Single-phase Electric Motors

Characteristics & Applications

 Split phase motor

The split phase motor, also called an

induction-start/induction-run motor
The start winding is made with smaller gage
wire and fewer turns relative to the main
winding to create more resistance
The main winding, of heavier wire, keeps the
motor running the rest of the time
Starting torques are low, typically 100% to
175% of rated load. Also, the motor develops
high starting currents, approximately 700 to
1,000% of rated. Consequently, prolonged
starting times cause the start winding to
overheat and fail; so don't use this motor if
you need high starting torques
Maximum running torques range from 250 to
350% of normal
 The capacitor start / induction
run motor
Like the split-phase motor, the capacitor start
motor also has a starting mechanism
Capacitor start/induction run motors have
several advantages over split-phase motors.
Since the capacitor is in series with the start
circuit, it creates more starting torque, typically
200 to 400% of rated load. And the starting
current, usually 450 to 575% of rated current, is
much lower than the split-phase due to the larger
wire in the start circuit. This allows higher cycle
rates and reliable thermal protection
 Permanent split capacitor
motor
Typical starting torques of PSC motors are low,
from 30 to 150% of rated load, so these motors
are not for hard-to-start applications.
PSC motors have low starting currents, usually
less than 200% of rated load current, making
them excellent for applications with high cycle
rates.
They need no starting mechanism and so can be
reversed easily
Designs can be easily altered for use with speed
controllers
Can also be designed for optimum efficiency
and high power factor at rated load.
Considered to be the most reliable of the single
phase motors, mostly because no starting
switch is needed.
Permanent split capacitor
motor
Measuring Techniques:
Using ohm meter, measure
This type of motor normally use for FCU. motor resistance between the
wires.
1 Write down and match to the
wiring as.
2 Possible the highest resistance
3 is an starting winding.
Start winding
1–2=
1–3=
4 1–4=
5
1–5=
2–3=
2–4=
2–5=
3–4=
Running Capacitor
3–5=
4–5=
 Capacitor start / capacitor run
motor
Combines the best of the capacitor-
start/induction-run motor and the permanent
split capacitor motor. It has a start-type
capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding
like the capacitor-start motor for high starting
torque. And, like a PSC motor, it also has a
run-type capacitor that is in series with the
auxiliary winding after the start capacitor is
switched out of the circuit. This allows high
breakdown or overload torque.
Can be designed for lower full-load currents
and higher efficiency.
The only disadvantage to a cap-start/cap-run
motor is its higher price
But it's a real powerhouse, able to handle
applications too demanding for any other kind
of single-phase motor.
 Shaded pole motor

Shaded-pole motors have only one main winding

and no start winding
Starting is by means of a design that rings a
continuous copper loop around a small portion of
each motor pole
This "shades" that portion of the pole, causing the
magnetic field in the ringed area to lag the field in
the unringed portion.
The reaction of the two fields gets the shaft rotating
Because the shaded pole motor lacks a start
winding, starting switch or capacitor, it is electrically
simple and inexpensive
speed can be controlled merely by varying voltage,
or through a multi-tap winding
The shaded pole motor has many positive features,
but it also has several disadvantages. Its low
starting torque is typically 25 to 75% of full load
torque
It is a high slip motor with running speed 7 to 10%
below synchronous speed. Also, it is very inefficient,
usually below 20%.
Capacitor
„ Start Capacitor
„ The electrolytic start capacitor helps the motor achieve the most
beneficial phase angles between start and main windings for the most
locked-rotor torque per locked-rotor ampere.
„ It is disconnected from the start circuit when the motor reaches about
75% of full-load speed.
„ The start capacitor is designed for short-time duty
„ Extended application of voltage to the capacitor will cause permature
failure, if not immediate destruction. Typical ratings for motor start
capacitors range from 100 to 1,000 microfarad (uF) capacitance and
115 to 125 volts AC. However, special applications require 165 to 250-
Vac capacitors, which are physically larger than capacitors of lower
voltage rating for the same capacitance
„ Capacitance is a measure of how much charge a capacitor can store
relative to the voltage applied.
Capacitor
„ Run Capacitor
„ These are constructed similarly to start capacitors, except for the electrolyte.
„ They are designed to serve continuously in the run circuit of a capacitor-start
/capacitor-run motor.
„ They withstand higher voltages, in the range of 250 to 370 Vac.
„ They also have lower capacitance, usually less than 65 uF.
 MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS

„ NEMA FRAME/SHAFT SIZES

„ NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) frame size refers to mounting only and has no direct
bearing on the motor body diameter.
„ NEMA SUFFIXES
„ C=NEMA C face mounting (specify with or without rigid base),
„ D=NEMA D flange mounting (specify with or without rigid base),
„ H=Indicates a frame with rigid base having an F dimension larger than that of the same frame without the suffix H.
For example, combination of 56H base motors have mounting holes for NEMA 56 and NEMA 143-5T and a standard
NEMA 56 shaft.
„ J=NEMA C face, threaded shaft pump motor
„ JM=Close-coupled pump motor with specific dimensions and bearings
„ JP=Closed-coupled pump motor with specific dimensions and bearings
„ M=6 3/4" flange (oil burner)
„ N=7 1/4" flange (oil burner)
„ T, TS=Integral horsepower NEMA standard shaft dimensions if no additional letters follow the "T" or "TS.“
„ TS=Motor with NEMA standard "short shaft" for belt driven loads
„ Y=Non-NEMA standard mount; a drawing is required to be sure of dimensions. Can indicate a special base, face or
flange.Z=Non-NEMA standard shaft; a drawing is required to be sure of dimensions.
„ NEMA PREFIXES
„ Letters or numbers appearing in front of the NEMA frame number are those of the manufacturer. They have no
NEMA frame significance. For example, the letter in front of LEESON's frame number, L56, indicates the overall
length of the motor
 MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS

„ MOUNTING

Rigid base
Is bolted, welded or cast on main frame
Resilient base
Has isolation or resilient rings between motor
mounting hubs and base to absorb vibration
and noise.
NEMA C face mount
Is a machined face with a pilot on the shaft end which
allows direct mounting with a pump or other direct
coupled equipment.
NEMA D flange mount
Is a machined flange with rabbet for mountings.
Bolts pass through motor flange to a threaded hole
in the mounted part.
Type M or N mount
Has special flange for direct attachment
Extended through-bolt
Have bolts protruding from the front or rear of the
motor by which the driven load is mounted
 MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ENCLOSURE

Drip-proof
Designed for use in areas that are reasonably dry, clean,
and well ventilated (usually indoors).
Totally enclosed air over (TEAO)
Dust-tight fan and blower duty motors designed for shaft mounted
fans or belt driven fans. The motor must be mounted within the
airflow of the fan.
Totally enclosed non-ventilated (TENV)
No vent openings, tightly enclosed to prevent the free
exchange of air, but not airtight. Has no external cooling
fan and relies on convection for cooling. Suitable for use
where exposed to dirt or dampness, but not very moist or
hazardous (explosive) locations.

Totally enclosed fan enclosed (TEFC)

Same as TENV except has external fan as an integral part of the
motor, to provide cooling by blowing air around the outside frame of
the motor.
Explosion-proof motors
Have bolts protruding from the front or rear of
the motor by which the driven load is mounted.
CLASS I (Gases, Vapors)

„ Group A Acetylene
„ Group B Butadiene, ethylene oxide, hydrogen, propylene oxide
„ Group C Acetaldehyde, cyclopropane, diethel ether, ethylene, isoprene
„ Group D Acetone, acrylonitrite, ammonia, benzene, butane, ethylene
dichloride, gasoline, hexane, methane, methanol, naphtha, propane,
propylene, styrene, toluene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, xylene.
CLASS II (Combustible Dusts)

„ Group EAluminum, magnesium and other metal dusts with

similar characteristics.
„ Group FCarbon black, coke or coal dust
„ Group GFlour, starch or grain dust The motor ambient
temperature is not to exceed +400C or -250C unless the
motor nameplate specifically permits another value, and is
noted on the nameplate and in the literature..
 MAINTENANCE REFERENCE

LUBRICATION PROCEDURE

Caution: Keep grease clean. Lubricate motors at a standstill. Do not mix

petroleum grease and silicone grease in motor bearings