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An exam
oriented guide
on Indian Art
and Culture
1
Specially designed for CSAT and IAS mains
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INDEX
• Puppet forms 3
• Painting Styles 16
• Dance forms 27
Classical 29
Folk 38
Tribal 54
• Theater forms 59
• Music 78
• Indian Architecture 83
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Puppet Forms
of India
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String Puppet
Shadow Puppet
Glove Puppet
Rod Puppet
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Ravanachhaya, Orissa
• Small in size and are in one
piece with no joints.
• Made of deer skin and are
conceived in bold dramatic
poses.
• Not coloured, hence throw
opaque shadows on the screen.
• Apart from human and animal
characters, many props such as
trees, mountains, chariots, etc.
are also used
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Painting Styles in
India
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Classical Dance - Folk Dance - Tribal Dance
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Folk Dance
• Indian culture includes a treasure of a variety of folk dances.
• The diversity in culture and tradition is reflected in the variety of
Indian folk dances.
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Elelakkaradi
• A highly heroic group – dance.
• Almost the whole community of men, women and children participate.
• Very common with the tribal called Irular of Attappadi in Palakkad district.
• The dance brings out the fight of the people against the wild bears which often
attack their tribal hamlets.
• Dancers move out in rhythmic steps, with vociferous shouts and war cries and
keep time to the beatings of the primitive drums
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Paravalli Kali
• Mixed dance of the aboriginals of dense forest of Travancore area.
• Both men and women participate.
• They dance holding arms together, or shoulder to shoulder, linked in a backlock
posture.
• The men and women change their positions which amazing speed.
• The entire group of dancer sings songs and move swift rhythm in a circle.
• The linked arms swing to the rhythm in a fascinating wavelike movement.
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Paniyar Kali
• Performed by tribal in hilly forests of Wayand district.
• Highly masculine and only men participate.
• Around eight or ten dancers stand in a circle with hands linked together.
• They have around with rhythmic flexions of the body and while moving stamp the ground
in perfect rhythm to the loud beat of the primitive percussion instruments called Karu,
Para, Udukku, etc.
• As the dance gathers momentum the circle is swiftly expanded and contracted and the
dancers utter peculiar cries which gradually run up to a high pitch.
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EDAYA NRITHAM
• Dance of the tribal shepherds.
• Both men and women participate.
• One of the shepherds sing. This is repeated in chorus by all the rest.
• As the singing is going in, one of them imitate the special sounds of shepherds
driving their sheep.
• Someone of the group crying successively to imitate the wild animals that try to
attack the sheep and also the thief who tries to robe them while the other members
of the group very adeptly bring out the terror on the faces of the lamps and their
mournful walings.
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Theatre forms in
India
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Tamaasha, Maharashtra
• It has evolved from the folk forms such as
Gondhal, Jagran and Kirtan.
• The female actress is the chief exponent of dance
movements in the play, (unlike other theatre-
forms). She is known as Murki.
• Classical music, footwork at lightning-speed, and
vivid gestures make it possible to portray all the
emotions through dance
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Krishnattam, Kerala
• Came into existence in the mid17th century A.D. in
Calicut.
• Krishnattam is dance-drama presenting the story of
Krishna in a cycle of eight plays performed for eight
consecutive days. The plays are Avataram,
Kaliamandana, Rasa krida, kamasavadha,
Swayamvaram, Bana Yudham, Vivida Vadham, and
Swargarohana.
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Burrakatha
• A storytelling technique used in villages of Andra
Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The troupe
consists of one main performer and two co-
performers.
• It is a narrative entertainment that consists of
prayers, solo drama, dance, songs, poems and
jokes.
• The topic will be either a Hindu mythological story
or a contemporary social problem.
• Harikatha, also known as Katha Kalakshepa, is a
variant which narrates tales of Lord Krishna, other
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RAMMAN, Uttarakhand
• Combining theatre, music, historical reconstructions,
and traditional oral and written tales, the Ramman is a
multiform cultural event
• Celebrated every year in Baisakh month (april) in the
courtyard of the temple of Bhumiyal Devta situated in
Chamoli district, Uttarakhand.
• Mask dance performed exclusively by the Bhandaris
(Ksatriya caste).
• Included in the UNESCO Representative list of
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
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Music of India
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Music of India
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Music of India
Uttarakhandi folk music
• On subjects related to nature.
• Primarily related to the various festivals, religious traditions, folk stories and simple life
of the people of Uttarakhand.
• Musical instruments include the dhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali,
bhankora and masakbhaja. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent.
• The main languages are Kumaoni and Garhwali.
Lavani
• Lavani comes from the word Lavanya which means beauty.
• Originated in the arid region of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. It has in fact
become a necessary part of the Maharashtrian folk dance performances.
• Traditionally, the songs are sung by female artistes, but male artistes may occasionally
sing Lavanis.
• The dance format associated with Lavani is known as Tamasha.
• Lavani is a combination of traditional song and dance, which particularly performed to
the enchanting beats of 'Dholak', a drum-like instrument.
• Women wears nine-yard saris. They sings in a quick tempo.
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Music of India
Rajasthani
• Rajasthan has a very diverse cultural collection of musician castes, including Langas, Sapera,
Bhopa, Jogi and Manganiyar (lit. the ones who ask/beg).
• Rajasthan Diary quotes it as a soulful, full-throated music with Harmonious diversity.
• The haunting melody of Rajasthan evokes from a variety of delightfully primitive looking
instruments.
• The stringed variety include the Sarangi, Rawanhattha, Kamayacha, Morsing and Ektara.
• Percussion instruments come in all shapes and sizes from the huge Nagaras and Dhols to the tiny
Damrus.
• The Daf and Chang are a big favourite of Holi (the festival of colours) revellers. Flutes and
bagpipers come in local flavours such as Shehnai, Poongi, Algoza, Tarpi, Been and Bankia.
Ganasangeet
• Eg: Apni Azadi Ko Hum Hargis Mita Sakte Nahin, ajadee hoyni tor, Kadam kadam badhaye jaa,
Vande Mataram etc.
• Generally sung in chorus carrying some social message.
• The songs are usually about Freedom, community strength, patriotism.
• Due to the British occupation in India, a lot of protest songs about anti-imperialism/pro-socialism
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Indian Architecture
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Indian Architecture
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
• Third millennium BC.
• On indus river bank.
• Walled cities for security.
• Rectangular grid pattern of layout with roads
cutting at right angles.
• Burnt mud-bricks as building material.
• Evidence of big building which perhaps were
public buildings, administrative or business
centres, pillared halls and courtyards.
• No evidence of temples.
• Public buildings include granaries to store
grains.
• ‘Great Bath’ - public bathing place shows the
importance of ritualistic bathing and
cleanliness in this culture. It is still functional
and there is no leakage or cracks in the
construction.
• Most of the houses had private wells and
bathrooms.
• Dominant citadal - treated as evidence of
some kind of political authority ruling over
the cities.
• Evidence also of fortifications with gateways
enclosing the walled cities which shows that
there may have been a fear of being attacked.
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Indian Architecture
The Mauryan Period
• Ashoka, first Mauryan to "think in stone".
• Mostly indigenous in origin, some exotic forms show the
influence of Greek, Persian and Egyptian cultures.
• Beginning of the Buddhist School of architecture in India.
• Ashokan pillars were lofty free standing monolithic columns
erected on sacred sites. Originally there were about thirty
pillars but now only ten are in existence, of which only two
with lion capitals stand in situ in good condition at Kolhua
and Laurya Nandangarh respectively.
• Sarnath pillar - finest pieces of sculpture of the Ashokan
period.
• The Chinese traveller Fa-hien was so impressed by Ashoka’s
palace near Patna that he stated that "it was made by spirits"
and that its carvings are so elegantly executed "which no
human hands of this world could accomplish".
• Its existence was pointed out during the excavations at
Kumrahar, near Patna, where its ashes have been found
preserved for several thousand years.
• Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador of Selucas Nikator who
visited the Mauryan court described Chandragupta Maurya’s
palace as an excellent architectural achievement
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Indian Architecture
THE STUPAS
• SANCHI STUPAS:
hemispherical in shape with a low base.
symbolized the cosmic mountain.
inscription by the ivory carvers of Vidisha on the southern
gateway throws light on the transference of building material
from perishable wood and ivory to the more durable stone.
• AMARAVATI STUPA:
built in 2nd or 1st century BC was probably like the one at
Sanchi
but in later centuries it was transformed from a Hinayana
shrine to a Mahayana shrine.
• GANDHARA STUPA:
further development of stupas at Sanchi and Bharhut.
the base, dome and the hemisphere dome are sculpted.
stupas of Nagarjunakonda in Krishna valley were very large.
Maha Chaitya of Nagarjunakonda has a base in the form
of Swastika, which is a sun symbol.
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Indian Architecture
THE SCHOOLS OF ART
The Gandhara School Of Art (50 B.C. TO 500 A.D.):
• From Punjab to the borders of Afghanistan was an important
centre of Mahayana Buddhism up to the 5th century A.D.
• Imbibed all kinds of foreign influences like Persian, Greek,
Roman, Saka and Kushan.
• Origin can be traced to the Greek rulers of Bactria and
Northwest India.
• During the reign of Kanishka that the art received great
patronage.
• Also known as the Graeco- Buddhist School of Art since
Greek techniques of Art were applied to Buddhist subjects.
• Most important contribution- evolution of beautiful images of
the Buddha and Bodhisattavas, which were executed in black
stone and modelled on identical characters of Graeco-
Roman pantheon.
• “Gandhara artist had the hand of a Greek but the heart of an
Indian."
• Most characteristic trait - depiction of Lord Buddha in the
standing or seated positions.
• Seated Buddha is always shown cross-legged in the traditional
Indian way.
• Typical feature - rich carving, elaborate ornamentation and
complex symbolism.
• Tallest rock-cut statue of Lord Buddha - Bamiyan
(Afghanistan) - 3-4 century AD.
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Indian Architecture
The Mathura School Of Art( 50 B.C. - 500 A.D.):
• At the holy city of Mathura between 1-3 A.D.
• Established tradition of transforming Buddhist symbols
into human form.
• Buddha’s first image can be traced to Kanishka’s reign
(about 78 A.D.).
• Earliest sculptures of Buddha were made keeping the
yaksha prototype in mind.
• Strongly built - right hand raised in protection and left
hand on the waist.
• The figures do not have moustaches and beards as in the
Gandhara Art.
• Seated figures are in the padmasana posture.
• Not only produced beautiful images of the Buddha but
also of the Jain Tirthankaras and gods and goddesses of
the Hindu pantheon.
• Although of indigenous origin, but greatly influenced by
the Gandhara School of Art.
• Guptas adopted, further improvised & perfected
Mathura School of Art.
• Observed at - Sarnath, Sravasti and even as far as Rajgir
in Bihar.
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Indian Architecture
The Amravati school of art(200 b.C. -
200 a.D.):
• On the banks of the Krishna River in
modern Andhra Pradesh.
• Largest Buddhist stupa of South
India.
• Construction began in 200 B.C. and
was completed in 200 A.D.
• Stupendous stupa could not
withstand the ravages of time
• Its ruins are preserved in the London
Museum.
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Indian Architecture
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
• India's Hindu temple architecture is developed from the creativity of Sthapathis and Shilpis, both of whom
belong to the larger community of craftsmen and artisans called Vishwakarma (caste).
• A small Hindu temple consists of an inner sanctum, the garbha graha or womb-chamber, in which the idol or
deity is housed, often called circumambulation, a congregation hall, and sometimes an antechamber and
porch. The garbhagriha is crowned by a tower-like shikara.
• All the Hindu temples in India follows the architecture defined in Shilpa Shastras.
• However, there are artistic variations in terms of construction of shikara depending on regional culture
SHIKHARA
MANDAPA
VIMANA garbha-griha
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Indian Architecture
History of Temple Architecture
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Indian Architecture
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
Nagara architecture
• Nagara temples have two distinct features :
In plan, the temple is a square with a number of graduated projections in
the middle of each side giving a cruciform shape with a number of re-
entrant angles on each side.
In elevation, a Sikhara, i.e., tower gradually inclines inwards in a convex
curve.
• The projections in the plan are also carried upwards to the top of the Sikhara
and, thus, there is strong emphasis on vertical lines in elevation.
• Style is widely distributed over a greater part of India, exhibiting distinct
varieties and ramifications in lines of evolution and elaboration according to
each locality.
• An example of Nagara architecture is the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple.
(detailed image on next page).
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Indian Architecture
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
Dravidian architecture
• Four following parts, differing only according to the age in which they were executed:
The principal part, the temple itself, is called the Vimana (or Vimanam). It is always square in plan and
surmounted by a pyramidal roof of one or more stories; it contains the cell where the image of the god or
his emblem is placed.
The porches or Mandapas (or Mantapams), which always cover and precede the door leading to the cell.
Gate-pyramids, Gopurams, which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround
the more notable temples.
Pillared halls or Chaultris—properly Chawadis -- used for various purposes, and which are the invariable
accompaniments of these temples.
• Contains temple tanks or wells for water (used for sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests), dwellings
for all grades of the priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience.
Structure of a typical
Drvaidan viman
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Indian Architecture
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
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Indian Architecture
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
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Indian Architecture
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
Gadag Architecture style
• Also called Western Chalukya architecture.
• Flourished for 150 years (1050 to 1200 CE); in this period, about 50 temples were built.
• Some examples are the Saraswati temple in the Trikuteshwara temple complex at Gadag, the
Doddabasappa Temple at Dambal, the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, and the Amriteshwara
temple at Annigeri. which is marked by ornate pillars with intricate sculpture.
• This style originated during the period of the Kalyani Chalukyas (also known as Western Chalukya)
Someswara I.
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Indian Architecture
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
Kalinga architecture style
• The design which flourished in eastern Indian state of Odisha and
Northern Andhra Pradesh are called Kalinga style of architecture.
• The style consists of three distinct type of temples namely Rekha
Deula, Pidha Deula and Khakhara Deula.
• Deula means "temple" in the local language. The former two are
associated with Vishnu, Surya and Shiva temple while the third is
mainly with Chamunda and Durga temples.
• The Rekha deula and Khakhara deula houses the sanctum
sanctorum while the Pidha Deula constitutes outer dancing and
offering halls.
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Indian Architecture
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
Māru-Gurjara temple architecture
• Originated somewhere in 6th century in and around areas of Rajasthan.
• Shows the deep understanding of structures and refined skills of Rajasthani craftmen of bygone
era.
• Has two prominent styles: Maha-Maru and Maru-Gurjara.
• Scholars believe that Māru-Gurjara temple architecture is entirely Western Indian architecture
and is quite different from the North Indian temple architecture.
• This further shows the cultural and ethnic separation of Rajasthanis from north Indian culture.
• There is a connecting link between Māru-Gurjara architecture and Hoysala temple architecture.
In both of these styles architecture is treated sculpturally.
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Indian Architecture
CAVE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
AJANTA CAVES
• Located near village of Ajintha in
Aurangabad.
• Discovered by the British officers while
hunting a tiger in 1819 AD.
• 30 cave temples at Ajanta are set into the
rocky sides of a crescent shaped gorge in the
Inhyadri hills of the Sahyadri ranges.
• 5 caves are Chaitya-grihas, & rest are
Viharas(monasteries).
• Caves were constructed in two phases, first
group around 200 BC and second group
around 600 AD.
• Depicts a large number of incidents from
the life of the Buddha (Jataka Tales).
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Indian Architecture
CAVE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
ELLORA CAVES(5th -13th Cen AD)
• Located in Aurangabad city.
• 3 major religion of india- Hinduism, Buddhism & Jainism.
• Buddhist Caves:
Built around 5th-7th century AD
Cave 10 is famous and known as Carpenter’s Cave or
Vishvakarma Cave with a 3.3m high seated Buddha at the far
end.
Cave 11 has the images of Durga and Ganesh also a Buddha
shrine, it is belived that it was converted in to hindu temple
after being deserted by buddhist.
• Hindu Caves:
6th and 8th century AD.
Cave 16 also known as Kailasa Temple which is a multi
storeyed temple carved out of a single rock, built by
Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna I.
• Jain Caves:
Belongs to Digambara faction.
Total 5 caves.
Most notable are cave 30 (Chotta Kailash), cave 32 (Indra
Sabha), and cave 33 (Jagannath Sabha).
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Indian Architecture
CAVE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
ELEPHANTA CAVES
• Network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island,
or Gharapuri (literally "the city of caves") in Mumbai Harbour.
• The island, located on an arm of the Arabian Sea, consists of two groups
of caves—the first is a large group of five Hindu caves, the second, a
smaller group of two Buddhist caves.
• The Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures, representing
the Shaiva Hindu sect, dedicated to the god Shiva.
• Dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries, although the identity of the
original builders is still a subject of debate.
• Hewn from solid basalt rock. All the caves were also originally painted in
the past, but now only traces remain.
• The island was called Gharapuri and was a Hindu place of worship
until Portuguese rule began in 1534.
• The Portuguese called the island Elephanta on seeing its huge gigantic
statue of an Elephant at the entrance. The Statue is now placed in the
garden outside the Bhau Daji Lad Museum at Byculla in Mumbai.
• This cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect, and was
designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 to preserve the
artwork. It is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.
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Indian Architecture
CAVE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA
BHIMBETAKA CAVES
• Located near Bhopal in the Raisen District -
Madhya Pradesh.
• First referred in the archeological records in
1888 AD as Buddhist site. Later discovered
by Dr Vishnu Wakankar in 1957-58.
• More than 700 shelters. Bhimbetka group
(243) & Lakha Juar group (178).
• Rock paintings can be traced back to the
Stone Age era, closely 30000 years old.
• Excavations revealed history of continuous
habitation from early stone age (about 10000
years) to the end of stone age (c. 10,000 to
2,000 years).
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Sources:
• Wikipedia
• http://www.ccrtindia.gov.in/theatreforms.htm
• http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/south_asia_india0s_changin
g_folk_theatre/html/1.stm
• http://hyd-n-spook.blogspot.in/
• ignca.nic.in/ICH/ich_detail/ich00022.pdf
• http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00281
• www.civilsprep.in
• http://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocm56034074
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavani
• http://www.answers.com/topic/khayal-1
• World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Aisa.
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=041505933X...
• www.brainykey.com
• http://www.nrityanjali.org/th_vee.asp
• McGraw Hill Encyclopadeia of World Drama:
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0070791694...
• ccrtindia.gov.in
• puppetryindia.org
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