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Recent Advances in Cativa Process
Recent Advances in Cativa Process
Abstract
Novel acetic acid processes and catalysts have been introduced, commercialized, and improved continuously since the
1950s. The objective of the development of new acetic acid processes has been to reduce raw material consumption, energy
requirements, and investment costs. At present, industrial processes for the production of acetic acid are dominated by
methanol carbonylation and the oxidation of hydrocarbons such as acetaldehyde, ethylene, n-butane, and naphtha. This paper
discusses advances in acetic acid processes and catalysts according to the following routes: (1) methanol carbonylation; (2)
methyl formate isomerization; (3) synthesis gas to acetic acid; (4) vapor phase oxidation of ethylene, and (5) other novel
technologies. 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Keywords: Acetic acid; Methanol carbonylation; Hydrocarbon oxidation; Reaction mechanisms
1. Introduction
Acetic acid is an important commodity chemical
used in a broad range of applications. As shown in
Fig. 1, acetic acid is used primarily as a raw material for vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) and acetic
anhydride synthesis, and as a solvent for purified
terephthalic acid (PTA) production. The demand for
acetic acid has increased, especially in southeast Asia,
where several new PTA plants have been built. With
the increased demand and installed capacity for PTA
in southeast Asia, the region has become a major
producer of polyester (PET) fiber, film, and resin.
Although the economic crisis in Asia momentarily
suppressed the demand for acetic acid to less than
expected levels, in the medium and long terms there
Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-45-441-9151;
fax: +81-45-441-1281.
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Table 1
Acetic acid process
Methanol carbonylation
Acetaldehyde oxidation
Ethylene direct oxidation
Hydrocarbon oxidation
(n-butane, naphtha)
Catalyst
Reaction condition
( C, atm)
Yield
By-product
Rhodium complex
Manganese acetate
or cobalt acetate
Palladium/heteropolyacid/
metal
Cobalt acetate or
manganese acetate
180220, 3040
5060, atmospheric
pressure
150160, 80
None
None
Ethylene: 87%
Acetaldehyde CO2
n-Butane: 50%,
naphtha: 40%
Formic acid,
propionic acid, etc.
150230, 5060
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3. Methanol carbonylation
3.1. Rhodium catalyzed methanol carbonylation
The methanol carbonylation process, Monsanto process, is operated under mild conditions
(180220 C, 3040 atm) and exhibits high selectivity
to acetic acid based on methanol (99%) and carbon
monoxide (85%) [7]. While the reaction, as shown
below, can be carried out in a variety of rhodium
(I) or rhodium (III) complexes [6,18], under reaction
conditions they are almost invariably converted to the
active catalyst [RhI2 (CO)2 ]1 . As shown in Fig. 3,
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Rh complex
CH3 COOH
257
258
increases the rate of oxidative insertion of methyl iodide (the rate determining step), thus promoting the
primary carbonylation reaction (Fig. 7). As Figs. 7 and
8 shows the effect of the addition of lithium iodide
on the reaction rate, the overall carbonylation rate increase is presumably due in part to the formation of
a strong nucleophilic five-coordinate dianionic intermediate [Rh(CO2 )2 I2 L]2 (L = I , OAc ) which
is more active toward oxidative addition of methyl iodide [811,29].
The main advantages of the low water process relative to the conventional Monsanto process are reduced
raw materials consumption, increased productivity,
lower utility requirements, and lower capital costs
per unit of product. However, low water operation
rhodium catalyst system was superior to that of iridium. Recently, it was disclosed that an improved iridium catalyst, in combination with a promoter metal
such as ruthenium, has higher activity and results in
lower product impurity levels than reported in previous iridium systems [19]. The production of acetic
acid using the iridium catalyst system has been commercialized by BP-Amoco in two world scale plants to
date, and has received wide publicity as the Cativa
process. Although much iridium is required to achieve
an activity comparable to the rhodium catalyst-based
processes, the catalyst system is able to operate at reduced water levels (less than 8 wt.% for the Cativa
process versus 1415 wt.% for the conventional Monsanto process). Thus, lower by-product formation and
improved carbon monoxide efficiency are achieved,
and steam consumption is decreased. Until the early
1990s, the difference in the prices of rhodium (US$
500/oz) and iridium (US$ 60/oz) was the driving force
for replacing rhodium with iridium. However, current
price increases for iridium (US$ 450/oz) negate the
advantage in catalyst price.
The unique differences between the rhodium catalytic cycle and that of iridium in methanol carbonylation have been investigated [36]. The anionic
iridium cycle shown in Fig. 9, is similar to that shown
earlier for rhodium. Model studies have demonstrated
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[CO]
[I ]
suggests that high reaction rates should be achievable by operating at low iodide concentrations. It
also suggests that the inclusion of species capable of
assisting in the abstraction of iodide should promote
the rate-limiting step. The patent would suggest that
ruthenium, or rhenium are the preferred promoters
[20,21]. In effect, a proprietary blend of promoters
has been found to increase reaction rate. The above
expression does not imply any effect from the water
present in the matrix, but water is found to have a
significant effect on rate [22].
In the improved iridium system, low water concentration in the reactor results in the formation of fewer
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It has been proposed that acetic acid can be produced by isomerization of methyl formate in the presence of a homogeneous rhodium catalyst together with
other metal additives [52,53]. Heterogeneous rhodium
catalysts supported on poly-vinyl pyridine resin have
also been proposed for this application [54]. This catalyst has the same chemical morphology as a methanol
carbonylation catalyst. Methyl formate is produced by
dehydrogenation of methanol [55] or by methanol carbonylation under high pressure in the presence of:
CO + 2H2 CH3 OH
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catalyst
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8. Conclusions
Acetic acid represents a commodity chemical
growing at 3.54.5% per year from a significant
and large base capacity. Significant developments in
both process and catalyst technology have supported
the growth in this market since the 1950s when the
first commercial synthetic process was introduced.
Methanol carbonylation has emerged as the dominant route to this product and currently over 60% of
the world acetic acid is produced using this route.
However, significant catalyst innovation has occurred
even within this production route resulting in greatly
improved yield, and selectivity at milder operating
conditions and lower cost of production. The lucrative nature of this market and the need for the major
producers to continually protect their market position
and investments is expected to drive further innovation within methanol carbonylation and the other
promising technology options looming on the horizon
that have been discussed in this paper.
References
[1] Asian Chemical News, 16 November 1998.
[2] N. Kutenpov, W. Himmele, H. Hohenshutz, Hydrocarbon
Proc. 45 (1966) 141.
[3] F.E. Paulik, J.R. Roth, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
(1968) 1578.
[4] H.D. Grove, Hydrocarbon Proc. 51 (1972) 76.
[5] US Patent 3769329 (1973) to Monsanto.
[6] R.T. Eby, T.C. Singleton, Appl. Indian Catal. 1 (1983) 275.
[7] M.J. Howard, M.D. Jones, M.S. Roberts, S.A. Taylor, Catal.
Today 18 (1993) 325.
[8] M.A. Murphy, B.L. Smith, G.P. Torrence, A. Agulio, J.
Organomet. Chem. 303 (1986) 257.
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