Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reactive Power Compensation
Reactive Power Compensation
and advanced control technology, FACTS has become the technology of choice in
voltage control, reactive/active power flow control, transient and steady-state
stabilization that improves the operation and functionality of existing power transmission
and distribution system [2], [3]. The achievement of these studies enlarge the efficiency
of the existing generator units, reduce the overall generation capacity and fuel
consumption, and minimize the operation cost.
V11
V2 2
V11
VL
V2 2
Figure 1. 1 Power transmission system: (a) simplified model; (b) phase diagram [5]
V V 2 2
VL
= 1 1
XL
XL
The active and reactive components of the current flow at bus 1 are given by:
2
(1-1)
V2 sin
,
XL
I d1 =
I q1 =
V1 V2 cos
XL
(1-2)
The active power and reactive power at bus 1 are given by:
P1 =
V1V2 sin
,
XL
V1 (V1 V2 cos )
XL
Q1 =
(1-3)
Similarly, the active and reactive components of the current flow at bus 2 can be given
by:
Id2 =
V1 sin
,
XL
I q2 =
V2 V1 cos
XL
(1-4)
The active power and reactive power at bus 2 are given by:
P2 =
V1V2 sin
,
XL
Q2 =
V2 (V2 V1 cos )
XL
(1-5)
Equations (1-1) through (1-5) indicate that the active and reactive power/current flow can
be regulated by controlling the voltages, phase angles and line impedance of the
transmission system. From the power angle curve shown in Figure 1.1(c), the active
power flow will reach the maximum when the phase angle is 90. In practice, a small
angle is used to keep the system stable from the transient and dynamic oscillations [4].
Generally, the compensation of transmission systems can be divided into two main
groups: shunt and series compensation.
Q=
Vc
4V 2
(1 cos )
X
2V 2
sin
X
2
V2
P=
sin
X
P=
Figure 1. 2 Transmission system with shunt compensation: (a) simplified model; (b)
phase diagram; (c) power-angle curve [2]
As discussed previously, the active powers at bus 1 and bus 2 are equal.
P1 = P2 = 2
V2
sin
XL
2
(1-6)
The injected reactive power by the capacitor to regulate the voltage at the mid-point of
the transmission line is calculated as:
V2
Qc = 4
(1 cos )
XL
2
(1-7)
From the power angle curve shown in Figure 1.2(c), the transmitted power can be
significantly increased, and the peak point shifts from =90 to =180. The operation
margin and the system stability are increased by the shunt compensation.
The voltage support function of the midpoint compensation can easily be extended to the
voltage support at the end of the radial transmission, which will be proven by the system
simplification analysis in a later section. The reactive power compensation at the end of
the radial line is especially effective in enhancing voltage stability.
V0
QsC =
2kV 2
(1 cos )
X (1 k 2 )
Ps =
V0
V2
sin
X (1 k )
k=
XC
X
Figure 1. 3 Transmission system with series compensation: (a) simplified model; (b)
phase diagram; (c) power-angle curve [2]
(1-8)
(1-9)
V2
sin
(1 k ) X L
(1-10)
(1-11)
In Figure 1.3(c) shows the power angle curve from which it can be seen that the
transmitted active power increases with k.
As new technology for power transmission system, FACTS and FACTS controllers not
only provide the same benefits as conventional compensators with mechanicallycontrolled switches in steady state but also improve the dynamic and transient
performance of the power system. The power electronics-based switches in the functional
blocks of FACTS can usually be operated repeatedly and the switching time is a portion
of a periodic cycle, which is much shorter than the conventional mechanical switches.
The advance of semiconductors increases the switching frequency and voltage-ampere
ratings of the solid switches and facilitates the applications. For example, the switching
frequencies of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) are from 3 kHz to 10 kHz
which is several hundred times the utility frequency of power system (50~60Hz). Gate
turn-off thyristors (GTOs) have a switching frequency lower than 1 kHz, but the voltage
and current rating can reach 5-8 kV and 6 kA respectively [8].
FACTS controllers have many configurations. In general, they can be categorized into
shunt-connected controllers, series-connected controllers and their combinations.
TCR and TSR are both composed of a shunt-connected reactor controlled by two parallel,
reverse-connected thyristors. TCR is controlled with proper firing angle input to operate
in a continuous manner, while TSR is controlled without firing angle control which
results in a step change in reactance.
TSC shares similar composition and same operational mode as TSR, but the reactor is
replaced by a capacitor. The reactance can only be either fully connected or fully
disconnected zero due to the characteristic of capacitor.
9
With different combinations of TCR/TSR, TSC and fixed capacitors, a SVC can meet
various requirements to absorb/supply reactive power from/to the transmission line.
Figure 1. 5 STATCOM topologies: (a) STATCOM based on VSI and CSI (b)
STATCOM with storage [5]
Compared with SVC, the topology of a STATCOM is more complicated. The switching
device of a VSI is usually a gate turn-off device paralleled by a reverse diode; this
function endows the VSI advanced controllability. Various combinations of the switching
10
devices and appropriate topology make it possible for a STATCOM to vary the AC
output voltage in both magnitude and phase. Also, the combination of STATCOM with a
different storage device or power source (as shown in Figure 1.5(b)) endows the
STATCOM the ability to control the real power output.
STATCOM has much better dynamic performance than conventional reactive power
compensators like SVC. The gate turn-off ability shortens the dynamic response time
from several utility period cycles to a portion of a period cycle. STATCOM is also much
faster in improving the transient response than a SVC. This advantage also brings higher
reliability and larger operating range. Figure 1.6 shows the V-I characteristics of
STATCOM and SVC [9].
Figure 1. 6 V-I characteristics of SVC and STATCOM: (a) SVC; (b) STATCOM [24]
VSI, is usually in the form of a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The
composition and operation of different types are similar to the operation of the shuntconnected peers.
Figure 1.7 shows the diagrams of various series-connected controllers.
Storage
Figure 1. 7 Series-connected FACTS controllers: (a) TCSR and TSSR; (b) TSSC; (c)
SSSC [5]
12
REFERENCES
[1] Zhang, B.M.; Ding, Q.F The development of FACTS and its control, Advances in
Power System Control, Operation and Management, APSCOM-97. Fourth International
Conference, Vol.1, Nov. 1997, pp: 48 53
[2] Paserba, J.J.; How FACTS controllers benefit AC transmission systems, Power
Engineering Society General Meeting, IEEE, Vol.2, June 2004, pp:1257 - 1262
[3] Edris, A, FACTS technology development: an update, Power Engineering Review,
IEEE, Vol.20, Issue 3, March 2000, pp: 599 - 627
[4] L. Gyugyi, Application characteristics of converter-based FACTS controllers, IEEE
Conference on Power System Technology, Vol. 1, pp. 391 - 396, Dec. 2000.
13
14