CH205P HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT –4:SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

(TEAM 8)

S.No STUDENT ID NAME CONTRIBUTION

1. CH21B035 SUBHODEEP HEMROM 20%

2. CH21B036 TAJESVE 20%

3. CH21B037 T. SUNIDHI 20%

4. CH21B038 VAIBHAV MISHRA 20%

5. CH21B040 YASHRAJ SINGH 20%

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

● To calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient for shell and tube heat
exchangers

INTRODUCTION:

A heat exchanger is a device used for the process of heat exchange between
two fluids that are at different temperatures. Heat exchangers are used in many
engineering processes like refrigerating and air conditioning systems, power
systems, Food processing systems, chemical reactors, and space or
Aeronautical applications. Heat exchangers are basically of three types
1) Transfer Type.
2) Storage Type.
3) Direct Contact Type.

THEORY:

A transfer type of heat exchanger is one in which both fluids pass simultaneously
through the device and transfer heat through separating walls. In practice, most
of the heat exchangers used are transfer type ones. The transfer type
exchangers are further classified according to flow arrangement as
1. Single pass
2. Multiple Pass,
A simple example of a transfer type of heat exchanger, can be in the form of a
tube type arrangement in which one of the fluids is flowing through the inner tube
and the other through the annulus surroundings it. The heat transfer takes place
across the walls of the inner tube.
The heat lost by the hot fluid can be calculated
𝑞ℎ = 𝑚ℎ𝐶𝑃ℎ(𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜)𝐾𝐶𝑎𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑞ℎ= Heat Transfer rate to the hot water
Heat taken by the cold fluid can also be calculated
𝑞𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐𝐶𝑃𝑐(𝑇𝑐𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜)𝐾𝐶𝑎𝑙/ℎ𝑟
𝑞𝑐=Heat Transfer rate to the cold water

𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 =(𝑞𝑐+𝑞ℎ)/2
𝑈0 = 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔/𝐴0. ∆𝑇𝑚

DESCRIPTION:

● The apparatus consists of Single Shell Pass and Two Tube pass heat
exchanger.
● The hot fluid is hot water, which is attained from an insulating water bath
using a centrifugal pump and stirrer, it flows through the inner tube bank
while the cold water flows in the shell side.
● For flow measurement, Rotameters are provided for cold and hot water.
The Hot water is recycled in the hot water bath. The cold fluid is cold water,
which is attained from an insulating water bath attached with the chiller unit
and circulates water using a centrifugal pump with the stirrer.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
● Water supply
● Drain
● Electricity supply

PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the apparatus and make the water bath dust-free.
2. Close all the drain valves.
3. Ensure all the pipes are connected in their correct configuration.
4. Now connect the machine to the mains and switch on the power.
5. Set the temperature of the water bath (Both hot and cold) with the help of a
Digital Temperature Controller.
6. The set temperature would be green color.
7. Now, switch on the chiller and heater unit by switching on the switch given
on the front panel of the machine.
8. Open the flow control valve and By-Pass Valve for Hot Water and Cold
water supply.
9. Adjust Hot and cold-water flow rates with the help of flow control Valves
and rotameters.
10. The rotameters look like these, the direction in which they’ve to be
rotated to increase the flow rate is also indicated upon them.
 11.Start the flow through the annulus and run the exchanger
12. Record the temperature of the Hot and Cold-water inlet & outlet when a
steady state is achieved.

Apparatus Specification:

1. Diameter = 210mm

2. Length of tubes = 500mm

3. Number of tubes = 24(each pass)

4. Temperature controller and display unit are digital

5. Electric heater: 230V AC 2kW(2 in number)

6. Rotameter: (2 in number and 1-200LPH)

OBSERVATIONS:

1st reading:
In case of hot water(for every 5 minutes)

S.No Flow rate(Lph) 𝑇ℎ𝑖(◦ 𝐶) 𝑇ℎ𝑜(◦ 𝐶)

1. 100 57.3 41.6

2. 100 57.2 42.1

3. 100 57 42.2

4. 100 57 42.3

5. 100 56.7 42.2

6. 100 56.7 42.2

In case of cold water(for every 5 minutes)

S.No Flow rate(Lph) 𝑇𝑐𝑖(◦ 𝐶) 𝑇𝑐𝑜(◦ 𝐶)

1. 75 21 41.5

2. 75 21.5 41.9

3. 75 21.9 42

4. 75 22.4 42

5. 75 22.8 42

6. 75 23.1 42

2nd reading:
In case of hot water(for every 5 minutes)

S.No Flow rate(Lph) 𝑇ℎ𝑖(◦ 𝐶) 𝑇ℎ𝑜(◦ 𝐶)

1. 75 56.5 40.9

2. 75 56.7 39.6

3. 75 56.5 39.6

4. 75 56.6 39.8

In case of cold water(for every 5 minutes)

S.No Flow rate(Lph) 𝑇𝑐𝑖(◦ 𝐶) 𝑇𝑐𝑜(◦ 𝐶)

1. 100 23.8 41.6

2. 100 24.6 39.2

3. 100 25.3 39

4. 100 25.4 39.2

Calculations:

Some in-used values:

1. 100 LPH = 0.0000277778 m3/s , Mass flow rate = 0.0277778 kg/s

2. 75 LPH = 0.0000208335 m3/s, Mass flow rate = 0.0208335 kg/s

3. Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

4. Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J/g0C.

Formulae used:

1. Rate of heat transfer from hot water,

𝑄ℎ = 𝑚ℎ𝐶𝑃ℎ(𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜)𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

2. Rate of heat transfer to cold water,

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐𝐶𝑃𝑐(𝑇𝑐𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜)𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

3. Average heat transfer coefficient:

𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 =(𝑄𝑐+𝑄ℎ)/2
𝑈0 = 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔/𝐴0. ∆𝑇𝑚

4. LMTD,

∆𝑇𝑚 = (∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1)/ln(∆𝑇2/∆𝑇1),◦ 𝐶

Where, ΔT1 = Thi – Tco
ΔT2 = Tho – Tci

5.Heat transfer coefficient,

Ui = Q/(AiΔTm) W/m2 - oC

Uo = Q/(AoΔTm) W/m2 - oC
 −3 2
Outside heat transfer area, A = 3.817 × 10 𝑚
−3 2
Inside heat transfer area, A = 3.052 × 10 𝑚

CALCULATIONS:
1st reading
𝑄ℎ= 0.0277778* 4.2 (56.7-42.2)= 1.69166 kW
𝑄𝑐= 0.0208335*4.2*(42-23.1)= 1.65376kW
Q=(1.97167+ 1.67126)/2 = 1.672715kW

LMTD calculation:

ΔT1 = Thi – Tco = 56.7-42oC=14.7

ΔT2 = Tho – Tci = 42.2-23.1=17.1

ΔTm = (ΔT2 – ΔT 1)/ln(ΔT2/ΔT1) oC = 15.869oC

Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation:-

Ui = Q/(AiΔTm) , kWatt/m2-oC = 34.97726 kWatt/m2-oC

Uo = Q/(AoΔTm), kWatt/m2-oC = 27.96714 kWatt/m2-oC

2nd reading

𝑄ℎ= 0.0208335* 4.2*(56.6-39.8)= 1.47001 kW

𝑄𝑐=0.0277778*4.2*(39.2-25.4)= 1.16100 kW
Q=1.47001 + 1.14333/2 = 1.5400 kW

LMTD calculation:

ΔT1 = Thi – Tco = 56.6-39.2oC=17.4

ΔT2 = Tho – Tci = 39.8-25.4=14.4

ΔTm = (ΔT2 – ΔT 1)/ln(ΔT2/ΔT1) oC = 15.852oC

Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation:-

Ui = Q/(AiΔTm) , kWatt/m2-oC =31.82969 kWatt/m2-oC

Uo = Q/(AoΔTm), kWatt/m2-oC = 25.45041 kWatt/m2-oC

Results:

1. Ui = 34.97726 kWatt/m2-oC , Uo = 27.96714 kWatt/m2-oC

2. Ui = 31.82969 kWatt/m2-oC , Uo = 25.45041 kWatt/m2-oC

Conclusion:

From the above data, we can say that the heat transfer coefficient is dependent
on the temperature and flow rate of both streams. It’s value depends on material
too

Precautions:

1. Never switch on main power supply before ensuring that all the on/off
switches given on the Panel are at off position,
2. Never Switch on Heaters before filling water bath 3/4th with clean water. It
may damage heaters.
3. Never on the Pump at low Voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
4. Never fully close the Delivery and By-pass line Valves simultaneously.
5. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
6. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
7. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
8. Always use clean water.
9. If apparatus will not be in use for more than one month, drain the
apparatus completely and fill pump with cutting oil.

References:

1. Holman. J.P., "Heat Transfer". 8th ed., McGraw Hill. NY. 1976.
2. Kem, D.Q, "Process Heat Transfer". 1st ed. MeCiraw Hill, NY, 1965.
3. McCabe. W.L. Smith. J.C., Harrioit, P.,"Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering", 4th ed. McGraw Hill, NY, 1985.
4. Coulson, J.M.. Richardson, J.F, "Coulson & Riehardson's Chemieal
Engneering Vol 1". 5th ed. Asian Books Itd., ND, 1996.