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Aisc-Mbma Steel Design Guide No 16
Aisc-Mbma Steel Design Guide No 16
16
FLUSH AND EXTENDED MULTIPLE-ROW MOMENT
END-PLATE CONNECTIONS
Tom Murray is Montague-Betts
Professor of Structural Steel Design,
The Charles E. Via Jr. Department of
Civil
and
Environmental
Engineering at the Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State
University. He joined Virginia Tech
in 1987 after 17 years with the
University of Oklahoma, the last
year of which was spent as a
Distinguished Visiting Professor at
Thomas M. Murray
the U.S. Air Force Academy. After
receiving his BS degree from Iowa State University in 1962,
he was employed as an Engineer Trainee with PittsburghDes Moines steel company, Des Moines, Iowa. In 1966 he
received his MS degree from Lehigh University, and in
1970 he received a Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics from
the University of Kansas.
He has served on several national committees in the
American Society of Civil Engineers and number of other
professional organizations. In 1977, The American Institute
of Steel Construction presented him with a special citation
for contributions to the art of steel construction and in 1991
with the T. R. Higgins Lectureship Award. Murray is a
member of both the American Institute of Steel
Construction and the American Iron and Steel Institute
specification committees, as well as, the AISC Committee
on Manuals and Textbooks. He has excellence in teaching
awards from both the University of Oklahoma and Virginia
Tech. In February 2002, he was elected to the National
Academy of Engineering.
W. Lee Shoemaker joined the
MBMA Staff in February 1994 as
the Director of Research and
Engineering.
He received his
Bachelor's Degree and Ph.D. in
Civil Engineering from Duke
University and his Master's Degree
in Civil Engineering from Tulane
University.
From 1975 through 1981, he
W. Lee Shoemaker
was a structural engineer with
Avondale Shipyards in New
Orleans, Louisiana. From 1981 through 1983, he was a
Graduate Teaching and Research Assistant at Duke
University in Durham, North Carolina. In 1983, Dr.
Shoemaker joined the Civil Engineering Faculty at Auburn
University in Auburn, Alabama. In 1989, he returned to
Session D7 Page 1
ABSTRACT
AISC recently published Design Guide No. 16, Flush and Extended Multiple-Row
Moment End-Plate Connections, AISC (2002). The development of the Guide was cosponsored by the Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA), an industry that
pioneered the use of moment end-plate connections in the United States. The Guide has
design procedures for four flush and five extended end-plate configurations. Yield-line
analysis is used to determine required plate thickness. Two methods are provided to
determine the required bolt diameter. The thick plate method results in the smallest
possible bolt size; whereas, the thin plate method results in a larger bolt and the
thinnest plate possible. An overview of the Guide will be presented as well as typical
example calculations.
OVERVIEW OF DESIGN GUIDE
The bolted connections covered in Design Guide 16 are typically used in the
metal building industry between rafters and columns and to connect two rafter segments
in typical gable frames with built-up shapes, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. However, the
design procedures also apply to hot-rolled shapes of comparable dimensions to the tested
parameter ranges.
The primary purpose of the Guide is to provide a convenient source of design
procedures for the four flush end-plate connections and five extended end-plate
connections that are shown in Figures 3 and 4. In addition, design considerations for the
knee area of rigid frames are discussed. Both ASD and LRFD procedures are provided
and either fully-tightened or snug-tightened bolts can be evaluated.
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
The end-plate connection design procedures presented in the Guide use yield-line
techniques for the determination of end-plate thickness and include the prediction of
tension bolt forces. The bolt force equations were developed because prying forces are
important and must be considered in bolt force calculations. Moment-rotation
considerations are also included in the design procedures.
1
Montague Betts Professor of Structural Steel Design, Charles E. Via Department of Civil Engineering,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
2
Director of Research and Engineering, Metal Building Manufacturers Association, Cleveland, OH.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
4
Manager, Engineering Standards, Star Building Systems, Oklahoma City, OK.
Session D7 Page 2
MM
Tension Zone
Tension Zone
Tension Zone
Tension Zone
(a) Beam-to-Beam
Tension Zone
Tension Zone
Tension Zone
Tension Zone
MM
MM
M
M
M
M
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Yield Lines
Yield-lines are the continuous formation of plastic hinges along a straight or
curved line. It is assumed that yield-lines divide a plate into rigid plane regions
since elastic deformations are negligible when compared with plastic
deformations. Although the failure mechanism of a plate using yield-line theory
was initially developed for reinforced concrete, the principles and findings are
also applicable to steel plates.
The procedure to determine an end-plate plastic moment strength, or ultimate
load, is to first arbitrarily select possible yield-line mechanisms. Next, the external
work and internal work are equated, thereby establishing the relationship between
the applied load and the ultimate resisting moment. This equation is then solved
for either the unknown load or the unknown resisting moment. By comparing the
values obtained from the arbitrarily selected mechanisms, the appropriate yieldline mechanism is the one with the largest required plastic moment strength or the
smallest ultimate load. Design Guide 16 provides the controlling yield-line
mechanism for each of the nine end-plate connections considered.
Bolt Force Analysis
Yield-line theory does not provide bolt force predictions that include prying
action forces. Since experimental test results indicate that prying action behavior
is present in end-plate connections, a variation of the method suggested by
Kennedy, et al. (1981) was adopted in the Guide to predict bolt forces as a
function of applied flange force.
The Kennedy method is based on the split-tee analogy and three stages of plate
behavior. At the lower levels of applied load, the flange behavior is termed thick
plate behavior, as plastic hinges have not formed in the split-tee flange. As the
applied load is increased, two plastic hinges form at the centerline of the flange
and each web face intersection. This yielding marks the thick plate limit and the
transition to the second stage of plate behavior termed intermediate plate
behavior. At a greater applied load level, two additional plastic hinges form at
the centerline of the flange and each bolt. The formation of this second set of
plastic hinges marks the thin plate limit and the transition to the third stage of
plate behavior termed thin plate behavior.
For all stages of plate behavior, the Kennedy method predicts a bolt force as the
sum of a portion of the applied force and a prying force. The portion of the
applied force depends on the applied load, while the magnitude of the prying
force depends on the stage of plate behavior. For the first stage of behavior, or
thick plate behavior, the prying force is zero. For the second stage of behavior, or
intermediate plate behavior, the prying force increases from zero at the thick plate
limit to a maximum at the thin plate limit. For the third stage of behavior, or thin
plate behavior, the prying force is maximum and constant.
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2M u
Ft ( d n )
(1)
where,
= 0.75
(1.11) r M np
(2)
b F py Y
where,
b = 0.90
r = a factor, equal to 1.25 for flush end-plates and 1.0 for extended end-
Session D7 Page 8
bolt rupture when prying action is included, requiring thin plate behavior. The design
steps are:
1.) Determine the required plate thickness,
r M u
t p,reqd =
(3)
b FpyY
2.) Select a trial bolt diameter, db, and calculate the maximum prying force.
For flush end-plate connections and for the interior bolts of extended endplate connections, calculate Qmax,i as follows:
Qmax ,i =
wt 2p
4ai
F
F 3 i
wt
p
2
py
(4)
where,
w = b p / 2 (d b + 1 / 16 )
tp
a i = 3.62
db
(5)
0.085
(6)
bp
d 3 F
t 2p FPy 0.85
+ 0.80w + b t
2
8
Fi =
4 p f ,i
(7)
For extended connections, also calculate Qmax,o, based on the outer bolts as
follows:
Qmax,o =
wt 2p
4ao
2
F py
F
3 o
wt p
(8)
where,
3
ao =
min
tp
3.62 0.085
db
pext p f , o
bp
d 3 F
+ 0.80 w + b t
t 2p Fpy 0.85
2
8
Fo =
4 p f ,o
(9)
(10)
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[ 2 ( Pt Qmax ,i )( d 1 + d 2 )]
[ 2 (Tb )( d1 + d 2 )]
max
(11)
(12)
where,
= 0.75
Pt = d b2 Ft / 4
di = distance from the centerline of each tension bolt row to the center of
the compression flange (Note: For rows that do not exist in a
connection, that distance d is taken as zero).
Tb = specified pretension in Table J3.7 of AISC ASD or Table J3.1 of
AISC LRFD.
4.) Check that Mq > Mu. If necessary, adjust the bolt diameter until Mq is
greater than Mu.
ADDITIONAL ASSUMPTIONS AND CONDITIONS
Design Guide 16 includes a summary table for each of the nine connections with
the relevant design information. An example of one of these tables is shown below.
Design Guide 16 should be consulted for additional assumptions and conditions
for using the design procedures.
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ble
4.2
Sum
Geometry
aryof
Four-
bp
Yield-Line Mechanism
tf
Bolt
pf
2(Pt - Qmax )
Exten
de
Unstif
tw
fend
Mq
h1
d1
tp
Mome
nt
EndPlate
Mn = bMpl = bFpyt2pY
Analy
End-Plate
si
GeomtryYild-LnFcMB
Y =
bp 1 1 2
+ + h1 ( p f + s )
h1
2 p f s g
s=
1
bp g
2
Yield
Bolt Rupture
w/Prying Action
Bolt Rupture
No Prying Action
M n = M q =
b = 0.90
[2( Pt Qmax )d1 ]
[2(Tb )d1 ]
max
M n = M np = [2( Pt )d1 ]
= 0.75
= 0.75
EXAMPLES
The required end-plate thickness and bolt diameter for a two bolt flush end-plate
connection is to be determined for a required factored moment of 600 k-in. The end-plate
material is A572 Gr 50, the bolts are snug-tightened A325, and the connection is to be
used in rigid frame construction as assumed in the frame analysis. Both design
procedures are illustrated.
Geometric Design Data
bp = bf = 6 in.
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tf = 1/4 in.
g = 2 3/4 in.
pf = 1 3/8 in.
h = 18 in.
Calculate:
d1 = 18 0.25 1.375 (0.25/2) = 16.25 in.
h1 = 16.375 in.
r = 1.25 for flush connections
Design Procedure 1 (Thick End-Plate and Smaller Diameter Bolts):
1.) Solve for the required bolt diameter assuming no prying action,
d b, reqd =
2M u
Ft ( d n )
2(600)
(0.75)(90 )(16.25)
= 0.59 in.
1
1
bp g =
6.0(2.75) = 2.03 in.
2
2
6 .0
1
1
=
+
16.375
2
1.375 2.03
Y =
2
[16.375(1.375 + 2.03)] = 100.5 in.
2.75
M np = [2 Pt ( d n )] = 0.75[2(27.6)(16.25)]
= 673 kin.
t p , reqd =
1.11 r M np
b FpyY
)=
1.11(1.25)(673)
(0.90)(50)(100.5)
= 0.45 in.
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Summary:
tp = 1/2 in.
db = 5/8 in.
t p , reqd =
Fi =
bp
t 2p F py 0.85
2
d 3 F
+ 0.80 w + b t
4 p f ,i
6.0
(0.75)3 90
(
)
0.4375 2 (50 )0.85
0
.
80
2
.
19
+
+
2
8
=
4(1.375)
Q max,i =
w t 2p
4a i
2
F py
F
3 i
w t p
2.19(0.4375)2
4(0.65)
= 10.2 k
10.2
2.19(0.4375)
(50)2 3
= 7.49k
3.) Calculate the connection design strength for the limit state of bolt rupture with prying
action,
M q =
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M q =
4.) Check that Mq > Mu. If necessary, adjust the bolt diameter until Mq is greater than
Mu.
M q = 788 > 600 k-in. so the trial bolt,
tp = 7/16 in.
db = 3/4 in.
tp = 1/2 in.
db = 5/8 in.
Design Procedure 2
End-Plate: A572 Gr 50 material
Bolts: A325
tp = 7/16 in.
db = 3/4 in.
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