Capitolul 1

,03257$1

$(&2120,&

$&8/785,/25

'(*58,32580%

1.1. Istoricul culturilor

Dintre toate cerealele, cultura cu cea mai mare pondere este JUkXO GH WRDPQ Triticum
aestivum spp. vulgare SODQW FDUHIDFHSDUWHGLQIDPLOLD*UDPLQHDH *UkXODVLJXU SkLQHD QRDVWU 
FHD GH WRDWH ]LOHOH L UHSUH]LQW  KUDQD SULQFLSDO  SHQWUX vQWUHDJD RPHQLUH &D SODQW  FXOWLYDW 
JUkXODUHRYHFKLPHIRDUWHPDUH'LQGDWHOHLVWRULFHSULYLWRDUHODFXOWXUDSODQWHORUUHLHVHF JUkXOL
RY ]XO VXQW FHOH PDL YHFKL SODQWH FXOWLYDWH Q YHFKLXO (JLSW JUkXO VH FXOWLYD FX FHO SX LQ  GH
DQL vHQ Q DQWLFKLWDWH(JLSWXO HUD R ED]  vQVHPQDW  GH FXOWXU D JUkXOXL GH XQGH VH DSURYL]LRQDX
DWkWFHW

LOHJUHFHWLFkWL5RPD
$OH[DQGULD HVWH PHQ LRQDW  FD ILLQG XQ LPSRUWDQW FHQWUX DO FRPHU XOXL FX JUkX GLQ DFHD

SHULRDG 
Q3DOHVWLQDFXOWXUDJUkXOXLHUDGHDVHPHQHDIRDUWHU VSkQGLW $FHDVW DILUPD LHVXUYLQHvQ

urma numeroaselor dovezi n acest sens cuprinse n Vechiul Testament.

Q&KLQDH[LVW GDWHFDUHDUDW F JUkXOHUDFXOWLYDWFXFHOSX LQGHDQLvHQ
Q (XURSD FXOWXUD JUkXOXL DUH R YHFKLPH GHVWXO GH PDUH 6 S WXULOH I FXWH vQ GLIHULWH ORFXUL
vQSDUWHDFHQWUDO D(XURSHLDXVFRVODLYHDO GRYH]LDOHFXOWLY ULLJUkXOXLvQF GLQQHROLWLF

Pe plaiurLOH QRDVWUH FXOWXUD JUkXOXL HUD FXQRVFXW

 GLQ WLPSXUL VWU YHFKL *UHFLD YHFKH VH

DSURYL]LRQDFXJUkXQXQXPDLGLQ$VLDLQRUGXO$IULFLLGDULGLQS U LOHQRDVWUH
$LFL FRPHU XO FX JUkX DMXQVHVH OD R PDUH GH]YROWDUH vQ VHFROXO DO 9,

-lea .e.n. Aceasta era

GRYHGLW vQWUHDOWHOHGHH[LVWHQ DFRORQLLORUJUHFHWLvQILLQ DWHSHFRDVWHOH0 ULL1HJUHFDUHI FHDX

XQ VFKLPE LQWHQV FX SRSRDUHOH GLQ DFHVWH ORFXUL 0RQHGHOH FHW

(Mangalia) purtau pe ele spice de gru, ceea ce doYHGHWHF

LORU 7RPLV &RQVWDQ D L .DOODWLV

 H[LVWHQ D DFHVWRUD HUD OHJDW PDL DOHV

GHFRPHU XOFXJUkXLF DFHVWDFRQVWLWXLDPDUIDSULQFLSDO 

Patria porumbului

HVWH

0H[LFXO

$FHDVWD

HVWH

DWHVWDW 

GH

QXPHURDVH

GHVFRSHULUL

DUKHRORJLFH GLQ /XPHD QRX  UHVWXUL GH WLXOH L VDX ERDEH YDVH FX GHVHQH L vQFUXVWD LL
UHSUH]HQWkQG SRUXPEXO )LLQG SULQFLSDOD SODQW  DOLPHQWDU  SRUXPEXO D S WUXQV L vQ PDQLIHVW ULOH
VSLULWXDOHvQFUHGLQ DLPLWRORJLDE WLQDLORUQFHUFHW ULOHDUKHRORJLFHvQWUHSULQVHvQXQHOHSHWHUL

din Noul Mexic (SUA) s-aXJ

VLWUHVWXULGHWLXOH LFHGDWHD] GHFLUFDGHDQL

(XURSHQLL DX FXQRVFXW SRUXPEXO QXPDL GXS  GHVFRSHULUHD $PHULFLL Q (XURSD SRUXPEXO D

fost introdus nti n Spania, de unde s-DU VSkQGLWvQ,WDOLDLGHDLFLvQ2ULHQWXO$SURSLDW

La noi n DU  SRUXPEXO D IRVW LQWURGXV  vQ VHFROXO DO ;9,,-lea, 1673-1678 n Moldova,
1623 vQ 0XQWHQLD LDU vQ 7UDQVLOYDQLD vQWUH  L  QF  GLQ VHFROXO WUHFXW 5RPkQLD  D
GHYHQLW R PDUH H[SRUWDWRDUH GH SRUXPE Q  VH H[SRUWD  GLQ SURGXF LD WRWDO  GH SRUXPE vQ
YDORDUH GH SHVWH  OHL DXU UHSUH]HQWkQG  GLQ H[SRUWXO FHUHDOLHU L  GLQ H[SRUWXO
WRWDODO

ULL

'XS  FHO GH DO GRLOHD U ]ERL PRQGLDO V D VFKLPEDW L RULHQWDUHD SULYLQG XWLOL]DUHD

porumbului, s-DUHGXVH[SRUWXOLFRQVXPXOGLUHFWvQDOLPHQWD LHLDFUHVFXWXWLOL]DUHDOXLFDIXUDM

3RUXPEXO DO WXUL GH JUkX  L RUH] FRQVWLWXLH ED]D DOLPHQWD LHL FHOHL PDL PDUL S U L D
SRSXOD LHLJOREXOXLGLUHFWVDXWUDQVIRUPDW vQSURGXVHDOLPHQWDUH

5

VSkQGLUHDHFRORJLF DFXOWXULORUL
VXSUDID DFXOWLYDW

3URGXF LD DJULFRO  GLQ 5RPkQLD VH GHVI RDU  vQ FRQGL LL QDWXUDOH HFRQRPLFH L VRFLDOH
GHRVHELW GH YDULDWH $FHVWHD GHWHUPLQ  R PDUH GLYHUVLWDWH GH VLVWHPH GH DJULFXOWXU  GH WLSXUL GH
VSHFLDOL]DUHD SURGXF LHL DJULFROHL FUHHD] vQDFHODL WLPSFRQGL LLSHQWUXRDQXPLW FRQFHQWUDUH
WHULWRULDO 'HIDSW]RQDUHDSURGXF LHLDJULFROHRULHQWHD] vQWUHDJDDFWLYLWDWHVSUHRVWUXFWXU RSWLP 
L HILFLHQW  SXQkQG GH DFRUG FRQGL LLOH SHGRFOLPDWLFHFX FHULQ HOH ELRORJLFHDOH FXOWXULORU L

nndu-

VHvQDFHODLWLPSVHDPDGHDVSHFWHOHHFRQRPLFHLVRFLDOHOHJDWHGHFXOWLYDUHDSODQWHORUUHVSHFWLYH
3ULPD]RQDUHHFRORJLF DJUkXOXLGHWRDPQ

vQ5RPkQLDHVWHFHDHODERUDW GH,QVWLWXWXOGH

&HUFHW UL$JURQRPLFHDO5RPkQLHL,&$5LSXEOLFDW vQDQ

ul 1938 (Ionescu LHWL

6WXGLLOH DVXSUD ]RQ ULL HFRORJLFH D JUkXOXL GH WRDPQ  vQ DUD QRDVWU  DX IRVW DSURIXQGDWH
GXS  DQXO  GH F WUH XQ FROHFWLY ODUJ GH VSHFLDOLWL 6LQWH]D DFHVWRU VWXGLL GH PDUH LPSRUWDQ
HODERUDW GH%HUEHFHOL9DOX
ID



SUH]LQW RDP QXQ LW DQDOL] DFHULQ HORUJUkXOXLGHWRDPQ 

 GH FOLP  L VRO L D FRQGL LLORU FOLPDWLFH GH SH WHULWRULXO

ULL QRDVWUH 3H ED]D DFHVWRU DQDOL]H

DXWRULLDXHODERUDWKDUWD]RQHORUFOLPDWLFHSHQWUXJUkXOGHWRDPQ GHRVHELQGvQ

Romnia trei zone :

IRDUWHIDYRUDELO IDYRUDELO LSX LQIDYRUDELO ILJ

=RQDIRDUWHIDYRUDELO VHH[WLQGHvQOLQLLPDULvQ&kPSLDGH9HVWD

ULL&kPSLD&ULXULORUL

&kPSLD %DQDWXOXL vQ &kPSLD 'XQ ULL VXGXO 2OWHQLHL WHUDVHOH 'XQ ULL GLQ VWkQJD 2OWXOXL L
MXP WDWHDGH VXGD&kPSLHL7HOHRUPDQXOXLRVXSUDID

vQVHPQDW vQWUHRUDHOH %XFXUHWL*LXUJLX

& O UDL L $UP HWL YHVWXO &kPSLHL % U JDQXOXL &kPSLD 7UDQVLOYDQLHL L SDUWHD GH QRUG

- est a

Moldovei.
$FHDVW  ]RQ  HVWH DFRSHULW  vQ FHD

mai mare parte de cernoziomuri (tipic, cambic,

DUJLORLOXYLDO DOXYLXQL SURWRVROXUL DOXYLDOH VROXUL DOXYLDOH VROXUL EUXQ URFDWH SH FDUH FXOWXUD
JUkXOXLG FHOHPDLPDULSURGXF LL
3HQWUX VSRULUHD SURGXF LHL PHGLL GH JUkX SH vQWUHDJD ]RQ  VXQW QHFHVDUH OXFU UL SHQWUX
vPEXQ W

LUHD IHUWLOLW

LL XQRU VROXUL HOLPLQDUHD H[FHVXOXL GH XPLGLWDWH FRPEDWHUHD HUR]LXQLL

vQJU DUHDRUJDQLF H[WLQGHUHDLULJD LLORUHWF

=RQD IDYRUDELO  D JUkXOXL GH WRDPQ  RFXS  vQ DUD QRDVWU  VXSUDIH H PXOW PDL PDUL GHFkW

zoQD IRDUWH IDYRUDELO

 (D VH VXEGLYLGH vQ IDYRUDELO  , L IDYRUDELO  ,, 'LIHUHQ LHUHD GLQ FDGUXO

DFHVWHL ]RQH HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  vQ PDL PXOWH VLWXD LL GH QDWXUD VROXOXL Q VXGXO

ULL FOLPD ]RQHL

IDYRUDELOH VDWLVIDFH vQ PDUH P VXU  FHULQ HOH JUkXOXL GH WRDPQ  7RWXL RGDW  FX vQDLQWDUHD VSUH
SDUWHDGHU V ULWD]RQHLIHQRPHQHOHFOLPDWLFHQHJDWLYHVHFHWDVXQWWRWPDLIUHFYHQWH
QDFHDVW ]RQ VHJ VHVFFHUQR]LRPXULVROXULEUXQ URFDWHVROXULGHOXQF vQGLIHULWHVWDGLL

GHHYROX LHLVROXULDUJLORL

luviale.

)LJ+DUWDHFRORJLF

)LJ=RQHOHGHFXOWXU

DJUkXOXLGHWRDPQ

DKLEUL]LORUGHSRUXPE

=RQDSX LQIDYRUDELO DVLJXU FHULQ HOHJUkXOXLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHFOLPDWLFvQV VROXULOHVH

FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQIHUWLOLWDWHUHGXV DYkQGvQVXLULIL]LFHLFKLPLFHSX LQFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH=RQDVH

ntinde n UHJLXQHDGHDOXULORUVXEFDUSDWLFHLDGHDOXULORUHURGDWHGLQQRUGXO'REURJHL&XH[FHS LD

GHDOXULORUGLQ 'REURJHD vQDFHDVW ]RQ VHSRW RE LQHSURGXF LLVDWLVI F WRDUHGHJUkXDVLJXUkQGR
WHKQRORJLHRSWLP GHFXOWLYDUHLDSOLFkQGVROXOXLRVHULHGHP

suri ameliorative.

1X WRDWH ORFXULOH XQGH VH FXOWLY  JUkXO SRW IL QXPLWH JUkQDUH ILJ  *UkQDUXO UHSUH]LQW 
LQXWXO VDX DUDFDUHSURGXFHJUkQHGLQ DEXQGHQ

mare grnar al Europei cuprinde ntreaga

LFDUHDSURYL]LRQHD] FXHOHLDOWH

UL&HOPDL

&kPSLH D 'XQ ULL FD L VXGXO IRVWHL 8QLXQL 6RYLHWLFH

SDQ  OD 0XQ LL 8UDOL *UkQDUXO (XUDVLDWLF SULQ SURGXF LD JOREDO  SH FDUH R DVLJXU  vQ ILHFDUH DQ
MRDF XQUROLPSRUWDQWvQHFRQRPLDPRQGLDO DJUkXOXLLFRQVWLWXLHVXUVDGHSkLQHSHQWUXXQQXP U

nsHPQDWDOSRSXOD LHLGLQSDUWHDGHU

V ULWD(XURSHLL5XVLHL

HVXULOH GLQ FHQWUXO 6WDWHORU 8QLWH DOH $PHULFLL GHSDUWH GH RFHDQ L YkQWXULOH VDOH XPHGH
UHSUH]LQW XQDOWPDUHJUkQDUDOOXPLLQEDODQ DFRPHUFLDO DJUkXOXLSHSODQPRQGLDODFHVWJUkQD

are ponderea cea mai mare.

*UkQDUXO &DQDGLDQ HVWH IRDUWH WkQ U L vQ PDUH SDUWH V D Q VFXW vQ FRQGL LL FOLPDWLFH SX LQ

IDYRUDELOHGDWRULW PDLDOHVSHUVHYHUHQ HLXPDQHLFXFHULULORUWLLQ HLJHQHWLFH'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUH

DOFDOLW

LLJUkQHOHFDQDGLHQH

sunt renumite.

Fig.1.2. Centrele de origine a grului (Vavilov N. 1935)

&X R SRQGHUH vQVHPQDW  vQ EDODQ D  FRPHUFLDO  D JUkXOXL SH SODQ PRQGLDO VH vQVFULH L

Grnarul Australian, care se ntinde n zone aride.

*UkQDUXO ,QGLDQ HVWH XQXO GLQ FHOH PDL PDUL JUkQDUH DOH OXPLL Q Y LOH ,QGXVXOXL L DOH

GangeOXLJUkXODUHFRQGL LLIRDUWHEXQHGHYHJHWD LHXQGHVHRE LQSURGXF LLGHRVHELWGHULGLFDWH

Q ]RQD $VLHL PLFL 7XUFLD L ,UDQXO FXOWLY  vQ MXU GH  PLOLRDQH GH KHFWDUH FX JUkX
3URGXF LD RE LQXW  GH SH DFHVWH WHUHQXUL QX SDUWLFLS  OD FRPHU XO PRQGLDO SHQWUX F  HVWH LQWHJUDO
YDORULILFDW GH

ULOHFXOWLYDWRDUH

Q$PHULFD/DWLQ VLQJXUD DU PDUHFXOWLYDWRDUHGHJUkXHVWH$UJHQWLQD

=RQD RFFLGHQWDO  L FHQWUDO  D (XURSHL WUHEXLH QXPLW  JUkQDU PDL DOHV SULQ IDSWXO F  VH
FDUDFWHUL]HD]  FD DYkQG FHOH PDL ULGLFDWH SURGXF LL PHGLL OD KHFWDU GLQ OXPH $FHVW OXFUX VH
GDWRUHD] LFRQGL LLORUFOLPDWLFHIDYRUDELOHGLQDFHDVW ]RQ $O WXULGH DFHVWHDFDQWLW

LOH PDULGH

vQJU PLQWH IRORVLWH vPSLQJ GHSDUWH vQ VXV WDFKHWD SURGXF LHL GH JUkX SH KHFWDU FDOLWDWH

a grului,

vQV HVWHPDLVODE 
'XS XQLLDXWRULJUkXORFXS VXSUDIH HvQWUHODWLWXGLQHQRUGLF LODWLWXGLQHVXGLF LDUvQ
SULYLQ D DOWLWXGLQLL vQ 3HUX XUF  SDQ  OD  P 'HFL SODVWLFLWDWHD HFRORJLF  FDUDFWHUL]HD] 
DFHDVW FXOWXU FDUHvQ

fiecare zi a anului , umple hambarele undeva pe glob.

Porumbul, DYkQG vQ YHGHUH RULJLQHD VD HVWH R SODQW

 SUHWHQ LRDV  OD XPLGLWDWH &RQVXPXO

PHGLX]LOQLFvQID]DGHJHUPLQD LHGHH[HPSOXHVWHGHFLUFDPPFHHDFHUHSUH]LQW XQFRQVXP

total de 450 m 3DS

KD

3RUXPEXO QX VXSRUW  H[FHVXO GH XPLGLWDWH GDF  QLYHOXO SkQ]HL IUHDWLFH HVWH DSURDSH GH
VXSUDID D VROXOXL FUHHD]  FRQGL LL FX WRWXO QHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH GH DHUD LH SHQWUX U G FLQLOH
SODQWHORULDUSURGXF LDSRDWHILWRWDOFRPSURPLV 
3HQWUX RE LQHUHD XQRU SURGXF LL PDUL GH SRUXPE WHPSHUDWXULOH PHGLL ]LOQLFH vQ SHULRDGD
vQVSLFDWXOXLLIHFXQG ULLQXWUHEXLHV GHS HDVF &
7RWXLWHPSHUDWXUDRSWLP GHFUHWHUHDSRUXPEXOXLHVWHGH

-30C.

3RUXPEXO FHUH VROXUL DGkQFL IHUWLOH FDSDELOH V  SHUPLW  GH]YROWDUHD SXWHUQLF D U G FLQLORU
LV DVLJXUHDSURYL]LRQDUHDFX FDQWLW

LVXILFLHQWHGHDS LHOHPHQWH QXWULWLYH3HVROXUL FRPSDFWH

FXVXEVROLPSHUPHDELOLSHFDUHE OWHWHDSDVDXSHFHOHVXSHUILFLDOHIRUPDWHGLQURFLSLHWURDVHSH

brancioguri sau nisipuri, porumbul nu poate asigura proGXF LLPD[LPH

&HOHPDLEXQHVXQWVROXULOHDOXYLRQDUHGLQ/XQFD'XQ ULLLOXQFLOHUkXULORUVROXULOHOXWRDVH
L OXWR QLVLSRDVH GLQ ]RQHOH GH FkPSLH 5HFROWH PDUL GH SRUXPE VH SRW RE LQH L SH VROXULOH

FHUQR]LRPLFH EUXQH L EUXQ URFDWH GH S GXUH GLQ ]RQHOH FROLQDUH FX FRQGL LD FD DFHVWHD V  QX ILH

SUHDDUJLORDVHV ILHSURIXQGHLQHHURGDWHILJ

Q DJULFXOWXUD PRQGLDO  SRUXPEXO VH FXOWLY  SH VXSUDIH H IRDUWH vQWLQVH GH SHVWH 
PLOLRDQHGHKHFWDUHILJ&HOHPDLPDULVXSUDIH HVH DIO vQ$PHULFDL$VLD LDUFHOHPDLPDUL
ULFXOWLYDWRDUHVXQW68$&KLQD%UD]LOLD0H[LF,QGLD,QGRQH]LDL$IULFDGH6XG

Fig.1.4. $ULDGHU

VSk

ndire a porumbului pe glob (Leonard W.H. L0DUWLQ-+

(YROX LD VXSUDIH HORU FXOWLYDWH FX JUkX GH WRDPQ  vQ 5RPkQLD VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ ILJXUD 
XQGHVHFRQVWDW VF GHUHDDFHVWRUD

. Soiurile cultivate sunt prezentate n tabelul 1.1.

Fig.1.5.

19
96
/1
99
7
19
97
/1
99
8

19
94
/1
99
5
19
95
/1
99
6

19
92
/1
99
3
19
93
/1
99
4

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

19
90
/1
99
1
19
91
/1
99
2

mii ha

6XSUDIH HOHFXOWLYDWHFXJUkXvQ5 RP kQLD

Anul

Sursa: Anuare Statistice FAO

'DWHRSHUDWLYHVXSUDID

UHFROWDW 

Fig.1.6.

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

Anul

Sursa: Anuare Statistice FAO

'DWHRSHUDWLYHVXSUDID

UHFROWDW 

19
98
19
97
/

19
97
19
96
/

19
96
19
95
/

19
95
19
94
/

19
93
/

19
94

19
93
19
92
/

19
91
/

19
90
/

19
92

*
19
91

mii ha

6XSUDIH HOHFXOWLYDWHFXSRUXP EvQ5 RP kQLD

Tabelul 1.1.
6RLXULOHGHJUkXGHWRDPQ

FDUHVHFXOWLY

vQ5RPkQLD

Nr. Denumirea
Anul
6WD LXQHDH[SvQ Varietatea
crt. soiului
vQUHJLVWU ULL
care s-au creat
Gru comun (Triticum aestivum spp. Vulgare)
1
Albota
1986
Albota
Erythrospermum

MMB,
g

2
3

Erythrospermum
Erythrospermum

40-44
40-44

4
Apullum
1992
Turda
Erythrospermum
5
Delia
1993
Lovrin
Erythrospermum
6
Dropia
1993
Fundulea
Erythrospermum
7
Flamura 85
1989
Fundulea
Erythrospermum
8
Fundulea 4
1987
Fundulea
Erythrospermum
9
Gabriela
1992
Podu Ilioaie
Erythrospermum
10 Lovrin 34
1981
Lovrin
Erythrospermum
11 Lovrin 41
1987
Lovrin
Erythrospermum
12 Rapid
1992
Fundulea
Erythrospermum
13 LPQLF
1987
LPQLc
Erythrospermum
14 Trivale
1991
Albota
Erythrospermum
15 Turda 95
1995
Turda
Erythrospermum
Gru Durum ( Triticum turgidum spp. Turgidum conv. durum)
16 Durom
1976
Fundulea
Coerulescens

44
41-44
44-48
35-46
35-45
42
35-44
35-44
42
36-40
42
44

17
18

32-40
42-44

Alex

1994
1986

Lovrin
Suceava

36-45

Aniversar

Rodur
Pandur

1984
1996

Fundulea
Fundulea

Coerulescens
Coerulescens

35-43

Sursa : Blteanu Gh.,1998

Q FHHD FH SULYHWH FXOWXUD SRUXPEXOXL ILJ VXSUDIH HOH VXQW vQ FUHWHUH UHODWLY  LDU R SDUWH
GLQKLEUL]LLFXOWLYD LVXQWSUH]HQWD LvQWDEHOXO

1.3.

'HVWLQD LDFHUHDOHORU

Cerealele sunt plante de cmp cuOWLYDWHSHQWUXERDEH(OHUHSUH]LQW

vQ KUDQD SRSXOD LHL L D DQLPDOHORU ILLQG U VSkQGLWH SH R VXSUDID

SHJORERVXUV GHED] 

 GH DSUR[LPDWLY  PLOLRDQH

KHFWDUHFHHDFHUHSUH]LQW GLQWHUHQXULOHDUDELOHDOHSODQHWHLQRDVWUH
&HOHPDLU VSkQGLWHFHUHDOHvQOXPHVXQWJUkXOSRUXPEXORU]XOVRUJXOVHFDUDPHLXORY ]XO

Cultura gruluiSUH]LQW

RLPSRUWDQ

GHRVHELW GHILQLW SULQXUP WRDUHOH

ERDEHOHVXQWYDORURDVHSULQFRQ LQXWXOORUvQVXEVWDQ H KU QLWRDUHWDEHOXOLSULQYDULDWHOH

forme n care se pot folosi;

Tabelul 1.2.
+LEUL]LL GH SRUXPE FUHD L OD ,&&37

- Fundulea n perioada 1990- L FXSULQL vQ OLVWD

RILFLDO

&RVPLQ2LFRODE

FRQ LQVXEVWDQ HPLQHUDOHLYLWDPLQHOH%(33QHFHVDUHRUJDQLVPXOXLXPDQvQFDQWLW

LELQH

SURSRU LRQDWH &RPSR]L LD FKLPLF  D ERDEHORU GH JUkX HVWH GHVWXO GH GLIHULW  GH OD XQ VRL OD
DOWXODFHDVWDILLQGLQIOXHQ DW LGHFRQGL LLOHGHFOLP LVRO'HH[HPSOXSURWHLQHOHSRWYDULD
vQWUHLILJ

Tabelul 1.3.
&RPSR]L LDLYDORDUHDQXWULWLY

Specific
area
Boabe gru
7 Uk HJUkX

Germeni gru
Boabe porumb
7 Uk HSRUXPE

Germeni porumb
127

DERDEHORUGHJUkXLSRUXPE

SU
%

&HQX 

87
88
90
88
88,5
90

1,7
5,5
4
1,8
3,3
4,5

EUXW

PB
%

GB
%

11,5
15
22
9,0
10,5
14,5

1,9
4
8,5
4
5
19,5

&HOXOR]

SEN
%

UN /kg

%
2,1
10,5
3,9
2,2
10
6,1

69,8
53
51,6
71
59,7
45,4

-0,77
-1,23
---

WDEHO

68

VXEVWDQ

XVFDW

3%

SURWHLQ EUXW

*%

JU VLPHEUXW

6(1
81

VXEVWDQ HH[WUDFWLYHQHD]RWDWH
XQLW

L

nutritive

Acestea sunt reprezentate prin prolamine 35-45%, glutenine 35-40%, globuline 15- L
albumine 2-5%. Principalul component al bobului de gru este amidonul: 65-70%. Grul mai
FRQ LQH L XQHOH ]DKDUXUL IHUPHQWHVFLELOH PDOWR]D ]DKDUR]D FDUH au un rol energetic foarte
important;
Apa
Proteina bruta
13

69,8

11,5

Grasime

1,9

Celuloza

1,7 2,1

Cenusa
Extractive
neazotate

)LJ&RPSR]L LDFKLPLF

PHGLHDEREXOXLGHJUkX

WUDQVIRUPDWHvQI LQ VHIRORVHVFODIDEULFDUHDSkLQLLWDEHOXODOLPHQWFRQVXPDWFXSO FHUH

GH SHVWH MXP WDWH GLQ SRSXOD LD JOREXOXL I LQD VH PDL IRORVHWH OD IDEULFDUHD SDVWHORU I LQRDVH
LDOWRUSURGXVHGHSDQLILFD LHSU MLWXULELVFXL LHWF

Tabelul 1.4.
9DORDUHDQXWULWLY DSkLQLLGHJUkX

Specificarea
1HFHVDUXOXQXLDGXOWV Q WRVDSUR[LPDWLYNJ
&RQ LQXWXOXQXLNJGHSkLQHDOE

DLIHUHQ D

Protide (g)
70
93
+23

Lipide (g)
140
12
-128

Glucide (g)
500
522
+22

ERDEHOH GH JUkX VH IRORVHVF vQ LQGXVWULH OD IDEULFDUHD DPLGRQXOXL GH[WULQHL JOXFR]HL 7 Uk HOH
RE LQXWH OD P FLQDUHD JUkXOXL UHSUH]LQW  XQ QXWUH  FRQFHQWUDW IRDUWH YDORURV ERJDW vQ SURWHLQH
JU VLPLV UXULPLQHUDOH

paiele de JUkXVHIRORVHVFODIDEULFDUHDFHOXOR]HLFDDWHUQXWvQJUDMGXULOHGHDQLPDOHLFKLDUvQ
hrana animalelor.
&XOWXUD JUkXOXL DUH XQ JUDG ULGLFDW GH PHFDQL]DELOLWDWH FHHD FH SHUPLWH RE LQHUHD GH SURGXF LL
LHIWLQH *UkXO FRQVWLWXLH L R IRDUWH EXQ  SUHPHUJ WRDUH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD FXOWXULORU vQWUXFkW VH
UHFROWHD]  GHYUHPH OD vQFHSXWXO OXQLL LXOLH L ODV  VXILFLHQW   WLPS VROXOXL V

-L

UHIDF 

fertilitatea.
3ULQSRQGHUHDSHFDUHRGH LQHvQVWUXFWXUDVXSUDIH HORUFXOWLYDWHFDLDLQIOXHQ HORUSHFDUH

le are n raport cu alte ramuri agricole sau economice, porumbulSHQWUXERDEHHVWHFXOWXUDGHED]

DDJULFXOWXULLURPkQHWL
&DUDFWHUXO LQWHQVLY DO DFHVWHL FXOWXUL LQGLF  L JUDGXO GH LQWHQVLILFDUH D DJULFXOWXULL URPkQHWL vQ

general.
3URGXF LDGHSRUXPEERDEHDUHUROKRW UkWRUvQGH]YROWDUHDLPRGHUQL]DUHD]RRWHKQLHLPDL
DOHVDUDPXULORUSURGXF WRDUHGHFDUQH
&RPSR]L LD FKLPLF  D ERDEHORU GH SRUXPE DSDU LQkQG PDL PXOWRU KLEUL]L GLQ GLIHULWH S U L
DOH OXPLL YDULD]  vQWUH XUP WRDUHOH OLPLWH vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH FRQ LQXWXO vQ HOHPHQWH QXWULWLYH
SURWHLQ 

13,64%, amidon 60JU

VLPL

5,51%.

6XEVWDQ HOHH[WUDFWLYHQHD]RWDWHVXQWFRPSXVHGLQ]DKDUXULGH[WULQHDPLGRQLSHQWR]DQL

Apa
3URWHLQDEUXW

13
94

Grasime
&HOXOR]

71

1,8 2,2

&HQXD

Extractive
neazotate

)LJ&RPSR]L LDFKLPLF

) FkQGX

PHGLHDEREXOXLGHSRUXPE

-se o medie a analizelor s-a ajuns la rezultatele din figura 1.8.

Boabele se folosesc n furajarea animalelor, ca furaj concentrat foarte valoros. Sunt folosite
LvQKUDQDRPXOXLVXEIRUP  GHP P OLJ WXUW SRUXPEILHUW VDXFRSWIXOJLGH SRUXPE IORULFHOH
Q LQGXVWULH VH IRORVHVF SHQWUX RE LQHUHD DPLGRQXOXL JOXFR]HL DOFRROXOXL L XOHLXOXL GLHWHWLF GLQ
JHUPHQLGHSRUXPE5H]LGXXULOHU PDVHGLQLQGXVWULHERUKRWW Uk HURWXULVXQWIXUDMHYDORURDVH
7XOSLQLOHLIUXQ]HOHU PDVHGXS UHFROWDUHDWLXOH LORUVXQWIRORVLWHODIXUDMDUHDDQLPDOHORU
3RUXPEXOVLOR]VDXPDV YHUGHVHIRORVHWHvQIXUDMDUHDDQLPDOHORU3RUXPEXOSHQWUXVLOR]VH
UHFROWHD]  vQ ID]D GH ODSWH FHDU  D ERDEHORU L VH vQVLOR]HD]  SULQ WDVDUH DVLJXUkQG FRQVHUYDUHD OXL
SHQWUX R SHULRDG  vQGHOXQJDW  3RUXPEXO PDV  YHUGH VH UHFROWHD]  vQ GLIHULWH ID]H GH YHJHWD LH L
HVWHIRORVLWvQIXUDMDUHDDQLPDOHORULPHGLDWGXS UHFROWDUHvQVWDUHSURDVS W 
,PSRUWDQ DFXOWXULLSRUXPEXOXLPDLFRQVW LGLQXUP WRDUHOH

G SURGXF LLULGLFDWHLVLJXUH
UHSUH]LQW REXQ SUHPHUJ WRDUHSHQWUXIRDUWHPXOWHFXOWXULLODV WHUHQXOFXUDWGHEXUXLHQL
QHFHVLW RFDQWLWDWHPLF GHV PkQ

ODVHP QDWLDUORWXULOHVHPLQFHUHGDXSURGXF LLULGLFDWH

QXVHVFXWXU ODUHFROWDUH
VHSRWRE LQHSURGXF LLULGLFDWHLvQFXOWXU VXFFHVLY SHWHUHQXULOHLULJDW

e;

YDORULILF IRDUWHELQHvQJU PLQWHOHDSOLFDWHvQGR]HIRDUWHPDUL

1.4.

3URGXF LLOHRE LQXWH

5RPkQLD VH QXP U  SULQWUH PDULOHFXOWLYDWRDUH LSURGXF WRDUH GH JUkX DOH (XURSHL ORFXO 
GLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOVXSUDIH HLLORFXOFDSURGXF LHFRQFHQWUkQGFLUFDGLQVXSUDID

 GLQ SURGXF LH  5ROXO

VXSUDID

ULL QRDVWUH QX HVWH  GH QHJOLMDW QLFL SH SODQ PRQGLDO FXOWLYkQG  GLQ

ORFXOLSURGXFkQGGLQSURGXF LDPRQGLDO GHJUkXORFXO

Q SULYLQ D SRUXPEXOXL WRW SkQ  vQ 

VXSUDID

LFLUFD

pe plan european, Romnia cultiva 28% din

 FX R SURGXF LH GH ERDEH GH  GLQ SURGXF LD HXURSHDQ  ORFXO , L FD VXSUDID

 L FD

SURGXF LH WRWDO  Q LHUDUKLD PRQGLDO  vQV  5RPkQLD FX FXOWXUD SRUXPEXOXL RFXS  GXS  VXSUDID

ORFXOLDUGXS SURGXF LHORFXO

3URGXF LLOH vQ 5RPkQLD DWkW OD FXOWXUD JUkXOXL GH WRDPQ  FkW L OD SRUXPE GXS  DQXO  DX
DYXWYDORULGHVWXOGHGLIHULWHvQUHJLVWUkQGDWkWFUHWHULFkWLVF GHULVSHFWDFXORDVH/DJUkXILJ
 GH H[HPSOX SURGXF LD WRWDO   FHD

mai mare s-a nregistrat n anul 1995/1996, n anul

XUP WRUDVF ]XWVXEMXP WDWHFDvQV FUHDVF ODPLLWRQH

Sursa: Iosif Gh.N, 1998

Fig.1.9

mii tone

3 U R G X F LLOH OD J U k X R E LQ X WH vQ 5 R P k Q LD

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

Productia m edie ( kg/ha)

Productia totala ( m ii tone)















































Anul

'DWHRSHUDWLYHSURGXF LDUHFROWDW 

Fig.1.10

mii tone

3 U R G X F LLO H R E L Q X WH OD S R U X P E v Q 5 R P k Q L D

12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0


  

Productia m edie (kg/ha)

Productia totala(m ii tone)


 

  
 



  

 

  

   

 




  

 

  




  

Anul

Sursa: Anuarele statistice 1990-1997

MAA date operative
*Date opHUDWLYHSURGXF LDUHFROWDW 

SRUXPEVRUJ

/DSRUXPEILJFHDPDLPDUHSURGXF LHV

FHOHPDLVF

-a recoltat n anul 1992 (10497 mii tone), iar

]XWHSURGXF LLvQDQLLLFkQGV-au recoltat 7967 mii tone porumb.

Q SULYLQ D SURGXF LLORU PRQGLDOH DWkW OD JUkX ILJ  FkW L OD SRUXPE  ILJ  DX
H[LVWDWXQHOHRVFLOD LLSHSHULRDGDDQDOL]DW 
&HOHPDLPDULSURGXF LLOH DRE LQXW&KLQDODJUkXL68$ODSRUXPE

3HQWUXDQXOODJUkXDIRVWHVWLPDW RSURGXF LHPRQGLDO WRWDO GHPLOLRDQHWRQH

Fig.1.11

Sursa: International Grains Council September 1998

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

SU
A

In
di
Fe
a
d.
R
us
a
C
an
ad
a
Tu
rc
i
Pa a
ki
st
an
Ar
ge
nt
in
Au a
st
ra
lia

1994/1995
1995/1996
1996/1997
1997/1998*

hi
na

mil. tone

3URGXFWLLOHREWLQXWHODJUDXSHSODQPRQGLDO

Tara

Sursa: International Grains Council September 1998

'DWHHVWLPDWLYHSURGXF LDUHFROWDW 

Fig.1.12

300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Tara

Sursa: Anuare FAO

an
ad
a
In
do
ne
zi
a

In
di
a

ex
ic
Ar
ge
nt
in
a

E.
Br
az
ilia

U.

SU

hi
na

1994/1995
1995/1996
1996/1997

mil. tone

Productii mondiale obtinute la porumb