the 1900MHz loss
will be 6dB more than the 900MHz loss.
Page22
Okumura-Hata Model
Application Scope
z
Frequency range
f:150~1500MHz
Hb:30~200m
Distance
d:1~20km
Characteristic
z
z
z
z
Page23
Frequency range
f:1505~2000MHz
Hb:30~200m
Distance
d:1~20km
Characteristic
z
z
z
z
Page24
Frequency range :
800~2000MHz
Distance d :
4~50m
0.02~5km
Characteristic
Page25
Standard Propagation
Experimental formula
Page26
Using the multiplier factor configured by customer, the propagation model can
be made by order totally. It can support using different K1 and K2 according
to distance and LOS or NLOS. It also can use different diffraction loss
algorithm and effective BTS height algorithm. One optional amendment
condition is that U-net can amend the path loss of hilly terrains environments
under it is LOS between transmitter and receiver.
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page27
CW data collection
parameter setting
Comparison
End
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page28
Site Selection
Criteria for selecting a site
5m
Page29
If the antenna is taller than the nearest obstacle by 5m or more, the data in
GSM will be inherited, as defined according to the first Fresnel zone. This
condition is sufficiently compliant with the WCDMA requirements.
Obstacle here means the tallest building on the roof of the antenna. The
building serving as a site should be taller than the average height of the
surrounding buildings
Test Platform
z
Transmitting subsystems
OmniAntenna
bracket
Feeder
Transmitter
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page30
After the test platform is set up, switch on the signal source to transmit the RF
signal, and begin drive test. To perform the CW test, it is necessary to select
an appropriate site for transmitting the RF signal. In case of CW test data
handling, it is necessary to be aware of the EIRP of the test BTS, and record
the data of signal gain attributable to each part, including signal source
transmitting power, RF cable loss, transmitting antenna gain, and receiving
antenna gain.
Test Platform
z
Receiving subsystem
GPS-Antenna
Antenna
Positioning Receiver
System
Page31
After the test platform is set up, switch on the signal source to transmit the RF
signal, and begin drive test. To perform the CW test, it is necessary to select
an appropriate site for transmitting the RF signal.In case of CW test data
handling, it is necessary to be aware of the EIRP of the test BTS, and record
the data of signal gain attributable to each part, including signal source
transmitting power, RF cable loss, transmitting antenna gain, and receiving
antenna gain.
Test Path
z
Landform: the test path must consider all main landforms in the region.
Height: If the landform is very rugged, the test path must consider the
landforms of different heights in the region.
Distance: The test path must consider the positions differently away
from the site in the region.
Direction: The test points on the lengthways path must be identical
with that on the widthways path.
Length: The total length of the distance in one CW test should be
greater than 60km.
Number of test points: The more the test points are, the better
(>10000 points, >4 hours as a minimum)
Page32
The distance corrected in the CW test primarily falls within the impact range
of this cell, so the test distance is not necessarily more than twice of the cell
radius. The total length of the test distance in a CW test should be greater than
60km.Generally, the number of test points for each site is more than 10000, or
the test duration is more than 4 hours. According to the sampling rate of 1
point/6m after smoothing the sampling data, it takes at least 60km as a test
distance for 10000 sampling points.
Test Path
z
Page33
Overlaying: The test path of different test sites can be preferably overlapped
to increase the reliability of the model
Obstacles: When the antenna signals are obstructed by one side of the building,
do not run to the shadow area behind this side of building
Drive Test
z
In a tunnel
Under a viaduct
Page34
Data filtering
Data dispersion
Geographic averaging
Format conversion
Page35
The CW test data obtained after reasonable design are basis of our model
correction, and are input of the first step. The reasonableness of the CW test
data directly affects the correctness of the correction result. However, even the
design is reasonable, the measured data is not perfect, and needs further
processing. Typical processing steps include: Data filtering, data dispersion,
geographical averaging, and format conversion. In the actual test, some test
data may be inconsistent with the model correction requirements. In order to
avoid such data from affecting the model correction result adversely, such
data should be filtered. 1. Since we need to know the accurate position of each
test point in the model correction, for the data obtained from measuring the
places where GPS cannot position accurately should be filtered. Such
circumstances include: 1) under a viaduct; 2) in a tunnel; 3) in the narrow
street with tall buildings on both sides; 4) in the narrow street covered by
dense tree leaves. 2. Generally, we regard the distance 0.1R~2R away from
the antenna is reasonable, where R is the forecast cell radius. The signal
strength distribution and the propagation distance do not form a strict linear
relationship. If too near, the test data will be less, and average distribution will
be impossible. 3. If the receiving signal is too weak, exceptional value point
may occur, because the receiver is located at the critical status of resolving the
signal at this time, and its value is vulnerable to influence of transient
fluctuation. To prevent the deeply faded signals from being filtered, we use
the homocentric circle technology to filter out circular rings at the test point
lower than-121dbm, e.g., above 20% of the site ring. That is because the
receiver speed is far greater than the GPS signal collection speed, and will
result in multiple test data at one location point. Suppose the vehicle runs at
equal speeds, such data should be distributed to the two fixed points on
average, which is a process of data dispersion. The main function of
geographic averaging is to eliminate the influence of fast fading and slow
fading.
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page37
Grounding device
main
(7/8)
feeder
Indoor super
flexible feeder
Outdoor
feeder
Cabling
rack
Feeder
clip
Lightning protection
device
Feeder cabling
window
main device
of BTS
Page38
Feed network
Feed network
Antenna
Connector
Directional antenna
Antenna
Connector
omni antenna
Page39
Categories of Antenna
Categorize by emission direction
Directional antenna
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
omni antenna
Page40
Categories of Antenna
Categorize by appearance
Plate-shape antenna
Cap-shape antenna
Whip-shape
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Paraboloid antenna
Page41
Categories of Antenna
Categorize by polarization mode
Omni antenna
Uni-polarization
Directional antenna
Dual polarization
Directional antenna
Page42
Categories of Antenna
Smart antenna
Smart omni-antenna
Page43
Smart antenna techniques are already used in many wireless systems, but
UMTS is the first system where they are considered already in the system
specification phase. Smart antennas are especially attractive in WCDMA
networks, as they could be used to reduce the intracell interference levels
considerably. Interference is one of the most important and difficult issues in
the WCDMA air interface, and any improvement in the interference level
management will bring increased capacity.
Generally, a smart antenna is an antenna structure consisting of more than one
physical antenna element, and a signal processing unit that controls these
elements and combines or distributes the signals among these elements. Note
that the antenna elements are not smart as such, but the smartness of the
device lies in the controlling signal processing unit.
Categories of Antenna
Electric down tilt Antenna
Page44
Page45
side view
Top view
Page46
Antenna Gain
2.15dB
dBidBd
Page47
Gain means a ratio of the power density generated by the antenna at a certain
point in the maximum emission direction to the power density generated by
the ideal point source antenna at the same point. Gain reflects the capability of
the antenna emitting the radio waves in a certain direction in a centralized way.
Generally, the higher of the antenna gain is, the narrower the lobe width will
be, and more centralized the energy emitted by the antenna will be. The unit
of antenna gain is dBi or dBd. dBi uses the ideal point source antenna gain as
a reference, and dBd uses the half-wave dipole antenna gain as a reference.
The difference of values represented by the two kinds of unit is 2.15 dB. For
example, if the antenna gain is 11dBi, it can be said as 8.85dBd, as shown in
the above diagram. dBi is defined as the energy centralization capability of the
actual direction antenna (including omni antenna) relative to the isotropic
antenna, where i represents Isotropic.dBd is defined as the energy
centralization capability of the actual direction antenna (including omni
antenna) relative to the half-wave dipole antenna, where d represents
Dipole.
Antenna Pattern
Antenna pattern
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page48
Antenna Pattern
Side lobe
Zero point
Back
Main
lobe
filling
lobe
Max value
horizontal half-
Front to
power angles
back
Zero point
ratio
filling
Vertical pattern
Horizontal pattern
Page49
Beam width is one of the key indices of antenna. It consists of horizontal halfpower angle and vertical half-power angle. Horizontal half-power
angle/vertical half-power angle is defined as beam width between the two
points where the power is reduced by half (3dB) in the horizontal/vertical
directional relative to the maximum emission direction. Typical horizontal
half-power angles of BTS antenna are 360, 210, 120, 90, 65, 60,
45 and 33. Typical vertical half-power angles of BTS antenna are 6.5,
13, 25 and 78. The front/back suppression ratio means the ratio of
signal emission strength of the antenna in the main lobe direction and in the
side lobe direction, and the difference between the side lobe level and the
maximum beam within backward 18030. Generally, the front/back
ratio of antenna falls within 18~45dB. For dense urban areas, the antenna with
great front/back suppression ratio is preferred. Zero point filling: When the
BTS antenna vertical plane adopts the shaped-beam design, in order to make
the emission level in the service are more even, the first zero point of the
lower side lobe should be filled, rather than leaving an obvious zero depth.
High-gain antennas have narrow vertical half-power angles, so especially need
the zero point filling technology to improve the nearby coverage. Generally,
if the zero depth is -26dB greater than the main beam, it indicates that the
antenna has zero point filling. Some suppliers adopt percentage notation. For
example, when an antenna zero point filling is 10%. The relationship between
the
Page51
Three kinds of methods and their combinations are usually used for antenna
beam downtilt: Mechanical downtilt, preset electricity downtilt and
electrically controlled downtilt (for electrically controlled antennas). During
adjustment of the electrically controlled antenna downtilt angle, the antenna
itself will not move, but the phase of the antenna dipole is adjusted through
electricity signals to change the field intensity so that the antenna emission
energy deviates from the zero-degree direction. The filed intensity of the
antenna is increased or decreased in each direction so that there will be little
change in the antenna pattern after the downtilt angle is changed. The
horizontal semi-power width is unrelated with the downtilt angle. However,
during mechanical adjustment of the downtilt angle, the antenna itself will be
moved. It is necessary to change the downtilt angle by adjusting the location
of the back support of the antenna. When the downtilt angle is very large,
although the coverage distance in the main lobe direction changes obviously,
yet signals in the direction perpendicular to the main lobe almost keep not
change, the antenna pattern deforms seriously, and the horizontal beam width
becomes greater as the downtilt angle is increased. A preset downtilt antenna
is similar to an electrically controlled antenna in working principle, but a
preset angle can not be adjusted.
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page53
Absolute power(dBm)
The absolute power of RF signals is notated by dBm and dBW.
Their conversion relationships with mW and W are: e.g., the signal
power is x W, its size notated by dBm is:
PW *1000 mw
p ( dBm ) = 10 lg
1mw
P mw
p ( dB ) = 10 lg 1
P 2 mW
Relative power(dB)
It is the logarithmic notation of the ratio of any two powers
For exampleIf P1 = 2w , P2 = 1w so P1 is 3dB greater than P2
Page54
Noise-Related Concepts
z
Noise
Noise figure
Si
NF
Ni
So
No
Page55
Typical noises are: external sky and electric noise, vehicle start-up noise, heat
noise from inside systems, scattered noise of transistor during operation,
intermodulation product of signal and noise.
Noise-Related Concepts
z
G1 NF1
NFtotal = NF 1 +
G2 NF2
Gn NFn
NF 2 1
NFn 1
+ ... +
G1
G1 G 2 ... Gn 1
Page56
As seen from the above formula, in the system noise, the noise figure of the
level-1 component imposes the greatest influence, the noise figure of level-2
component imposes less influence, and so on. This explains why the cascaded
noise figure is reduced after installing the tower amplifier. Usually, the NF of
TMA is 1.5 . The NF of the level-1 component of BTS is 2.2 .
Receiving Sensitivity
z
Receiving sensitivity
Expressed with power:
Page57
RF Components
z
Duplexer
Page58
The core of a TMA is a low noise amplifier, which can be used to solve a limited
uplink coverage problem and increase the uplink coverage area. For uplink, the
gain is around 13dB. For downlink, the loss is around 0.3dB.
Duplexer : A device that permits the simultaneous use of a transmitter and a
receiver in connection with a common element such as an antenna system.
RF Components
z
Splitter
Coupler
Page59
Both couplers and power splitters are components for power distribution. The
difference is: a power splitter is for equal power distribution, while a coupler is
for non-equal power distribution. Therefore, couplers and power splitters are used
in different applications. In general, to distribute power to different antennas
within the same storey, a power splitter is used; to distribute power from the
trunk to tributaries of different stories, a coupler is used.
If couplers and power splitters are used in coordination, the transmit power of the
signal source can be distributed as evenly as possible to various antenna ports of
the system, namely, the transmit power of each antenna in the entire distribution
system is almost the same.
During power splitter selection, priority should be given to 1/2 power splitters,
not 1/4 power splitters. When using a 1/3 power splitter, make sure that the power
splitter is not too close to the antenna, and the feeder cable connecting them
should be over 20m long.
Distribution System
Splitter
Coupler
Splitter
Trunk
Trunk
Splitter
Trunk
Coupler
Splitter
Splitter
Tx/Rx
Splitter
Coupler
Splitter
Splitter
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page60
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page61
Symbol Explanation
z
Ec
Page62
The same could be said for the Dedicated Channel as for the pilot. The Ec
remains constant for a given power and path loss. The main difference
between the pilot and the DCH is that the DCH is power controlled.
Symbol Explanation
z
Eb
Constant for a given bit rate, channel power, and path loss
Ec = -80 dBm
Page63
Symbol Explanation
z
Io
RSSI in W or dBm
Io in W/Hz or dBm/Hz
Page64
Symbol Explanation
z
No common RF definition
Can be calculated
No = KT
K is the Bolzman constant, 1.38*10^-23
T is the temperature, 290 K
Typically the bandwidth noise and the receiver noise figure are
also considered
Page65
For a WCDMA system, the bandwidth is 3.84Mcps. For WCDMA, the typical
noise figure is 3dB Uplink (NodeB, but Huaweis NodeB is 2.2 dB in RND)
and 7 dB downlink (UE). These figures should always be checked against the
vendor specification, because implementation affects them
Based on the previous formula, this gives the total noise power (noise floor) as
Uplink: -174+66+3= -105dBm (RTWP value without subscriber)
Downlink: -174+66+7= -101dBm
These values are not the receiver sensitivity but the power measured at the
reference point, in the absence of signal. As WCDMA allows the extraction of
signals below the noise floor, the sensitivity can not be deducted from these
values.
Symbol Explanation
z
Page66
Originally, Eb/No meant simply bit energy divided by noise spectral density.
However, over time the expression Eb/No has acquired an additional
meaning. One reason is the fact that in CDMA the interference spectral
density is added to the noise spectral density, since the interference is noise,
due, for example, to spreading. Thus, No can usually be replaced by Io,
interference plus noise density.
Symbol Explanation
z
RTWP
When uplink load increase 50%, RTWP value will increase 3dB
RSSI
Page67
Symbol Explanation
z
RSCP
ISCP
Page68
Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA Radio
Network Coverage
Planning
www.huawei.com
Objectives
z
Page1
Contents
1. WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
2. R99 Coverage Planning
3. HSDPA Coverage Planning
Page2
Contents
1. WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
2. R99 Coverage Planning
3. HSDPA Coverage Planning
Page3
Capacity
COST
Quality
Coverage
Level Quality
Page4
Capacityquality (typical case: lowering BLER through outer loop power control)
Coveragequality (typical case: lowering the data rate of the connections with much
path loss through AMRC)
Page5
3G radio network planning can be divided into three phases. They are shown in
above figure, and consist of dimensioning, pre-planning and cell planning.
According to the above figure, the output result of radio network dimensioning stage
serves as the input condition of the pre-planning, and the pre-planning is based on
the network dimensioning and also checks the network dimensioning result. The site
quantity can be adjusted according to the pre-planning result in order to obtain the
reasonable sites. If the existing sites are considered in the selection of theoretical
sites during the pre-planning, the pre-planning result will be more practical, thus
facilitating the cell planning.
Page6
Dimensioning provides the first and most rapid evaluation of the network element
number as well as the associated capacity of those elements. The target of
dimensioning phase is to estimate the required site density and site configurations for
the area of interest. Dimensioning activities include radio link budget and coverage
analysis, capacity evaluation and final estimation of the amount of NodeB hardware
and E1, cell average throughput and cell edge throughput.
Objective:
Method:
Coverage Related
-Coverage Region
-Propagation Condition
-Area Type Information
QoS Related
Number of NodeB
Carrier configuration
CE configuration
Iub configuration
-Blocking Probability
-Indoor Coverage
-Coverage Probability
Page7
The service distribution, traffic density, traffic growth estimates and QoS requirements
are already essential elements in dimensioning phase. Quality is taken into account
here in terms of blocking and coverage probability.
Implementation parameters
Cell parameters
Page8
Based on the network dimensioning and site information, the initially selected
WCDMA site is imported into the planning software, and coverage is estimated by
parameters setting. Then an analysis is made to check whether the coverage of the
system meet the requirements. If necessary, the height and tilt of the antenna and the
NodeB quantity are adjusted to optimize the coverage. And then the system capacity
is analyzed to check whether it meets the requirement.
Cell parameters, such as transmission power of traffic channel and common channel,
orthogonal factor, primary scrambling code
Page9
Based on the network dimensioning and site information, the initially selected
WCDMA BS is imported into the planning software, and coverage is estimated by
setting the cell parameters and engineering parameters. Then an analysis is made to
check whether the coverage of the system meet the requirements. Then the system
capacity is analyzed to check whether it meets the requirement. If necessary, the
height and tilt angle of the antenna and the BS quality are adjusted to optimize the
coverage.
Coverage by transmitter:
Display the best server
coverage
Overlapping zones:
Display the signal level
across the studied area
Page10
For the result of coverage prediction, focus on the distribution of best servers and pilot
level. For the small areas with unqualified level, adjust the azimuth and down tilt to
improve the coverage. For the large areas with weak coverage, analyze whether the
site distance is over large:
Page11
Page12
Simulation is oriented to simulate the running situation of networks under the current
network configuration so as to facilitate decision-making adjustment. Now there are
two system simulation classes: static simulation and dynamic simulation.
Static simulation focus on user behavior such as browsing Internet, call. It would gain
the performance of radio network based on snapshot.
Dynamic simulation focus on detail of user behavior such as duration and data rate of
browsing. It would gain the performance of radio network based on analysis of mobile
subscribers. But it requires higher precision of e-map.
At present, Static simulation is in common use. Monte Carlo simulation is one type of
static simulation.
1st snapshot
3rd snapshot
2nd snapshot
Simulation
result
100%
20%
60%
100%
0%
75%
60%
40%
Page13
Page14
Some UEs or terminals are distributed based on a certain rule (such as random even
distribution) at each snapshot
Handover Status:
Display areas depending on the
probe mobile handover status
Pilot Pollution:
Displays pilot pollution statistics
across the certain area
Page15
These graphs are prediction results (based on simulation) of Huawei planning tool: UNet
Contents
1. WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
2. R99 Coverage Planning
3. HSDPA Coverage Planning
Page16
Contents
2. R99 Coverage Planning
2.1 Process of R99 Coverage Planning
2.2 R99 Uplink Budget
2.3 R99 Downlink Budget
Page17
Start
Link Budget
Path Loss
Propagation model
Cell Radius
NodeB Coverage Area
NodeB number
=
3
Area = * 3R 2
2
NodeB Number
End
9
Area = * 3R 2
8
Page18
Contents
2. R99 Coverage Planning
2.1 Process of R99 Coverage Planning
2.2 R99 Uplink Budget
2.3 R99 Downlink Budget
Page19
Lo
ss
Body Loss
Interference margin
Cable Loss
UE Antenna Gain
Cable Loss
NodeB
Sensitivity
UE Transmit Power
Penetration
Loss
Penetration Loss
UPLINK BUDGET
Antenna Gain
SHO Gain
Maximum
Allowed path loss
Margin
Loss
Page20
Link dimensioning intends to estimate the system coverage by analyzing the factors
of the propagation channels of the uplink signal and downlink signal. It is the link
analysis model.
If the parameters such as transmit signal power, gain and loss of the transmitter and
receiver, and quality threshold of received signal are known or estimated, the allowed
maximum path loss used for ensuring the quality of received signal can be calculated.
Tolerance
+33dBm
+1/-3dB
+27dBm
+1/-3dB
+24dBm
+1/-3dB
+21dBm
+2/-2dB
Page21
In network planning, the value should be set according to the UE capacity with lowest
power grade in the commercial network of the operator.
Note that it is possible that a UE supporting high-speed uplink data service (higher
than 64kbps) has a higher power grade than a UE supporting only voice and lowspeed data services, for example, power grade 3dBm 24dBm.
With a higher maximum power rating, the maximum path loss is increased accordingly. This
allows the operator to plan cells with a relatively larger coverage.
The UE cable loss, connector loss, and combiner loss are quite negligible, hence a 0
dB loss is assumed here
Page22
The 0 dBi antenna gain is considered here with respect to the internal antenna of
mobile phones.
Page23
Omni
11
2 Sector
18
3 Sector
18
6 Sector
20
6. Cable loss ( dB )
- Cable loss between NodeB and antenna
Cable Loss
5. NodeB_AntennaGain ( dB )
Page24
Antenna gain: It refers to the ratio of the square of the actual field of an antenna at a
point in the space to the square of the field of an ideal radiation unit at the same point
in the space, namely power ratio. It is the gain in the main transmit direction. In
general, the gain is related to the antenna pattern. If the central lobe is narrow and the
back lobe and side lobe are small, the gain is high. If the transmit direction is
centralized, the antenna gain is high. For an omnidirectional antenna, the gain in all
the directions is the same.
Front-to-back ratio: It refers to the ratio of the maximum gain in the principal direction
to the gain in the reverse direction. It describes the directing feature. If it is high, the
directed receive performance of the antenna is high.
Beam width: It refers to the separation angle between the main transmit direction of
the power and the point with 3 dB of transmit power reduced, and the area is called
an antenna lobe. Tilt: It refers to the tilt angle of a directional plate antennal. It is used
to control interference and improve coverage.
Polarization: The vector direction of the electrical field in the direction with the highest
radiation. A dual polarized antenna can provide diversity over a single antenna, thus
saving one antenna.
In general, there are two or more lobes in an antenna pattern. The largest lobe is the
central lobe, and others are side lobes. The separation angle between the two halfpower points of the central lobe is the lobe width of the antenna pattern, namely, halfpower (angle) lobe width. If the central lobe is narrow, the directivity is high, and the
anti-interference capability is high.
Page25
Long term fading the variation of signal level is slow and smooth.
Short term fading the variation of signal level is fast and poignant
Probability Density
The higher the standard deviation is, the more SFM is required
SFM required
Coverage
CoverageProbability
Probability@
@Cell
CellEdge:
Edge:
PPCOVERAGE (x)
= P [ F(x) > Fthreshold ]
COVERAGE (x) = P [ F(x) > Fthreshold ]
Without SFM
With SFM
Fthreshold
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Propagation models predict only mean values of signal strength , the mean value of signal
strength fluctuates. The deviation of the mean values has a nearly normal distribution in dB,
The variation in mean values is called log-normal fading.
Probability that the real signal strength will exceed the average one on the cell border is
around 50%,for higher than 50% coverage probability an additional margin has to be
introduced. The margin is called slow fading margin.
Slow Fading Margin (SFM) is related with coverage probability in cell edge and standard
deviation of slow fading. The equation is described as following:
The standard deviation is a measured value that is obtained from various clutter types. It
basically represents the variance (log-normally distributed around the mean value) of the
measured RF signal strengths at a certain distance from the site.
Therefore, the standard deviation would vary by clutter type. Depending on the propagation
environment, the log-normal standard deviation can easily vary between 6 and 8 dB or even
greater. Assuming flat terrain, rural or open clutter types would typically have lower standard
deviation levels than the suburban or urban clutter types. This is due to the highly obstructive
properties encountered in an urban environment that in turn will produce higher standard
deviation to mean signal strengths than that experienced in a rural area. Standard Deviation of
slow fading is related with morphology, frequency and environment. For instance:
SHO reduces slow fading margin compared to the single cell case
SHO gain against slow fading can improve the coverage probability
SHO Gain against slow fading = SFM without SHO - SFM with SHO
SHO Gain Against SFM
(dB)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Standard deviation=11.7
Path loss slope=3.52
98%
95%
92%
90%
85%
Page28
SHO gain over slow fading is also known as the Multi-Cell gain because in soft
handover more than 1 branch exists and hence the coverage probability increases
which would result in the decreasing of required slow fading margin.
Suppose that soft handover has 2 branches, and the orthogonality of the two radio
link branches on slow fading is 50%. We can calculate the slow fading margin
required with soft handovers based on the former assumptions, and compare it with
the slow fading margin required without soft handover to get the SHO gain over slow
fading.
SHO gain over slow fading is dependent on the required area coverage probability,
the propagation path loss slope and the STD. The following table gives the calculated
SHO gain over slow fading and the propagation path loss slope equals to 3.59.
the factors affect FFM include channel model, service type, BLER
requirement
Page29
In WCDMA, user signals should be received at the NodeB with equal power all the
time and for downlink the transmitted TCH power should be as small as possible
while maintaining the required Qos. This implies that fast fading are compensated by
the power control algorithm, which requires additional headroom at both UE and
NodeB in order to let UE and NodeB following the power control commands at cell
edge.
SHO gain against fast fading exists for both uplink and
downlink (Typical value of SHO gain against FFM is 1.5dB)
SHO Gain Against Fast Fading = Eb/No without SHO Eb/No with SHO
Page30
Because of the macro diversity combination, the soft handover reduces the required
Eb/No by a single radio link, which results in additional macro diversity gain.
[dB ]
UL Load
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page31
Interference margin is the required margin in the link budget due to the noise rise
caused by system load (the noise rise due to other subscribers). The higher the
system load is, the larger the interference margin should be.
Page32
N th = 10 log( K * T * W )
Nth = -108dBm/3.84MHz
Page33
Page34
Typical noises are: external sky and electric noise, vehicle start-up noise, heat noise
from inside systems, scattered noise of transistor during operation, intermodulation
product of signal and noise.
Noise figure is used for measuring the processing capability of the RF component for
small signals, and is usually defined as: output SNR divided by unit input SNR.
Si
NF
Ni
So
No
Processing gain is related with the service bearer rate, and the
detail formula is present below:
chip rate
)
bit rate
Page35
For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of video phone
is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps(R99). After the
spreading, the chip rate of different service all become 3.84Mcps.
Service type
User speed
Page36
For instance:
Service
BLER
AMR12.2k
1.00%
CS64k
CS64k
0.10%
1.00%
Channel Model
Uplink Eb/N0
Downlink Eb/N0
TU3
5.4dB
7.8 dB
RA120
4.5 dB
8.3 dB
TU3
2.8 dB
6.3 dB
RA120
2.8 dB
6.8 dB
TU3
2.5 dB
5.4 dB
RA120
2.3 dB
6 dB
Contents
2. R99 Coverage Planning
2.1 Process of R99 Coverage Planning
2.2 R99 Uplink Budget
2.3 R99 Downlink Budget
Page37
Pa
th
Lo
ss
Body Loss
Cable Loss
UE Antenna Gain
NodeB Transmit Power
CableLoss
Penetration
Loss
UE
Sensitivity
Penetration Loss
DOWNLINK BUDGET
Antenna Gain
Maximum
allowed path loss
SHO Gain
Margin
Loss
UE reception sensitivity
Page38
IM(dB)
30.00
25.00
=0.6, f
PMax=20W,
= 1.78,
DL = 0.9
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
CL(dB)
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page39
Page40
Page41
Contents
1. WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
2. R99 Coverage Planning
3. HSDPA Coverage Planning
Page42
Coverage Requirement
Simulation KPI
Page43
Cell edge throughput requirement with specific coverage requirement should be given
for HSDPA
90%
75%
CCH
CCH
More power
to ensure
R99
capacity
time
time
Page44
The cell total transmit power is the constant resources. The DL power consists of the
following three parts:
DPCH power
Other Parameters
R99:
HSDPA:
Page45
SHO gain
Scheduling Algorithm
HSDPA+R99
f2
HSDPA+R99
R99+HSDPA
f1
R99+HSDP
A
R99+HSDPA
HSDPA+R99
f2
R99
f1
R99+HSDPA
R99
Urban
HSDPA Performance
Initial Phase
Focus on:
HSDPA coverage
no impact on R99
Page46
Advantages
Save cost
Disadvantages
z
z
Advantages
High cost
HSDPA+R9
9
Page47
If operator wants to upgrade HSDPA from R99, R99 should be met first, and HSDPA
should not affect the R99.
If operator setup R99 and HSDPA directly, R99 and HSDPA requirement should be
met at the same time.
DL Coupling Loss
Ec
= 10 log(
No
PHS DSCH
( + f ) DL Pmax
+ 10
DL _ CoupleLoss NF Nt
10
Page48
DL Coupling Loss :
: non-orthogonality factor
The HSDPA link budget is usually based on the R99 link budget to get
the cell edge throughput in downlink
Simulation
Conditions
Channel model-TU3
5 codes
Page49
For HSDPA , soft handover gain and fast fading margin should not be considered in
link budget , since neither power control nor soft handover in HS-PDSCH channel
DL_CoupleLoss=DL_PL+TxBodyLoss+TxCableLoss-TxAntennaGain+RxBodyLoss+
RxCableLoss-RxAntennaGain+PenetrationLoss+SlowFadingMargin
HSDPA power
Ec
= 10 log(
No
PHS DSCH
( + f ) DL Pmax + 10
DL _ CoupleLossNFNt
10
Simulation Results
Page50
According to the Cell Radius comes from R99 dimensioning, the Downlink
Path Loss can be calculated
According to the Downlink Path Loss , the Downlink Coupling Loss can be
calculated
According to the Downlink Coupling Loss and HS-DSCH Power, Cell Edge
Ec/No can be calculated
According to the Cell Edge Ec/No and simulation result, Cell Edge Throughput
can be calculated
PHS DSCH
( + f ) DL Pmax
Ec
No
DL _ CoupleLoss =
NFNt
DL_CoupleLoss=DL_PL+TxBodyLoss+TxCableLoss-TxAntennaGain+RxBodyLoss+
RxCableLoss-RxAntennaGain+PenetrationLoss+SlowFadingMargin
Page51
According to the Cell Edge Throughput and simulation result, Cell Edge Ec/No
can be calculated
According to the Cell Edge Ec/No and HS-DSCH Power, the Downlink
Coupling Loss can be calculated
According to the Downlink Coupling Loss, the Downlink Path Loss can be
calculated
According to the Downlink Path Loss and and Propagation Model, HSDPA
Cell radius can be calculated
( DL _ CoupleLoss Nt NF + ( + f ) DL Pmax )
Pmax
Ec
No + P
HS SCCH
HSDPA Power
Page52
According to the Cell Radius comes from R99 dimensioning, the Downlink
Path Loss can be calculated
According to the Downlink Path Loss , the Downlink Coupling Loss can be
calculated
According to the Cell Edge Throughput and simulation result, Cell Edge Ec/No
can be calculated
According to the Downlink Coupling Loss and Cell Edge Ec/No , HS-DSCH
Power can be calculated
Assumption:
Body loss : 0 dB
Page53
Assumption:
UE Category: 8
Page54
PHS DSCH
+ f ) DL Pmax + 10
DL _ CoupleLoss NF Nt
10
6000
( 0 . 5 + 1 . 78 ) * 0 . 9 * 20000 + 10
144 . 66 108 . 16 + 7
10
) = 10 . 2 dB
Page55
Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA Radio
Network Capacity
Planning
www.huawei.com
Foreword
z
Uplink interference
Downlink power
Page1
Objectives
z
Page2
Contents
1. Traffic Model
2. Interference Analysis
3. Capacity Dimensioning
4. CE Dimensioning
5. Network Dimensioning Flow
Page3
Contents
1. Traffic Model
2. Interference Analysis
3. Capacity Dimensioning
4. CE Dimensioning
5. Network Dimensioning Flow
Page4
Contents
1. Traffic Model
1.1 Overview of traffic model
1.2 CS traffic model
1.3 PS traffic model
Page5
QoS Type
Real-time category
Voice service,
Conversation
videophone
al
Streaming
Interactive
Background
Streaming
multimedia
Web page
network game
Background
download of
Page6
For the session-type service, requirement on end-to-end delay is strict. For example, for the
voice service, the delay is required to be smaller than 150ms, and must not exceed 400ms,
otherwise, it will be difficult to understand the voice. The session-type services are typically
carried by the CS domain. For the session-type services, the system can perform no queue
processing for the calls. In this case, we can use the Erlang B formula or the extended Erlang
B formula to calculate.
Compared with the session-type service, the stream-type service imposes low requirement on
the end-to-end delay. Generally, the stream-type service tolerates the call waiting to a greater
extent, and can provide the call queue mechanism. In this case, we can use the Erlang C
formula to calculate the blocking probability of this type of users (defined as the probability of
the call waiting for a specified time).
Interaction-type service refers to the service through which the user requests data from the
server. The service is described with the terminal users request response pattern. Therefore,
round-trip delay is the most important index of this service type. The interaction-type services
are typically carried on the CS domain. The background-service tolerates delay to the greatest
extent, and can tolerate the delay of a magnitude of an hour. Due to such great delay tolerance,
the system can save such requests in the busy hour, and respond when the channel becomes
idle; meanwhile, for such services, once a request with higher QoS comes in, the processing
can be stopped at any time. The system decides startup and termination at any time, the
above formulasErlang B formula and Erlang C formula are not applicable. Generally,
according to the difference between the maximum number of channels and the busy-hour
average occupied channels, we can calculate the traffic of the background-type service. The
users of traffic-type services also tolerate the call waiting to some extent. The system provides
a queue mechanism, and uses the Erlang C formula to calculate the blocking rate.
Traffic Model
Service Pattern
Traffic Model
Results
User Behaviour
System Configuration
Page7
By determining the service pattern and the user behaviour parameters, we determine
the traffic models of various services in the network. By calculating the hybrid services
of multiple traffic models, we determine the network system configuration.
Page8
Service pattern is a means of researching the capacity features of each service type
and the QoS expected by the users who are using the service from perspective of
data transmission. In the actual application, service pattern is closely related to, and
sometimes is no strictly different from, the traffic measurement model.
In the data application, the user behaviour research mainly forecasts the service
types available from the 3G, the number of users of each service type, frequency of
using the service, and the distribution of users in different regions
Service Type
Spreading factor
Page9
For each service, since the channel structure and demodulation method are different,
the required uplink rate is different from the required downlink rate even for the same
service type and the same data rate. For a typical service, we first need to identify
whether it is uplink or downlink rate. A typical service can be described by the
following parameters:
The above parameters ultimately determine the QoS requirements of the service.
Contents
1. Traffic Model
1.1 Overview of traffic model
1.2 CS traffic model
1.3 PS traffic model
Page10
CS Traffic Model
z
Penetration rate
Activity factor
Page11
Penetration rate: The percentage of the users that activates this service to all the
users registered in the network.
Activity Factor: The weight of the time of service full-rate transmission among the
duration of a single session.
Mean busy hour traffic volume per user (kbit) = BHCA mean call
duration activity factor mean rate
Mean busy hour throughput per user (bps) = mean busy hour
traffic volume per user 1000/3600
Page12
(Erl) For CS service, mean busy-hour traffic (Erlang) per user = BHCA * mean call
duration /3600 (Erl)
(kbps) Mean busy-hour throughput per user = BHCA * mean call duration * activity
factor * mean rate of service*1000/3600 (kbps)
Contents
1. Traffic Model
1.1 Overview of traffic model
1.2 CS traffic model
1.3 PS traffic model
Page13
PS Traffic Model
Session
Packet Call
Packet Call
Downloading
Active
Downloading
Dormant
Dormant
Active
Packet Call
Data Burst
Data Burst
Data Burst
Page14
The most frequently used model is the packet service session process model
described in ETSI UMTS30.03.
Page15
The service pattern-related parameters in the traffic model include: these parameters
commonly determine the pattern of one session.
We identify the service types through the different values of the parameters.
Parameter Determining
z
Page16
We have determined the traffic model parameters. The linchpin is to determine such
parameter values. The parameter value varies between different services. Pareto
General standard probability distributions include: logarithmic normal distribution,
Pareto distribution, geometrical distribution, and negative exponent distribution.
Penetration Rate
BHSA
User Behaviour
User Distribution
(High, Medium, Low end)
Page17
The country, region, life custom and economic level will affect the service distribution.
In the planning, we divide the users into high-end users, mid-end users and low-end
users, and believe that the BHSA and penetration rate are different between different
types of user groups. Currently, we can only use the existing analysis to make
prediction. In the future, the progress of the construction of the WCDMA pilot system
will provide us with reference.
Penetration Rate
BHSA
Page18
Penetration Rate: The percentage of the users that activate this service to all the
users registered in the network. It varies between different service types, user types,
and operators. More importantly, it is related to the penetration rate and time. With the
elapse of time, the penetration rate will increase gradually.
BHSA: Times of the single-user busy hour sessions of the service. It varies between
service types and user types.
User Distribution (High, Medium, Low end): The users are divided into high-end,
mid-end and low-end users according to the ARPU. Different operators and different
application situations will have different user distributions.
DataTransm issionTime =
z
HoldingTim e = (
z
1 BLER
TypicalRat e
PackketCal lNum
1 ) Re adingTime + DataTransm issionTime
Session
Activity Factor:
ActivityFactor =
DataTransm issionTime
HoldingTim e
Page19
In the PS service, when calculating the data transmission time, the retransmission
caused by erroneous blocks should be considered. Suppose the data volume of
service source is N, the air interface block error rate is BLER, the total required data
volume to be transmitted via the air interface is
1
*N
1 BLER
Contents
1. Traffic Model
2. Interference Analysis
3. Capacity Dimensioning
4. CE Dimensioning
5. Network Dimensioning Flow
Page20
Basic Principles
z
In the WCDMA system, all the cells use the same frequency,
which is conducive to improving the WCDMA system
capacity. However, for reason of co-frequency multiplexing,
the system incurs interference between users. This multiaccess interference restricts the capacity in turn.
Page21
Interference is the main factor that decides the system performance of the cellular
system. The interference in a cellular system consists of two parts: co-frequency and
adjacent frequency interference. All users in the WCDMA system use the same band.
All the users are different by modulating the respective signal to the code sequences
that are mutually orthogonal. Therefore, the receiving signal is the sum of all user
signals and the channel noise.
Contents
2. Interference Analysis
2.1 Uplink Interference Analysis
2.2 Downlink Interference Analysis
Page22
Where:
I TOT
I own
Page23
PN = 10 log( K * T * W ) + NF
Nth = 10log(K*T*W)=-108dBm/3.84MHz
Page24
Pj =
I TOT
1+
( Eb
10
10
1
/ No
) Avg
_ j
10
is UL activity factor
_ j
Pj
I TOT P j
W 1
Rj j
1
W
Rj j
I own =
Pj
Page25
Activity Factor: The weight of the time of service full-rate transmission among the
duration of a single session. Which is defined by the following formula:
ActiveFactor =
DataTransm issionTime
HoldingTim e
f =
I other
I own
Page26
For omni cell, the typical value of adjacent cell interference factor is 0.55
For the 3-sector directional cell, the typical value of adjacent cell interference
factor is 0.65
)
1
I TOT
1
1+
( Eb / No ) Avg _ j
10
10
Define:
Lj =
1
1
1+
( Eb / No ) Avg _ j
10
10
W 1
Rj j
N
Then:
I TOT = I TOT (1 + f ) L j + PN
1
Obtain:
I TOT = PN
1
N
1 (1 + f ) L j
1
Where:
W 1
Rj j
Page27
+ PN
Suppose that:
All the users are 12.2 kbps voice users, Eb/NoAvg = 5dB
Page28
Page29
j = (1 + f ) L j = (1 + f )
1
1
1+
( EbvsNo) Avg _ j
10
z
10
W 1
Rj j
UL = (1 + f ) L j = (1 + f )
1
1
1+
( EbvsNo)Avg _ j
10
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
10
W 1
Rj j
Page30
When the uplink load factor is 1, I TOT is infinite, and the corresponding capacity is
called threshold capacity.
Assume that the users are distributed evenly, and the adjacent cell
interference is constant
Dynamic simulation
Page31
The users in the soft handover state generates the interference which is
slightly less than that generated by ordinary users.
AMRC reduces the voice service rate of some users, and makes them
generate less interference, and make the system support more users. (But call
quality of such users will be deteriorated)
Different services have different data rates and demodulation thresholds. So,
we should use the previous methods for analysis, but it will complicate the
calculation process.
The power control commands of the actual system have certain error codes so
that the power control process is not ideal, and reduces the system capacity
Assume that the users are distributed evenly, and the adjacent cell interference is
constant
Contents
2. Interference Analysis
2.1 Uplink Interference Analysis
2.2 Downlink Interference Analysis
Page32
Page33
Where:
I TOT
I own
PN = 10 log( K * T * W ) + NF
Nth = 10log(K*T*W)=-108dBm/3.84MHz
Page34
( Iown) j = PTX
to describe this
Page35
Compared to the uplink load equation, the most important new parameter is
Where:
Hence we obtain:
( Iother ) j = f PTX
Where:
Page36
Pj
(
Pj
Ec
10CL /10
)j =
=
( CL + PN ) / 10
( + f ) PTX
Io
(
+
f
)
P
+
10
PN / 10
TX
+ 10
10CL /10
Page37
Where:
Therefore:
Pj
10CL /10
( + f ) DL _ Total Pmax
10CL /10
10
z
=(
Ec
W 1
)j
Io
Rj j
10
10
Pj =
10( CL + PN ) /10
j PTX ( + f +
)
PTX
W / Rj
Where:
Page38
j =
z
Pj
Pmax
10
=
10
PTX
10( CL + PN ) /10
)
j
( + f +
Pmax
PTX
W / Rj
DL =
PTX
Pmax
Page39
The downlink load factor are defined in the transmitter side (NodeB).
NoiseRise =
Page40
Contents
1. Traffic Model
2. Interference Analysis
3. Capacity Dimensioning
4. CE Dimensioning
5. Network Dimensioning Flow
Page41
Assumed Subscribers
Load per Connection of R99
No
Load cell total _ UL = max{ Load CS peak , Load CS avg + Load PS avg + Load HSUPA }
Load cell total _ DL = max{ Load CS peak , Load CS avg + Load PS avg + Load HSDPA } + Load CCH
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
For UL, the load per connection of R99 is calculated by the following formula:
j = (1 + f ) L j = (1 + f )
1
1
1+
( EbvsNo)Avg _ j
10
z
10
W 1
Rj j
For DL, the load per connection of R99 is calculated by the following formula:
( Eb / No ) j
i =
z
Page42
Pi
=
Pmax
10
10
PTX
10( CL + PN ) /10
( + f +
)
Pmax
PTX
W / Rj
UL
is 0.65,
Uplink
UL
is 50%,
is 75%, load of
Downlink
AMR12.2k
1.19%
1.05%
CS64k
4.99%
5.81%
PS64k
4.77%
4.11%
PS128k
8.69%
8.03%
PS384k
21.35%
19.59%
Contents
3. Capacity Dimensioning
3.1 R99 Capacity Dimensioning
3.2 HSDPA Dimensioning
Page43
WCDMA
z Hard blocking
z Soft blocking
z Single service
Page44
The GSM capacity is decided by the number of carriers, it is hard capacity. But
WCDMA capacity is related to interference, coverage, channel condition, it is soft
capacity.
Single service
Then when various objects attempt to access in this system, how much is
the blocking probability of every object?
Calls
arrival
Fixed capaciy
K classes of
services
Calls
completion
Blocked
calls
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page45
Multidimensional ErlangB is a public algorithm. Now Huawei selects it. Operators can use different
algorithm to calculate the load.
n2
n2
n2
States Space
C-b1
C-b2
n1
n1
n1
Page46
b2=2*b1
The left graph describes all the states (blue dots) that satisfies: n1*b1+n2*b2<=C
The red dots in the central graph describe the blocking states for service 1, that
means in these red states, service 1 cannot access the network.
The red dots in the central graph describe the blocking states for service 1, that
means in these red states, service 1 cannot access the network.
CS services
Real time
GoS requirements
Capacity
Blocking probability
Multidimensional ErlangB
Resource sharing
Channels
64
CS
Cell Loading
......
MDE
Page47
Page48
ErlangB allocate the resource according to the peak load of each service. Different
service are separate, they cannot share the resource.
MDE considers the probability that different service reach the peak load at the same
time is very low, then the services can share the same resource, and decrease the
resource requirement.
PS Services:
Load
Total Load
CS Peak Load
Best Effort
Load occupied by PS
Retransmission
Burst Traffic
CS Average Load
Load occupied by CS
Time
z
Page49
Best effort means that the packet service can utilize the resource that is available. PS
service can be considered as BE service.
Retransmission of PS = BLER/(1-BLER)
PS traffic burst is a method to ensure the QoS, it is obtained from simulation based on
time delay requirement.
Capacity Dimensioning
z
Average load:
AverageLoad j = Traffic j LoadFactorj
N
AverageLoadTotal = AverageLoad j
1
Peak load:
Page50
Where:
For the total average load, the result is the sum of AverageLoad for different
service
For the total peak load, we should calculate it by MDE. The result is lower than
the sum of PeakLoad for different service, Because it
Common parameters:
Retransmission of PS is 5%
Page51
GoS
0.02
2%
1.18%
0.83%
0.001
0.001
2%
4.99%
4.65%
PS64k (Kbit)
50
100
N/A
4.21%
2.96%
PS128k (Kbit)
100
N/A
PS384 (Kbit)
N/A
AMR12.2k (Erl)
CS64k (Erl)
UL
DL
0.02
5.94%
Page52
AMR12.2k:
AMR12.2k:
0.02*800*1.18%=18.88%
0.02*800*(1+40%)*0.83%=18.59%
CS64k:
CS64k:
0.001*800*4.99%=3.99%
PS64k:
50*800*(1+5%)*(1+20%)/0.9/64/360
PS64k:
100*800*(1+5%)*(1+40%)*(1+20%)/0.9
/64/3600*2.96%=2.01%
0*4.21%=1.02%
CS&PS uplink average load:
PS128k: 2.02%
CS&PS downlink average load:
18.88%+3.99%+1.02%=23.89%
18.59%+5.2%+2.01%+2.02%=27.82%
Page53
The difference between UL and DL is: DL should consider the soft handover, but UL
doesnt need.
AMR12.2k:
AMR12.2k:
Traffic=0.02*800=16Erl
Traffic=0.02*800*(1+40%)=22.4Erl
Peak Load=24*1.18%=28.32%
Peak Load=31*0.83%=25.73%
CS64k:
CS64k:
Traffic=0.001*800=0.8Erl
Traffic=0.001*800 *(1+40%)=1.12Erl
Peak Load=4*4.99%=19.96%
Peak Load=5*4.65%=23.25%
Page54
Contents
3. Capacity Dimensioning
3.1 R99 Capacity Dimensioning
3.2 HSDPA Dimensioning
Page55
HS-DSCH will use the spare power apart from that of R99
Power
Pmax-R99
Power
3GPP Release 99
Unused power
HS-DSCH
Common channels
Common channels
t
HS-DSCH with dynamic power allocation
3GPP Release 5
Page56
the maximum data rate is limited by the available power, available codes
resource and UE capacity
Distribution probability
4.00%
3.50%
3.00%
2.50%
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
4.22
2.98
2.04
1.39
0.96
0.66
0.45
0.31
0.21
0.14
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
0
0.00%
Ioc/Ior
Conditions of Simulation
9Channel model-TU3
95 codes
Dimensioning Procedure
Cell coverage
radius
Simulation
HSDPA Power
Allocation
Ec/Io distribution
Ior/Ioc distribution
Ec/Io =>throughput
Cell average
throughput
Page57
During the HSDPA capacity dimensioning procedure, we know the Cell Coverage
Radius (obtained from the coverage planning) and Cell Average Throughput
(obtained from the traffic model), and we want to get the HSDPA Power Allocation
based on simulation.
Case Study
z
Input parameters
800 *1200
* (1 + 10%) = 293kbps
3600
z
The needed power for HS-DSCH including that for HS-SCCH is 18.38%
Page58
Case Study
z
Load cell total _ UL = max{ Load CS peak , Load CS avg + Load PS avg }
= MAX ( 42 .53%, 23.89% ) = 42.53%
z
Load cell total _ DL = max{ Load CS peak , Load CS avg + Load PS avg + Load HSDPA } + Load CCH
= MAX ( 42 .33%, 27 .82% + 18.38%) + 20% = 66.20%
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page59
Base on this capacity dimensioning result, we can check whether the cell load of the
network is beyond the network target. If it is, we should adjust the cell radius.
Contents
1. Traffic Model
2. Interference Analysis
3. Capacity Dimensioning
4. CE Dimensioning
5. Network Dimensioning Flow
Page60
Overview
z
Definition of a CE:
One BBU3900
Page61
Due the technical features of the WCDMA, compared with the 2G systems such as
GSM, the RNC and Node B present enormous capacity. For example, for the fully
configured NodeB, the number of channels of one carrier is 128, which is more than
10 times of that supported by a TRX of GSM. One uplink processing unit of our
NODEB has the processing capacity of 128 12.2kbps voice channels. One 3*1
WCDMA BTS is equivalent to the GSM sites of one S10/10/10. At the beginning of
the WCDMA network construction, so high a capacity is not a necessity, and only a
portion of it is required (e.g., 10%). If we offer the quotation based on the maximum
hardware channel capacity of TRX like the GSM, it will make the operators incur
enormous cost and mismatch the user quantity. To reduce the initial investment, the
operator is bound to pay the equipment price to the supplier according to the actual
use capacity, and, subsequently, pay more equipment prices with the increase of the
user quantity. This way, the operator will reduce the initial investment and mitigate the
risks.
Page62
Softer HO CE: 3900 series NodeB doesnt need extra CE resource, but 3800 series
HSUPA shares CE resource with R99 services: that means the HSUPA E-DCH shares CE
resource with R99 services
CE Dimensioning Flow
Dimensioning Start
--Subscribers per NodeB
--Traffic model
CS Average CE
CS Peak CE
(MDE)
PS Average CE
HSPA CE
Dimensioning End
Page63
Uplink
Downlink
AMR12.2k
CS64k
PS64k
PS128k
PS144k
PS384k
10
Page64
The mapping relationship of Channel Elements consumption for each bearer is based
on Uplink 2-way diversity
Bearers
CE (4-way diversity)
AMR12.2k
CS64k
PS64k
PS128k
PS384k
16
Detailed and recently updated data should be referred to the newest issued notice of
"UMTS RAN Product Specificaiton".
CE resource shared
among each service
CS Peak CE
CE occupied by PS
and HSPA
CS Average CE
......
CE
Total CE
CE
Resources
CE occupied by CS
6
CS
Time
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
4k
Page65
HSDPA CE Dimensioning
z
HS
-D
S
CH
HS
-S
CC
HS
H
-D
PC
CH
Site 1
Site 2
Page66
HSDPA channels doesnt occupy R99 CE resource, but we should calculate the A-DCH CE.
Uplink
Downlink
---
0 CE
HS-DPCCH
0 CE
---
UL A-DCH (DPCCH)
3 CE
---
DL A-DCH (DPCCH)
---
1 CE
HSDPA Traffic
Page67
HSDPA Traffic:
HS-DSCH and HS-SCCH does not affect base band capacity for R99 services.
HS-DPCCH
HS-DPCCH doesnot consume any R99 Channel Element since its base band
resource is reserved in BBU module.
UL A-DCH (DPCCH)
DL A-DCH (DPCCH)
Input Parameters
UL
DL
AMR12.2k (Erl)
0.02
0.02
GoS
2%
0.001
0.001
2%
PS64k (kbit)
50
100
N/A
PS128k (kbit)
80
N/A
HSPA (kbit)
1200
N/A
CS64k (Erl)
Traffic Model
Page68
In this case, the R99 traffic model includes the traffic of HSDPA UL A-DCH. That
means 50kbits for UL PS64k includes the R99 UL DCH and HSDPA UL A-DCH.
Uplink CE Dimensioning
AMR12.2:
AMR12.2:
Peak CE =ErlangB(52,0.02)*1= 63 CE
Average CE =52*1=52 CE
Average CE =52*1=52CE
CS64:
Traffic of VP:
Peak CE =ErlangB(2.6,0.02)*3 = 21 CE
Average CE =2.6*3=9 CE
Average CE =2.6*2=6CE
Page69
Downlink CE Dimensioning
Uplink CE Dimensioning
CE for PS64k:
2000 * 50
* 3 * (1 + 30%)* (1 + 20%)* (1 + 5%) = 4CE
64 * 0.7 * 3600
Downlink CE Dimensioning
CE for PS64k:
2000 *100
* 2 * (1 + 30%) * (1 + 20%) * (1 + 5%) = 4CE
64 * 0.7 * 3600
CE for PS128k:
2000 * 80
* 4 * (1 + 30%) * (1 + 20%) * (1 + 5%) = 4CE
128 * 0.7 * 3600
Page70
In this case, the R99 traffic model includes the traffic of HSDPA UL A-DCH, therefore
it is no need to calculate the HSDPA UL CE
For the HSDPA DL A-DCH CE, strictly speaking, it can perform soft handover. But
usually the CE requirement is low, so in Huawei strategy, the soft handover is not
considered.
Uplink CE Dimensioning
Downlink CE Dimensioning
Total CE
Total CE
CECS _ Average _ DL + CE PS _ DL + CE A _ DL )
= Max(74, 58 + 8 + 3) = 74 CE
Page71
Contents
1. Traffic Model
2. Interference Analysis
3. Capacity Dimensioning
4. CE Dimensioning
5. Network Dimensioning Flow
Page72
Capacity Requirement
UL/DL Capacity
Dimensioning
No
Yes
CE Dimensioning
Output NodeB Amount/
NodeB Configuration
End
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page73
Adjust Carrier/NodeB
Thank you
www.huawei.com