HYDRO GENERATOR

TYPE , CONSTRUCTIONAL
DETAILS
&
EXCITATION SYSYTEM

HYDRO GENERATOR
These are low speed machine of the salient Pole

type. They have large no. of poles. Rotor is

characterized by large diameter and short axial
length. Capacity of such generator varies from
500 KW to 300 MW. Power factor are usually 0.90
to 0.95 lagging.
Available head is a limitation in the choice of
speed of hydro generator.
Standard generation voltage in our country is
3.3KV, 6.6KV, 11 KV ,13.8 KV, & 16KV at 50 Hz.
Short Circuit Ratio varies from 1 to 1.4.
2

DIFFERENCES FROM
TURBO- GENERATOR
TURBO GENERATOR

HYDRO- GENERATOR

DRIVEN BY STEAM

WATER TURBINE

SALIENT POLE

TURBINE
RUN AT HIGH SPEED
CYLLINDRICAL ROTOR
UNIFORM AIR GAP
LOWER AIR GAP
LOWER SCR (0.5 TO 0.8)
SINUSOIDAL P- CURVE
MAXIMUM POWER AT
=90O

LOW SPEED
NON UNIFORM AIR GAP
HIGHER AIR GAP
HIGHER SCR (1 TO 1.4)
DISTORTED SINUSOIDAL

P- CURVE
FOR < 90O

POWER -ANGLE CURVE OF

SYNCHRONOUS M/C.

SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO

DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF FIELD CURRENT

REQUIRED TO GENERATE RATED OPEN

CIRCUIT VOLTAGE TO THE FIELD CURRENT
REQUIRED TO CIRCULATE RATED ARMATURE
CURRENT ON 3 SHORT CIRCUIT AT STATOR
TERMINAL
SCR =
SCR AFFECTS BOTH THE PHYSICAL SIZE AND
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO

LOW SCR
MEANS GREATER Xd
LARGE VOLTAGE VARIATION
POOR VOLTAGE REGULATION
LESS SYNCHRONOUS POWER
LOWER STABILITY LIMIT
LOWER ARMATURE SHORT CKT CURRENT

SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO

HIGH SCR
LOWER VALUE OF Xd
HIGH ARMATURE SHORT CKT CURRENT
GREATER STABILITY LIMIT
GOOD VOLTAGE REGULATION

CLASSIFICATIONS
WITH RESPECT TO POSITION OF ROTOR
( i) HORIZONTAL
(ii) VERTICAL

1) SUSPENSION TYPE

2) UMBRELLA TYPE
SUSPENSION TYPE

THRUST BEARING IN UPPER BRACKET

ABOVE ROTOR
UMBRELLA TYPE

THRUST BEARING IN LOWER BRACKET

BELOW ROTOR

DESIGNATION
TYPE OF HYDROGENRATOR IS DESIGNATED AS

FOLLOWS FOR AN EXAMPLE

SV 505 - 16
190
SV

SYNCHRONOUS VERTICAL
NUMERATOR 505
OUTER DIAMETER
OF
STATOR CORE IN cm
DENOMINATOR 190
ACTIVE LENGTH AT
STATOR CORE
IN cm
16
NO. OF POLES

SELECTION OF NO. OF POLE

Nsyn (Sync. Speed) = 120 F

P
Synchronous Speed Of The Generator Depends Upon
The Specific Speed Of The Turbine
Nsyn = Ns X Hn 1.25 / Pt 0.5
SPECIFIC SPEED IS THE SPEED AT WHICH A

HOMOLOGUS TURBINE WOULD RUN WHEN

DEVELOPING 1 METRIC KW UNDER 1 M HEAD

Type of Turbine

Sp. Speed (rpm ,

in m-Kw )

Head (m)

PELTON

12 - 60

> 400

FRANSIS

60 - 400

30- 650

KAPLAN

220 -1000

3-75

10

CONSTRUCTION
STATOR CONSTRUCTION
STATOR FRAME - CYLLINDRICAL OR

POLYGONAL IN FORM
TO SUPPORT THE STATOR CORE
STATOR CORE

PROVIDES HOUSE FOR STATOR

WINDINGS BUILT UP OF THIN VARNISHED
STAMPINGS

11

 STATOR WINDINGS
DOUBLE LAYER BAR TYPE WAVE CONNECTED

OR COIL TYPE LAP CONNECTED

STATOR TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
RTD ARE INSERTED INTO THE SLOTS OF THE

CORE AT DIFFERENT STRATERGIC LOCATION

FOR MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF
STATOR WINDING AND STATOR CORE

12

 STATOR HEATERS
FOR AVOIDING CONDENSATION INSIDE THE GENERATOR

BARREL DURING SHUT DOWN TO PROTECT THE INSULATION

OF THE GENERATOR WINDING

AIR COOLERS
PROVIDED AROUND THE STATOR FRAME FOR COOLING THE

GENERATOR WINDING
BEARING COOLERS
H S LUBRICATION
BRAKE DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM

13

ROTOR CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF ROROR
Disc type Disc are directly shrink

fitted on the shaft

Rotor with spider and rim
Shaftless Instead of shrinking the
spider on shaft it is coupled to
the shaft by means at flange coupling
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ROTOR COMPONENTS
ROTOR SPIDER
ROTOR RIM
ROTOR SHAFT
SLIP RINGS
FANS

15

BRACKETS
Provided for housing thrust and guide

bearing
Two brackets:
Upper bracket
Lower bracket

16

BRAKING AND JACKING

SYSTEM
Brake shoes are pressed against the brake

tracks on the rotor to bring the machine to the

rest.
Used as jacks for lifting of the rotor for which
the oil under pressure (about 100 kg/cm2) is
fed from high pressure pump unit. After
jacking the rotor can be maintained in lifted
position by turning the locking net and
releasing oil pressure
17

BRAKING AND JACKING

SYSTEM
On normal shutdown brakes are applied

to bring the rotor quickly to standstill to

reduce wear in the thrust pad .

18

DAMPER WINDINGS
For preventing hunting
Consists at low resistance copper, bars

embedded in slots in the pole face of

salient pole machine.
Copper bars are short circulated at both
ends by heavy copper rings.

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EXCITATION SYSTEM
1. EXCITATION TRANSFORMER
2.
3.
4.
5.

(DRY TYPE )
RECTIFIER SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
POWER SUPPLY UNITS
FIELD FLASHING UNITS

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TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

DC MAIN EXCITER AND AMPLIDYNE

+ MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER AVR

DC MAIN EXCITER + PILOT EXCITER
+ MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER AVR
DC MAIN EXCITER +THYRISTORISED
AVR
FULLY STATIC EXCITER WITH
THYRISTORISED AVR
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6. FIELD CIRCUIT BREAKER

7. DISCHARGE RESISTOR
8. DIGITAL CONTROL, PROTECTION

&

METERING EQUIPMENT

22

FEATURES OF
EXCITATION SYSTEM
WITH LARGE ALTERNATORS IN

POWER SYSTEM, EXCITATION

CONTROL PLAYS A VITAL ROLE.
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IS TAKEN
CARE OF BY EXCITATION SYSTEM.
IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN SYSTEM
STABILITY IT IS NECESSARY TO
HAVE VERY FAST RESPONSE

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EXCITATION SYSTEM FOR LARGE

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
OPERATING WITH THE GRID.
HIGH CONTROL SPEED IS
ACHIEVED BY USING INERTIAL
FREE CONTROL AND POWER
ELECTRONICS.

24

EXCITATION PANEL
CONTAINS FIELD BREAKER CONTROL
LOGIC, THYRISTOR PANELS AND AVR

CB

BUS-1

BUS-2
GCB

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
UAT

EXC.TR.
A.C

REF. VOL.

G
F.F
D.C

GATE
CONTROL
FB
DR

PT

AVR

CT
G

GENERATOR
NGT
R

25

CONSTANT EXCITATION :
WATER FLOW INCREASE

the

When water flow is increased advances to along

arc of radius E and centre O.

This results in increase in power from the original

value due to increase in .

Ix shifts in phase and magnitude pf. Increases.

26

CONSTANT POWER :
VARYING EXCITATION
I cos

I'X

?E
IX

Constant power line will be a straight line parallel to xaxis

(I cos op = Constant)
If excitation is varied E moves on constant power line,
27
varying the phase position and magnitude of current.

EXCITATION CONTROL
P
EXCITATION
INCREASES

Pe.

d3 d2

d1

90

180

d1> d2 >d3
d

FIG.3(b)
POWER-ANGLE CURVE FOR VARYING EXCITATION LEVELS

It is not advisable under any

circumstances to operate large unit on
Manual control.
28

Continued----
If
unavoidable,
keep
highest
permissible
terminal voltage and
lagging Power factor.

If the machine is synchronized with

the AVR set point to match the rated
terminal voltage and in Auto control then
during
loading no operator intervention
is
necessary.

The excitation change occurs

automatically.

29

Continued----E

EN

P2

I'X
E
P1
Vt'

Ixd
Vt

Ixt
V

30

Continued---- When water flow is increased from

level P1 to P2. E shifts in phase to
increase the
load angle.
This causes a drop in terminal
voltage Vt.
AVR acts to increase E so that Vt =
Vt .
This results in increase in E, I and
phase advancements of E and EN to
31
the new
operating point.

OBJECTIVES
GOOD RESPONSE IN VOLTAGE AND

REACTIVE POWER CONTROL.

SATISFACTORY STEADY STATE STABILITY
i.e. SUFFICIENT CLAMPING OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC &
ELECTRO - MECHANICAL TRANSIENT.
TRANSIENT STABILITY FOR ALL STATED
CONDITIONS.
QUICK VOLTAGE RECOVERY AFTER FAULT
CLEARANCE.
32

CAPABILITY CURVE
Pn

1/Xs

UNDER EXCITED : (- Q)

Qn

OVER EXCITED : (+ Q)

CURVE-1 : STATOR CURRENT LIMIT

CURVE-2 : ROTOR CURRENT LIMIT
CURVE-3 : STABILITY LIMIT

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THANKS
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