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2.4 - The Smith Chart: Reading Assignment
2.4 - The Smith Chart: Reading Assignment
1/3
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
2/3
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
3/3
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
1/7
R =0
R =50
R =5
Z =30 +j 40
Re {Z }
Z =60 -j 30
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
2/7
R =75
Re {Z }
X =-30
Invalid
Region
Im {Z }
(R<0)
Jim Stiles
Valid
Region
(R>0)
Re {Z }
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
3/7
Z =0
(short)
Z =Z0
(matched)
Z = (open)
Re {Z }
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
4/7
Im { }
=0.3 +j 0.4
=-0.5 +j 0.1
Re { }
=0.6 -j 0.3
Re {}=0.5
Re { }
Im {} =-0.3
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
5/7
= e j
j 3 4
Im { }
Re { }
= 0.7 e j 300
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
6/7
Invalid
Region
( > 1)
Valid
Region
( < 1)
Re { }
=1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
7/7
Note that we can plot all valid impedances (i.e., R >0) within this
finite region!
Im { }
= e j = 1.0
=0
(matched)
(short)
Re { }
= e j 0 = 1.0
(open)
=1
(Z = jX purely reactive)
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/12/2007
1/7
Transformations on the
Complex Plane
The usefulness of the complex plane is apparent when we
consider again the terminated, lossless transmission line:
z =0
z = A
Z0,
in
Z0,
j ( +2 z )
and
(z = A) = Le - j 2 A = in
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/12/2007
2/7
(z )
(z = 0 ) = L
( z = A ) =
Re { }
in = L 2 A
in
=1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/12/2007
3/7
Z0,
z =0
z = A
in
Z0 ,
L = 1
A= 8
Im { }
(z )
in = 1 e
+j2
Re { }
L = 1 e
+ j
=1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/12/2007
4/7
in = 1 e
+j 0
Re { }
L = 1 e
+ j
=1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/12/2007
z =0
z = A
Z0,
in = 1
(open)
5/7
L = 1
Z0,
(short)
A= 4
L = 1 e
+j 0
Re { }
in = 1 e
+ j
(z )
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/12/2007
6/7
(z )
L = 1 e
+ j
Re { }
in = 1 e
+ j
=1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/12/2007
7/7
Now, lets consider the opposite problem. Say we know that the
input impedance at the beginning of a transmission line with
length A = 8 is:
in = 0.5 e j 60
in
L = in + 2 A
0.5
in
L
= 0.5 e j 150
= 0.5 e j 60
Re { }
=1
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
Mapping Z to Gamma.doc
1/8
Mapping Z to
Recall that line impedance and reflection coefficient are
equivalenteither one can be expressed in terms of the other:
(z ) =
Z (z ) Z 0
Z (z ) + Z 0
and
1 + (z )
1
z
(
)
Z (z ) = Z 0
z (z ) =
Z (z ) R (z )
X (z )
=
+j
= r (z ) + j x (z )
Z0
Z0
Z0
(z ) =
Jim Stiles
Z (z ) Z 0
Z (z ) + Z 0
Z (z ) Z 0 1
Z (z ) Z 0 + 1
z (z ) 1
z (z ) + 1
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
Mapping Z to Gamma.doc
2/8
z (z ) 1
(z ) =
z (z ) + 1
z (z ) =
1 + (z )
1 (z )
Jim Stiles
case
-1
Z0
j Z0
j Z0
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
Mapping Z to Gamma.doc
3/8
Invalid
Region
=1
z = j
z = 1
( = j )
z =
( =0 )
( =1)
z = 0
( =1)
z = j
( = j )
Or, the five complex map onto five points on the normalized
impedance plane:
Invalid
Region
z = 0
z = j
z =
( = j )
( =1)
( =1)
z = j
( = j )
Jim Stiles
r
z = 1
( =0 )
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
Mapping Z to Gamma.doc
4/8
Z =R
z =r + j0
(i .e., x
= 0)
r Re {} =
Jim Stiles
r 1
r +1
The Univ. of Kansas
i Im {} = 0
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
Mapping Z to Gamma.doc
5/8
x =0
i = 0
Invalid
Region
=1
x =0
( i =0 )
r
Invalid
Region
x
r =
r
x =0
( i =0 )
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
Mapping Z to Gamma.doc
6/8
Z = jX
(i .e., r
z = 0 + jx
= 0)
=1
r =0
Jim Stiles
=1
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
Mapping Z to Gamma.doc
7/8
Invalid
Region
=1
r =0
( =1)
Invalid
Region
x = j
r
r =0
( =1)
x = j
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/4/2010
Mapping Z to Gamma.doc
8/8
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
1/10
r =2
Re {z }
x =-1
Recall we know how to map the vertical line r =0; it simply maps
to the circle = 1 on the complex plane.
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/17/2010
2/10
1
cr
2
=
r
i
1 + cr
1 + cr
where:
Pc r =
Jim Stiles
cr
, i = 0
1 + cr
Dept. Of EECS
2/17/2010
3/10
a=
1
1 + cr
r = 0.3
=1
r = 0. 0
r = 1. 0
r = 0. 3
r
r = 3.0
r = 5. 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/17/2010
4/10
x = ci
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/17/2010
5/10
( r
1)
1
1
+ i = 2
ci ci
Pc r = 1, i =
ci
a=
Jim Stiles
ci
Dept. Of EECS
2/17/2010
6/10
i
x = 0 .5
x = 1 .0
x = 2 .0
x = 3. 0
=1
x = 3 . 0
x = 0 . 5
x = 1.0
x = 2.0
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/17/2010
7/10
= 1.
Dept. Of EECS
2/17/2010
8/10
Re{ }
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/17/2010
9/10
I.E.,:
x =1
r =0
r =1
x =0
x = 1
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/17/2010
10/10
x
r
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/16/2010
1/5
r =-1
r 1
1 r 0
0 r 1
r =+1
1r
Re {z }
r =0
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/16/2010
2/5
r =0
r = 1.0
1 r 0
r 1
0 r 1
r 1
r = 1.0
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/16/2010
3/5
Im {z }
x =1
x1
0 x 1
Re {z }
x =0
x =-1
1 x 0
x 1
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/16/2010
4/5
x = 0. 5
0 x 1
i
x = 1 .0
x = 2 .0
x1
x =1
x = 3. 0
x =0
r
x =-1
x 1
1 x 0
Note the four resistance regions and the four reactance regions
combine to from 16 separate regions on the complex impedance
and complex gamma planes!
Eight of these sixteen regions lie in the valid region (i.e.,
r > 0 ), while the other eight lie entirely in the invalid region.
Make sure you can locate the eight impedance regions on a
Smith Chartthis understanding of Smith Chart geography
will help you understand your design and analysis results!
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/16/2010
r <1
0 <x <1
r <1
x >1
r >1
0 < x <1
r <1
1 < x < 0
5/5
r >1
x >1
1 < x < 0
r >1
r >1
x < 1
r <1
x < 1
Jim Stiles
Dept. Of EECS
2/9/2010
1/21
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
2/21
z
= 4
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
z 1
= +
4 4
3/21
= 4
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
0<z
4/21
< 0.5
0 = 0 e j 0 = 0 e j = 0
In other words, 0 is a negative real value.
being a real and negative value? Most of the time this is not
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
5/21
1
1
5
9
7
6
Jim Stiles
2
9
6
1
8
4
2
5
1
4
2
3
3
6
1
3
8
8
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
6/21
So say you are traveling eastbound () along I70, and you want to know the distance to Topeka.
Topeka is at mile marker 361, but this does not
of course mean you are 361 miles from Topeka.
Instead, you subtract from 361 the value of the mile marker
denoting your position along I-70.
For example, if you find yourself in the lovely borough
of Russell (mile marker 184), you have precisely 361184 = 177 miles to go before reaching Topeka!
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
7/21
If, on the other hand, you begin your journey from Junction City
(mile marker 296), we find:
251 296 = -45
2
9
6
7
6
175
miles
2
5
1
45
miles
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
8/21
3
8
z
= 4
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
9/21
( z = z1 ) = 0.685 e j 65
( z = z2 ) = 0.685 e + j 74
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
10/21
z2
z1
!!!
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
11/21
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
12/21
z3 = z1 0.066
Conversely, in this second example, the location z3 is closer to
the beginning of the transmission line (i.e., farther from the
load) than is location z1.
This is completely consistent with what we already know to be
true!
In the first case, the positive value z = 0.193 maps to a
phase change of = 74D ( 65D ) = 139D .
In other words, as we move toward the load from location z1 to
location z2, we rotate counter-clockwise around the Smith
Chart.
Likewise, the negative value z = 0.066 maps to a phase
change of = 112D ( 65D ) = 47 D .
In other words, as we move away from the load (toward the
source) from a location z1 to location z3, we rotate clockwise
around the Smith Chart.
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
13/21
z = +0.193
( z =z2 ) = 0.685 e + j 74
( z =z1 ) = 0.685 e j 65
z = 0.066
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
14/21
z 1
=
4 4
1 z
4
= 4
1
7
2
2
5
1
4
2
3
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
15/21
Q: What good would this second set do? Would it serve any
purpose?
Jim Stiles
7
2
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
16/21
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
17/21
( z = z1 )
( z = z2 )
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
18/21
1
2
6
3
8
8
4
2
3
Kansas
Jim Stiles
Missouri
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
19/21
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
20/21
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
0.014
( z = z1 )
0.050
Jim Stiles
21/21
( z = z2 )
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
1/7
zin
z L
z = A
z = 0
zin =
=
Zin
Z0
1
Z0
Z L + j Z 0 tan A
Z 0 + j Z L tan A
Z0
Z L Z 0 + j tan A
1 + j Z L Z 0 tan A
z + j tan A
= L
1 + j z L tan A
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
2/7
ZL Z0
ZL + Z0
Z Z 1
= L 0
ZL Z0 + 1
z 1
= L
z L + 1
L =
zin =
Zin 1 + in
=
Z 0 1 in
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
3/7
Chart the circle for r =0.6 and the circle for x =-1.4. The
intersection of these two circles is the point on the
complex plane corresponding to normalized impedance
z L = 0.6 j 1.4 .
This point is a distance of 0.685 units from the origin, and
is located at angle of 65 degrees. Thus the value of L is:
L = 0.685 e j 65
2. Convert L to in
Since we have correctly located the point L on the
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
4/7
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
5/7
Step 1
= 0.685
L = 0.685 e j 65
= 65D
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
6/7
Step 2
A 2 = 0.147
in = 0.685 e + j 74
= 0.685
L = 0.685 e j 65
A 1 = 0.16
2 A = 221D
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/9/2010
7/7
Step 3
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
1/3
zin
2 A = 90D
2 A = 270D
z 0 = 1
z L = 0
z = A
Jim Stiles
z = 0
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
a) A = 8 = 0.125
2/3
2 A = 90D
zin = j
(z )
L = 1 = e j 180
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
b) A = 3 8 = 0.375
3/3
2 A = 270D
(z )
L = 1 = e j 180
zin = j
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
1/2
zin =
1 + j 1. 4
z 0 = 1
z L = ??
A = 0.134
z = A
z = 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
2/2
A = 0.134
2 A = 96.5D
(z )
zin = 1 + j 1.4
z L = 0.29 + j 0.24
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
1/7
Example: Determining
Transmission Line Length
A load terminating at transmission line has a normalized
impedance z L = 2.0 + j 2.0 . What should the length A of
transmission line be in order for its input impedance to be:
a) purely real (i.e., xin = 0 )?
b)
Solution:
a) Find z L = 2.0 + j 2.0 on your Smith Chart, and then rotate
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
2/7
2 A = 30D
A = 0.042
z L = 2 + j 2
(z )
zin = 4.2 + j 0
x =0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
3/7
Solution 2:
z L = 2 + j 2
zin = 0.24 + j 0
x =0
(z )
2 A = 210D
A = 0.292
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
4/7
clockwise until you bump into the circle r = 1 (recall this circle
intersects the center point or the Smith Chart!).
When you reach the r = 1 circlestop! Lift your pencil and note
that the impedance value of this location has a real value equal
to one (after all, r = 1 !).
Now, measure the rotation angle that was required to move
clockwise from z L = 2.0 + j 2.0 to an impedance on the r = 1
circlethis angle is equal to 2 A !
You can now solve for A , or alternatively use the electrical
length scale surrounding the Smith Chart.
Again, we find that there are two solutions!
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
5/7
Solution 1:
z L = 2 + j 2
(z )
r =1
2 A = 82D
A = 0.114
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
6/7
Solution 2:
(z )
z L = 2 + j 2
r =1
2 A = 339D
A = 0.471
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/16/2010
7/7
Q: Hey! For part b), the solutions resulted in zin = 1 j 1.6 and
zin = 1 + j 1.6 --the imaginary parts are equal but opposite! Is
jx
z 1 (1 + jx ) 1
=
=
z + 1 (1 + jx ) + 1 2 + j x
and therefore:
2
jx
2+ j x
x2
=
4 +x2
Meaning:
x =
2
x =
2
1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/5/2009
Admittance.doc
1/4
Y =
I
V
Y (z ) =
Z (z )
YL =
ZL
Yin =
Zin
I + (z )
Y0 = +
V (z )
Dept. of EECS
2/5/2009
Admittance.doc
Y0 =
Z0 =
Z0
2/4
Y0
y =
Y
Y0
y =
Y Z0 1
=
=
Y0 Z
z
y = Y Z0
and
z = Z Y0
Y =G + j B
where:
Re {Y } G = Conductance
Im {Z } B = Susceptance
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/5/2009
Admittance.doc
3/4
G + jB =
1
R + jX
and
B=
G + jB =
R jX
1
R + jX R jX
R jX
R2 + X 2
R
X
= 2
j
R +X2
R2 + X 2
=
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/5/2009
Admittance.doc
4/4
G =
and
R2 + X 2
B=
X
R2 + X 2
G =
and
B =0
G =0
and
B=
I wish I had a
nickel for every
time my software
has crashedoh
wait, I do!
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
1/7
Admittance and
the Smith Chart
Just like the complex impedance plane, we can plot points and contours on the complex
admittance plane:
Im {Y} = B
G =75
Re {Y} = G
B =-30
Y = 120 j 60
Q: Can we also map these points and contours onto the complex plane?
A: You bet! Lets first rewrite the refection coefficient function in terms of line
admittance Y ( z ) :
Y Y (z )
(z ) = 0
Y0 + Y ( z )
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
2/7
Y0 YL
Y0 + YL
and
in =
Y0 Yin
Y0 + Yin
Y0 Y 1 Y Y0 1 y
=
=
Y0 + Y 1 + Y Y0 1 + y
1 y
y 1
y 1
=
= e j
y+1
y+1
1+ y
z 1
z+1
The difference between the two is simply the factor e j a rotation of 180D around the
Smith Chart!.
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
3/7
An example
For example, lets pick some load at random; z = 1 + j , for instance. We know where this
point is mapped onto the complex plane; we can locate it on our Smith Chart.
Now lets consider a different load, and
express it in terms of its normalized
admittancean admittance that has the
same numerical value as the impedance of
the first load (i.e., y = 1 + j ).
Im{ }
z =1+ j
Re{ }
Jim Stiles
180D
y =1+ j
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
4/7
We of course could just directly calculate from the equation above, and then plot that
point on the plane.
Note the reflection coefficient for z = 1 + j is:
=
j
z 1 1 + j 1
=
=
z+1 1+ j +1 2+ j
j
1 y 1 (1 + j )
=
=
1 + y 1 + (1 + j ) 2 + j
Note the two results have equal magnitude, but are separated in phase by 180D ( 1 = e j ).
This means that the two loads occupy points on the complex plane that are a 180D
rotation from each other!
Moreover, this is a true statement not just for the point we randomly picked, but is true
for any and all values of z and y mapped onto the complex plane, provided that z = y .
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
5/7
Another example
Im{ }
x =1
z =1+ j
g =2
Re{ }
r =2
y =1+ j
b =1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
6/7
Re{ }
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
7/7
Z 02
Zin =
ZL
Zin Z 0
=
Z0 ZL
zin =
1
= y L
zL
In other words, when A = 4 , the input impedance is numerically equal to the load
admittanceand vice versa!
But note that if A = 4 , then 2 A = --a rotation around the Smith Chart of 180D !
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
1/9
Example: Admittance
Calculations with the
Smith Chart
Say we wish to determine the normalized admittance y1 of the
network below:
z 2 =
1.7 j 1.7
y1
z L =
1.6 + j 2.6
z 0 = 1
A = 0.37
z = 0
z = A
yin
z L =
1.6 + j 2.6
z 0 = 1
A = 0.37
z = A
Jim Stiles
z = 0
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
2/9
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
3/9
z L = 1.6 + j 2.6
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
4/9
Then, we can rotate the entire Smith Chart 180D --while keeping
the point L location on the complex plane fixed.
y L = 0.17 j 0.28
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
5/9
z L = 1.6 + j 2.6
y L = 0.17 j 0.28
180D
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
6/9
0.37
( z )
y L = 0.17 j 0.28
of yin from the admittance mapping (i.e., rotate 180D around the
Smith Chart).
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
7/9
z L = 1.6 + j 2.6
( z )
0.37
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
8/9
180D
zin = 0.2 + j 0.5
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/17/2010
z 2 =
1 .7 j 1 . 7
y1
9/9
yin =
0.7 j 1.7
y2 =
0.3 + j 0.3
y1
yin =
0.7 j 1.7
Thus, y1 is simply:
y1 = y2 + yin
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS