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Iri Segun hdmIII
Iri Segun hdmIII
INTRODUCTION
Roughness is the irregularity of the road surface; it
affects the dynamics of moving vehicles, wear of vehicle
parts, and the handling of a vehicle safety, comfort
and speed of travel - and hence may have a considerable
impact on vehicle operating costs. Road agencies need a
measure of the roughness of roads as an input to
pavement management systems, and whenever the
economic feasibility of proposed expenditures on
maintenance or upgrading is to be determined.
Roughness is measured using the International
Roughness Index (IRI) which is a mathematically
defined summary statistic of the longitudinal profile in
the wheelpaths of a traveled road surface. The IRI
describes a scale of roughness which is zero for a true
planar surface, increasing to about 2 for paved roads in
good condition, 6 for a moderately rough paved roads,
12 for a extremely rough paved roads, and up to about
20 for extremely rough unpaved roads.
On paved roads; roughness increases continuously
during a year if maintenance is not applied, roughness is
generally measured with a roughness measurement
instrument, and this measurement is sufficient to
characterize the average annual roughness. On unpaved
roads, roughness varies over a year as a function of the
season, the changing location of the wheelpaths chosen
by the vehicles, and the number and the effects of
gradings and other maintenance activities. Therefore, a
roughness measurement at a given point in time is not
sufficient to characterize the average annual roughness
Gravel
21.9
51.1
41.6
Earth
4.8
90.5
84.9
Page 2
25.5
10.1
70.2
15.8
(ii) Traffic. Six traffic levels are covered: 5, 25, 50, 100,
200, and 300 AADT, with 70 percent trucks/buses.
(iii) Terrain. Three classes of terrain are defined in
terms of the average horizontal curvature of the road.
Terrain
Flat and level terrain
Rolling and hilly terrain
Mountainous terrain
Curvature
50 degrees/km
250 degrees/km
500 degrees/km
15
13
Mountainous
Hilly & Rolling
Flat & Level
11
9
Environment
Arid environment
Semi-arid environment
Sub-humid environment
Humid environment
Rainfall
24 mm/year
240 mm/year
960 mm/year
1800 mm/year
7
5
3
0
19
Grading
Frequency
17
15
21
19
24 Months
18 Months
12 Months
9 Months
6 Months
3 Months
1 Months
13
11
9
7
5
3
17
Environment
Type
15
13
Arid
Semi-arid
Sub-humid
Humid
11
9
7
5
3
0
Page 3
TO LEARN MORE
1. Watanatada, Thawat, et al. 1987. The Highway
Design and Maintenance Standards Model. Volume 1,
Description of the HDM-III Model. The World Bank,
Washington, DC
2. William D.O. Paterson, A. 1987. Road Deterioration
and Maintenance Effects, The Highway Design and
Maintenance Standards Series. The World Bank,
Washington, DC.
Page 4
Semi-arid Environment
Flat & Rolling &
Level
Hilly
Mountainous
Terrain Terrain
Terrain
3.6
3.7
3.9
5.1
5.5
5.9
7.0
7.6
8.3
8.4
9.0
9.9
9.3
10.1
11.0
10.8
11.7
12.8
11.8
12.7
13.9
4.0
4.2
4.4
6.0
6.5
7.1
8.3
9.1
10.0
9.7
10.7
11.8
10.8
11.8
13.1
12.3
13.4
14.9
13.2
14.5
16.1
4.4
4.7
5.0
7.0
7.7
8.5
9.6
10.6
11.9
11.1
12.3
13.8
12.2
13.5
15.1
13.7
15.2
17.0
14.6
16.2
18.2
5.3
5.7
6.2
8.7
9.7
10.8
11.6
13.0
14.7
13.2
14.8
16.7
14.2
15.9
18.0
15.7
17.5
19.9
16.5
18.5
21.0
6.8
7.4
8.2
11.2
12.5
14.2
14.3
16.1
18.3
15.7
17.7
20.3
16.6
18.7
21.4
17.8
20.1
23.0
18.5
20.9
24.0
8.0
8.8
9.9
12.9
14.5
16.6
15.9
17.9
20.5
17.2
19.4
22.3
17.9
20.3
23.3
18.9
21.4
24.6
19.5
22.1
25.4
Material Properties
21.9
51.1
41.6
25.5
10.1
Sub-humid Environment
Flat & Rolling &
Level
Hilly
Mountainous
Terrain Terrain
Terrain
3.5
3.6
3.7
5.0
5.2
5.5
6.9
7.2
7.7
8.2
8.6
9.2
9.2
9.6
10.3
10.6
11.2
11.9
11.6
12.1
13.0
3.9
4.0
4.1
5.8
6.1
6.5
8.0
8.4
9.1
9.4
9.9
10.7
10.4
11.0
11.9
11.9
12.6
13.6
12.8
13.6
14.7
4.3
4.4
4.6
6.7
7.1
7.6
9.1
9.7
10.6
10.6
11.3
12.3
11.6
12.4
13.5
13.1
14.0
15.2
14.1
15.0
16.3
5.0
5.2
5.6
8.2
8.7
9.5
11.0
11.7
12.9
12.5
13.4
14.7
13.5
14.5
15.9
15.0
16.0
17.6
15.8
17.0
18.7
6.3
6.7
7.2
10.4
11.2
12.3
13.4
14.5
16.0
14.9
16.1
17.8
15.8
17.1
18.9
17.1
18.4
20.4
17.8
19.2
21.3
7.4
7.9
8.6
12.1
13.0
14.3
15.0
16.2
18.0
16.3
17.7
19.6
17.1
18.5
20.6
18.2
19.7
21.9
18.8
20.3
22.6
Humid Environment
Flat & Rolling &
Level
Hilly
Mountainous
Terrain Terrain
Terrain
3.5
3.5
3.6
4.9
5.0
5.1
6.8
6.9
7.1
8.0
8.2
8.4
9.0
9.1
9.4
10.4
10.6
10.9
11.3
11.5
11.9
3.8
3.8
3.9
5.6
5.6
5.8
7.6
7.7
8.1
9.0
9.1
9.5
10.0
10.1
10.6
11.4
11.6
12.1
12.3
12.5
13.1
4.1
4.1
4.2
6.3
6.4
6.6
8.6
8.7
9.1
10.0
10.2
10.7
11.0
11.2
11.7
12.5
12.7
13.3
13.4
13.6
14.3
4.7
4.7
4.9
7.5
7.7
8.0
10.1
10.3
10.9
11.6
11.9
12.5
12.7
12.9
13.6
14.1
14.4
15.1
15.0
15.3
16.1
5.8
5.8
6.1
9.5
9.7
10.2
12.4
12.7
13.4
13.9
14.2
15.0
14.8
15.1
16.0
16.1
16.4
17.4
16.8
17.2
18.2
6.7
6.8
7.1
11.0
11.2
11.8
13.9
14.2
15.0
15.3
15.6
16.5
16.1
16.5
17.4
17.2
17.6
18.7
17.9
18.3
19.4
Page 5
Semi-arid Environment
Flat & Rolling &
Level
Hilly
Mountainous
Terrain Terrain
Terrain
2.3
2.5
2.7
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.2
6.8
7.6
7.6
8.4
9.3
8.6
9.4
10.4
10.0
10.9
12.1
10.9
11.9
13.1
2.8
3.0
3.3
5.0
5.6
6.3
7.4
8.2
9.3
8.8
9.8
11.1
9.8
10.9
12.3
11.2
12.4
14.0
12.1
13.4
15.1
3.3
3.6
4.0
6.0
6.8
7.7
8.6
9.7
11.1
10.1
11.3
13.0
11.0
12.4
14.1
12.4
13.9
15.9
13.2
14.8
16.9
4.2
4.6
5.2
7.7
8.7
10.1
10.4
11.9
13.8
11.9
13.5
15.6
12.8
14.5
16.8
14.0
15.9
18.4
14.7
16.7
19.3
5.7
6.4
7.4
10.0
11.5
13.3
12.7
14.6
17.1
14.0
16.0
18.7
14.7
16.9
19.7
15.7
18.0
21.0
16.2
18.7
21.8
6.9
7.9
9.1
11.5
13.3
15.5
14.1
16.2
19.0
15.1
17.5
20.4
15.7
18.2
21.3
16.6
19.1
22.4
17.0
19.6
23.0
Material Properties
4.8
90.5
84.9
70.2
15.8
Sub-humid Environment
Flat & Rolling &
Level
Hilly
Mountainous
Terrain Terrain
Terrain
2.3
2.4
2.5
4.0
4.3
4.6
6.1
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.9
8.6
8.4
8.9
9.6
9.8
10.4
11.2
10.7
11.3
12.2
2.7
2.8
3.0
4.8
5.1
5.6
7.1
7.6
8.3
8.5
9.1
10.0
9.5
10.1
11.1
10.9
11.6
12.6
11.7
12.5
13.6
3.1
3.3
3.5
5.7
6.1
6.7
8.1
8.8
9.7
9.6
10.3
11.4
10.5
11.3
12.5
11.9
12.8
14.1
12.7
13.6
15.0
3.9
4.1
4.5
7.1
7.7
8.6
9.8
10.6
11.9
11.2
12.2
13.6
12.1
13.1
14.6
13.3
14.5
16.1
14.1
15.3
17.0
5.2
5.6
6.2
9.2
10.1
11.3
11.9
13.1
14.7
13.2
14.4
16.2
14.0
15.3
17.2
15.0
16.4
18.4
15.6
17.0
19.1
6.3
6.9
7.7
10.7
11.7
13.2
13.3
14.5
16.4
14.4
15.8
17.8
15.0
16.5
18.6
15.9
17.4
19.6
16.3
17.9
20.2
Humid Environment
Flat & Rolling &
Level
Hilly
Mountainous
Terrain Terrain
Terrain
2.3
2.3
2.4
3.9
4.0
4.2
5.9
6.0
6.3
7.3
7.4
7.7
8.3
8.4
8.7
9.6
9.8
10.2
10.5
10.7
11.1
2.5
2.6
2.7
4.5
4.6
4.9
6.7
6.9
7.2
8.1
8.3
8.7
9.1
9.3
9.7
10.4
10.6
11.1
11.3
11.5
12.0
2.9
2.9
3.1
5.2
5.4
5.7
7.6
7.8
8.2
9.0
9.2
9.7
10.0
10.2
10.7
11.3
11.5
12.1
12.1
12.3
13.0
3.5
3.6
3.8
6.5
6.6
7.0
9.0
9.2
9.8
10.4
10.7
11.3
11.3
11.6
12.3
12.6
12.9
13.6
13.3
13.6
14.4
4.6
4.7
5.0
8.3
8.6
9.1
11.0
11.3
12.0
12.3
12.6
13.4
13.1
13.4
14.3
14.1
14.5
15.5
14.7
15.1
16.1
5.6
5.7
6.1
9.7
10.0
10.6
12.3
12.6
13.5
13.4
13.8
14.8
14.1
14.5
15.5
15.0
15.4
16.5
15.5
16.0
17.1