GREEN CHEMISTRY

Use Catalysts not Stoiciometric

Reagen
Ayu Nurjannah
120332410119/ I

Use Catalysts not Stoiciometric Reagen

Catalytic reagents (as selective as
possible) are superior to
stoichiometric reagents.

Classical
Stoichiometric
Catalysts

SOLUTION
The solution is evident: substitution of classical
stoichiometric methodologies with cleaner
catalytic alternatives. Indeed, a major challenge
in (fine) chemicals manufacture is to develop
processes based on H2, O2, H2O2, CO, CO2 and
NH3 as the direct source of H, O, C and N.
Catalytic hydrogenation, oxidation and
carbonylation are good examples of highly atom
efficient, low-salt processes.

SOLUTION
Biocatalysis has many advantages in the context
of green chemistry, e.g. mild reaction conditions
and often fewer steps than conventional
chemical procedures because protection and
deprotection of functional groups are often not
required. Consequently, classical chemical
procedures are increasingly being replaced by
cleaner biocatalytic alternatives in the fine
chemicals industry.

(c) 2010 Beyond Benign All Rights Reserved.

Heterogeneous vs Homogenous

Distinct solid phase

Readily separated
Readily regenerated & recycled
Rates not as fast
Diffusion limited
Sensitive to poisons
Lower selectivity
Long service life
High energy process
Poor mechanistic
understanding

Same phase as rxn medium

Difficult to separate
Expensive and/or difficult to
separate
Very high rates
Not diffusion controlled
Robust to poisons
High selectivity
Short service life
Mild conditions
Mechanisms well understood

(c) 2010 Beyond Benign All Rights Reserved.

Heterogeneous vs Homogenous
Distinct solid phase
Readily separated
Green
Readily regenerated catalyst
&
recycled
Rates not as fast
Diffusion limited
Sensitive to poisons
Lower selectivity
Long service life
High energy process
Poor mechanistic
understanding

Same phase as rxn medium

Difficult to separate
Expensive and/or difficult to
separate
Very high rates
Not diffusion controlled
Robust to poisons
High selectivity
Short service life
Mild conditions
Mechanisms well understood

For example, the manufacture of

hydroquinone
NO2

HNO3
H2SO4

NH2

Fe
HCl

Classical : The overall

MnO2

CLASSICAL
O

Fe

MODERN

HCl

process generated more

than 10 kg of inorganic
salts (MnSO4, FeCl2,
NaCl, Na2SO4) per kg of
hydroquinone.

OOH
OH
+

O2

H+
-2 Me2CO

OH

OOH

Modern : The overall

process generated more
than 1 kg of inorganic
salts per kg of
hydroquinone.