Rheological and Engineering Properties

of Orange Pulp
Elyse Payne
Juan Fernando Muoz
Jos I. Reyes De Corcuera

September 20, 2012

Acknowledgements

Industry
Dr. Paul Winniczuk

Mr. Marcelo Bellarde

Mr. Thomas Fedderly

Dr. Wilbur Widmer

Background

Increased market demand for fresh-like

pulpy-juices
Orange pulp contributes to texture and other
sensory properties of fruit juices and other
beverages
Fresh-like, natural perception
Worldwide increased demand for orange
pulp, particularly in Asia
An estimate of 300,000 MT of orange pulp
produced in the US (98 lb/ton)

Citrus Pulp Recovery

Pulpy juice
Extractor

Pulpy Juice
+ Defects
Hydrocyclone

Finisher

Finisher
Defects
Juice
Pulp ~ 500 g/L

Finisher

Pasteurizer

Juice

Pulp ~ 900 g/L

To Frozen
Storage

Citrus Pulp Recovery

Pulpy juice

Pulpy Juice
+ Defects

Extractor

Hydrocyclone

Finisher

Finisher
Defects
Juice
Pulp ~ 500 g/L
Pulp
~ 900 g/L

Aseptic
Filling

Finisher

Juice
Pasteurizer

Overall Objectives

To characterize the rheology

To determine the thermal properties

To characterize heat transfer in a flowing

system

Studies 1 & 2
Study 3
Study 4

Study 1
Characterize the rheological properties
orange pulp ~ 500 800 g/L at 4 80 C.
(~ Industrial processing conditions)

Shear stress () vs. Shear rate ().

Shear stress (Pa)

Basic Rheological Models

Newtonian

Fluid

Shear stress (Pa)

Shear rate (s-1)

Non-Newtonian

Power Law

Power Law

Fluid

K ( ) n

n<1
Pseudoplastic
n>1
Dilatant
Shear rate

(s-1)

Herschel-Bulkley

o K ( ) n

K = consistency coefficient
n = flow behavior index

Shear stress (Pa)

Wall Slippage

Shear rate (s-1)

Multiphase systems
Displacement of the dispersed
phase away from the solid
boundaries.
Low viscous liquid layer that acts
as a lubricant
Barnes 1995

Solutions to Slippage

Roughened surfaces

http://www.viscometers.org/Brookfield-Accessories.html

Vane geometry

Effects of Temp. and Conc.

300

300

200

200

150

150

(Pa)

(Pa)

250

4 C

250

100

100

50

50

0
0

20

40

60

80

(s-1)

100

80 C

20

40

60

80

(s-1)

() 511 gL-1, () 585 gL-1, () 649 gL-1 and (X) 775 gL-1

80 C, 500 g .L-1

4 C, 900 g .L-1

100

Power Law Parameters

Shear rate range

of ~ 0-10 s-1
Linear portion
never exceeded
shear rates
above 4 s-1
Flow behavior
index (n)
Consistency
coefficient (K)

y = 0.26x + 4.59
R = 0.99

4.9
4.8

ln

4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4

ln ln K n ln

4.3
4.2
-2

-1

ln

503 gL-1
K

277.15

0.42

70.0

0.41

123.5

0.36

137.2

0.39

233.6

24.21

77.9

14.29

51.1

13.20

51.8

28.67

40.1

0.32

50.5

0.29

91.3

0.40

109.7

0.33

180.1

3.74

60.0

5.30

49.4

22.89

43.5

14.57

51.7

0.37

50.9

0.34

83.6

0.30

88.9

0.30

146.7

34.56

61.9

35.61

50.9

23.96

47.2

9.06

47.4

0.37

43.0

0.25

61.5

0.29

78.3

0.23

115.1

34.27

47.9

16.56

48.5

17.95

45.1

4.55

47.6

0.18

33.0

0.22

59.9

0.22

74.9

0.21

112.6

60.27

55.9

57.01

0.8

40.62

4.3

47.93

11.7

292.93

310.60

330.55

353.15

(Pa.sn)
RSD (%)

795 gL-1
K

(Pa.sn)
RSD (%)

643 gL-1
K

Temperature
(K)

(Pa.sn)
RSD (%)

597 gL-1
K

(Pa.sn)
RSD (%)

Effect of Temperature

Arrhenius-type approach
8
7

ln K

Ea
ln K ln A ( )
RT

5
4
3
2
0.003

0.0032
0.0034
1/T (K)

0.0036

Apparent Ea for K

Ea (kJmol-1)

16.0
12.0

8.0
4.0
0.0
500 497

511

600

606

585

637 644 649

Concentration (gL-1)

793 817 775

() Industry 1, () Industry 2, () CREC.

Mango Pulp: 8.9-11.8 kJ.mol-1

Tahini (Slippage) 30.3 kJ.mol-1

Sources of Pulp Variability

120
100

4 C, ~ 500 g/L

(Pa)

80
60
40
20
0
0

20

40
(s-1)

60

80

() CREC, and () Industry 1() Industry 2

Batch
Varieties
Biological material
Size/maturity
Mechanical
Type, operation
conditions
Extractor, Finisher
Handling conditions
Time to pasteurization

Effect of Pasteurization

PME
1200
1000
(Pa)

800
600
400
200
0
0

4
(s-1)

() unpasteurized and () pasteurized

10

Study 2

Determine pressure drop by capillary viscometry

=

Slip coefficient

Apparent friction factor()

n D n v 2n
3n
Ren 2

K
3n 1
n

16
Re

For laminar flow

va2
vc2
va2
g ( Z 2 Z1 ) (v22 v12 ) 2 fv 2 L
P

K fe
K fc
K ff
gc
2gc
gc D
2gc
2gc
2gc

Recirculation
Valve

Experimental Setup

PT
01
FT
01
TT
02

Flowmeter
Diaphragm
Pump

TT
01

Pressure
Transducer

Effects of T and Conc.

4 C

P (kPa)

450
400

870 7 gL-1

350

760 24 gL-1

675 13 gL-1
569 11 gL-1

300
250
200
0.E+00

2.E-04

4.E-04

6.E-04

8.E-04

Q with slippage (m3.s-1)

50 C

P (kPa)

400

864 39 gL-1

300

729 44 gL-1

644 35 gL-1
529 3 gL-1

200
100
0
0.E+00

5.E-04
Q with slippage (m3.s-1)

1.E-03

500

6000

450

5000

400

4000

350

3000

300

2000

250

1000

200
0.E+00

2.E-04

4.E-04

6.E-04

0
8.E-04

Pcalc w/o slipage (kPa)

P Exp (kPa)

Experimental vs. Calculated

Q (m3.s-1)
871 g.L-1 () calculated () experimental 675 gL-1 () calculated () experimental
761 gL-1 () calculated () experimental 569 gL-1 () calculated () experimental

500

6000

450

5000

400

4000

350

3000

300

2000

250

1000

200
0.E+00

2.E-04

4.E-04

6.E-04

0
8.E-04

Pcalc w/o slipage (kPa)

P Exp (kPa)

Experimental vs. Calculated

Q (m3.s-1)
871 g.L-1 () calculated () experimental 675 gL-1 () calculated () experimental
761 gL-1 () calculated () experimental 569 gL-1 () calculated () experimental

1 , 25 ft, ~ 6.3 GPM ~ 35 psi < P < 65 psi

Pumping Costs
[] J kg J W; (watts)
Wp W
kg s
s

kg
P 100 psi, 1,045 3
m

WP 660

J
kg

A processor produces 1/20 of Floridas pulp = 15,000 MT in 200 days 3 shifts

W 3,125

kg
kg
lb
52
115
13 GPM
h
s
min

660 52 34,375 W in 4,800 h

' 165,000 kW.h @ 6.8 c/kW.h
Cost100 psi $11,220

Pumping Costs
Cost100 psi $11,220
Assuming P 1000 psi, efficiency factor 0.5
Cost $225,000 / yr or $ 0.015 /kg or $ 0.06 /gal

Disclaimer: This is based on a hypothetical case and a number of non-explicit

assumptions were made

Data Variability

Diaphragm pump

Pulp variability

Fluctuating flow rates

Lower flow rates at higher concentrations
Two sample sources-biological material has
natural variability
Industrial vs. non-Industrial (handling and
storage prior to pasteurization).

Conclusions Studies 1 & 2

Non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic fluid with slippage

at > 2-4 s-1
T and Conc. have a small effect on n
50 < K < 230 (Pa sn) as Conc. or T
Ea was moderately affected by concentration and
pulp source
c increaced with flow rate
History of product handling (PME) has a huge
impact on pulp rheology
This impact needs to be fully characterized

Study 3
Determine the thermal properties of high
concentration orange pulp:

Heat capacity ().

Thermal diffusivity ().

Thermal conductivity ().

Heat Capacity ()
=
=

. + . [
[ +

. ]

. ]

Thermal Diffusivity ()
Thermal Conductivity ()

=
2.4052 2

= . .

Results

Pulp
Concentration
(g L-1)
516 6

Specific Heat
Capacity
(J kg-1K-1 )
4025.0 37.1

Thermal
Diffusivity
(m2 s-1) x 107
1.50 0.01

Thermal
Conductivity
(W m-1 K-1)
0.63

617 7

4051.2 64.1

1.55 0.02

0.66

712 12

4055.7 32.1

1.56 0.04

0.66

801 13

4068.4 12.5

1.55 0.07

0.65

No significant differences (p > 0.05) between the mean values obtained for
, , and for the different pulp concentrations.

Study 4

Determine heat transfer characteristics of

HCP pulp in tubular heat exchangers at
selected concentrations and flow rates

Heat transfer coefficients of orange

Radial temperature profiles (heating and
cooling)

Experimental Setup
PT

TT

TT

PT

01

01

02

02

TT

Section of Heat Exchanger

03-07

FT
01

T0T 4 Tw
=

ln
4

T0T 4

Tw

Heat Transfer Coefficients

Local

Overall
=

( )
=
ln [( )/( )]

Temperature

=
ln
4

Tw
Ti
T
Pulp
inside
the pipe

Metal

Heating
Media

Distance from center of the inner pipe

Experimental setup

Results h

5 ft/s

Overall heat transfer coefficients as function of velocity and pulp concentration,

in the heating section of heat exchanger.
Warning! These numbers were calculating flow rates with slippage, hence they
are artificially high, hence inaccurate!

Temperature Profiles

Conclusions

Thermal properties (, , and ) of orange pulp were

not significantly different among different concentrations.

Heat transfer coefficients were lower for highly

concentrated pulp due to its solid-like flow that caused
higher temperature gradients within the product.

Heat in this fluid is mainly transferred by conduction with

slight convection around the slippage region.

Thank you
Questions?

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