Metals are found in the Earths crust as ores metal

Transition metals

compounds inside a rock. Metals are then extracted

They are found in the middle of the periodic table between group 2 and group 3 elements. Their

from their ores either by electrolysis or reduction.

strength makes them useful as construction material. The most common transition elements are:

The way we extract metals depend on its place in the

iron, copper, zinc, gold, silver, vanadium, mercury.

reactivity series.

They combine and make alloys mixtures of different metals.

Titanium is a silvery-white metal, strong and very resistant to corrosion.
Extracting copper from its ore chalcocite (copper
(I) sulfide).

There are two ways: smelting and phytominig

reaction with sulfuric acid to produce copper

C1 - 3 Metals and their uses

sulfate solution before extraction by electrolysis.

Copper is another transition metal with many uses:
pipes, electrical wires, cooking pans and pots, as
an alloy with gold.
DIFFERENT ALLOYS: bronze, brass, smart alloys

All metals above carbon (C) are extracted by

electrolysis. Metals below carbon are extracted by

Extracting iron from its ore haematite (iron (III) oxide)

reduction with carbon.

Iron, a transition metal is extracted by reduction with carbon monoxide from its ore haematite

Metals like copper, iron and zinc are found naturally as

(Fe2O3) in the blast furnace:

oxides in their ores.

C + O2
CO2 + C

Extracting aluminium from its ore bauxite (aluminium oxide)

Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis from bauxite because it is

high in the reactivity series and we cannot use carbon to displace

it.
Aluminium has a low density for a metal and can be alloyed with a
wide range of other metals.

Fe2O3 + 3CO

CO2

Raw materials: COKE

2CO

LIME STONE
Fe + 3CO2

HAEMATITE

DIFFERENT STEELS:
Carbon steels are made by alloying iron with small quantities of carbon (from 0.03% to 1.5%).
They are used for the bodies of cars, knives, ships, structural steel for buildings and machinery.
Low-alloy steels (more expensive) contain 1-5% of other metals such as: vanadium, chromium,
nickel, titanium and tungsten.
High-alloy steels contain much higher percentage of other metals (12-25%).
Stainless steels are chromium-nickel steels used for making cooking utensils and cutlery.