Professional Documents
Culture Documents
William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 7 Edition
William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 7 Edition
Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence
Each bit is represented by multiple bits in transmitted
signal
Chipping code
Gains
Immunity from various noise and
multipath distortion
Including jamming
Pseudorandom Numbers
Generated by algorithm using initial seed
Deterministic algorithm
Not actually random
If algorithm good, results pass reasonable
tests of randomness
Basic Operation
Typically 2k carriers frequencies forming 2k
channels
Channel spacing corresponds with
bandwidth of input
Each channel used for fixed interval
300 ms in IEEE 802.11
Some number of bits transmitted using some
encoding scheme
May be fractions of bit (see later)
FHSS Performance
Considerations
Typically large number of frequencies used
Improved resistance to jamming
One method:
Combine input with spreading code using XOR
Input bit 1 inverts spreading code bit
Input zero bit doesnt alter spreading code bit
Data rate equal to original spreading code
Approximate
Spectrum of
DSSS Signal
CDMA Example
CDMA Explanation
A wants to send 0
Send chip[ pattern <-1,1,1,-1,1,-1>
Complement of As code
Required Reading
Stallings chapter 9