]OJ J International

Conference

011

Electrical Energy

and NeT11'orksr7CEEN

Micro controller Based Control of Three Phase Induction

Technique
S.M.Wank..hede, R.M.Holmukhe,

Miss.A.M.Kadam,

Motor Using P\Vl\1

Electrical Engineering Department

Deemed University College of Engineering,
"Scientist, DRDO, Pune, India.
Email ID: rajeshmholmukhergjhotmail.com

Pune, India

using pulse width modulation technique. Here the speed of

the motor is controlled by sensing the rprn and current valve
of the rpm. The current value of rpm i 5 sensed by inductive
magnetic switch and its output is fed :0 the micro controller.
The micro controller compares the current value of the rprn
with set values and adjusts the rime period ef the pulses
applied to the stator to control the frequency of the stator.
This system can be used effectively
in the industrial
applications to control the speed of the 3 phase induction
motor.
II. BLOCK DIAGRAM A~D

Keywords.cchnicue

microcontroller,

induction

motor,

Miss.P.R shinde, *p.s.Chaudhari

Bharati Vidyapeeth

Abstract-The
speed of the induction
motor can be controlled
by various methods.
The stator
frequency
control is one of
simplest methods to control the speed of the Induction motor.
The micro controller
based speed controlling
system
can be
used in various industries such as chemical, textile and cement
to operate the motor according
to the desired speed. This is
completely dosed
loop system and the speed of the motor will
be controlled automaucally
by use. of feed back from motor in
term of rpm ,
The inductive
magnetic
sensor can be interfaced .with micro
controller easily and can sense rp m of the motor and giv'e it to
micro controller
in digital form as a feed back from motor.

]OJ I!

WO~Ki:-\G

PHiM

,
i

1.

__ ._.

INTRODUCT10N

1;-.;;]3!-;Y of the industrial applications,

an electric motor is
tile most imporrant component. A complete production unit

l~;)[!~
S:j~p~~!
From
h'1t,~0r

C,l;1SiSt5 primarily
of three basic components; an electric
motor, an energy- transmining device and L'1eworking (or
driven) machine.An electric motor is the source of motive
power. An energy- transmitting device delivers power from
electric motor to the driven machine (or the load); it usually
consists of shaft, belt, chain rope etc.
The electric motor is widely classified as
I.
A.C Motor
'1
D.CMotor
Several industrial applications need adjustable speeds for
their efficient operation. The various methods of speed
Control semiconductor devices are as follows:
I.
Stator voltage control
2.
Stator frequency control
,
Stator voltage and frequency control
4.
Stator current control
-.
Static rotor- resistance control
6.
Slip-energy recovery control

2011

JEEE

----.

~r .';vc::

~ :,uP!'<"

1 Cor.:.r~.i:::

)--1

r-~i

-~~~,~~---

.-----! ,;(~~ R::);-:.r..::i

/--'

----'
Fi~. c....oil:'r(Jlicr

C:;ud

Fig.l.Block Diagram of Comrollcr card

Above figure shows the block diagram of the controller

card.The controller card consists of \1 icro controller and
related circuitry to it such as oscillator circuit tIC. The rpm
of the motor is sensed by inductive magnetic switch. The
output of the magnetic switch is fed to the micro controller.
The micro controller performs the controlling action in this
system. It monitors
the status of .he magnetic i.\\litch
continuously to measure the current :Vi11 of the motor. Then
it compares the read value (current value) of rprn with the
set value. If the set value is less than the set value then it
increases the frequency of the pulses applied to the stator of
the induction motor. It does so by decreasing the lime period
of these pulses. When the frequency of the pulses appl ied to
the stator increases the speed of the induction motor
increases. The exact reverse action will be taken if the
current rpm value of motor is greater than the set value.

Methods I to 4 are applicable to both (SelM and WRJM)

whereas method 5 and 6 can be used for only WRl!\1s. Out
of above listed methods. Here stator frequency control
method to control the speed of the 3 phase induction motor
is used.
In this research project paper a micro controller based
system to control the speed of the 3 phase LM.is developed

978-1-4244-9567-2/11/$26_00

26

:;011 international Conference on Electrical Energy and NelWorks(lCEEN 20J 1)

Also the set value and the current

displayed by using LCD display.

I .
, Pulses
from

~
,

I. Controller

/'--...........,
'-

~/

D .

iJn(!g~
I

--.1

f-+\

1_'_-

of the rprn is

H"<: '; I
,.--, ,.,.uJL

r Micro

I,....

value

Induction
\

Motor

.I

<c.>

Fig.:!. Block Diagram of Dr inn Circuit

The driver circuit consists of MOSFET driver IC lR

2110 and other additional components as diodes, capacitors
etc. The driver circuit is used to drive the induction 1110tor,
which is connected as load to the VFD. The Speed of the
induction motor, is controlled by varying the frequency of
the pulses applied to the stator of the motor .These pulses
coming from the microconrroller
are fed to the MOSFET
driver IC IR 211a.TIle IlUII 0 is high voltage. high- speed
power MOSFET and [GBT driver with independent high
and low side referenced output channels. The output of the
IR 2110 is given to tile \10SFET
JRF 540.lt is used for
switching purpose because of tile its high current rating .The
pulses coming from the frequency of the stator and in tUi11to
control the speed of the induction motor.

ur.
1I)

HA~DWARE

OVERVIEW

DESIGN CO.NSIDERA TIOSS:-

The most important and basic aspect of the any system is

to design the circuit (t.c. hardware design) for the specific
application. This inv ohes deciding which component to use.
specifications
of different
components.
mathematical
calculations, components selection and other related issues.
The detailed information
of the hardware desizn of the our
system is an follows.
b) IC FEATCRES AM) BRItJS:-

In our system we hav e used micro

and other external peripherals such as
Opto isolators. 1\10SFETs. 1\10SFET
section focuses on the: features and
these IC's peripherals, their significance

controller AT89C51
the magnetic switch,
driver IC etc. This
brief introduction of
etc.

1) Micro Controller AT .\'9C51

Microprocessors
and micro controllers stem from the
same basic idea. are made b). the same people, and are sold
to the same types of sysr m designers and programmers.
What is the difference between the \\\-0"
Microprocessors
A microprocess, r. ~" iItc term has come w be known. is
a general purpose digital computer central processing
unit
(CPU). Although ;->opula;ly know n 2, <I "Computer on a
chip", the microprocesso:
is in no S=Il'~ a complete digital
computer.
Figure h:I()\'. sho S 2 block diagram
a

;r

microprocessor
CPU, which contains ap' Arithmetic
and
Logic (ALU) a program Counter (PC), a Stack Pointer (SP),
some working registers, clock timing circuit and interrupt
circuits. To make a complete microcomputer,
one must data
memory (RAM), memory decoders, an oscillator and a
number of input / output (I/O) devices, such as parallel and
serial data ports. In addition, special purpose devices, such
as interrupt handlers and counters. may be added to relieve
the CPU from time consuming counting or timing chores.
Equipping the microcomputer
with mass storage devices.
commonly a floppy and hard dist drives, and I/O peripherals,
such as a keyboard and a CRT display. yields a small
computer that can be applied to a range of general purpose
software application.
,
I,-----,A.:i(t;metic a'ld

,----.J

Logic U!'li~

1
L

\'.'Vorklrtg

j-.

~~g:S'l'f.rs

..

---'---'--~
_______

.L

C!():k (;i~o:ui';

Fig.3.Block

Diagram

of Microprocessor

CPU

The key term in describing

the design of the
microprocessor
is general purpose. The hardware design O!'
a microprocessor
CPU is arranged so that a small or \'ei\
large system can be configured around the CPLJ 2S the
application demands. The internal CPU architecture as \\ -:1i
as the resultant
machine level code that operates rne
architecture is comprehensive but as flexible as possible.
The prime use of a microprocessor
is to read dn~.
perform extensive calculations on that data, and store those
calculations in a mass storage device or display the resi.lts
for human use. The programs used by the microprocessor
are stored in the mass storage device and loaded into R.'\ \ j
as the user directs. A few microprocessor
prclg'l!'11' ,.'2
srored in ROM. The ROM based programs are prirnarilv
small fixed programs that operate
peripherals and other
fixed devices that are connected to the system. The design
of the microprocessor
is driven by the desire to make it as
expandable and flexible as possible, in the expectation of
commercial success in the marketplace.

Micro Controllers
Figure shows the block diagram of a typical micro
controller which is a true computer on a chip. The design
incorporates all of the features found in a micro processor
CPU: ALU, PC, SP. and registers. It ;,150 has added the
other features needed to make a complete computer: RO. 1.
RA1\1, parallel 10, serial I '0. counters. and a clock circuit
Like the microprocessor.
:1 microcontroller
is a aeneral
purpose device, but one that is meant ro read data, pe-rforms
limited calculated
on the data. and control its e: \ ironment
based on the those calculations.
The prime use of a
microcontrollcr
is to cor-trot the operation of a machin;

2011lnternafional

Conference on Electrical Energy and J.:erl1'vrks(1CEE\" 201 J)

using a fixed program that is stored in ROM and that does

not change over the lifetime of the system,
IIG Port
I
A:"w
1,
Ttrrrer/Courner
\nternal

Aceumutetor

ROt.."

Registers

..

I
I

~~

I'__

I
..__

II

--1

,__ ~ __ --'

'---'-.--~

L_:cI'

PGfn'9r-.-::..r.-

1L

,
r

>l
I

;;:

~P~roo~~~~~'~C~,n~u~n~t~~-'

Fig_4, Block

Diagram

Ctcc
Circuits

ofT) pical Microcontroller

powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible

and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications,
C) INTERFACING DETAILS
In this chapter the interfacing of the micro
controller with other iC's is discussed. Tha: is it explains
connection of the each pin of micro- vnuoller ":ith the other
lC's and external peripherals used in '1-' -vsrern.
The Controller Card
The controller card .s the
.: .- :'IC:, the Micro
controller AT 89(51 is placed.
The other objects 011 the C llj(, .iner card are power
supply and the connectors for display. tvlOSFET driver
Circuit etc. The interfacing of the master micro conrroller
with all these components is listed in .he following table,
$'",,, (,),

"".0"',. .'

C on , t""C';

I I..
,.

The design approach of the micro controller mirrors that

of the microprocessor.
The microcontroller
design uses a
similar. much more limited set of single and do~ble byte
instructions that are used in microprocessors to move code
ad
data from internal memory to the ALU. Many
instructions are coupled with pins on the integrated package
the pins are "Programmable"
that is capable of having
several di fferern functions depending on the wishes of the
r;'()grammer,
The microconrroller is concerned with ceninz data from
and to it" own pins: the archite ture and I~struc~ion .et are
opurmzed to handle data in bit and byte size,
Comparison

between

Microprocessors

..
I

t'

.-,

--,
-,'--

r:

I'

..:

~., .
1-:

~,
f

'!' T

A:-h-

, "":_'(

:-,.
l

.. .....
Cu
.;J'" i\,i:'

,- .... :-.,:.

..-,,.-;,'-,--.

_:"1

'

F'

and

-',f icrocontrollers

The

ontrast

between
a microcontrolier
and a
is best explained
by the fact that most
have many operational codes Cop codes) for
from external
memory
to the CPU;
microcontrollers
mav have one or two, Microprocessors
may hav e one or rwo types of bit handling instructions;
mici ocomrollers will have many,
surnmarize: the microprocessor
is concerned with
rapid mov ernent of code and data from external addresses to
the chip; the microcontrcller
is concerned with rapid
movement of bits within the chip, The microcontroller can
function as a computer with the addition of no external
digital parts; the microprocessor must have many additional
pans to be operational.
croprocessor
rr.icroprocessors
moving
data
I~';:

ATli9CS2 It1/CROCO_!\'TROLLER

D) PULSE WIDTH, TODl'LI:"

Figure shows a bl.vck
',,1:;1"
,"
.he power
onversion unit in a P\\ \\' dr:v <:
I ;, i~ "l of dnve.
a
diode bndge recutier PI'" 11..1.:, t,;~
Iku;
.,.: Ul c irc n:
the DC voltage is filtered in a LC 1,'\\ pass filter. Output
frequency and voltage is controlled electronically
by
controlling the width of the pulses ,1' voltage to the motor.
Essentially, there techniques reqi.u , ,', ilchi:ig the inverter
power devices (Transistor or ICBT<oj t':l and air many times
in order to generate the proper R;"1S .l,;t;Jg:: levels,

HARDWARE

The AT8,-,C52 is a low power, high performance (MO

8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable
and erasable read only memory (PEROM), The dev ice is
manufactured
using Armel's high density nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible \\ ith the industry
';cdHL;-J :--'OC.'i I and 80C52 instruction ".'t an i i~::llll1. The
(':1
UHf rla~h allow s the pru~raI"
mcm. r,
l~
reprogr mined 111 5) stem or b) a COI1\ enuonal 11)i1\ -Lule
mcmor. programmer. B~ cornl-imng a \ cr s.nile \; bit L'PLJ
\Ilth Hash on a monolithic chip. the .vtmel AT. -IL:,2 I' a

t-.----~Y'"'.

~=~_=_~~_=\J:

:'"

~
..

::C11 International

Conference

011

Electrical Energy and Networks(ICEEN 2011)

This switching
scheme
requires
a more complex
regulator than the VVI. With the use of a microprocessor,
these complex, regulator functions are effectively handled.
Combining a triangle \\ ave and a sine wave produces the
output voltage waveform.
Irlan;;l:
Sens:at:1

~----'~'~--~

'-------,
ii

Med.-al c,'

':'~nC'5t:1

P\Nr.~

1r-------~

explained with the help of the flow charts includes in this

chapter.
.
1_
The next step is to understand
the software
programming incorporated in the microcontroller
to achieve
the given task.While performing its calculations and control,
the rnicrocontroller need to be human friendly both in terms
of data input and display,
.
2.
The software has been written instructured
manner
in which all the subroutines are linked to a single main
program, Each subroutine is further divided ir .o sub sub
routine as per the requiremen_t.
_
Flo'W Ch~rt>

'J

51 ;.1{1

'--_/

~I

....
.,....-jr-.n"j1 ALSoL -,::

Fig.7.PWM Generator

------

.The triangular
_izual is the carrier
or switching
frequency
of the in;;:'rter.
The modulation
generator
produces a sinewave signal the determines the width of tile
pulses, and therefore the RMS voltage output of the inverter.

TI'~'r 1'0,:

r----

,.11.: '-I.

n ...
,....

.--.'!..--:---- ------

'\1: FuR Si Tn
v"", J . Y H(.l/d~

\\

..

{J

(\1- R "IV FR~

I)

:J ..

,..~I;.-:-r: (;
( \)".1f':...Lfi

.
~ /',
-;:';'-----

/ ' "
'J

----

,-~

I
I

I '-' \'

1------4'

'I
i ' r">:
1/
""1-
'
I
I

"

I I
~_

,
I:. ...

T_
....
:-1

". :1

K~.1 .)r .. ,,('!"

._:.

'H

i),~ P! A'

..._:r

_
f"'.\ . f'

, :",,'-'

-i. "',

r
HI'''")

...
t....

J I, (~, 1,

!~

, ...
:'

<I

: ..Ii
~I

I ;t;.~.\\ aveforrns

___

AC drives that use :1 PWM type schemes have varying

levels of performance
based on control algorithms. There
are 4 basis rypes of con n I for AC drives t~day. There are
'olts per Hertz. Sensor e s Vector Control. Flux Vector
Control and field Oriented Control. V/Hz control is a basic
control method. providing a variable frequency drive for
applications like fan <InJ "lump. It provides fair speed and
torque control. at a re:i~ vnable cost. Sensor less Vector
Control provides better s;,,'eo regulation. and the ability to
produce high starring W'_'.i,~. Flux Vector control provides
more precise speed Cl':c- torque control,
with dynamic
response. Field Orieme.t ~'ornrol drives provide the best
speed and torque CO!J1r,; available
for AC motors, It
provides DC performance tor AC motors. and is well suited
for typical DC applications.

I"'. 5-0r-; \ ,\RC 0 ':ER\'lE\\'

Softw arc ,'.: "":';:1-: . ~'!I~_j~~ ~:-o~;-:.~.. ,\T:~i..?n f();- the
interfacing
of tile' ~k' controller
\\'Ilil LCD display,
keyboard.
\DC
\(;,('
liJ:!; ci"cui','1d
the mobile
interface lhe c ,~:
,
. i' , ',j,
_ 'ltr,)ller arc best

cl

f .>I..
I'~ ,,'\

",""",,>

\'(

'\

..
, I'

',ll

I
I

I:
'.""".
I .; ..

r
'/d
HI.:.J

'\ ..
;.1

I !~

H ..1'1\0"\
., 1 ..
"

'

I~I ,,~: '.'

. Ii!
(~i
1'\-, ". I'l

.,

It,
'Iii

l.

:)i

.';'

__ ~.
~\'

,-!')!

"

'-

R i~.1

<r:::.

11'1.'I "1
I'j',.I.

,....,," .,<1

.,

H
!".I
I

---,--Fig. 9.FJo\\ chart

2011 International

Conference on Electrical Energy and Networks (JCEE.'" ]011)

PULSE WIDTH MODULA TION TECHNIQUES

V.

PWM l-ridges the. gap between the digital and analog

regimes allowing one to exchange tone for voltage. Most
people use hardware to generate PWW waveforms. There
art! few different techniques
for generating
pulse width
Modulated square waves using software. It 'turns out that
many
of techniques
described
here
mav also be
implemented in VijDL.
VI.

COMPONE

m:f,'

IT LIST

UI,IT
PRICE

::JESCRfPTION

-:----, -fiansform-&----~-----l--

---

II/lIem ccntrclle

--;r,- '"-

--

AT 89C52

- .---

- ..-

--

--

55

--

~~Fs~E;-----;r-1
-------.-

Mos=n

---1~{j

----.----

..-- so"'-

'ON' at a time and at that instant other MOSFET should be

turned 'OFF' but while testing it is observed that turning
'ON' and turning 'OFF' both these two pair were overlapping.

Following may be the reason behind this:

Mismatching
of actual delay time of MOSFET bridge
ckt. with programmed delay time.

Due to failure oflR21 10 Ie

Following are the remedies Taken TO overcome the problems:
I) Modification of the program in the microcontroller
2) Application of heat sink for the ;,10SFET bridge circuit
3) Addition ofTC MCT 2E for isolation purpose.
3) High Voltage Testing 011 Moto>.
By providing the above modif.cauon. we proceeded for
230 volt motor testing. In this
volt testing we observed
the proper functioning of micro controller circuit as well as
of the drive circuit. Also by varying the load the variation in
Frequency according to load current Ie observed.

no

vm.

::'ooo;anr:
~\.::Jlr.'2~'
::;.~ u::.35 J

--~-l

'L _~""2 ':

~~;r.I=
(,2 \!

__ __2.~

~'(~I::'

VIi.

TESTTI

G AND TROUBLE

SHOOTING

Following testing are carried out in the three phase

variable frequency drive model.
I) Low voltage with lamp load
2) High voltage (230V) testing with lamp load.
3) High voltage (230V) testing with motor load.
J)

L(lW

COI\'CLUSIU:"
Micro controller based system cun be effectively used
for speed control of the 3phase induction motor along with
PWM techniques,
ACKNOWLL"GHE\:T
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemer' '.': '<::<lY, Pune.

[1]
[~]

circuit.

Similarly
desired
waveforms
across
the
rnicrocontroller circuit.
2) High voltage (230 V) Testing will! Lamp Load:
\\1 ile Joing
this 230 V testing with sing!.: phase
Variable fr quency drive
problem faced was: heaung and
l-urning of \10SFET
bridge circuit.The reason IS that. the
bridge circuit it is required thr.t two \IU F[T should be

E, 'H.'\.J 'CEI'vIE1\T

There are certain features thai can be added in this

system. Some of the fearures ar ii. ed below.

Incorporate RTC chip DS I '(j- which can be used

to how the time. and w e can soft different
readings ofrpm in timely manner.

Use serial memory

hip. T 2kO.:l and can store
the e records il the system.

Upload this data to the PC by serial communication

using MAX 232 IC

Efficiency of motor can b controlled using this

system.

Instead of a \liLw-:Oilti', I,: .v e can use? CPLD

chip since the CPLD
I"','q~,)]'aie~ mall) more
features than a Microcor.rroiler.
\'LSI VHDL can
be used for CPLD programming.

voltage testing lamp load:

To observe the proper functioning of drive circuit, low

voltage testing is carried out. A 12V DC supply coming out
from the transformer and bridge rectifier circuit is given to
input of drive circuit and following observation are made

Square waves across the s\\ itching transistors

Square waves acres
load i.e. in bridge inverter

FUTURE

The

S05~

. licro

Controller

Applications

pen ram inrernationa.

The
SC5~
Education-M,

t-licro
controller
A .. tazio:

[3]

Power

Electronics

- P. S. Birnbhra

[4]

Power

Electronics

[5]

Electrical

. B. L Thera;"

I] www.nationalseruicondiciors.c

=J \\ \\ \\ ..lmci.co.n
scnn.cc.n

-t} \\ \\y., ,f;L(l=lc.c'-'lll

anJ

-nbeddcc

:-'1 Rashid

Technology

3] wwwdalias

-~iJ!;cclUrc.

programming

&

- "...."lIh.'ih I. -\:- .13

..HTI

\'. rnSITES:

Svstcms

Pearson