Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MC LC
I.
Cc phng php chit, tch v lm giu mu:
1. Xc nh vt cc nguyn t (cc tp cht vi lng)
V d
Vi B 10-5
Al 10-6
Ca 10-6
Ca 10-6
In 10-6
Au 10-9
Kt ta
Chit
Hp ph
Chng ct
ha tan;
gii chit;
gii hp ph;
ngng t; v. v
Thc nghim chng t rng, bng cch thay i pH ca dung dch, thng c th
tin hnh c s kt ta ln lt v tch c nhiu cation khc nhau bng cng mt
cht kt ta hu c. V d: t dung dch cupferron acid (acid mnh) ch kt ta c cc
ion ca niobium, tantalium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, iron (III), tin v cho php
tch chng khi cc ion khng kt ta trong iu kin l aluminum, chromium,
uranium (VI), beryllium, manganese, nickel, cobalt, zinc, phosphorus v boron.
Khi dng tan ca mt s kt ta thu c bng cc cht kt ta hu c trong
cc dung mi hu c, c th chit c chng.
Phng php cng kt: nhn chung c cc u im sau: n gin, hiu qu cao,
nn mu phn tch c chuyn t phc tp sang n gin hn. Tuy nhin, nhc im
chnh ca phng php l mt rt nhiu thi gian, nn cng t c s dng hn so vi
cc phng php khc.
Kt hp vi s cng kt lm giu cc nguyn t. Dng c cht cng kt v c
v hu c, y l mt trong cc phng php hiu nghim dng lm giu cc nguyn
t.
3. Cc phng php tch in ha:
Trong thc tin phn tch , cht c chit thng c to thnh do phn ng
xy ra trong mi trng nc, trong cc ion cn xc nh tng tc vi cc thuc th,
m ch yu l thuc th hu c. Trong trng hp ny, dung mi hu c phi khng
c trn ln vi nc. Phng php chit cho php ta tch c nhng lng cht rt
nh t nhng lng rt ln cc sn phm em phn tch .
Chit bng cc dung mi hu c c ng dng rt rng ri, khng nhng ch
tch m cn lm giu cc nguyn t. Hp cht ca cc nguyn t cn lm giu c
chit bng cc dung mi hu c; i khi s lm giu bng cch chit c thc hin bng
cch chit cc hp cht ca nguyn t chnh, cn cc tp cht l c gi li trong lp
nc.
Trong nhiu trng hp, s lm giu tp cht bng phng php chit c nhiu
u im ni bt hn so vi cc phng php lm giu khc. Chng hn, khi so snh
nhy ca phng php chit vi phng php cng kt, th phng php chit nhy hn.
ng ch l s kt hp phng php chit vi cc phng php xc nh tip theo
(nh: phng php quang ph, phng x, cc ph) Trong s cc phng php kt hp
, phng php phn tch chit trc quang l phng php c ngha nht, v c
nhy v tnh chn lc cao. Trong cc phng php trn, qu trnh thu cdung dchmu
c kt hp ng thi vi qu trnh chit, tch cht cn xc nh, do qu trnh xc
nh cng khng phc tp.
Trong ha phn tch , ngi ta chia cc h chit thnh:
-
H lng lng;
H lng rn.
ngha vt l ca phng trnh: Vic chit nhiu ln, mi ln bng nhng lng
nh dung mi tt hn chit 1 2 ln bng lng dung mi ln hn. Mc chit c
tng ln cng vi s ln chit n khi dng cng mt th tch dung mi cho trc.
b) Chit lin tc c thc hin trong nhng thit b c bit;
c) Chit ngc dng.
Nguyn tc: Phng php da trn s phn b cht tan khi c to thnh dng
phc lin hp hay ion phc vng khng mang in tch gia hai pha khng trn
ln, thng l cc dung mi hu c v nc.
Mt s h chit thng dng:
o Chit lng vt cc ion kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Co)
t nc bin vo dung mi methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) vi thuc th
to phc APDC, sau xc nh nguyn t ny bng php o F AAS.
o To phc chelate vi NaDDC (sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate) t dung
dch m ammonium citrate pH = 9.5, dung mi chit l MIBK.
B. Phng php chit pha rn (SPE): [43,44,45]
Chit pha rn l qu trnh phn b cht tan gia hai pha lng rn. Pha rn c th
l ht silicagen xp, cc polymer hu c hoc cc loi nha trao i ion hay than
hot tnh. Qu trnh chit c th thc hin iu kin tnh hay ng. Cc cht b
gi li trn pha rn c th c tch ra bng cch ra gii vi dung mi thch hp.
Thng thng, th tch cn thit ra gii hon ton cht phn tch lun nh hn
rt nhiu so vi th tch ca dung dch mu ban u, v th, mu cn c lm
giu.
V c bn, c ch chit SPE ging vi c ch tch trong phng php sc k lng
hiu nng cao (HPLC), bao gm 3 c ch chnh, l: c ch hp ph pha thng,
c ch hp ph pha o v c ch trao i ion. Tuy nhin, SPE khc vi HPLC
ch: trong HPLC, s tch cht phn tch ra khi nhau trong h dng chy lin tc
ca pha ng, cn SPE gi cht phn tch li trn pha rn sau ra gii cht phn
tch ra khi pha rn vi dung mi ph hp. Cc cht phn tch s c tch khi
dung dch ban u vi nng m c hn v tinh khit hn.
K thut chit ny c cc u nhc im chnh sau y:
o C tnh chn lc cao i vi mt nhm hp cht phn tch;
o Cn bng chit nhanh t c v c tnh thun nghch;
o Thch hp cho mu lng nh v phn tch lng vt cc cht;
o Thao tc n gin v nhanh hn cc k thut chit khc;
o Trong qu trnh chit lun c c s lm giu cht phn tch.
V vy, phng php ny c s dng ph bin trong phn tch, c bit l phn
tch hm lng cc cht vi lng c hi trong mi trng.
10
11
l thc
12
Phng php tuyn ni l phng php tch cht da trn vic s dng s khc
nhau ca cc tnh cht ha l thuc cc phn t trong cu t. V d, cc ht sulfide cc
kim loi k nc, khng b thm nc, do nu cho vo nc qung c nghin
nh th cc phn t qung silica thm nc, c t trng ln, s b chm, cn cc phn t
sulfide kim loi c nghin nh khng b thm nc nn khng chm. Nu ta lm si
bt hn hp cn tch bng mt lung khng kh hoc bng mt phng php khc, th
cc phn t ca huyn ph qung c tuyn b li cun bi bt v c tch t ln
mt nc to thnh bt qung. S tuyn ni xy ra khi trn hn hp cc cht rn c
nghin nh khng ch vi nc m cn vi cc loi du, cc loi thuc th c bit
Phng php tuyn ni m ra kh nng lm giu cc hp cht c cha cc nguyn
t khc nhau bng cch tch cc tp cht km theo chng. Phng php tuyn ni c tnh
chn lc, cho php ta khng ch tch nhng hp cht cn ly ra khi m cn c kh
nng tch tt cc hp cht ring bit. Bng phng php tuyn ni, ngi ta tch c
cc loi khong ring bit ra khi qung a kim, lm giu c cc loi tinh qung ca
wolfram, tin, titanium v cc kim loi khc, tch cc loi qung sulfide, lead oxyt, zinc,
cophng phper, molybdenum, v. v khi nhau. Phng php tuyn ni ngy cng c
ngha ln trong vic tch cc mui hu c v cc hp cht hu c.
Cc cht tuyn ni: lm thay i tnh cht ha l b mt cc phn t qung,
ngi ta dng cc cht v c v hu c c bit cc cht tuyn ni, nh cc acid hu c
v cc mui ca chng, cc xanthogenate tan trong nc, cc dithiophosphate Bng
cc cht tuyn ni, ngi ta tch c cc khong liu v cc mui a dng nht thng
khn tch c bng cc phng php thng thng.
13
14
hp th mi cho K thut chit pha rn i hi khng cn iu kin chit tch trc [30].
S ng dng vt liu ny, vt liu m tit kim thi gian v thit thc hn cho vic chit
tch ngoi cng trng, c mong i s c ng dng vo nc ngm trong thi gian
ti.
Nc ngm v nc mt thng phi c qua lc trc khi chit tch thuc tr
su bng k thut chit pha rn. Vic lc trc khi chit thng qua mng lc Teflon c
kch thc l 0.45 m c khuyn co khi s dng ct chit C8 [31] hoc a chit
Empore [32]. Vic lc trc khi chit s khng nh hng n vic xc nh Triazine v
cc sn phm thoi bin ca chng, k t khi nhng hp cht ny c logarit ca h s
phn b gn bng 2, ng ngha vi vic chng phn b 99.5 % trong nc [33,34].
Bng 3 din t phn ln k thut SPE v SPME, c dng cho vic xc nh a
d lng ca thuc tr su, bao gm Triazine v nhng sn phm thoi bin ca chng,
k c trong nc ngm v nc mt.
a. Cht hp th:
S tng tc gia cht hp th v cht phn tch c chia lm 3 loi: khng cc,
c cc, v ion. Cht hp th khng cc thng c la chn vic chit tch triazine t
nc. Ngc li, cc sn phm phn hy, c cha nhng nhm chc phn cc nh -OH,
15
-C=O, -NH2, v -C-SH, cn nhng cht hp th phn cc. Nhng cht hp th phn cc
c khuynh hng to lin kt hydro bn. Vic cht hp th phn cc gi c nhng hp
cht phn cc c thc thi ha bng dung mi khng phn cc. Cht phn tch hnh
thnh cation (ion mang in tch dng) bao gm nhm NH2 , cht phn tch hnh thnh
anion (ion mang in tch dng) bao gm COOH, -SO3H, PO43-. Vic xy ra tng tc
ion th cht hp th mang ion m s kt hp vi ion dng cn li, v cht hp th mang
ion dng s kt hp vi ion m cn li. vic lu gi c ti u, gi tr pH ca hn
hp phi l 2 thp hn hng s phn li ca cation v bng 2 cao hn hng s phn li ca
anion [35].
Cc chng loi cht hp th c dng trong k thut chit pha rn chit tch
triazine v nhng sn phm phn hy ca chng trong nc. V s dng rng ri nht
trong lin kt ha hc gia C8 v C18 vi SiO2, C en v nha polymer (v d nh
PLRP-S). Nhng hp cht phn cc nht, v d nh DIA, DEA, HA v metribuzin, cn
nhng cht hp th c lu lng rt thp, ngoi tr vt liu carbon, v 1 vi nhm mch
thng styrene-divinylbenzene (Envi-Chrom P). Trong vi nm tr li y, nha polymer
bin i ha hc vi nhm chc phn cc pht trin v c ng dng trong chit pha
rn p dng cho cc hp cht ny, v th tch ca nhng cht hp th cao hn hn nhng
hp cht phn cc nht vi nhng tn hiu khng i. Nhng vt liu cha nhm mch
thng styrene-divinylbenzene mi, nh LiChrolut EN, Styrosob and Macronet Hypersol,
Isolute ENV v HYSphere-1 c a vo s dng. Nhng cht hp th ny c
lin kt gia cc mch cao v v vy, vic m cu trc (i vi nhng vt liu xp
cao) s lm tng din tch b mt v cho php xy ra tng tc - gia cht phn tch v
cht hp th. iu ny c ngha, khi nhng cht hp th mch thng c dng th lu
lng th tch dng s cao hn. Ba cht hp th cho php vic hi lu atrazine v
simazine (80 - 86%) trong nc l nh nhau.
Cht hp th N Alkyl silica th thng thch hp trong vic chit tch a d
lng i vi nhng cht phn tch c h s phn b ln hn 103. S ng dng i vi N
Alkyl silica c ci thin bng vic tng tng tc k nc v s dng din tch b
mt silica cao. Tuy nhin, nh th vn cha gi li cc hp cht phn cc nh
polymer SDB lm.
Phng php a d lng da trn hnh thc chit pha rn off-line vi GC-MS,
LC-UV-DAD and LC-MS c u tin pht trin Chu u trong vic iu khin thuc
tr su. Nhng cht hp th khc c kim tra: Isolut C18, LiChrolut, Envi 18, SDB,
OASIS, Envichrom and Envi-carb. Nhng cht hp th nh SDB, OASIS, Envichrom
16
and Envi-carb xut hin nh l 1 iu ha hn cho vic chit tch cc hp cht phn cc,
bao gm c triazine v cc sn phm phn hy ca chng.
Knutsson et al. [37] tin hnh trn k thut chit qua mng lc nc h tr; v
iu ny c xem l s la chn tt hn vic dng k thut chit pha rn s dng ct
chit C18. Trong vn mng lc nc h tr c bao gm lun mng teflon c ph
ybng dung mi khng ho tan vo nc. C hai knh, knh cho (mu) v knh nhn
(cht hp th), chng c hnh thnh mt trong hai bn ca mng lc, cho cht
phn tch thm qua. Cht nhn mang tnh acid c p dng cho propazine v simazine,
cht c hng s phn ly thp [37], nhng phng php vn cn phi c ci tin lin
tc. Mc d k thut SLM c th chit cc hp cht phn cc, nhng d sao n c gii
hn trong vic hnh thnh nhng loi ion ho.
Nhng tnh nng ca cc loi cht hp th c dng trong k thut SPE cho vic
xc nh a d lng ca thuc tr su, bao gm triazine v cc sn phm phn hy,
trong nc ngm v nc mt c miu t trong bng 3.
b. Ct chit rn:
17
18
19
20
c. a chit pha:
21
22
K thut chit min dch bao gm vic s dng ct chit SPE c lm y bng
cc vt liu khng th, c lin kt vi nhng cht hp th nn Silica. Nhng loi vt
liu ny, c gi l min nhim i lc vi nhng cht hp th, c s dng chit
triazine
t mu nc [130]. Chng c lm r i vi tng hp cht ring; v vy,
DIA khng hi lu c nhng cht hp th min dch vi s khng atrazine, trong khi
HA v prometon khng hi lu c nhng cht hp th min dch vi s khng
simazine.
Vic so snh gia cht hp th min dch vi s khng atrazine v cht hp th
PLRP-S trong vic chit triazine t sng Seine (50 mL) bng vic s dng k thut SPE
chng minh rng cht hp th min dch c tnh chn lc v hiu sut cao. Thi gian
gn y, Dalluge et al. [41] bo co v vic s dng phi hp trc tip k thut chit
pha rn da trn nhng loi vt liu min nhim i lc vi nhng cht hp th v sc k
kh cho vic xc nh s-triazine c trong mu nc. Nhng cht hp th c mong i
l x l tt i vi mi loi thuc tr su. iu ny s cho php vic chit tch mt vi
hp cht phn cc t nc do s tip xc gia khng nguyn khng th khng cn da
trn qu trnh k nc.
f.
23
24
LLE v SPE l nhng phng php truyn thng c s dng trong phn tch
hm lng thuc dit c trong cc mu mi trng. Phng php LLE cn mt lng ln
dung mi v thi gian chun b mu di. Ngc li, SPE cn lng dung mi t hn v
thi gian chun b mu cng ngn hn so vi LLE. Nhng hn ch ca LLE v SPE c
gim thiu ng k trong SPME.
SPME c bo co u tin bi Pawliszyn v ng s nm 1990 [1,2]. l
phng php gm hai giai on thun li cho c vic chit v tin c c nn mu. Trong
giai on mt, si silica nng chy c ph ngoi bi mt pha polymer n nh s c
tip xc vi nn mu ti vng cn phn tch gia nn v pha polymer n nh ni trn.
giai on hai, si/cht phn tch c a vo dng c phn tch gii hp, tch v nh
lng.
Vic ng dng phng php SPME phn tch d lng thuc dit c c bo
co u tin vo nm 1995 bi Boyd-Boland v Pawliszyn [3] xc nh ng thi cc
cht dit c c cha nitrogen trong cc mu t, nc v ru. T 1995, phng php
SPME c s dng phn tch 81 hp cht t 15 h thuc dit c trong nhiu loi nn
mi trng (t v nc) v nn sinh hc (mu, nc tiu v huyt thanh).
Nhng u im vt tri ca SPME so vi cc phng php phn tch truyn
thng dng phn tch d lng thuc dit c khc l: SPME nhanh chng, n gin,
khng cn dung mi, d dng t ng ha cho c thit b GC v HPLC, cho ph tuyn
tnh cao v nhy cao.
b. Pha polymer n nh:
25
26
c. Ti u ha SPME:
27
28
B. Cc mu nc:
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
[22] L.J. Krutz, S.A. Senseman, A.S. Sciumbato, J. Chromatogr. A 999 (2003), 103-121.
[23] R.E. Majors, LC-GC 4 (1986) 972.
[24] L.M. Davi et al. Pestic. Sci. 25 (1992) 63.
[25] M.B. Riley, R.J. Keese, Weed Sci. 44 (1996) 689.
[26] B. Bryan, Todays Chemist at Work 3 (1994) 39.
[27] I. Liska, J. Krupcik, P.A. Leclerq, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 12 (1989) 577.
[28] E. Bolygo, N.C. Atreya, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 339 (1991) 423.
[29] R. Reupert, E. Ploger, G. Brausen. HPLC Determination of 29 Controlled
Herbicides in Water Supplies, Hewlett-Packard, Wilmington, DE (1990), Publ. No. 125952-2229.
[30] Varian Sample Preparation Products NEXUS (1999).
[31] D.A. Hinkley, T.F. Bidleman, Environ. Sci. Technol. 23 (1993) 995.
[32] C. Markel, D.F. Hagen, V.A. Bunnelle, LC?GC Int. 4 (1991) 10.
[33] W.E. Pereira, C. Rostad, Environ. Sci. Technol. 24 (1990) 1400.
[34] T.T. Pham, et al. Can. J. Fish. Aqua. Sci. (2000) in press.
[35] N. Simpson, K.C. Van Horne (Eds.), Sorbent Extraction Technology Handbook, 2nd
ed, Varian Sample Preparation, Harbor City, CA, 1993.
[36] Hassan Sabik, Roger Jeannot, Bernard Rondeau, J. Chromatogr. A (2000) 217-236.
[37] M. Knutsson, G. Nilve, L. Mathiasson, J.A. Jonson, J. Chromatogr. A 754 (1996)
197.
[38] D. Barcelo, G. Durand, V. Bouvot, M. Neilen, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27 (1993) 271.
[39] E.Viana, M.J. Redond, G. Font, J.C. Molto, J. Chromatogr. A 733 (1996) 267.
[40] V. Pichon, M. Charpak, M.C. Hennion, J. Chromatogr. A 795 (1998) 83.
[41] J. Dalluge, T. Hankemeier, R.J.J. Vreuls, U.A.Th. Brinkman, J. Chromatogr. A 830
(1999) 377.
38
39