Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Protection of Power Transformer
Protection of Power Transformer
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
Introduction
A transformer is a static electrical device used in
electric power systems to transfer power between circuits
through the use of electromagnetic induction.
Transformers are devices that transfer energy from one
circuit to another by means of a common magnetic eld.
When an alternating current ows in a conductor, a
magnetic eld exists around the conductor. If another
conductor is placed in the eld created by the rst
conductor such that the ux lines link the second
conductor, then a voltage is induced into the second
conductor. The use of a magnetic eld from one coil to
induce a voltage into a second coil is the principle on
which transformer theory and application is based.
Transformers range in size from thumbnail-sized used in
microphones to units weighing hundreds of tons
interconnecting the power grid. A wide range of
transformer designs are used in electronic and electric
power applications. Transformers are essential for the
1
Induction Law
The transformer is based on two principles:
1. An electric current can produce a magnetic field.
2. A changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces
a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic
induction).
POWER TRANSFORMERS
The term power transformer is used to refer to those
transformers used in the generator and the distribution
circuits, and these are usually rated at 500 KVA and
above. Power systems typically consist of a large number
of generation locations, distribution points, and
interconnections within the system or with nearby
systems, such as a neighboring utility. The complexity of
the system leads to a variety of transmission and
distribution voltages. Power transformers must be used at
each of these points where there is a transition between
voltage levels.
PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS
OF
POWER
10
BUCHHOLZ RELAY :
It is a gas actuated relay. When a fault develops slowly, it
produces heat, thereby decomposing solid or liquid
insulating material in the transformer. The decomposition
of the insulating material produces inflammable gases.
The Buchholz relay gives an alarm when a specified
amount of gas is formed. The analysis of the gas collected
in the relay chamber indicates the type of the incipient
fault.
There is a chamber to accommodate Buchholz relay, in
between the transformer tank and the conservator. The
Buchholz relay is a slow acting device, the minimum
operating time is 0.1 s and the average time is 0.2 s. Too
sensitive settings of the mercury contacts is undesirable
because they are subjected to false operation on shock and
vibration caused by conditions like mechanical shock to
the pipe, tap changer operation and heavy external faults.
13
Working : When an incipient fault such as a winding-tocore fault or an inter-turn fault occurs on the transformer
winding, there is severe heating of the oil. This causes
gases to be liberated from the oil around 350C. There is
a build-up of oil pressure causing oil to rush into the
conservator. A vane is placed in the path of surge of oil
between the transformer and the conservator. A set of
contacts, operated by this vane, is used as trip contacts of
the Buchholz relay This output of Buchholz relay may be
used to trip the transformer.
14
15
17