I

V
n
sd
u
ia
a
n
A
A
r
r
rt
t
a
n
d
V

I
I
I
I

n
n
n
n

d
d
d
d

i
i
i
i

a
a
a
a

n
n
n
n

i
r

S
P

u
o

i
i

l
t

n
e
t

p
e

Mi

gi

cA

r l

tl

&

s
c

I
I
I
I
D

n
n
n
n

d
d
d
d
a

i
i
i
i
n

a
a
a
a
c

n
n
n
n
e

M
p

r
r

p
e

i
o

p
h

C
F

I
I
L
I
C
F
I
C
I
A
I
R

s
n

d
e

i
l

i
u

t
o

c
o

n
s

e
i

m
n

e
l

e
t
h

o
y

a
I

a
t

s
r

u
p

&

a
t

t
t
i

s
d

r
c

s
a
t

r
r

c
e

n
i

t
I

A
e
I

i
p

F
i
h

n
d

n
d

d
l

P
d

a
g

n
a

e
n

i
n

L
r

l
e

n
u

o
l

e
a

a
a

a
t

w
n

r
s

i
l

g
H

d
u

t
a

a
n

S
C

u
a

d
u

o
a

, c

&

AI
n d
c

n
i
i

e A
n r
th
I t
nn cc
d
u
r i
a

a
c
i
e

tt
e

A
rchitecture

Sculpture

Architecturereferstodesigningof&constructionofBuildings
Sculptureisa3-Dw
orkofart.
Inarchitecturevarioustypesofm
aterialsareusedi.e,stone,w
ood,glass,m
etaletc.
Sculptureism
adeupofsinglepieceofm
aterial.
ArchitectureinvolvesstudyofEngineeringandEngineeringM
athem
aticsanddependsuponm
easureS
m
ce
un
lp
t.tureinvolvescreativityandim
agination,m
aynotdependonm
easurem
ent

ARAPPAN CIVILIZATION, the Bronze Age

I.

Seals:
a. Seals are Square or rectangular or circular or triangular piece of material
(mainly stones) with an average size of 2x 2. Dominantly square seals were
found. On them, we find pictographic scripts along with animal impressions
which are yet to be deciphered.
b. Seals are made up of Steatite (a river soft stone). Evidence of Copper, gold
and ivory seal has also been found in some instances.
c. 5 Signs or symbols on an average are present on a seal.
d. Direction of writing is right to left.
e. Seals are decorated with animal motifs such as unicorn, bull, rhinoceros, tiger
elephant, bison, goat, buffalo etc, . (Except Cow).
f. Inscriptions or human figures are present in both sides of the seals.
g. Even in some cases, these are present on all 3 sides.

Significance/Purpose of seal:
i.
ii.

iii.

Mainly used as a unit of trade and commerce.

Also used as amulets (mainly copper seals). Found and dead bodies and had a hole for
wearing.(Amulets: A trinket or piece of jewellery usually hung about the neck and
thought to be a magical protection against evil or disease).
Also used as an educational tool(Since some contained like inscriptions).

Examples : Pashupathi Seal, Unicorn seal,.

II.

Terracotta Figures (Sculptures)

Terracotta = fired baked clay.
These figures are hand-made using pinching method.
Example: Mother Goddess ,
Toy carts with wheels,
Birds and animals, etc,.

III.

Bronze Sculptures
Bronze casting was practised on a wide scale under Harappan art.
The technique used for casting is known as Lost-wax technique
Under this technique, at first was figures are covered with a coating of clay
and allowed to dry. Then it is heated and the molten wax is allowed to
drain out through a tiny hole at the bottom of the clay cover. The hallow
mould is then filled with bronze or any other metal. Once the metal is
cooled, the clay is removed.
Excavations where it was prominent