Unit 2- Stresses in Beams

Topics Covered
Lecture -1 Review of shear force and bending

moment diagram
Lecture -2 Bending stresses in beams
Lecture -3 Shear stresses in beams
Lecture -4- Deflection in beams
Lecture -5 Torsion in solid and hollow shafts.

Why study stresses in

beams

What are beams

A structural member which is long when compared

with its lateral dimensions, subjected to transverse

forces so applied as to induce bending of the
member in an axial plane, is called a beam.

Objective
When a beam is loaded by forces or couples,

stresses and strains are created throughout the

interior of the beam.
To determine these stresses and strains, the

internal forces and internal couples that act on the

cross sections of the beam must be found.

Beam Types
Types of beams- depending on how they are

supported.

Load Types on Beams

Types of loads on beam
Concentrated or point load

Uniformly distributed load

Uniformly varying load

Concentrated Moment

Sign Convention for

forces and moments
P

Happy Beam is +VE

+VE (POSITIVE)

Sign Convention for

forces and moments
M

Sad Beam is -VE

-VE (POSITIVE)

Sign Convention for

forces and moments
Positive directions are denoted by an internal shear

force that causes clockwise rotation of the member

on which it acts, and an internal moment that
causes compression, or pushing on the upper arm
of the member.
Loads that are opposite to these are considered

negative.

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING

MOMENTS
The resultant of the stresses must be such as to

maintain the equilibrium of the free body.

The resultant of the stresses acting on the cross

section can be reduced to a shear force and a

bending moment.
The stress resultants in statically determinate

beams can be calculated from equations of

equilibrium.

Shear Force and Bending

Moment in a Beam

Shear Force and Bending

Moment
Shear Force:

is the algebraic sum of the vertical

forces acting to the left or right of the cut section

Bending Moment: is the algebraic sum of the

moment of the forces to the left or to the right of the

section taken about the section

SF and BM formulas
Cantilever with point load

x
A

Fx= Shear force at X

Mx= Bending Moment at X

L
SF

WxL

BM

Fx=+W

Mx=-Wx
at x=0=> Mx=0
at x=L=> Mx=-WL

SF and BM formulas
Cantilever with uniform distributed load
w Per unit
length
A

x
B

Fx= Shear force at X

Mx= Bending Moment at X

wL

wL2/2

BM

Fx=+wx
at x=0 Fx=0
at x=L Fx=wL
Mx=-(total load on right portion)*
Distance of C.G of right portion
Mx=-(wx).x/2=-wx2/2
at x=0=> Mx=0
at x=L=> Mx=-wl2/2

SF and BM formulas
Cantilever with gradually varying load
Fx= Shear force at X
Mx= Bending Moment at X

wx/L

w
A

B
x

wx 2
Fx =
2L

at x=0 Fx=0
at x=L Fx=wL/2
wL/2

Parabola
C

Mx=-(total load for length x)*

Distance of load from X
wx 3
Mx =
6L

Cubic

at x=0=> Mx=0
at x=L=> Mx=-wl2/6

SF and BM formulas
Simply supported with point load
W
x
A
RA =

Fx= Shear force at X

Mx= Bending Moment at X

C
B

W
2

Baseline B
SF

W/2

BM
WL/4
B

W
2

SF

W/2

RB =

Fx=+W/2 (SF between A & C)

Resultant force on the left portion
W

Constant force
W
W =
between B to C
2

SF and BM formulas
Simply supported with point load
W
x
A
RA =

Fx= Shear force at X

Mx= Bending Moment at X

C
B

W
2

W/2
A

W
2

for section
between A & C
W
M
=
R
x
=
x
x
A

2
SF
Baseline B
at A x=0=> MA=0 W L
C

at C x=L/2=> MC =
W/2
SF
2 2

for section
between C & B

L W
L
BM

M x = RA x W x =
x Wx + W

2 2
2
WL/4
W
L
=

x
+
W
C
B
2
2
WL W
MB =
L =0
2
2

RB =

SF and BM formulas
Simply supported with uniform distributed load
w Per unit length
x
B

A
RA

RB
RA = RB =

BM

wL/2

B
wL/2

wL2
8

wL2/2

Fx= Shear force at X

Mx= Bending Moment at X

wL
2

wL
w.x
2
wL w.0 wL
x = 0 FA =

=
2
2
2
L
wL wL
x = FC =

=0
2
2
2
wL
wL
x = L FB =
wL =
2
2

Fx = RA w.x =

SF and BM formulas
Simply supported with uniform distributed load
w Per unit length
x
B

A
RA

RB M x = RA x w.x

B
wL/2

wL2
8

wL2/2

x
2

wL
w.x 2
=
x
2
2

BM

wL/2

Fx= Shear force at X

Mx= Bending Moment at X

wL
w.0
.0
=0
2
2
2
L
wL L w L wL2 wL2 wL2
x = Mc =
. =

=
2
2 2 2 2
4
8
8
wL
w
x = L MB =
L L2 = 0
2
2
x = 0 MA =

SF and BM diagram
P

Constant

Linear

Constant

Linear

Parabolic

Linear

Parabolic

Cubic

Load

Shear

Moment

SF and BM diagram
Load

Constant

Constant

Constant

Linear

Linear

Linear

Parabolic

Shear

Moment

Relation between load, shear

force and bending moment
1

w/m run

dF
= w
dx

A
L

1 C

2
M+dM

F+dF
dx

The rate of change of shear force is equal

to the rate of loading

dM
=F
dx
The rate of change of bending moment
is equal to the shear force at the section