Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

I.

Thegeneralformoftheequationoflinearalgebraicdegree"n"withrealcoefficients
hasthefollowingmathematicalform:
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn1 + a2xn2 + ... + an2x2 + an1x + an = 0
wherethecoefficients aiR, with
i
=[0,n]andn 1, n N.
furthersubstitutedbythefollowingnotation:y=x n, where n istheratioof n =
1
nto0, thenwedenotethecoefficientsofthenewequationswith pk, wherekcantake

values
intheinterval[0,n2],linearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"willhavethe

followingform:
f(y) = yn + pn2yn2 + pn3yn3 + ... + p2y2 + p1y + p0 = 0
coefficients pk isdeterminedbythefollowingformula: pk =

f (k)(n)
k!,

andrepresentsthe

derivativeoforderkatthepoint n linearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"f(x)=0,k
factorialdivided.
structuralformalgebraicequationlineardegree"n"representedbyamountslivesisas
follows:
n

f(x)= ( 1)iSixni
i=0

S0 = 1 and Si =

i
Cn1

1j1j2...jandn1

xj1xj2...xji,

Atthemomentwehavewrittennewformoftheequationofdegree"n",f(y)=0with
coefficients pk determinedandrepresentationequationbyamountslives.
n1

Furtherwedenote y = ui, expressedastherootoftheequationf(y)=0,asasum

i=1

ofn1elements,therebydeducethatthelinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"is
solvedusinganalgebraicequationofdegree"n1"whichwecallequation
resolventf(t)
=0, f(ui)
is
therootoftheequation

resolvent.
Itemsmarkedwithsum uexpress radicalformsofdegree"n"whichareconstitutedbythe
coefficients pk (grad(f (pk) = grad(ui)).
Towritetheequationofdegreeformroots"n",f(y)=0expressedbyradicalsinthe
formofcomplexorder"n"thatisafunctionoftherootsresolventequationofdegree

Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

"n1",f(t)=0,wemustexpressanelement radicalshiftfromtheorder"n"ofthe
equationf(y)=0inradicalformoforder"n1"oftheequationf(t)=0,sothe
coefficient iscalculatedusingtheexpression:
= cmmmc( n),thelowestcommonmultipleof"n".
Whatisthedegreeyouwillhavetheterm f(ui),(i = [1, n 1]), andwewilldenotebyt
asrepresentingrootsresolventequation:
n1

t = ui =f (ui)withi = [1, n 1],

i=1

trepresentstherootoftheresolventequationexpressedbyradicalsincomplexshape
(otherwiseexpressed:Grade(t)* = grad(u) * n),henceitfollowsthat:
grad(f(t)) = n(n1)

sohigherthantheinitiallinearalgebraicequationofdegree(f(x))=n.
Therootsoftheequationlinearalgebraicexpressiondegree"n"(degree(n))usingthe
resolventequationlinearalgebraicsumoftermsofdegree"f(t)"(grad(f(t))),f(t)=0,
texpresstermsradicalsincomplexshapeofdegree(n/ ), wededucethatcannot
writeresolventequationofdegree(n1),withunitlevel
degree(x)=rank(y)=1(unit)
(Thisfollowsfromthelinearnotationspreviouslymade
inthispaper)aslinear

algebraicequationexpressingrootslevel"n",f(x)=0,theradicalsincomplexshape
leadstoadegreeoftermt:
grad(t)= n,
resolventformoftheequationofdegree"n1"isasfollows:
f(t) = tn1 + b1t2n2 + btn3 + ... + bn3t2 + bn2t + bn1 = 0
wherethecoefficients bi =f (pk),
wherei=[1,n1]andk=[0,n2],andcombinationsof
thecoefficients pk faithfullyperfectequalityofdistributionintermsofgrades
combined,f (pk) isdeterminedbysubstitutionintheequationf(y)thesolution
n1

y = ui, foundbycalculationandidentificationcoefficients bi asVietamountsof

i=1

resolventequation,andhassuchdegree:

Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

degree (bi) = n *
i
andequalsgrad(f (pk)) =(nk)*
i.
Takingintoaccounttheamountslivesandtheformula wewriteandstructuralform
oftheresolventequation:
n1

i=0

f(t)= ( 1)iS, ts S = b0 = 1 and bi = ( 1)andS

0

bycalculatingtheexpressionf (ui) intheequationofdegree"n"f(x)=0willgetthe

followingexpressionwhosecoefficientsaredetermined(identifiedwith bi) bysolvinga
system(n1)equations(aswillbeseenfromthecalculationequationsrootparticular).
i

Sj representsthesumoftheelements ui inpower"i"takenintheamountofeachj
n

and S = ( 1) bj respectively Sj = Sj.

j

Concludingtheabovenotationsmade
inworkandinsubsequentdeterminationshave

rootsequationlinearalgebraicformulaofdegree(n)expressedbyradicalsincomplex
form:
ni1

xr(i) = n + yr(i) = n + u
i=1

wherer(i)=| r0r1...rn1|, representsthe"n"rootsofequationandisrepresentedbya

columnofthematrixequationsolutions M r, i=[0,n1].

Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

QED
n1

xr(i) = n +

ti * (cos
i=1
n

2ri
2ri
n + I * sin n )

I=[0,n1]isthencomplexrootsexpressedbyradicalswholeorder,
orwritteninanotherform,thenaturalnumber
e:
n1

xr(i) = n + ei*i
i=0

i = n(2ri i * lnti)
accordingLogarithmicandtrigonometricformulastocomplex
numbers.

|012...n3n2n1|
|0n11...n4n3n2|
|0n1n2...n5n4n3|
M r =|...............|=r(i)=| r0r1...rn1 |,
|045123| Pendantsandrepresentsthenumber"i"
|034...n112|n1withthecorrespondinglines
|023...n2n11|elements r0,r1,..., rn1.

Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

II.
Solvingtheequationofdegreeone
formoftheequationis:
f(x)= a0x1 + a1 = 0
1

coefficient 1 = to replacingtheequationx=y+ 1 weget:

0,

f(y)=y=0,therootoftheequationis:
1

x1 = 1 = to
0.

Solving2nddegreeequation
formoftheequationis:
f(x)= a0x2 + a1x1 + 2 = 0
1

coefficient 2 = 20, replacingtheequationx=y+ 2 wegettheequation:

f(y)= y2 + p0 = 0, p0 =

f(2)
0!

Usingthenotationy= u1, wegettheresolventequationf(t)

calculationof = 1 andt= uFeb.1, wewriteresolventequation:
f(t)=t+ b1 =0and b1 = f(p0), degree (b1) =grad (p0) =2,theidentification
b1 = p0, thenroot t1 = p0
rootformequationdegree2accordingtothegeneralformulaofcalculationwillbe:
xr(i) = 2 + t1(cos

2rand
2ri
2 + I * sin 2)

xr(i) = 2 + p0(cosri + I * sinri) = 2 + p0 C artri

Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

M r = |01|

Solving3thdegreeequation
formoftheequationis:
f(x)= a0x3 + 1x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
1

coefficient 3 is: 3 = 3 Replacingtheequationx=y+ 3 sowewritetheequation:

0

f(y)= y3 + p

1y + p0

= 0 andcalculatethecoefficients p1,p0.

Denotey= u1 + u2 andreplaceitintheequation,weobtaintheequationf(t),power
factor =1:
t= u13 + u23 =f( ui)
2

f(t)= t + b1 + tb2 = 0, andtheamountslives:

b1 = (u13 + u23) , b2 = u13u23
Theresultofthesecalculations:
3

f(y)= (u1 + u2) + p1(u1 + u2) + p0 = 0

f(y)= u13 + u23 + 3u1u2(u1 + u2) + p1(u1 + u2) + p0 = 0
b1 + p0 + (33 b2 + p1)(u1 + u2) = 0
followsthesystemofequations: b1 + p0 = 0si33 b2 + p1 = 0
p 3

b1 = p0sib2 = ( 31 )
Soidentifiedresolventequationcoefficientsf(t)iscomputedroots t1,t2 andwritethe
equationroots3thdegreeasfollows:
2

3
xr(i) = 3 +
ti * (cos

i=1

2ri
2ri
3 + i * sin 3 )

Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

M r = |012|
|021|

Solving4thdegreeequation
formoftheequationis:
f(x)= a0x4 + 1x3 + a2x2 + a3x + a4 = 0
1

thecoefficient 4 is 4 = 40 Replacingtheequationx=y+ 4, sowewritethe

equation:f(y)= y4 + p2y2 + p1y + p0 = 0 andcalculatethecoefficients p2p1p0.
Wedenotethey= u1 + u2 + u3, wewritetheequationf(t),powerfactor =2,so
t= u12 + u22 + u32 =f( ui)
3

f(t)= t + b1t + b2t + b3 = 0,andtheamountslivesare:

b1 = (u12 + u22 + u32) , b2 = u12u22 + u12u32 + u22u32 , b3 = u12u22u32
followsfromthecalculations
f(y)=( u1 + u2 + u3)4 + p2(u1 + u2 + u3)2 + p1(u1 + u2 + u3) + p0 = 0
2

(u12 + u22 + u32 + 2(u1u2 + u1u3 + u2u3)) + p2(u12 + u22 + u32 + 2(u1u2 + u1u3 + u2u3)) + p1(u1 + u2 + u3) + p0 = 0
2

(u1 + u22 + u32) +4 (u1 + u22 + u32)(u1u2 + u1u3 + u2u3) +4(

u12u22 + u12u32 + u22u32 + 2u2u2u3(u1 + u2 + u3)) +
p2(u12 + u22 + u32) + 2p2(u1u2 + u1u3 + u2u3) + p1(u1 + u2 + u3) + p0 = 0
2

( b1) +(4 b1 ) (u1u2 + u1u3 + u2u3) + 4b2 + 8 b3(u1 + u2 + u3) +

p2( b1) +
2p2(u1u2 + u1u3 + u2u3) + p1(u1 + u2 + u3) + p0 = 0
CONSEQUENTIALsystemofequations:
2

( b1) + 4b2 + p2( b1) + p0 = 0

Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

8 b3 + p1 = 0
4 b1 + 2p2 = 0
p 2

b1 = 22 , b3 = ( 81 ) , b2 =

p22
8

p 2

162 40 = ( 42 ) 40

thusidentifiedresolventequationcoefficientsf(t)iscomputedroots t1,t2,t3 andwrite

theequationofdegreefourrootsasfollows:

2
xr(i) = 4 +
ti * (cos

i=1

2ri2
2ri2
4 + i * sin 4 ) = 4 +

ti * cosri

i=1

|0123|
M r = |0312|
|0231|

Solving5thdegreeequation
formoftheequationis:
f(x)= a0x5 + a1x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
1

coefficient 5 is 5 = 5 Replacingtheequationx=y+ 5 sowewritetheequation:

0

f(y)= y5 + p

3
2
3y + p2y + p1y + p0

= 0 andcalculatethecoefficients p3,p2p1p0.

Denotey= u1 + u2 + u3 + u,4 wewritetheequationf(t),powerfactor =1!:

t= u15 + u25 + u35 + u45 =f( ui)
4

f(t)= t + b1t + b2t + b3t + b4 = 0 ,iarsumeleVietepentrucoeficientisunt:

b1 = (u15 + u25 + u35 + u45) ,
b2 = u15u25 + u15u35 + u25u35 + u15u45 + u25u45 + u35u45 ,

Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

b3 = (u15u25u35 + u15u25u45+ u15u35u45 + u25u35u45) ,

5

b4 = u1 u25u35u45
Theresultofcalculations:
5

f(y)= (u1 + u2 + u3 + u)4 + p3 (u 1 + u2 + u3 + u4) +

2

p2(u1 + u2 + u3 + u4) + p1(u1 + u2 + u3 + u)4 + p0 =0

......
Itthusdeterminethecoefficients bi, respectingthedistributionofgradesunitary
coefficientsbysolving4system
equations,
resolventequationcoefficients b1,.., b4 will
be:
b1 = p0

p2p3
5

p 2

p 5

,......, b4 = [( 53 ) 51 ]

thusidentifiedresolventequationcoefficientsf(t)iscomputedroots t1,t2,t3,t4
throughGrade4resolventequationsolving,andwritingasgrade5sotherootsofthe
equation:

5
xr(i) = 5 +
ti * (cos

i=1

2ri
2ri
5 + i * sin 5 )

|01234|
M r = |04123|
|34120|
|02341|

Solvinglinearalgebraicequationofdegree"n"

III.
AbelRuffinitheorem
Cannotwriteageneralalgebricformulathatcontainsradicals,exactsolutionsof
polynomialequationsdegreegreaterorequaltofive(5).