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V A V A: Analysis of Pipe Networks
V A V A: Analysis of Pipe Networks
Applications: Water supply system, Pressure sewerage system, Water treatment plant
Theory:
A1V1 = A2V2
1. Continuity equation
2. Energy equation
V12
2g
Energy line
hp
Hydraulic grade line
p1
V22
2g
p2
V1
V2
P
z1
datum
z2
p 2 V22
V12
z1 +
+
+ hp = z2 +
+
+ hL
2g
2g
L V2
hL = f
D 2g
p1
k /D
1
2.51
= 2 log s
+
3.7
f
RN f
Jain's approximation :
k / D 5.74
1
= 2 log s
+ 0.9
3
.
7
RN
f
Example: Water from a treatment plant is pumped into a distribution system at a rate
of 4.38 m3/s, a pressure of 480kPa, and a temperature of 20oC. The diameter of the
pipe is 750mm and is made of ductile iron.
(a) Calculate the friction factor by Colebrook equation
(b) Estimate the pressure 200m downstream of the treatment plant if the pipeline
remains horizontal.
Solution:
f = 0.016
p2 = 270 kPa
8 LQ 2
D =
f
2
h
g
equation:
1/ 5
VD
zA
zB
V3 , L3 , D3
datum
C
zC
Unknowns: V1 , V 2 , V3
Equations: One continuity and two energy equations
V =
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
R S
n
0.013
0.013
Steel:
Welded and seamless
Riveted
Concrete
Vitrified clay
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
0.015
0.015
0.013
0.009
120
110
110
-
Mannings formula:
x=2
Darcy-Weisbach equation:
hL = KQ x
Hazen-Williams formula:
x = 1.75
(smooth pipe) to
x = 1.85
x=2
(rough pipe)
Water Demand
Total water demand at a node is equal to the average water demand per capita
multiplied by the population served by that node.
The population may be estimated by any of the available models of population
growth. These models use the previously available population data for future
projections.
For example, according to Arithmetic model:
P(t ) = P0 + kt
P(t) is the population at time t and P0 is the reference population.
Similarly a higher order polynomial function can be obtained as follows:
P(t ) = P0 + at + bt 2 + ct 3 + L
and the population can be estimated at any time t.
Example: You are in the process of designing a water-supply system for a town, and
the design life of your system is to end in the year 2020. The population in the town
has been measured every 10 years since 1920 and is given below. Estimate the
population in the town using graphical extension and arithmetic growth projection.
Year
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Population
125,000
150,000
150,000
185,000
185,000
210,000
280,000
320,000
Solution:
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
From the graph, if the line is extended to year 2020, we get, the population as:
P = 440,000
By regression on the data for 1970 to 1990, we get the following expression:
P (t ) = 60000 + 5500t
where, t is the time in years starting from year 1920. So, for year 2020, t= 100, and
we get the population,
P = 490,000
Variations in demand
Maximum daily demand, Maximum hourly demand
Table 3. Typical demand factors
Condition
Range of demand factors
Daily average in maximum month
1.1-1.5
Daily average in maximum week
1.2-1.6
Maximum daily demand
1.5-3.0
Maximum hourly demand
2.0-4.0
Minimum hourly demand
0.2-0.6
Typical value
1.2
1.4
1.8
3.25
0.3
Fire demand
Insurance Services Office, Inc. (ISO, 1980) formula:
NFFi = C i Oi ( X + P ) i
where, NFFi is needed fire flow at location i, Ci is the construction factor based on
size and type of construction of the building, Oi is the occupancy factor reflecting the
kinds of material stored in the building (value range from 0.75 to 1.25), and ( X + P) i
is the sum of the exposure factor and communication factor that reflects the
proximity and exposure of other buildings (value range from 1.0 to 1.75).
C i ( L / min) = 220 F Ai
Ai is the effective floor area in square meters, typically equal to the area of the largest
floor in the building plus 50% of the area of all other floors, F is a coefficient based
on the class of construction. The maximum value of Ci and typical F values are
given below:
Class of Construction
Description
Max. Ci(L/min)
F
1
Frame
1.5
30,000
2
Joisted masonry
1.0
30,000
3
Noncombustible
0.8
23,000
4
Masonry, noncombustible
0.8
23,000
5
Modified fire resistive
0.6
23,000
5
6
Fire resistive
0.6
Occupancy factors:
Combustibility class
Examples
C-1 Noncombustible
Steel or concrete products storage
C-2 Limited combustible
Apartments, mosques, offices
C-3 Combustible
Department stores, supermarkets
C-4 Free-burning
Auditoriums, warehouses
C-5 Rapid burning
Paint shops, upholstering shops
23,000
Oi
0.75
0.85
1.0
1.15
1.25
Roof vent
P4
C2
J-1 P-2
J-2 P-3
J-3
C3
P5
C1
J-4
P-8
C4
P7
P6
J-5
P-9
C5
J-6
C6
N eq = N j + N p + N f 1
Neq= Number of equations required
Nj= number of junction nodes
Nl= number of loops
Nf= number of Fixed Grade Nodes (e.g. elevated reservoirs)
In the above figure
N eq = 6 + 2 + 2 1 = 9
8
Conditions to satisfy:
1. The algebraic sum of the pressure drops around any closed loop must be zero
2. The flow entering a junction must equal the flow leaving it.
Hardy Cross Method
Q = Qa +
)
=0
a
KQax + xKQax 1 +
x 1
xK 2Qax 2 + L = 0
2
x
x 1
KQ
+
KxQ
a a =0
KQ
=
xKQ
x
a
x 1
a
Example: Determine the discharge in each line and the pressure at each junction node
for the pipe network shown below using Hardy Cross method. The pipe and junction
data is given in the table below.
A
B
C2
P1
J-2
P-2
J-1
P-5
J-4
PP-3 4
C1
P7
P-6
J-3
C4
C3
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Nodes
A-1
1-2
1-3
2-3
2-4
3-4
4-B
Length(m)
300
250
200
220
180
250
270
Node
A
B
1
2
3
4
Diameter(cm)
30
20
20
15
20
20
25
Elevation(m)
126
123
96
99
93
90
f
0.015
0.019
0.019
0.02
0.019
0.019
0.017
K(s2/m5)
153.0
1226.5
981.2
4787.6
883.1
1226.5
388.4
Demand(L/s)
56
112
28
85
hL = KQ 2 , where
8 fL
K= 2 5
gD
HGL elevation at the end of pipe = HGL elevation at the beginning-Head loss
10
A
B
P1
J-2
P-2
J-1
P-5
P7
J-4
PP-3 4
P-6
J-3
Pipe
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Node
A
1
2
3
4
B
Discharge(L/s)
167.9
58.4
53.5
16.4
37.2
9.1
113.1
Elevation(m)
126
96
99
93
90
123
HGL (m)
p(kPa)
120.39
115.61
117.17
117.03
239.3
163.0
237.1
265.2
11
Linear Method
Hardy Cross method requires an initial estimate of the flow that should be close to the
final solution.
Linear method is a very stable method in which all the equations are solved
simultaneously.
Each nonlinear head loss term is linearized using first two terms in Taylor series:
f (Q ) = f (q ) +
f
(Q q )
q
KQ n = Kq n + nKq n1 (Q q) = DQ + D'
where
D = nKq n1
D' = (1 n) Kq n
For loops with pumps, nonlinear pump characteristic equation (LHS) is replaced with
linear equation (RHS):
AQ 2 + BQ + H = Aq 2 + Bq + H + (2 Aq + B)(Q q) = EQ + E '
where
E = 2 Aq + B
E ' = H Aq 2
Example: Write down the equations to solve the following network by linear method.
A
B
P1
C2
P-2
J-1
C1
J-2
P-5
P7
J-4
PP-3 4
P-6
J-3
C4
C3
Solution: First of all we assume the direction of flow in each pipe.
12
A
B
P-1
C2
P-7
J-2
P-2
P-5
J-4
P-4
J-1
P-6
P-3
C1
C4
J-3
C3
Continuity equations:
Q1 Q2 Q3 C1 = 0
Q2 + Q4 Q5 C2 = 0
Q3 Q4 + Q6 C3 = 0
Q5 Q6 + Q7 C4 = 0
Loop equations (clockwise positive):
[A][Q] = [C ]
Where [ A] is coefficient matrix and [C ] is a column matrix of constants.
13
1
0
0
0
0
D
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
D2
D3
D4
0
D2
0
0
D4
0
D5
D5
0 Q1 C1
0
0 Q2 C 2
1
0 Q3 C 3
1 1 Q4 = C 4
0
0 Q5 C 5
D6 0 Q6 C 6
0 D7 Q7 C 7
0
[Q] = [A]1[C ]
For the initial iteration a velocity of 1m/s may be assumed in each pipe. The
computed flow rates (Q) become estimated flow rates (q) for the next iteration. The
iterative process is continued until the equations converge to a solution. In other
words when the value of
N
Q q
i
i =1
Q
i =1
14