Snježana Karavanić - The Urnfield Culture in Continental Croatia (2009)

This title published by
Archaeopress
Publishers of British Archaeological Reports
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford 0X2 7ED
England
ba r@a rchaeopress. com
www.archaeopress.com
BAR S2036
The Urnfield Culture in Continental Croatia
Archaeopress and S Karavanic 2009
ISBN 978 1 4073 0613 1
Printed in England by Blenheim Colour Ltd
All BAR titles are available from:

Hadrian Books Ltd
122 Banbury Road
Oxford
0X2 7BP
England
bar@hadrianbooks.co.uk
The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available
free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures
ii
List of Plates
iv
List of Abbreviations
vi
Foreword
1. Introduction
vii
1
2. Urnfield Culture Settlements in Croatia

2.1 History of research
2.2 Settlement Mackovac-Crisnjevi
2.3 Settlement Kalnik-Igrisce I
2.4 Settlement Kalnik-Igrisce II
3
3
4
17
32
3. Cemeteries of the Urnfield Culture in Continental Croatia

3.2 Virovitica
3.3 Sirova Katalena
3.4 Moravce-Drascica
3.5 Drljanovac
3.6 Vocin
3.7 Popernjak
3.8 Mackovac
3.9 Gredani and other cemeteries of Gredani group
3.10 Zagreb-Vrapce
3.11 Zagreb-Horvati
3.12. Krupace
3.13 Trescerovac
3.14 Ozalj
3.15 VelikaGorica
3.16 Cemeteries of the Dalj group
43
43
43
44
45
47
48
51
51
51
54
55
55
56
56
57
70
4. Metal Industry of the Urnfield Culture in Croatia

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bronze-casting Moulds
4.3 Hoards of the Urnfield culture in continental Croatia
73
73
77
88
4.4 Typological and Statistical Analysis of Metal Items in the Hoards
105
5. Conclusion
135
6. Literature
141
Plates
151
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Map showing major settlement sites of the Urnfield culture in continental Croatia
Fig. 2 Part of the house floor" (SU 017) with the remains of a hearth (SU 019)
Fig. 3 Clusters of pottery found in trench from 2001 at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site

(photo by M. Mihaljevic)
Fig. 4 Cluster of ceramic vessels in situ (trench 1998/1) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi

site (photo by S. Karavanic)
Fig. 5 Ground plan of hearth 1 (SU 006) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (drawing by M. Perkic)
Fig. 6 Cross-section of hearth 1 (SU 006) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (drawing by M. Perkic)
Fig. 7 Hearth (SU 019) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (photo by S. Karavanic)
Fig. 8 Drawing of a hearth (SU 028) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (drawing by K. Jelincic)
Fig. 9 Pottery types from the Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement (after H. Kalafatic

2002 modified by M. Gregl)
10
Fig. 10 Cadastral map of the settlement Mackovac-Crisnjevi with the position

of the hoard find marked as a black point
12
Fig. 11 Hoard Mackovac II or Mackovac-Crisnjevi (photo by M. Mihaljevic)
13
Fig. 12 Pins and bronze sheet metal decorated by punching from trench 1/1997
at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (drawing by K. Roncevic)
Fig. 13 Bronze pin found in trench 2/2000 at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (photo by D. Doracic)
14
15
Fig. 14 Pin from the 2001 trench at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (photo by D. Doracic)
15
Fig. 15 Pins from the Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement (drawing by M. Perkic)
16
Fig. 16 A wiew of the Kalnik hill from the south, the site is marked by an arrow
(photo by S. Karavanic)
17
Fig. 17 Aerial photo of Kalnik and surrounding area (modified by A. Kudelic)
18
Fig. 18 Ground plan of the excavated area at Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after

Majnaric-Pandzic 1992a)
18
Fig. 19 Table of pottery types from the Kalnik-Igrisce I site (after S. Olic's
drawing, modified by M. Gregl,)
21
Fig. 20 Table of cup and jar types at Kalnik-Igrisce I
22
Fig. 21 Examples of vessels of type C5a from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement
22
Fig. 22 Bowls of B6f type from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after Vrdoljak 1994)
24
Fig. 23 Vessels from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after Vrdoljak 1994)
25
Fig. 24 Metal items from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after Majnaric-Pandzic 1998a)
29
Fig. 25 Metal items from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after Majnaric-Pandzic 1998a)
30
Fig. 26 Mould for casting bronze pins from Kalnik-Igrisce I site (photo by Z. Homen)
31
Fig. 27 Ground plan of the Kalnik-Igrisce II site with SU 012 and SU 014 (by A. Kudelic)
33
Fig. 28 Ground plan of Kalnik-Igrisce II site with SU 014 containing finds of

pottery and grains in situ (by A. Kudelic)
35
Fig. 29 Photograph of SU 065 showing a post hole with stones at Kalnik-Igrisce

II settlement (photo by A. Kudelic)
36
Fig. 30 Remains of carbonized wheat grains at Kalnik-Igrisce II site
36
Fig. 31 Photo of SU 038 showing fragments of a mobile hearth at Kalnik-Igrisce

II settlement (photo by A. Kudelic)
41
Fig. 32 Map of the Urnfield culture cemetery sites in continental Croatia
44
Fig. 33 Moravce cemetery (graves 1-6) (after Sokol 1996 modified by A. Kudelic)
46
Fig. 34 Moravce cemetery (graves 7-10) (after Sokol 1996 modified by A. Kudelic)
47
Fig. 35 Graves from Drljanovac cemetery
49
ii
Fig. 36 Situation plan of the graves of the Virovitica and Zagreb groups at
Drljanovac cemetery (after Majnaric-Pandzic 1988: 1994. modified by A. Kudelic)
50
Fig. 37 Situation plan of Gredani cemetery (modified by A. Kudelic after Minichreiter 1982-1983)
52
Fig. 38 Types of urns at Gredani cemetery (after Minichreiter 1984 modified by A. Kudelic)
53
Fig. 39 Analysis of plano-convex ingots from the Pustakovec hoard
76
Fig. 40 Analysis of plano-convex ingots from the Zagreb-Dezmanov Prolaz hoard
76
Fig. 41 Bronze casting moulds from Sv. Petar Ludbreski site (after Simek 2004
modified by A. Kudelic)
78
Fig. 42 Bronze casting moulds from continental Croatia
80
Fig. 43 Bronze casting moulds from continental Croatia
81
Fig. 44 Bronze-casting moulds from Kalnik-igrisce I settlement (after Vrdoljak 1992)
82
Fig. 45 "Channelled stones"
83
Fig. 46 Bronze casting moulds
fragments
84
Fig. 47 Map of the distribution of metal worker's tools at the Kalnik-Igrisce I site
85
Fig. 48 Table showing major sites with the evidence of metal working activity in continental Croatia
85
Fig. 49 Finds of crucibles at the sites in Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina
86
Fig. 50 Bronze casting tools from continental Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina
87
Fig. 51 Chisels and hammers used in bronze working in Croatia (drawing by A. Kudelic)
89
Fig. 52 Major hoard find sites in continental Croatia
95
Fig. 53 Hoards according to horizons
106
Fig. 54 Graph showing the distribution of the sword finds in the hoards of the
Urnfield culture in Croatia
110
Fig. 55 Table showing the percentage of long and short spearheads according to hoards
112
Fig. 56 A reconstruction of the Nyirtura type of shield, based on Patay 1968
117
Fig. 57 A reconstruction of the Veliko Nabrde helmet (after Skoberne 2001)
118
Fig. 58 Finds of greaves from continental Croatia
120
Fig. 59 Greaves from the hoard Poljanci IV hoard (after Miklik-Lozuk 2004; 2009)
121
Fig. 60 Examples of pendants from hoards in Croatia
125
Fig. 61 Belts from the hoards in continental Croatia
126
Fig. 62 Belts of early Urnfield culture
127
Fig. 63 Other finds of belts and belt buckles from the area of continental Croatia
128
Fig. 64 Belt fragments from Kapelna and Slavonski Brod-Livadiceva ulica hoard
129
Fig. 65 Map of the hoards of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia that contain
finds of belts and belt buckles
130
Fig. 66 Vessels (buckets) of the Kurd type from Croatia
131
Fig. 67 Metal fittings of wooden buckets from the Mackovac Crisnjevi hoard
131
Fig. 68 A map of vessel and vessel fragment finds at the area of Urnfield culture in northern Croatia
132
Fig. 69 Legrad hoard (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973)
133
hi
LIST OF PLATES
PL 1 Pottery from Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement site
] 53
154
] 55
156
] 5~
PL 6 Pots from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
158
159
160
161
PL 10 Undecorated conical bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
162
163
164
PL 13 Undecorated S-profilcd bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
165
PL 14 Undecorated bowls with inverted rim from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
166
167
168
169
170
Pl. 19 Undecorated bowls with inverted rim from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
171
PL 20 Fragments of undecorated and turban" shaped bowls with inverted rim

from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
172
PL 21 Fragments of bowls with turban" shaped rim from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
173
PL 22 Fragments of bowls with turban" shaped rim from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
174
PL 23 Fragments of bowls with turban" shaped rim and facetted inverted rim
from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
175
PL 24 Fragments of bowls and pots from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
176
PL 25 Fragments of pots from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
177
Pl. 26 Fragments of pots from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
178
PL 27 Fragments of bowls from Kalnik-igrisce II settlement site
179
PL 28 Pottery fragments from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
180
PL 29 Base fragments from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
181
PL 30 Pottery fragments decorated by grooving from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
182
PL 31 Potteiy fragments decorated by grooving, incision, fluting and so called

pseudoschnur decoration from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
PL 32 Fragments of pottery decorated with plastic ribbons and ribs from KalnikIgrisce II settlement site
PL 33 Fragments of so called functional- decorativ elements from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
PL 34 Fragments of handles from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
184
185
186
Pl. 35 Fragments of handles from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
187
188
Pl. 37 Fragments of handles with triangle cross section from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
Pl. 38 1. Bowl of fine fabric decorated with incised triangles and white
incrustation 2. Bowl of fine fabric decorated with white incrustation
3. Fragment of bowl decorated with pseudoschnur decoration 4.
Fragment of mobile hearth. All from Kalnik-igrisce II settlement site
189
iv
183
190
Pl. 39 Pottery fragments from Kalnik-Igrie II settlement site
191
Pl. 40 Pottery fragments from Kalnik-Igrie II settlement site
192
PL 41 Fragments of spindle whorls from Kalnik-Igrie II settlement site
193
PI. 42 Fragments of spindle whorls and loom weights from Kalnik-Igrie II settlement site
194
PI. 43 Fragments of loom weights from Kalnik-igrie II settlement site
195
PI. 44 Fragments of spindle whorls and loom weights from Kalnik-igrie II settlement site
196
PL 45 Fragments of spindle whorls and loom weights from Kalnik-igrie II settlement site
197
PL 46 Fragments of stone tools from Kalnik-Igrie II settlement site
198
199
200
201
PL 50 Velika Gorica cemetery: 1. grave 1/1908, 2. grave 14/1910 3-4. grave

3/1910, 5-7. grave 6/1911, 8-9. grave C/l910, 10-grave 2/1914, 11-13. grave A/1910
202
PL 51 Velika Gorica cemetery: grave 7/1908
203
204
205
PL 54 Velika Gorica cemetery: 1-2 grave 3/1910, 3-4 grave G/1910
206
PL 55 Velika Gorica cemetery: grave E/1910
207
208
209
PL 58 Velika Gorica cemetery: grave F/1910
210
PL 59 Velika Gorica cemetery: grave F/1910
211
212
213
PI. 62 Velika Gorica cemetery: grave 1/1911
214
215
PL 64 Velika Gorica cemetery: 1. grave 3/1911, 2. grave 8/1911, 3. grave 7/1911,

4. from destroyed graves
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
Pl. 71 Velika Gorica cemetery: accidental finds from destroyed graves
223
PL 72 Velika Gorica cemetery: accidental finds from destroyed graves
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAH- Acta Archaeologia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Budapest
AAustr- Archaeologia Austriaca, Wien
AIA- Annales Instituti Archaeologici, Zagreb
AP- Arheoloki pregled, Beograd, Ljubljana
APA- Acta Praehistorica et Archeologica, Berlin
AR- Archeologicke Rozhledy
ArchKorrbl- Archologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Mainz
AV- Arheoloki Vestnik, Ljubljana
BAR IS- British Archaeological Reports, International Series
Bericht RGK- Bericht Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission
Festschrift RGZM- Festschrift Rmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz
GZM- Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu
Izdanja HAD-a- Izdanja Hrvatskog arheolokog drutva, Zagreb
JbRGZM- Jahrbuch des Rmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz
MIA - Monografije Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu
OA- Opuscula Archaeologica, Zagreb
Obavijesti HAD-a- Obavijesti Hrvatskog arheolokog drutva
OZ- Osjeki zbornik, Muzej Slavonije u Osijeku
OxfJA- Oxford Journal of Archaeology
PA- Pamatky Archaeologicke, Prague
PBF- Prhistorische Bronzefunde
PrillnstArh- Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu
PZ- Prhistorische Zeitschrift
RGF- Rmisch-Germanischen Forschungen
RVM- Rad Vojvoanskih muzeja, Novi Sad
SlovArch- Slovenska Archaeologia, Nitra, Bratislava
UPA- Universittforschungen zur Prhistorischen Archologie, Bonn
VAMZ- Vjesnik Arheolokog muzeja u Zagrebu
VHAD- Vjesnik Hrvatskog arheolokog drutva, Zagreb
VF- Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen
VMBP- Vijesti Muzeja brodskog Posavlja, Slavonski Brod
WMBH-Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnia und Herzegowina, Wien
vi
FOREWORD
Almost 20 years have passed since I seriously got involved in the research on the Bronze Age of Croatia. As a
student at the Department of Archaeology in Zagreb I had the luck to participate in the excavations of KalnikIgrisce site under the direction of Prof. Nives Majnaric-Pandzic and her assistant Dr. Staso Forenbaher. This
turned to be an important event that has defined my future scientific career. I am very grateful to professor
Majnaric-Pandzic for giving me the opportunity to work on the analysis of metallurgical finds from Kalnik,
especially the bronze casting moulds. I am also very grateful to Dr. Aleksandar Durman for all the help he
provided while I was preparing my graduate thesis. Special thanks go to Prof. Tihomila Tezak-Gregl for her
support while I was working as a young assistant at the Department of Archaeology in Zagreb.
My work on the Late Bronze Age of Croatia has resulted in a PhD dissertation that I defended in autumn
2000. Since then I have been continually working on related subjects and currently I have been doing so
at the Institute of Archaeology in Zagreb, where Dr. Zeljko Tomicic and Dr. Koraelija Minichreiter have
provided great support at the time when I needed it most.
When I first started writing this book I wanted to collect all the results on Late Bronze Age research in
Croatia since the last major publication by Dr. Ksenija Vinski-Gasparini in 1973. Part of the book contains
the results of my own work on the material stored in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, especially the
Late Bronze Age cemetery at Velika Gorica. I am grateful to Mrs. Dubravka Balen-Letunic for giving me
the opportunity to work on this material. Special thanks go to my young colleague Daria Loznjak-Dizdar,
M.Sc., who was always willing to help me with literature and for our discussions on sometimes complicated
questions related to the Bronze Age of Croatia.
Special thanks go to the people that helped with technical matters, such as photos and drawings: Kresimir
Roncevic, Irena Petrinec, Marta Perkic, Andreja Kudelic, and above all Miljenko Gregl.
I would like to thank my colleague Dr. Ivor Jankovic for the translation of the book and Mag. Sanjin Mihelic
for final proof reading and corrections of the English text.
I thank also Dr. Michaela Lochner, Dr. Peter Turk and Dr. Dunja Glogovic who read the text of the book
and made their remarks.
To my parents I am most grateful for giving me continuous support through my studies and scientific career.
Last but not least, I thank my husband Ivor and my daughter Ivana for their support and inspiration.
vii
Location Map
1. INTRODUCTION
Research on the Urnfield culture in Croatia is an integral

part of the research on the Urnfield culture in Central
Europe, especially in the Middle Danube Basin. There
are many synthesis available on the Urnfield culture, one
of them is on the Urnfield culture in the southern part of
the Pannonian Basin, or what is today the northern part of
Croatia (Vinski-Gasparini 1973). Before this seminal work
was available, several papers on various aspects of this
culture were published, like the ones that tried to explain
the phenomenon of hoard finds (Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini
1956). These publications in a way prepared the ground for
further research on rich metal production in the southern part
of the Pannonian Basin. It is important to note publications
on the hoard finds published at the end of the 19th and the
beginning of the 20th century, such as the publication of the
Sarengrad hoard (Brunsmid 1899-1900b), while the wellknown 1889 List (Popis) by Ljubic deals with individual
metal items that were obtained by the National Museum in
Zagreb during the 19th century. During the 19th century
numerous museums' collaborators were actively collecting
and listing prehistoric remains. Unfortunately, most of these
items, mainly from hoards of bronze objects, are accidental
finds and data on the circumstances under which they were
discovered is known only from descriptions, and only for
some of the finds. This is true for the hoard found at Bizovac
(Puric 1895-1896:213-214), which most likely comes from
an Urnfield culture settlement, based on other finds, such
as pottery fragments and remains of wattle and daub. At
the turn of the 19th to 20th century the most important
prehistoric researcher in Bosnia and Herzegovina was Ciro
Truhelka (Truhelka 1992). His work on the pile dwelling
settlement at Donja Dolina (Truhelka 1904) is an important
contribution to archaeological research both in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, and Croatia alike. Important works on the
Urnfield culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been
published in Wissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen aus Bosnien
und der Herzegowina, later Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja
u Sarajevu, in keeping with the principles of the Central
European prehistoric science of the time. Numer; u.s h ard
finds from the region have been published in this important

journal. Across the river Sava, in Croatia, works on Urnfield
culture sites were published in what was then Viestnik
Hrvatskog arheolokog drutva and include first analyses of
the cemeteries at Krupae, Treerovac, and Velika Gorica.
These finds have been collected and reevaluated by VinskiGasparini (1973). Following H. Miiller-Karpe's division
(1959) she recognized 5 phases of the Urnfield culture in
northern Croatia (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:22). Her work is
based primarily on finds from cemeteries and hoards kept
at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb and other Croatian
museums. For the first time the finds from archaeological
research of cemeteries in Virovitica, Sirova Katalena, and
Zagreb-Vrape were discussed. Her work also provided the
first corpus of hoard finds with a complete list of items
and discovery data, as well as a detailed comparative
and typological analysis of the material. Only finds from
settlements were not discussed in detail, as at the time
settlements were poorly researched. After the publication of
this work, numerous shorter publications followed (VinskiGasparini 1979-1980) in which the author described and
analysed new hoard finds, or provided the results of current
research on the Late Bronze Age in northern Croatia. The
second larger work of synthesis was published in the
Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja series under the title The
Urnfield culture with its Groups (Vinski-Gasparini 1983).
There, a summary of then known results on research of the
Urnfield culture in Croatia and northern Bosnia is given.
Further, new groups of the Urnfield culture are defined, such
as the Virovitica, Zagreb,Velika Gorica and Dalj groups. A
study on a cemetery of the early Urnfield culture at Gredani
(Nova Gradika) was published at about the same time
(Minichreiter 1982-1983), where the author argued for
establishing a new local group. The Greani group differs
from the Virovitica group primarily in the burial rite. A
name of Barice-Gredani became accustomed in literature
for this group of the earlier phase of the Urnfield culture
in the Croatian and Bosnian Posavina region (Sava basin).
TheJJrnfieldCulture in Continental
Croatia
of the samples from Nova Bukovica (Sostaric 2001) gave

new important data on the economy and subsistence of
inhabitants of this site. Alongside research on settlement
sites, cemeteries were also excavated, such as the one at
Moravce near Sesvete (Sokol 1989; 1996) and Drljanovac
(Majnaric-Pandzic 1988; 1994). This research was
important as it included closed grave assemblages, and at
Drljanovac, anthropological analysis was done (Stefancic
1988).
Separate chapters deal with the chronology of hoards,

which are divided into five horizons: horizon I Peklenica,
horizon II - Veliko Nabre, horizon III - Klotar Ivani,
horizon IV - Miljana, and horizon V - Matijevii. As can be
concluded from what has been said, horizons were named
after characteristic hoards of bronze items, while in their
definition the same modern typological and comparative
method was used as for analyses on the Urnfield culture
finds in the Middle Danube Basin. It is important to note
that the analysis of Vinski-Gasparini (1983) included the
material of the Urnfield culture from northern Bosnia in
keeping with the concept of the series. Thus, the area of
spread of this culture is defined and most important sites
mentioned, relative chronological sequence was established,
settlement types and lifestyle, burial customs, material
culture, origins of the Urnfield culture in northern Bosnia
and its relation to other contemporary neighbouring groups
established, while a separate chapter was assigned to the
Donja Dolina settlement, previously discussed in detail by
Marie (1964).
The second larger synthesis was a chapter written by

Majnaric-Pandzic on the Late Bronze Age, published in a
new monograph on prehistoric art in Croatia (Dimitrijevic,
Tezak-Gregl, Majnaric-Pandzic 1998). The emphasis was
on artistic aspects of the Urnfield culture, although some
conclusions on chronology were drawn, and some sites of
the Urnfield culture were analyzed.
The main aim of this book is to provide a synthesis of
all published research on sites of the Urnfield culture in
continental Croatia. In our organization of this book we
have decided to use the basic division into settlements,
cemeteries and hoards. We have concentrated on the
analysis of the material culture following the typologicalcomparative method, while in the analysis of the finds
from hoards a statistical method was used in order to show
frequencies and distribution of certain types of items.
Although the available data is scarce and includes a small
number of sites that have not been excavated sufficiently,
we have tried to obtain as complete a picture on the lifestyle
of the people of the Urnfield culture in Croatia as we could.
We have also tried to get an insight into the economic
activities that were occurring in the settlements. In our
chapter on the settlement finds we have concentrated on the
analysis of material culture and residential structures found
in the settlements at Mackovac-Crisnjevi (early Urnfield
culture) and Kalnik-Igrisce I and II (early and late Urnfield
culture). Chapters on metal production and the appearance
of hoards are linked to the chapter on settlements, as the
assumption is that the production of these items took place
within the Urnfield culture settlements. A wide variety of
types and forms of bronze items found in hoards of the
Urnfield culture in Croatia is indicative of local production
of these items, as well as of a link of this region with other
areas in Pannonia and the Carpathian Basin, as well as with
the whole Middle Danube circle of the Urnfield culture.
Thus, a comparison with sites and finds from Austria,
Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia
was necessary. We have tried to use the most important
contemporary publications that deal with the issue of the
Urnfield culture in Croatia and neighbouring regions,
although such publications were sometimes hard to find in
Croatian libraries.
After the publication of the aforementioned syntheses

(1973, 1983) no such work of synthesis was done on the
Urnfield culture material in Croatian archaeology. Several
publications treat particular sites, mostly hoard finds,
such as Malika, Makovac-Crinjevi, and Sia-Luica
(Balen-Letuni 1985; Karavani, Mihaljevi 2001; Perki,
Lonjak-Dizdar 2005), and significant work is done
on settlement research. The rise in the research is seen
during the 1980s when the excavation of settlements in
northwestern part of Croatia started at the sites such as
Kalnik-Igrie (Majnari-Pandi 1992a; 1998a) and piak
(Pavii 1986/1987; 1993,2001). In the Karlovac region the
important hill fort settlements of Turska kosa near Topusko
(ukovi 1989) and Belaj (Majnari-Pandi 1986) were
excavated. Even before that, the research was done at the
settlement in Novigrad na Savi (Majnari-Pandi 1993;
2000), which provided important data on the settlement
of the area around Slavonski Brod, and connected in a
way the hoard finds and settlement sites. Further research
was done on the settlement site at Makovac-Crinjevi
near Nova Gradika (Karavani et al 2002) that can be
linked to the hoard find of the same name (Karavani,
Mihaljevi 2001). The research on settlements provided
evidence of the existence of local bronze casting activities
(Vrdoljak 1992; Vrdoljak, Forenbaher 1995) and helped
link some of the hoard finds with it. Settlements were
researched further, and as an example of methodological
developments we must mention the research on larger
areas, such as that at Nova Bukovica (Kovaevi 2001),
as well as the use of contemporary methodology used
in natural sciences, including radiometric dating (C-14),
paleobotanical analyses, petrographic analyses, and other
analyses on pottery and stone items. Paleobotanical analysis
2 . URNFIELD CULTURE SETTLEMENTS IN CROATIA

At the time of Vinski-Gasparini's (1973) publication on the
Urnfield culture in northern Croatia, data from systematic
excavations of settlements was almost nonexistent. Only
the finds from Novigrad na Savi, collected by Brunmid
(Brunmid 1899-1900a; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 21)
during the dam construction, from Beli Manastir (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 22:1-7), Bregana (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 22:8-9), Erdut (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 22:1012), and Kiringrad (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 22:13-15)
were known. Thus, at the time it was impossible to draw
conclusions on settlement characteristics and structure. The
emphasis was put on the chronology and cultural affiliation
of items found. For example, it was assumed that the
Novigrad na Savi settlement was inhabited continuously
from the Br C2 to the early Ha B period (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:37). This settlement was explored again in the
1970s (Majnari-Pandi 1993; 2000). Newer research
on the settlements of Urnfield culture in northern Croatia
begun in the 1980s, when excavations in northwestern
Croatia were carried out at the sites of Krievci-Brickyard
(Homen 1982), Sv. Martin near Krievci (Homen 1989)
and the Kalnik-Igrie settlement (Majnari-Pandi 1992a;
1998a). The excavations at the piak hillfort have to be
noted (Pavii 1986/1987; 2001) as this research provided
important data on the settlements of the late phase of the
Urnfield culture at the border with today's Slovenia. South
of the Croatian capital Zagreb, a research was done at the
site of Staro ie-Gradie (Balen-Letuni 1996a), another
settlement of the late phase of the Urnfield culture. The site
of Cerine in Podravina, which dates from the beginning of
the Urnfield culture was excavated at about the same time
(Markovi 1986; 2003). Lately, finds from the site were
partially studied by Kulenovi (2004), who has excavated
the site since 2001. In the 1980s a hillfort site of Belaj
(Majnari-Pandi 1986) as well as Turska kosa i ukovi
1989), were excavated, while the accidental f.r.di fire m
Kiringrad were published by Balen-Letuni < 19
Durr: ;
the late 1980s rescue excavations on the Gradec hill (Gornji

Grad - Upper Town) in Zagreb, at the site of the Convent
of Poor Clares begun. The results of the early excavations
were published by Balen-Letunic (1996a) and MajnaricPandzic (1992b), but the majority of prehistoric finds are
still unpublished. Pavisic (1991; 1992; 1996) published
the finds from the sites around Virovitica, such as GacisteLanici, Spisic-Bukovica and Virovitica-Antunovac. The site
of Bregana Kosovac (Vrdoljak 1996) was excavated in 1996
and it became possible to establish beyond doubt that the
site belonged to the late phase of the Urnfield culture. The
systematic excavations of the Mackovac-Crisnjevi site in
the area of Nova Gradiska in the Posavina region begun in
the following year, and continued until 2003 (Karavanic
et al. 2002). In the Podravina region excavations of the
settlement of Nova Bukovica that begun in 1997 under the
direction of Kornelija Minichreiter (Minichreiter 1997;
1999) are still in progress ( Kovacevic 2001; 2005; 2006;
2007; 2008). At first the site was determined as a Late
Bronze Age cemetery, but later (Kovacevic 2001:64) it was
realized that it was actually a Late Bronze Age settlement.
The excavated surface is the largest one of all systematic
excavations on any settlements of Urnfield culture in
continental Croatia, not counting the rescue excavations.
In 2000 and 2001 a survey of the Suhopolje municipality
(the city of Virovitica) was carried out during which a high
concentration of pottery was discovered at the SuhopoljeLajkovina site (Loznjak, Tkalcec 2001) suggesting the
presence of a Late Bronze Age lowland settlement. For the
first time an intensive systematic survey of the site and its
western zone was done in 2001 using a coordinate grid.
Loznjak-Dizdar (2005) listed all then known settlements
of the cultural groups Virovitica, Barice-Gredani, Zagreb,
and Belegis II in her overview of the settlement patterns
in the Podravina region during the early phase of the Late
Bronze Age.
In the year 2006 systematic excavations of the KalnikIgrisce II settlement were renewed and continue to this day
Croatia
Fig. 1. Map showing major settlement sites of the Urnfield culture in continental
Croatia
1. Novigrad na Savi 2. Makovac-Crinjevi 3. upanja-lajs 4.Slatina-Medinci 5. Gaite-Jasik 6. Zvonimirovo 7. Lipovac-Obre 8. SuhopoljeBjeijevina 9. Suhopolje-Lajkovina 10. Cerine VII IO. Nova Bukovica 11. Rastova Kosa (Orahovica) 12. Gradac (Poega) 13. Papuk (the top of the
Papuk) 14. Pli (Velika) 15. Krievci-Ciglana 16. Kalnik-Igrie 17. Sv. Martin (Krievci) 18. piak (Bojano) 19. Bregana 20. Staro ie-Gradie
21. Kiringrad 22. Belaj 23. Turska Kosa 24. Zagreb-Gradec
(Karavani, Mihaljevi 2001) itself and is listed as the

Makovac II or Makovac-Crinjevi hoard. The second one
was found at Sie (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 95) in 1900
in a partially preserved ceramic pot in a pond south of the
village. It contained 49 bronze items, and dates to phase
III. The third hoard was accidentally found at Dolina na
Savi (Schauer 1974) and later sold and taken to Germany.
Majnari-Pandi (2000:195) considers it to be a smaller
hoard of a votive character. A sword was accidentally found
in 1910 at Dolina na Savi (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 6:13)
near the riverbank. It is dated to the Br B2-C1 period. This
points to the existence of sites from the Middle Bronze Age.
The village of Makovac is situated on the left, Croatian
bank of the river Sava, approximately 15 km south of Nova
Gradika. The site is at the Crinjevi locality lying at the 92
m above the sea level. The village of Makovac is at the 94
m above the sea level, while the rest of the floodplain is at
about 90 m above the sea level.
(Karavani 2007b; 2008). These excavations provided us

with new data on the settlement of the Kalnik area during
the Late Bronze Age as well as of settlement structures of
the time.
As we cannot provide a detailed analysis of all excavated
settlements (fig. 1), including those from the rescue
excavations, as all the results are either incomplete or
unpublished, we will provide a detailed analysis of the
settlements excavated by the author of this book. This
primarily applies to Makovac-Crinjevi, an example of
a settlement from the beginning of the Urnfield culture, as
well as Kalnik-Igrie I and II, with layers from the early
and late phases of the Urnfield culture.
2.2 Settlement Makovac-Crinjevi
The site of Makovac was first mentioned in the literature
at the end of the 19th century when Luka Ili Oriovanin
(1874) informed us that 30 bronze items with a total of
12 pounds in weight were found at the Klupko locality in
1869. Pieces of weapons and tools are mentioned. This
hoard was later published by Vinski-Gasparini (1973: T.
73) under the name of the Makovac hoard, while we list
it as the Makovac I hoard. It is dated to phase II of the
Urnfield culture in northern Croatia. The hoard was given
as a present to the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb before
the year 1880, and no further data on the circumstances of
the find exists. Some items are lost. It allegedly contained
37 bronze objects (Karavani et al. 2002:47). Three
additional hoards are known from the Nova Gradika
region. One comes from the site of Makovac-Crinjevi
Several localities where the remains of the Late Bronze

Age pottery were found are in the vicinity, and at one site
Celtic coins were found. Two sites are close by, Glaviica
where the burial mounds are located, and the Late Bronze
Age settlement of Babine Grede. Two tores have been
found at the latter site, one twisted, made of iron, and
one with incised decorations, made of bronze. A hoard
containing bronze items (Schauer 1974) was found at the
locality of Krevine at Babine Grede, between the villages
of Makovac and Dolina na Savi. Opposite Makovac, a
village of Makovac is situated on the Bosnian side of river
Sava. There, another hoard containing bronze items was
discovered (Fiala 1899). A well known site of Donja Dolina
Urnfield Culture Settlements in Croatia
Mackovac-Crisnjevi
M 1:50
SU 17
SU 19 (hearth)
Fig. 2 Part of the house floor" (SU 017) with the remains of a hearth (SU 019) (drawing by A. Kudelic)
Stratigraphy
(Truhelka 1904; Marie 1964) is also nearby. In the vicinity

of Okucani a cemetery of the early Urnfield culture was
investigated at Gredani (Bajir locality) (Minichreiter 19821983; 1984), while closeby a Late Bronze Age settlement
was found. At the bank of the Sava river, where the
channel Veliki Strug reaches the river Sava, a pile dwelling
settlement was discovered at the Suse locality. Accidental
finds from this site were collected and are held at the Nova
Gradiska Municipal Museum.
Three separate layers could be determined at the site of

Mackovac-Crisnjevi. A surface layer (SU 001) is very dark
grey coloured humus (Munsell 2.5Y 3/1). In it the remains
of wattle and daub are occasionally found. This layer is
disturbed to the depth of 30 to 50 cm by ploughing. Below,
a dark, almost black argillaceous layer is found (SU 002).
This is a cultural layer and contains a lot of daub, pottery
and charcoal, deposited outside the settlement structures,
or above them. The colour is very dark grey (Munsell 2.5Y
3/1). The base layer 003 contains a lot of animal bones
and charcoal. Crisnjevi did not yield house floors in the
proper sense, but only smaller hearths that sometimes
overlay a layer of yellow stamped clay. This is seen in all
the excavated trenches, and is best seen in the trench from
the year 2001 when below the SU 002 a yellow clay layer
about 15 cm deep and a hearth above it were found (fig.
2), as well as numerous clusters of pottery pieces and daub
fragments (fig. 3)
In 1985 during ploughing at the Crisnjevi locality, a number

of bronze items were found (Karavanic, Mihaljevic 2001)
and given to the Nova Gradiska Municipal Museum. This
discovery led to the first test excavation of the site in 1997,
when 50 square meters were excavated. The excavations
established the stratigraphy and cultural affiliation of the
site. The settlement was provisionally dated between 13th
and 11th cent. BC (Vrdoljak 1997; Vrdoljak, Mihaljevic
2000). The excavations continued in the following seasons
until the year 2003 when a cemetery that can be connected
to the settlement was found. It was important to excavate
both sites in order to get a more complete picture of life at
Crisnjevi near the village of Mackovac. A total of about 500
m 2 of settlement has been excavated so far.
A larger group of ceramic vessels was found in trench

1/1998. (fig. 4) of which some could be reconstructed (PI.
4:1-2). Most open air hearths were found in 2002 when the
excavated surface of 102 m2 yielded numerous pottery finds,
The J J r n f i e l d Culture in Continental
Croatia
Fig. 3 Clusters of pottery found in trench from 2001 at Mackovac-Crisnjevi
site (photo by M. Mihaljevic)
Fig. 4 Cluster of ceramic vessels in situ (trench 1998/1) at Mackovac-Crisnj evi site (photo by S. Karavanic)
6
Fig. 5 Ground plan of hearth 1 (SU 006) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi
site (drawing by M. Perkic)
animal bones, daub, and other items of ceramics (spindle

whorls and weights) and stone (polishers and stone flakes).
In trench 1/2001 the aforementioned hearth (SU 019) was

found. It was also made of ceramic fragments (fig. 7).
Already in the first excavation seasons in 1997 and 1998 a

hearth was found (SU 006) (fig. 5), oval in layout, with two
layers of clay smear 20 cm thick (fig. 6).
It was situated on a layer of yellow stamped clay that may

have been partially burned, therefore suggesting several
smaller open-air fireplaces. The clay layer (SU 017)
could be a product of some type of levelling in order to
create an area for production within the settlement (e.g.
food production, pottery production, production of stone
and metal objects). Very few items were found in the clay
layer, mostly daub and ceramic fragments. The layer was
light olive brown (Munsell 2.5Y 5/6). Similar hearths
were found in the trench from 2002 year when a total of
102 square meters were excavated. Two light olive brown
layers (Munsell 2.5Y 5/6) were found, presumably floors
of above ground dwellings. Several hearths were found
above the layers. A floor with an open air hearth (SU 025)
was discovered in squares N-P 7/8. It was uncovered only
partially as it spreads southwards.
Its western side was damaged by ploughing. Above

the hearth (fig. 6) was a collapsed layer (SU 004) with
numerous daub and hearth fragments, as well as the remains
of a ceramic vessel (P1.4:3), a part of a bronze ingot and a
clay nozzle (tuyere) (Karavanic 2006: si. 4, si. 5). Outside
the hearth a cultural layer with the remains of daub, pottery,
animal bones, and bronze items was found in a semicircle
around the hearth, defining an area where a production of
some kind (in this case possibly metallurgical) was carried
out.
In the year 2000 additionally two hearths were found in the
excavation trench no. 1.
The second floor is spread over the whole eastern part of

the excavated area and contains as much as six hearths (SU
029, 048, 055, 064, 065, 066), some of which (e.g. 029 and
048) have multiple layers of stamped clay. In the northern
part of the 2002 trench a larger hearth was found (SU 028)
They were made of the pottery fragments and clay surface

layer 2-3 cm thick, and were partially disturbed by
ploughing.
A10
A9
liiil
smm
V.'
A8
. '
Croatia
A7
-;.'..;;
jllllplmllll
WiMjiiBM
11! u r n
I ' I SU 1
ill
3U2
P77771 su 3
ES
SU 4
H i
I
sue
Pottery
\r **l Wattle and Daub
Fig. 6 Cross-section of hearth 1 (SU 006) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi
Fig. 7 Hearth (SU 019) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi

8
site (drawing by M. Perkic)
site (photo by S. Karavanic)
Mackovac-Crisnjevi
2002.
M 1:10
10 20 30 U0 t
Fig. 8 Drawing of a hearth (SU 028) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi
built on a base made of pottery7 fragments and broken stones

(fig. 8).
site (drawing by K.
Jelincic)
a layer of clay several centimeters thick. Several thick

clusters of pottery, most likely discarded as refuse, were
once again found between the floors.
At the SU 003 level, several post holes 40-50 cm in

diameter were found, most likely the remains of the
above-ground houses, although it is possible that houses
on piles, like those at Novigrad na Savi, were also used
(Majnaric-Pandzic 1993). Several smaller refuse pits were
found nearby.
Pottery finds
Pottery finds are the most numerous items found at the
Mackovac-Crisnjevi site. So far, typological and statistic
analysis of the finds was done only on the finds from the
1997 season (Kalafatic 2002). Based on this analysis, a
table of types was done (fig. 9).
In 2003 an area of 96 square meters was excavated, adjacent

to the 2002 trench, in order to define structures discovered
during the previous season. Thus, a yellow clay floor level
was unearthed in full (SU 024), as well as a hearth over it
(SU 025). The floor layer was pierced through by a post
hole 50 cm in diameter (Mihaljevic, Kalafatic 2004:40).
Nearby, a larger pot that was partially buried in SU 003
and an additional post hole were found. All three post holes
fit into the pattern of similar post holes found during the
previous excavation season. Two separate dwellings could
be reconstructed. As they are partially overlapping, they
were not contemporary. In the second half of the excavated
area, another floor layer was found (SU 085) on which
several open hearths were found. One of them had several
smears (Mihaljevic, Kalafatic 2004: si. 2). Three hearths
were poorly preserved, but it could be determined that all
were constructed from ceramic fragments smeared with
The types of pots found at Mackovac are found on a wide

area and within several cultural groups of the Urnfield
culture. These are mostly pots with a rounded body and
everted rim, with one or two strap handles below the rim,
defined as types A3b-e (see fig. 9). One such pot with two
handles and decorated with a plastic stripe with fingerprints
is seen on PI. 1:7. It has analogies in a pot with a single
handle from grave 8 from Vors-Papkert (Honti 1993:
Abb. 1:7). At Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement, a similar pot
was described as A3b type, represented by three finds,
and ascribed to the earlier settlement horizon at Igrisce
(Vrdoljak 1994: T. 3:2). At Oloris-Dolnji Lakos settlement
such vessel type with a single or two handles is found in
layer 4 (Dular et al. 2002: T. 10:11), and in pit 308 (with
a somewhat more rounded body) (Dular et al. 2002: T.
23:3), and is most similar in shape to the pot with a single

strap handle and decorated with a plastic rib, found in the
ceramic items from the P-307 hearth (Dular et al. 2002: T.
27:1). Pots with facetted and everted rim of type A5a that
are common at the nearby settlement of Novigrad na Savi
(Majnaric-Pandzic 1993; 2002) as well as Kalnik Igrisce I
are absent at Mackovac-Crisnjevi, which is understandable
considering the earlier date of the pottery from Mackovac.
A base part of the pot with a grape shaped" ornament was
also found at Mackovac (PI. 3:4). Based on this and some
other elements, Covic, in his analysis of the Laminci site,
dated it to the Early Bronze Age and suggested ties with the
Hatvan culture (Covic 1983:65-70, T. 1). A similar ornament
is found on a fragment from Kalnik-Igrisce I (Vrdoljak
1994: T. 32:1) as well as at the Vors-Papkert cemetery
(Honti 1993: Abb. 1:2). A bowl with a single handle was
found at a Middle Bronze Age site of Retznei in Austrian
Styria (Schrettle, Tsironi 2007: T. 2:8). Such decoration is
also present at the Gelsesziget site in Transdanubia, within
the Tumulus culture (Horvath 1994:226, T. 5:3).
Croatia
flattened rim are present at the site. Such conical bowls

are found at Oloris (Dular et al. 2002: T. 2:9, T. 7:6),
and a number of them were found in pit 309 (Dular et
al. 2002:4-8,10). Some of them had a flattened rim in the
shape of a letter T. A bowl of B3b type was found at
Kalnik (Vrdoljak 1994: T. 23:1). Similar vessels are found
at Austrian sites of the Middle and the beginning of the Late
Bronze Age, e.g. at the sites of Pichling (Tiefengraber 2007:
Abb. 11), and Lodersdorf (Jilg 2007: fig. 4:4-5). Mackovac
yielded another variant of bowl, with a rough surface, thick
walls and straight rim with a horn-like ornament (PL 3:2).
Such bowls, albeit of much finer quality, are found at Kalnik
(Vrdoljak 1994: T. 20:3), while such decoration is found
on only one bowl from Oloris (Dular et al. 2002: T. 18:3).
This type of decoration is most common in the pre-Caka
and Caka cultures at the end of the Middle and beginning
of the Late Bronze Age (Paulik 1966). This is therefore
an element that can definitely be linked to the Carpathian
region and its Middle Bronze Age milieu. It is interesting
that we can see its influences as fas as Austria, where such
decorative motif is found at fragments characteristic of the
Retznei-Freidorf I horizon (Tiefengraber 2007: Abb. 15),
which can be linked to the Maisbirbaum-Zochor horizon
in Lower Austria. Rihovsky (1982:17: 42) recognizes them
Bowls are represented by a much wider variety of forms.

Several types of bowls with a rounded body and straight
(B3a-b, B3e) or, in one case, everted (B3d) and horizontally
10
UrnfieldCulture Settlements in Croatia
as an element of the Tumulus culture that is transferred to

the early phase of the Urnfield culture, Blucina-Kopcany
horizon. In Transdanubia these elements can be found at
the sites of the early Urnfield culture and Patek dates them
to between Br C and Ha C periods (Patek 1968:102). She
considers them a type transferred from the Tumulus culture
(Patek 1968: T. 1, T. 6). Bowls with an inverted rim come
in two variants: the one with a turban shaped" rim (B3f),
and the one with a facetted rim (B3g). Bowls with a turban
shaped" rim appear from the middle of Ha A period, they
are most common in Ha B, but also can be found in Ha
C (Patek 1968:102). In Bosnia, they can be found within
the so-called hillfort pottery until the end of the Early Iron
Age. At Mackovac they are a rare find and appear only
exceptionally in the lower layer. They are more abundant
in the Nova Bukovica settlement (Kovacevic 2001: T. 3).
Only several bowls with a facetted rim have been found at
Mackovac, all in the uppermost ground layer (Karavanic et
al. 2002:53). A biconical bowl with an everted rim is also
very rare at Mackovac (type B4) and is found in the early
Urnfield culture with analogies at Kalnik (Vrdoljak 1994:
T. 15:1) and at the Baierdorf cemetery (Lochner 1986: T.
1; Lochncr 1991: T. 1-12).
Most characteristic vessel type at Mackovac are bowls on

a foot (PL 1:8, PL 2:14; Karavanic 2007c: fig. 2:1). They
are commonly found in all cultural groups at the beginning
of the Urnfield culture, and are particularly characteristic
of the Virovitica and Barice-Gredani groups. At Gredani,
such vessels are found in graves 4 (Minichreiter 19821983: T. 3:2), 8 (Minichreiter 1982-1983: T. 4), 11 and 14
(Minichreiter 1982-1983: T. 5), and other graves. Bowls on
a foot are also found at the Drljanovac cemetery (MajnariPandi 1988; 1994). In some of the graves at Greani,
miniature bowls are found as grave goods. Such vessels
arc also found at the Makovac-Crinjevi setlement (Pl.
2:1-12), which nicely links grave and settlement pottery
types of the Gredani group.
Deeper bowls with a rounded body (type B5a) (PI. 1:12,4-6, PI. 4:2,4) or with a slightly biconical body (type
B5b) (PI. 1:3, PI. 4:1,3) represent more than a third of all
bowls found at Mackovac (season 1997) and are the most
distinctive vessel type at the site. All are fired in reducing
atmosphere with either a single or with two strap handles,
and a shallow groove between the body and neck. They
often have nipple-like oval ornaments that are surrounded
with a groove. Some bowls have a combination of nipples
and incised ornaments, such as a bowl on PL 5:1. Incised
decoration is commonly found on fragments from the
2002 season and can be linked to the Middle Bronze Age
pottery of the Tumulus culture. Similar ornaments are found
in Transdanubia, in the Balatonmagyard-Hidvgpuszta
settlement of the Tumulus culture, dated to the Br C
period (Horvth 1994: T. 3:1-3,6), and in the Gelsesziget
settlement from the Br C period (Horvth 1994: T. 4:7, T.
6:2-6), where they sometimes have the so-called stamped
decoration. An example of stamped concentric circles was
found at Mackovac (PL 3:5). The most common decoration
are nipples with or without a groove, and are either circular
(Pl. 3:1), or oval in form (PL 1:6; Karavanic 2007c: fig.
3:1-2). The latter are quite characteristic of the Mackovac
pottery and are not found at cemeteries and settlements
of the Virovitica group. A fragment of a vessel rim had a
nipple-like protuberance on its outside surface (Pl. 3:6).
60% of the types of nipple-like ornaments were found in SU
002 (Kalafatic 2002:18), while the other 40% come from
SU 003 of trench 1/1997. No fluted fragments are found
there. At Mackovac cork-likedecoration is also present
(Pl. 1:8) or plastic ribs that form various compositions.
Cork-like decoration is seen on as many as 12 fragments
from SU 002 (Kalafatic 2002).
Metal items
Other ceramic items have been found at Mackovac in

addition to pottery vessels, such as spindle whorls and
loom weights. Spindle whorls come in a variety of forms
and sizes, although most common are slightly biconical
undecorated ones, rounded or spherical. Among loom
weights, worthy of mention are large pyramidal weights.
They were used for weaving on a vertical loom and they are
a proof of weaving activities in the settlement.
The most important metal find from the Makovac-Crinjevi

settlement was discovered even before the excavations
started. It consists of a hoard of bronze objects, discovered
close to the trenches excavated in 1997 and 1998 (fig. 10).
The hoard (fig. 11) was found accidentally in 1985 during
field work, and published and analyzed in detail (Karavanic,
Mihaljevi 2001). It dates to phase II, which is probably
the time when the Crinjevi settlement ceased to exist. It is
a proof of a developed metal production in the settlement,
described in the chapter on metal production of the Urnfield
culture in Croatia.
Other metal items were found during the systematic
excavations between 1997 and 2003. These are mostly
various pin types, found complete or in fragments, which
makes it difficult to ascertain the precise type. In 1997 a
completely preserved pin with a biconical head and incised
decoration on its neck (fig. 12:1) was found. After Rihovsky
(1979:116-121) these are pins with a biconical head, which
are, like the pins with a globular head, a form that is present
for a longer period and thus not the best to base the dating
on. Another such pin was found in 2001. A sewing needle
with a loop was found in 1997 (fig. 12:2), also a form that
was used throughout the whole Urnfied culture. The pins
were found near hearth 1 (SU 006) which most likely had a
function in the metal production, as suggested by the finds
of a clay nozzle (tuyere) and an ingot (Karavanic 2006).
The remaining metal items found nearby were discarded
broken pins of undetermined types (fig. 12:3-6). In 1997 a
fragment of a bronze sheet was accidentally found on the
surface level, decorated with punching and with a metal
11
Fig. 10 Cadastral map of the settlement Mackovac-Crisnjevi
nugget (fig. 12:7), most likely copper and possibly tin, in

its middle part, which would point to bronze casting activity
at the site. Tin deposits in Bosnia have been discussed by
Durman (1997). The bronze sheet fragment could have been
a part of the aforementioned hoard, as it was found near the
trench 1/1997 together with a decorated belt or belt fitting
(fig- 62:2)
Croatia
with the position of the hoardfind marked as a black point
a globular head (fig. 13), which was, same as the neck,

decorated with incised horizontal lines.
These large pins are generally dated to the end of the
Middle Bronze Age and to the so-called transitional
period from the Tumulus culture after Rihovsky (1961).
Analogies are found in the contemporary sites such as
Blucina Cezavy (Rihovsky 1961: fig. 4:16), where pins
have thickened necks, like the one from the Peklenica
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 20:5). In our opinion,
based on analogies with other Croatian sites, the pins were
produced in local workshops. A pin that is similar to this
In the following excavation seasons other metal objects

were found, most of which are pins. An important find is a
large bronze pin (PI. 4:5) of about 30 cm in length. It had
12
Fig. 11 Hoard Mackovac II or Mackovac-Crisnjevi
one (fig. 13) was accidentally found in Slavonski Brod

(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 19:4), the centre of an area that
yielded a number of bronze hoards found in the settlements
of the local Barice-Gredani group. Pins of same stylistic
and chronological characteristics have been found at Ilok
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 19:1-2), Bogdanovci (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 19:3), and Sisak (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 19:10-11). The pins from Ilok and Sisak are listed on the
map of the sites as well as in the chart and are included in
the so-called group of pins with hatched decoration on the
neck (Nadel mit schraffiertem Feldermuster auf dem Hals)
in the publication of the burial mound from Zurndorf in
Austria (Helgert 1995: Abb. 9, tabelle 1), where the finds
from the southern part of the Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Burgenland, western Hungary, northern Croatia and Bosnia
are mentioned. We can ascribe the pins from Mackovac
to the same group. During the 2001 season at MackovacCrisnjevi another larger pin decorated with incisions on the
neck and head was found. Incisions are somewhat deeper
than usual and the decorated motif is plastic, giving the
effect of twisted decoration (fig. 14). The pin is similar
to that from Ilok (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 19:1; Helgert
1995: Abb. 10:12)
(photo by M. Mihaljevic)
(Mohnkopfnadeln) found within the inventory of MiillerKarpe's (1959) Br D period and belong to the final phase
of the Middle Bronze Age. Later occurrence of the violin
bow fibulae is a sign of new times in which a change in
clothing, as well as the decoration and fastening of clothes
is seen. It is assumed that the pin from the burial mound
at Zurndorf was used to decorate the deceased's covering
(Helgert 1995:226). However, it is possible that these pins
were used to decorate and fasten a cloak or shawl made
of cloth or possibly fur, judging by the dimensions of the
pins. In any case, they were in use for a long time, from Br
C2 to Ha A1 period, and were most abundant during the
Br D period in western Hungary and Burgenland (Helgert
1995:229).
The rest of the pins from Mackovac are smaller
in dimensions, like the so-called club-shaped pin
(Keulenkopfnadel) (fig. 15:2), which was widespread during
the Br D/Ha A1 periods. Recently these pins were listed and
mapped by Loznjak-Dizdar (2005:28, map 4). It can be seen
that these pins appear in cemeteries as well as in settlements
and hoards from Croatia. Loznjak-Dizdar (2005:28) pointed
out that the situation in Croatia is different than in Serbia,
where pins are found mostly in hoards, while in Croatia
they are more abundant in graves. On the figure 15:3 a pin
with a nail-like head is shown. It can be dated to the early
These pins can be linked to the so called baroque-like

decoration, like the ones with a poppy-shaped head
13
The Urnfield Cidture in Continental Croatia
Fig. 13 Bronze pin found in trench 2/2000 at Mackovac-Crisnjevi
Fig. 14 Pin from the 2001 trench at Mackovac-Crisnjevi
phase of Br C period, with analogies in numerous sites of

the Tumulus culture. One such pin was found accidentally at
the Virovitica cemetery (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 10:10),
which encouraged Terzan (1995) to argue that the Virovitica
group begins during the Br B2/C1 period. Finally, a pin
with a slightly biconical head and twisted neck was found
in 2002 (fig. 15:1). It has analogies in the accidental find
from Strize in central Serbia (Vasic 2003: T. 21:302). It was
included within the group of pins with a globular head and
twisted neck, although the head form is actually biconical.
Vasic (2003:58) argues that no conclusions regarding
chronology can be made based on this, but on the basis of
analogies with the Cruceni find from Romania, these pins
are dated to the Belegis II or Ha A1 period.
site (photo by D. Doracic)
site (photo by D. Doracic)
of the pieces have cortex and the cores were found, points
to in situ tool production. Blade fragments, a complete
blade and cores for blade production suggest that the blade
production technique was used in the Late Bronze Age
(Kulenovic 1999). This is interesting if we compare it with
the Hungarian Late Bronze Age settlement at Nemetbany
where we have no evidence that such technique was still in
use at that time (Biro 1996).
Alongside stone, mammal bones were also used for tool
production. Three ulnae and one cattle metatarsal bone were
shaped into sharp tools with handles (most likely piercing
tools) while an additional metatarsal bone of capra/ovis
was ground and has a nicely pierced hole on its proximal
shaft end (pers. comm. Dr. Dejana Brajkovic and Kazimir
Miculinic).
At Crisnjevi a fragment of a hair ring was also found

(fig. 15:4), pointing to a great variety of metal jewellery
(Mihaljevic, Kalafatic 2004:41).
Economy
A preliminary faunal analysis by D. Brajkovic and K.
Miculinic on the material discovered in 1997 shows that
domesticated animals that dominate the sample (92,8%)
were cattle (domestic cattle, sheep and goat, pig), i.e.
animals that could be used for various activities and
economic needs. Domestic cattle is represented by all age
Lithics and bone tools

The lithic material consists of debitage and defined artefact
types, and almost entirely (with the exception of a single
item found in a refuse pit) comes from cultural layers. Raw
material used is silex of various colours. The fact that some
15
The Urnfield Cidture in Continental
Croatia
Fig. 16 A wiew of the Kalnik hill from the south, the site is marked by an arrow (photo by S. Karavani)
reference to the location of the Old town Veliki Kalnik and

other structures in its vicinity. At the base of Mount Kalnik
a large plain with numerous contemporary settlements and
villages can be seen.
groups (from infant to old age, and fetal remains were

also present) indicating that cattle was used for both work
activities and food. Domesticated animals are represented
by 2,2%, while the hunting activities could not be accurately
measured. Remains of wild animals such as wolf and jackal
were also found. Among rare animals that are not included
in the class Mammalia, we have to mention remains of fish.
A very large catfish was found in layer 002, and another
large fish that could not be taxonomically determined in
layer 003 (pers. comm. Dr. Maja Paunovic), all suggesting
fishing activity. It can be argued that the remains of fish
would have been more numerous if the sediment had been
dry- and wet-sieved. Rarely, bird bones were found, such as
the remains of two wild ducks and one pintail (pers. comm.
Dr.Vesna Malez).
The excavations at Kalnik concentrated on two localities,

or cadastral plots. The first systematic excavations were
conducted between 1987 and 1990 at the cadastral plot no.
40, while recent research, still in progress, were conducted
on the cadastral plot no. 233. owned by Croatian forest
management company Hrvatske ume.
The first finds from Kalnik were listed in the inventory book
of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, and come from
the Sv. Petar Orehovec municipality, located at the base of
Mount Kalnik. A sickle, a spearhead, and two pins were
found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:180, T. 93:13-17)
Basic economic activities of the inhabitants of Mackovac

were farming and animal husbandry, with the addition of
fishing, while hunting cannot be assessed based on current
data. Metal items and clay nozzle suggest developed bronze
casting activity at the site (Karavanic 2006).
During the 1980s research on the Late Bronze Age sites

in the Krievci area intensified. At the site of Ciglana
(Brickyard) in Krievci a rescue excavation was carried
out (Homen 1982), which resulted in the discovery of a Late
Bronze Age settlement that most likely had a metallurgical
workshop. In 1988 locals from the village of Sv. Martin
near Krievci found a hoard containing grindstones during
ploughing. Later excavations confirmed the existence of
a settlement from the late phase of the Urnfield culture in
Croatia (Homen 1989:15).
2.3 Settlement Kalnik-Igrisce I

Kalnik-Igrisce settlement is located on the southern slopes
of the Kalnik hill (fig. 16) at about 500 m above sea level.
Aerial photograph (fig. 17) shows the location of the site in
17
Croatia
Site Kalraik-lgrisce
WMM
Fig. 17 Aerial photo
of Kalnik
and surrounding
area (modified
by A.
Kudetic)
Fig. 18 Ground plan of the excavated area at Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after Majnaric-Pandzic
18
1992a)
The excavations at the site of Igrie on Mount Kalnik

started in 1987 under the direction of Zoran Homen,
archaeologist at the Krievci Municipal Museum (Homen
1988). After realizing the importance of the site, he
organized a joint systematic excavation in collaboration
with the Department of Archaeology at the Faculty of
Phylosophy in Zagreb (Prof. Nives Majnari-Pandi).
These excavations continued until 1990. Of the material
found during excavations thus far a detailed analysis of
pottery (Vrdoljak 1994), moulds (Vrdoljak 1992; Vrdoljak,
Forenbaher 1995) and metal items (Majnari-Pandi
1992a; 1998a) has been done. Here we present an overview
of the results with an emphasis on certain ceramic types
that shift the beginning of the settlement on this locality to
the early phase of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia,
corresponding to Br C/D period.
Stratigraphy and settlement
A second line of holes starts at hearth 1 and extends to

the excavation squares B3 and C4 at the southern part
of the trench. It is possible that houses made of wooden
posts and floors of burned clay existed at these terraces,
and that hearths lay between them, thus forming an area
where the everyday activities, possibly related to metal
production, were carried out (Majnaric-Pandzic 1992a).
These structures discovered during the first excavation
seasons of the Kalnik-Igrisce site were located on terraces
of sorts. It is therefore possible that hearths 1 and 2 were
located on a single, larger terrace, on which also hearths 3
and 7 may have been situated, while hearth 5 was located
on another, lower terrace. The latter hearth was organized
near a larger rock that could have been a border part of the
lower terrace. So far no evidence of a wall that formed a
border of terraces was found and it is more likely that the
terraces were formed on the natural configuration of the
terrain with naturally occuring rocks or rock formations
as their border lines. Recent excavations at Kalnik (20062008) confirmed that such artificial structures existed during
the late La Tene period.
structure
The excavations at Kalnik-Igrie I (1987-1990) followed

the arbitrary method, meaning that instead of following
the stratigraphy, spits around 20 cm deep were dug, and
the material was collected according to the relative depths
and spits. The closed units, such as pits, post holes and
hearth remains were documented separately. The map of
the excavated area showing structures found was published
at several occasions (Majnari-Pandi 1992a; 1998a;
Vrdoljak, Forenbacher 1995). It reveals the remains of
seven hearths made of burnt clay (fig. 18).
Pottery finds
During the early 1990s a detailed analysis of the pottery
finds from the Kalnik-Igrisce I locality was done. It was
published in a paper by Vrdoljak (1994) and here we briefly
discuss the results, as well as some new conclusions made
in recent years.
The surface of about 100 m 2 was excavated. The best

preserved were hearths 1 and 2, of which the uppper parts
were constructed from burnt clay, while the base was made
of pottery fragments. Hearth 2 had slightly raised ends,
suggesting some type of additional construction, or border,
but this cannot be proved with certainty. It is likely that
these were open-air hearths, same as hearths 3 to 7. In
addition to hearths 1 and 2, hearth 5 was well preserved,
also with its upper part made of burnt clay, while its lower
part was constructed from small pieces of limestone.
Numerous fragments of casting moulds and slag were
found near this hearth, suggesting that it had a role in the
process of metal production. As for hearths 3, 4, 6 and 7,
due to their damaged state it was hard to tell whether some
were actually the remains of a single hearth, e.g. in the
case of hearths marked as 6 and 4, respectively. Hearth 7 is
somewhat better preserved and similar in form to hearths 1
and 2. As smaller post holes around 20 to 30 cm in diameter
were found near the hearth remains, it is possible that what
we are seeing are in fact remains of the house floor surfaces,
as suggested previously by Prof. Nives Majnari-Pandi.
However, it is important to note that no remains of wood, or
significant quantities of daub that would prove the existence
of house structures were discovered. The post holes form
a line that connects hearths 3 and 7 and the southwestern
part of the excavated surface and it may have been a part of
a larger house structure. Due to relatively small excavated
surface, we cannot make a clear ground plan of dwellings.
A total of 12959 fragments, 8305 of which were undecorated

and could not be identified on the basis of form, were
collected. Of the rest of fragments (4564 or 56%) a total of
336 fragments could be ascribed to a particular basic vessel
form with certainty. 601 fragments were of vessel base, 492
were handle fragments, 1843 rim fragments, while 1832
fragments were decorated.
After the database was created, a statistical analysis with
SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was done.
Through the use of cross tables a frequency of individual
variables was established, as well as average values and
standard deviations for numerical values.
We based our typological classification after Shepard's
(1956) work, one of the first that included technological
analysis in description and classification of pottery. Besides
the stylistic and typological properties, she has included
a technological approach through the analysis of raw
material properties (clay), the technique of shaping, surface
finishing, and decoration. Only through such integrated
approach a ceramic type could be defined.
In the descriptive analysis of pottery, basic parts of the
vessel, such as rim or mouth, neck, shoulder, lower part,
and the base were noted. These parts were defined on
the basis of characteristic outline or contour points. The
authors of the numerical code for the Moravian Painted
19
Ware (Podborsky at al. 1977) believe that the parts of the

vessel can be recognized on the basis of the change in the
curvature along the vessel profile, as it curves from the base
to the rim. The advantage of this system is in the objective
way of assigning parts to a particular part of the vessel,
avoiding the subjective interpretation. This is especially
helpful when parts are not broken at the neck, but gradually
slopes into the body. In descriptive analysis we must know
exactly with which part of the vessel we are dealing with in
order to assess the width, height, or the decorative element.
Besides these basic morphological parts, other vessel parts
include the so-called secondary forms, such as handles,
modified parts of the rim (e.g. spouts), legs, lids, etc.
These parts were produced separately and later added to the
vessel (Rye 1981:62). On handles we also find functionaldecorative forms (horn-shaped handles, loops, nipples) that
are added to the vessel surface, or were formed through
modification of the vessel walls.
Another important problem is to determine a standardized
terminology for forms and classification thereof. Several
approaches can be used in order to study vessel forms, such
as functional, esthetic, and taxonomic (Shepard 1956:224).
Vessel's function was the first to be noted by people, as
the functions tell us something about the way the vessels
were used, or about the customs of the people that used
it. However, the relation between shape and function is
seldom unique. Sometimes different forms were used for
the same purpose, and on the other hand vessels of the
same form could have been used in different activities. The
result of this was a highly varied and uneven terminology
for description of shape. Comparison of prehistoric vessel
forms with the forms of vessels in use today is the main
reason that wc use terms such as pot, bowl, or cup (Shepard
1956:224). In archaeological literature we find terms such
as urn, pithos, etc. that inform us about the function of
a specific vessel, but tell us nothing about its form, the
most important element in any comparative study. An urn
can come in the form of a pot, but also in the form of a
bowl. The term ' 'pithos"" is commonly used in writings
on prehistory to describe a larger vessel used for food
storage. Careful observation confirms that there is indeed
a great variety of forms, dimensions, and decorations, not
always belonging to a pithos in the strict sense of the term.
Descriptive terms often have different meanings in distinct
ceramic assemblages and cannot stand alone as terms for the
description of the shape. Sometimes classificatory attempts
and attempts in nomenclature standardization concentrated
on groups of terms more than they did on the systematic
study of characteristics of vessel forms. Therefore Shepard
(1956) in her analysis and classification of vessel forms
used a geometric principle, concentrating on proportions
and vessel outline. This approach is useful in drawing, as
well as in description and classification. The points that
describe the outline on which our eye concentrates are
noted, of which four basic, most characteristic points can
be distignuished: curve end points on the base and on the
Croatia
top, corner points, vertical tangent, and inflection points. It

is on the basis of these points that the vessel dimensions are
determined (Vrdoljak 1994:10).
This was the underlying theoretical basis for our database
of Kalnik pottery (excavations 1988-1990). Before the
database was created, all data on pottery was divided into
several basic groups that contained individual variables
and values. The first group contains basic data on the site,
trench and square, depth and layer where the fragment was
found. The second group consists of morphological data
that include description of basic properties, shape, and
variant of a vessel, as well as descriptions of rim, handles
and base of a vessel. The third group consists of descriptive
data on decoration technique, the location of the decoration
of a specific part of the vessel, and the most common
decorative motifs. The fourth group consists of metric
data, such as dimensions of individual vessel fragments and
their thickness. The fifth group consists of technological
variables such as colour of the inside and outside surfaces,
finishing of the inside and outside surfaces, colour of the
cross-section, firing atmosphere and pottery hardness.
A total of 33 variables were determined on the basis of
the aforementioned data. The number (1), site (2), trench
(3), square (4), depth (5) and layer (6) belong to the basic
group. In the morphological group we have defined six
variables: functional form of a vessel (7), shape based on
the outline (8), variant (9), rim (10), base (11), and handle
(12). Within the group that describes decoration we defined
the decorative technique (13), the position of the decoration
(14), and decorative motifs (15). Metric variables include
the rim width (16), neck width (17), shoulder width (18),
and base width (19), the height of the rim or mouth (20),
neck height (21), shoulder height (22), height of the lower
part (23), and total vessel height (24), and finally, the wall
thickness (25). Technological variables include the colour
of the outside surface (26), colour of the inside surface
(27), colour of the cross-section (28), firing atmosphere
(29), finishing of the outside surface (30), finishing of the
inside surface (31), and hardness (32). The variable 33 is
for various notes. Each variable has a value range that was
numerically or alphabetically coded in order to allow for
data computer processing.
Basic criteria for classification were vessel's functional
form, shape based on the number and type of characteristic
points in the vessels outline, and the variant, based on the
overall dimensions, technique, and decorative motifs,
as well as secondary features (e.g. foot, handle, rim
modification) (Vrdoljak 1994:15).
Based on all of this a table of types was obtained (fig. 19) in
which we can see that the type defined as A3 are pots with
a rounded body, with two end points on the base and the
top, and a single vertical tangent point at the place of the
widest diameter. Variants a-e are distinguished.
Pots with cylindrical necks are marked as type A5 and have
20
Fig. 19 Table of pottery types from the Kalnik-lgrisce I site (after S. Olic s drawing, modified by M. Gregl)
an outline that has two end points at rim and base, one point
marking its vertical tangent at the widest place and one
point that marks the transition from the body to the neck.
These vessels come in two variants, a and b.
B3 type is a bowl with a rounded body that has two end

points at its rim and base and one point that marks its
vertical tangent at the widest diameter. It is represented by
5 variants (a-e).
Pots with an S-profile of the body are marked as type A6

and have two points at rim and base, two points marking
the vertical tangent and one point that marks the transition
from body to the neck. They come in 7 variants (a-f).
B4 type is a bowl with a biconical body that has two end

points in the outline that mark the rim and one corner point
at the widest diameter.
Bowls with a cylindrical body are defined as B5 type, with
two end points that mark the rim and the base, one point
that marks the vertical tangent at the place of the widest
diameter of the body and one point that is usually situated
at the place where the body and neck meet. It comes in
variants a-e.
The functional forms of bowls at Kalnik are marked as types

B2, B3, B4, B5 i B6 (fig. 19). B2 type has an outline with
one point at its rim and one point that marks the vertical
tangent at the widest diameter. The base is rounded making
it impossible to say where it starts and ends. This type is
represented with only two finds.
Bowls with an S-profiled body are represented with type
21
Croatia
0
III
5
I I
Fig. 21 Examples of vessels of type C5a from Kalnik-lgrisce I

settlement (after Vrdoljak 1994)
Fig. 20 Table of cup andjar types at Kalnik-lgrisce I (after S.
Olic s drawing modified by M. Gregl)
Statistical analysis showed that the most abundant types

are A5a and C5b (Vrdoljak 1994: fig. 9, fig. 11), i.e. the pot
with a cylindrical body and the biconical cup. The most
common bowl types are bowls with a rounded body, types
B3d and B3c (Vrdoljak 1994: fig. 10).
B6, which has two points at the rim and at the base, two
points that mark the vertical tangent and one point that
marks the body to neck transition. These vessels come in
7 variants (a-g).
The most common decoration is faceting (558; 40,4%),

followed by impressed decoration (395; 28,6%) and
application (390; 28,2%), often appearing together on a
single fragment. 170 fragments (12,3% of all decorated
fragments) are decorated with fluting. Other decorative
techniques appear much more rarely. Thus barbotine is seen
on 90 fragments (6,5%), grooving on 35 (2,5%), incision
on 38 (2,7%), decoration with a comb-like instrument 22
(1,6%), and modeling on 27 (2%) (Vrdoljak 1994:23, fig.
12).
Cups and jars are shown in the separate table of types

(fig. 20).
The functional forms of cups are represented at Kalnik with
CI, C5, and C6 types. CI type has two end points marking
the rim and the base. Two variants, a and b, are present.
C5 type are cups with a biconical body that have two end
points that mark the rim and the base, one point that marks
the tangent, and one corner point. These also come in two
variants, a and b. Cups with S-profiled body are marked
as C6 type and have two points that mark the base and the
rim, two that mark the tangent, and one point of inflexion.
Only jars with a cylindrical body are present and marked
as D5 type. This type has two end points that mark the rim
and the base, one point of the vertical tangent at the place
of the widest diameter and one point where the neck turns
to shoulder of the vessel.
All the aforementioned decorative techniques and types

have been analyzed separately and put in the context of
the Umfield culture in the Middle Danube Basin (Vrdoljak
1994). However, the view on the early horizon of the Late
Bronze Age settlement at Kalnik has somewhat changed.
Here we discuss some of the types of pots, bowls and cups
that can be dated to the beginning of the Urnfield culture.
22
One of the most significant finds are cups with a handle that
does not extend over the rim, defined by Vrdoljak (1994)
as C5a type (fig. 21). These are biconical cups that are the
most characteristic cup type in the early Urnfield culture in
the Middle Danube region. We can follow their typological
and chronological development from the developed Middle
Bronze Age, i.e from the Tumulus culture.
type that can confirm the earlier date of the Kalnik-Igrie I

settlement is the bowl of B6c type (fig. 19), most commonly
found at the Virovitica cemetery (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
8:2,9, T. 9:3, T. 10:3,4), but also at contemporary cemeteries
at Sirova Katalena (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 14:4), Mala
Pupelica (Majnari-Pandi 1988: T. 2:1), and in grave 7 at
Morave near Sesvete (Sokol 1989: fig. 2 and 3).
Some authors note that the typologically earlier variants

have the body decorated with nipple-like ornaments,
the decoration not seen on later variants. This type of
decoration, as well as the placement of handle at the rim,
can be dated to the Br D period (Patek 1968:105). At the
end of Br D, and in the Ha A1 period, the handle rises
above the rim and often has a triangular cross-section.
This form is defined at Kalnik-Igrisce as C5b. During the
typological development, especially from the middle of
the Ha A period, the biconical form of the body becomes
more rounded, while the handles increasingly acquire the
shape of a strap (Patek 1968:106). The oldest forms of
these cups are found in the late Tumulus culture. In the
Maisbirbaum pottery hoard, dated to the Middle Bronze
Age Br C period, a number of cups with biconical bodies
and omphalos-bases with strap handles situated at the rim,
have been found (Doneus 1991: fig. 8:1-3; fig. 13:1; fig.
14:1-3; fig. 15:1-3; fig. 16:1; Neugebaurer 1994: fig. 89-90).
These cups are typical for the developed Middle Danubian
Tumulus culture (Doneus 1991:125,127). They are found
in numerous hoards that contain pottery from the Tumulus
culture in Lower Austria, such as Kronstorf (Pittioni
1954: fig. 273:3-5) and Schrattenberg (Eibner 1969: fig.
2:3-8), in Moravia at Lednica (Rihovsky 1982: T. 10:28, T. 11:2,4,7,11-13; Palatova, Salas 2002: T. 4:1-6,8,9),
Kopcany (Rihovsky 1982: T. 68:4-7), Zelesice (Maresova
1965: fig. 4:6,13), the pottery hoard from Moravsky Pisek
(Palatova, Salas 2002: T. 7A: 1-7,9), Stary Liskovec I and II
(Palatova, Salas 2002: T. 15A: 4-12, T. 15B:l-5), as well as
within the western Bohemian Tumulus culture (CujanovaJilkova 1970: fig. 3:2).
These bowls are used in large numbers as urns at cemeteries

under tumuli of the Gredani group at Perkovci, Vranovci,
Oriovac, Slavonska Poega, Grabarje, Gornja Bukovica,
and the largest one, in Greani (Minichreiter 1982-1983:7).
The most similar to the one from Kalnik is a bowl from
the grave 67 at Greani (Minichreiter 1982-1983: T. 17:1),
which belongs to the urns of the first type according to the
typology of Minichreiter (fig. 38). Analogies from Slovenia
can be seen at the Dolnji Lako settlement (Horvat-avel
1989: T. 3:2). In Dular et al. (2002: Abb. 8) type S10 is
the most similar one, described as a shallow bowl with an
everted rim and characteristic biconical profile. They were
fired in oxidizing atmosphere and can have rough or smooth
surface (Dular et al. 2002:154). One of these vessels was
found in pit 309 (Dular et al. 2002: Abb. 18:3).
Two bowls of B6f type (fig. 22) have been found at
Kalnik. These are similar in form to B6d and B6e types,
but it was distinguished as a separate variant based on the
characteristic decoration in the form of wide horizontal
facets on the body.
An almost identical vessel was found at the Slovenian
settlement at Oloris-Dolnji Lako (in the hearth or kiln
marked as P-308) (Dular et al. 2002: T. 25:3). Interestingly,
the bowl of B6f type at Kalnik was also found at the base
of a hearth and forms a closed find with it. The kiln at
Oloris is located at the northwestern corner of square 308
and was partially damaged by ploughing (Dular et.al. 2002:
Abb. 15-17). It comes in the form of a cluster of daub, and
many daub fragments exhibited traces of wood. Dular et al.
(2002:37) stated that the edges of the kiln had imprints of
larger branches, while the middle of the kiln's surface had
imprints of sticks. It is assumed that the kiln was domed,
while the opening could have been on the southwestern
side. Inside, fragments of vessels, bowls and pots, as well
as pyramidal weights, have been found (Dular et.al 2002:
T. 24-25).
This type of cups is also found in Slovenia, at the settlement

at RabelcjaVas in Styria (pit 100) (Strmcnik-Gulic 1989:
T. 2:1-2), an in the Dolnji Lakos settlement (Horvat-Savel
1989: T. 5:2,6; Dular et al. 2002: T. 19:9,10) (pit 309).
During this transitional horizon of Br C/D period, the finds
from northern Croatia are ascribed to the 1st phase of the
Urnfield culture of northern Coratia, or to the Virovitica
group. The most numerous finds come from the Virovitica
cemetery according to which the phase was defined (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 7:3, T. 9:6, T. 10:6). The vessels have
the same form as the C5a type from Kalnik, albeit with a
higher foot, an element that connects them to the forms seen
within the Tumulus culture. Accidental finds from Gaciste
near Virovitica (Pavisic 1992: T. 5:7), burial finds from
the Drljanovac cemetery near Bjelovar (Majnaric-Pandzic
1988: si. 3), and the finds from Mala Pupelica (MajnaricPandzic 1988: si. 4:1) confirm this date. Another vessel
Interestingly, one such bowl of B6f type was found in

grave 60 at Greani (Minichreiter 1982-1983: T. 16:grave
60:2) with a body decorated with a single, wide facet. In
addition to the small vessel, another deeper bowl with a
straight rim and a single handle was found which, according
to Minichreiter, belongs to the urns of type three. The
same type of vessel was found in grave 7 at Perkovci
(Minichreiter 1982-1983: T. 21:grave 7:1).
A fragment of a bowl with an everted rim in the form of
small horns is similar to this type of bowl (fig. 22:2). The
23
The JJrnfield Culture in Continental
Croatia
Danubian Tumulus culture. A pot quite simiar to the one

from Kalnik was found at the Freidorf am Sulmtal site
(Bernhard 2007: T. 7:3). Czech and Slovak scholars use the
term amphora" for this type of vessel, although in the Late
Bronze Age it has no handles. Vessels for which this term
is more appropriate are the smaller vessels from the Middle
Bronze Age with high cylindrical or funnel-shaped necks
and flat rim, which sometimes have two handles at the
place where the neck meets the body, with bodies decorated
with nipple-like ornaments that are surrounded by grooves.
Rihovsky (1958:80) states that this type of vessel is found
in a wider time range starting from the Middle Bronze Age,
until the Early Iron Age, and within various cultural groups.
We can look for the origin of the Velatice amphorae
within the Maisbirbaum phase of the Middle Danubian
group of Tumulus culture. One such amphora was found in
the Maisbirbaum pottery hoard, although it was decorated
with incised triangles (Neugebauer 1994: fig. 91:9). Except
in the Maisbirbaum phase, the earlier examples can be seen
in the incipient phase of the Mistelbach-Regelsbrunn group
of the Tumulus culture, in grave 2 from Wetzleinsdorf in
Lower Austria (Neugebauer 1994: fig. 81:1). Here we have
a seal-headed pin (Petschaftkopfnadel) and a hole in the
neck that is dated to the Br B1 period. A similar piece, dated
to the same time, was found at the Franzhausen II cemetery
(Neugebauer 1994: fig. 82:8,9).
A characteristic form of the pot of the A3c type was found
at the Velem St. Vid settlement, on the floor of house 27
(Bandi & Fekete 1984: fig. 17), dated to the Br D/Ha A1
period.
Fig. 22 Bowls of B6f type from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement

Vrdoljak 1994)
However, such pots are found much earlier, during the

Tumulus culture at Slovenian sites of Oloris near Dolnji
Lakos (Horvat-Savel 1989: T. 1:2), and Rabelcja Vas
(Strmcnik-Gulic 1989: T. 3:3). In Austrian Styria, a onehandle variant is found at the site of Retznei (Schrettle,
Tsironi 2007: T. 2:8). A similar type is found at the
Franzhausen Mitte cemetery, in the cremation burial 851
(Naugebauer 1994: Abb. 83:129), while a pot with
two handles comes from grave 793 from the same site
(Neugebauer 1994: Abb. 83:17), alongside a cup with a
single handle decorated with a nipple-like ornament.
(after
bowl had a nicely polished, reddish surface. The outward

curvature of the rim above the strap handle has similarities
to the bowl with a cylindrical neck from grave 3 from
Balatonmagyarod-Hidvegpuszta (Horvath 1994: Abb.
13:1). This again confirms the ties of the Kalnik settlement
with sites in Transdanubia. Partially inverted rim in the
shape of horns" is found on another shallow bowl with
very thin walls from Kalnik (Vrdoljak 1994: T. 20:3)
Afind of the top part of a pot (Vrdoljak 1994: T. 14:1) with

a straight rim and two strap handles that extend from the
rim was found in the earlier horizon at Kalnik-Igrisce. The
vessel has a short, funnel-shaped neck and most likely a
rounded body.
There are other types of bowls and pots that can be ascribed
to the early Urnfield culture. One of these is A5b type (fig.
19), with the basic form similar to A5a type, but much
larger and possibly serving as pithos. The pot most likely
had four strap handles at the neck to shoulder transition,
and is similar to a pot from Brodski Stupnik, dated to the
phase I of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia (VinskiGasparini 1973:46,T. 17:11). Apot (Vrdoljak 1994: T. 13:2)
is similar to the pot-amphora type found in the Tumulus
culture. These pots in a way predate those of A5a type,
which have cylindrical necks, but are dated to the Middle
Analogies for this type of vessel can be seen in the finds

from pit 309 at the Oloris Dolnji- Lakos settlement (Dular
et al. 2002: T. 16:1-3). One vessel without handles was
also found inside kiln P-307 at the same site (Dular et al.
2002: T. 26:6), and another in square 309 (Dular et al. 2002:
T. 57:6). This type of pots is found in pit B at Vorwald in
Austria (Schamberger 2007: T. 6:24,26).
24
Figure 23:1 shows a fragment of a vessel decorated with a

nipple-like ornament and plastic ribs. It has direct analogies
to the finds form the Vors-Papkert cemetery (Honti 1993:
Abb. 1:2) where it is found alongside bowls of B6c type
(Honti 1993: Abb. 1:1) and cups of C5a type (Honti
1993: Abb. 1:4). In the earlier horizon of the same site,
the same smaller pots as those of A3c type from Kalnik
have been found (Honti 1993: Abb. 1:5,7). This is a further
confirmation of a link between Kalnik and sites in western
Transdanubia. On figure 23:2 a fragment of a cylindrical
neck decorated with incised hanging triangles and horizontal
everted rim decorated with numerous channels, can be seen.
The neck form is reminiscent of the younger phases, but the
fabric of the fragment is completely different to the other
pots of A5a type. It has a high concentration of calcite.
The decorated horizontally everted rim is quite similar to
some of the finds from Oloris (Dular et al. 2002: T. 1:1,3,
T. 23:18, T. 47:6-7).
1
.1/i
<
Most authors (Vinski-Gasparini 1973; Rihovsky 1961)

argue that the Virovitica, Zagreb, and Baierdorf-Velatice
groups developed locally and argue that a continuum can
be seen. This comes to the fore in Dular et al. (2002) where
the term Virovitica II is introduced for the Zagreb group.
However, Vinski-Gasparini (1973; 1983) argues for a strong
Baierdorf-Velatice influence in the Zagreb group and in
the phase II of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia.
Vinski-Gasparini (1973:24) emphasizes that the Urnfield
culture of northern Croatia is based on the Middle Bronze
Age cultures of the Middle Danube region. However, the
Middle Bronze Age of the western group of Urnfield culture
in the region between rivers Sava, Drava and Danube is
poorly known, and Vinski-Gasparini (1973:38) bases her
conclusion on the origins of the phase I in northern Croatia
on the research of the final phases of the Middle Bronze
Age and the incipient phases of the Late Bronze Age in
Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. She
based her comparison on the material from the excavations
at the Virovitica and Sirova Katalena cemeteries, which she
dated to the Br C/Br D periods. This is at the same time the
approximate time of the duration of phase I of the Urnfield
culture in northern Croatia (late Br C and earlier BrD; or
the end of the 14th century B.C. to about year 1230 B.C.).
Fig. 23 Vessels from Kalnik-Igrie I settlement (after Vrdoljak

1994)
starts (Vinski-Gasparini 1983:552), and recently LonjakDizdar (2005) lists and maps the sites of the Virovitica,
Barice-Gredani, and Belegi groups reflecting the current
state of the research in Croatia.
In her 1983 paper, Vinski-Gasparini states that the western
border of the group are the Kalnik and Medvednica
mountains. Today, sites on the other side of the Kalnik
mountain are also known, such as the grave from Lepoglava
in the Varadin region (imek 2003). Further, traditions
of the Middle Bronze Age and the Virovitica group are
also seen at the Kalnik settlement. However, we have to
acknowledge that besides the obvious influences of the
Virovitica group, close ties with the early Urnfield culture
from western Transdanubia are apparent in ceramic styles at
Kalnik , especially with the group near Lake Balaton. Ties
with Transdanubia are also apparent in later Ha A and Ha
B periods, (especially with the Velem Szentvid settlement).
In a more recent synthesis on the Urnfield culture in northern

Croatia and its groups, Vinski-Gasparini (1983) uses the
term Virovitica group, named after the aforementioned
cemetery. Vinski-Gasparini (1983:552) states that this is
a recently named group that was defined on the basis of
the results of the excavations at the sites of Virovitica and
Sirova Katalena. Interestingly, she mentions the recent
excavations at the sites of Moravce and Gredani in her
discussion of the distribution area of this group, assuming
the Virovitica group spreads further to the south. Only later
and based on the different burial rites the Gredani group
was rightfully defined as a separate entity (Minichreiter
1982-1983). The eastern border of the Virovitica group
according to Vinski-Gasparini is where the Belegis I group
Vinski-Gasparini (1973; 1983), like other authors that at

25
TheJJrnfieldCulture in Continental Croatia
around that time study the origins of the Urnfield culture

and its first phase (as well as the Virovitica group), argued
for and developed a theory of the independent local
development from the cultures of the Middle Bronze Age.
This is best seen on the Moravian material, as shown by
J. Rihovsky (1961; 1963). His investigations are of great
importance for research on the Urnfield culture in northern
Croatia, as they provided a wide variety of types and forms
of both grave and settlement pottery finds. Based on the
typological development of pottery, but also of metal
objects, Rihovsky (1961) recognized a separate horizon at
Blucina, which he called a mixed cultural horizon in an
attempt to decipher the origins of the Urnfield culture in
the Middle Danube region. As the whole Middle Danube
region was a single cultural entity during the time of the
Tumulus culture, Rihovsky argued for similar unity in later
times and suggested a single name of the Middle Danubian
Urnfield culture for all cultures of the area during the Late
Bronze Age. Common forms of the developed Tumulus
culture alongside the forms that indicate the Urnfield culture
clearly show a cultural continuity in this region. As the
site of Cezavy-Blucina is located at the southern border of
the Lausitz region, Lausitz types were expected to appear,
although they are present in small quantities. Rihovsky
(1961) thus provided a truly strong argument for the theory
of local development of the Urnfield culture and disproved
the older theory about the migration of the Lausitz culture
strongly argued for by Pittioni (1954). In 1963 Rihovsky
developed an elaborate division of the Velatice culture and
within this framework he included all the published finds
from Lower Austria, Burgenland, northwestern Hungary
and southwestern Slovakia. First, he gave a summary of
the known results of excavations and a review of the older
publications in which the theory of migration of the bearers
of the Lausitz group southwards is argued for. However, in
contrast to Austrian research which continued in the same
direction, in Moravia it was already realized at the time that
some of the forms cannot be ascribed to the Lausitz group.
In contrast with what was argued in his 1961 publication,
Rihovsky (1963) recognized a separate transitional horizon
between the Tumulus culture and the Velatice culture
and dated it to the Br C/D period, i.e. somewhat earlier
than the Br D period of southern Germany. In it he did not
recognize any significant changes going on that could be
ascribed to Holste's horizon of foreign groups, but saw it
as a time in which the forms of the developed Tumulus
culture are found alongside later forms, although at the time
the Urnfield culture did not yet exist. This is seen in both
pottery and metal objects. A similarity in the burial practices
in the beginning of the Velatice group with the rites of the
Tumulus culture at Slovakian sites such as Ockov and
Caka also suggest continuity (Paulik 1962; Tocik, Paulik
1960). In Austria, this horizon is much harder to define. The
only finds that could be seen as supporting this are those
from Leobersdorf (Berg 1957) and Herzogenburg (Pittioni
1954; Neugebauer 1994). This would correspond to the
Pre-Caka horizon in Slovakia, or the Pre-Velatice horizon
of the Caka type (Paulik 1963). Koszegi (1960) tried to
26
argue that the Tumulus culture existed in Hungary until the

Ha A1 period, which was subsequently supported by Patek
(1968) and other Hungarian authors, who emphasized the
importance of the Ha A period during which the elements
that resulted in the formation of the Val group started to
appear. A definite division of the Velatice group was done by
Rihovsky (1979), recognizing several phases: the incipient
or Blucina-Kopcany phase, older, or Baierdorf-Velatice
phase, developed, or Velatice-Okov, and younger, or
Oblekovice phase. He also used this division in his 1982
paper.
This was the basis on which Vinski-Gasparini (1973; 1983)
based her conclusions on the origins of the Virovitica and
Zagreb groups. However, unlike in the Virovitica group,
where continuity with the Middle Bronze Age is seen, there
are disagreements among authors regarding the origins of
the Zagreb group. At several occasions Vinski-Gasparini
(1983:557) stated that the beginning of the Zagreb group is
clearly marked by the expansion of the Baierdorf horizon,
especially its younger, Grossmugl phase, which corresponds
with the Ha A1 period (Muller-Karpe 1959:101,103).This
penetration happened near the end of the Br D period, when
a cultural group with new elements formed on the Virovitica
substrate. According to Vinski-Gasparini (1983:567)
the term Baierdorf-Velatice is used for culturally similar
manifestations, while the chronology needs to be revised.
Although Vinski-Gasparini (1983:570) used the terms such
as intrusion and expansion, she continued to emphasize the
importance of continuity, especially for the early phase of
the Zagreb group, when the assimilation of elements of
the Virovitica and Baierdorf-Velatice groups was taking
place. She saw this as a result of cultural, but also ethnic
movements from the edges of the eastern Alpine region,
or the upper part of the Middle Danube region to the south
and southeast. This is best documented at Kalnik-Igrie.
However, before we get into the arguments for this, we
need to look back to the sites that have both elements
of the Virovitica and the Zagreb group. One such site is
Drljanovac, discussed by Vinski-Gasparini (1983:570) as
a site of the early phase of the Zagreb group, in which urns
with fluted body and cylindrical neck, as well as shallow
bowls with tunnel-like handles, reminiscent of those from
the Baierdorf cemetery, but also forms with elements of the
Virovitica group (grave 4), and those of the Ha A1 period,
are found. This way of thinking was further argued in detail
in her publications of the Drljanovac material by MajnariPandi (1988; 1994) who argued (1994:52) that graves 5,
6, 11-13 are of the Virovitica group, graves 2, 3 and 8 of
the Zagreb group, while in grave 4 elements of both groups
are seen. In her paper Majnari-Pandi (1988) argued for
mixing of elements of both groups in grave 2. Although
the cemetery at Drljanovac is commonly ascribed to the
Zagreb group in the literature (Vinski-Gasparini 1983),
Majnari-Pandi (1994:45) emphasized that most of the
graves are of the Virovitica group, as shown by the burial
rites typical of that group. One of the arguments is that there
made of metal. We can clearly see that the handles imitate

their metal counterparts, and even the holes, reminiscent
of rivets, are seen.
are no bowls on foot and smaller bowls alongside urns in

the graves of the Zagreb group.
Dular et al. (2002) argue for the duration of the Virovitica
group into the Ha A l period, and introduce the terms
Virovitica I and Virovitica II group. In a monograph on
the Oloris Dolnji Lako settlement (Dular et al. 2002)
an overview of the material of similar groups from the
neighbouring regions, including Croatia has been done.
Here, conclusions on the duration of the Virovitica group
are drawn. Dular et al. (2002:205) see the beginnings of
the Virovitica group during the Br C period, and its ending
during the middle of the Ha Al period. Vinski-Gasparini
(1973), on the other hand, placed the ending of the group
at the end of the Br D period and connected this with the
penetration of the Baierdorf-Velatice group. Dular et al.
(2002:205) note that within the Virovitica group certain
elements that are characteristic for the phase II are seen,
such as club-shaped pin (Keulenkopfnadel), and the pin
with a flattened fluted head, typical for the hoards of phase
II in northern Croatia (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 10:11,15).
Analyses of the material from graves at Drljanovac are used
as an argument for the duration of the Virovitica group into
the Ha A period. Dular et al. (2002:205) recognize two
chronological phases: an early, Virovitica group phase,
and a late phase in which fluted vessels are found. Fluted
decoration on pottery is also recognized by Turk (1996:118)
who argues that it alone cannot be a proof of the intrusion
of the Baierdorf-Velatice group. Dular et al. (2002:205,
si. 40:5-7) note grave 2 at the Zagreb-Vrape cemetery
for the elements of both Virovitica and Zagreb groups.
An interesting amphora-like vessel, decorated with wide,
sloping fluting on the entire body surface is also found.
However, all the conclusions based on the appearance
of fluting or facetting on vessels of the Virovitica group
can be linked to the changes that are happening at the
time, although they are more apparent and reach their
peak within the changes during the end of Br D and in
the Ha A l periods. We believe that at that time certain
changes in the style of decoration of pottery and metal
items can be seen. Analysis of pottery finds from KalnikIgrie I clearly showed this (Vrdoljak 1994). Typological
classification and statistical analysis confirmed that besides
the aforementioned elements of the Virovitica group, and
the Transdanubian elements of the Br C and D periods, at
Kalnik-Igrie I there is a domination of the types of vessels
and decorative elements that are characteristic of the Ha
A l period. These are first and foremost cups of the C5b
type, characteristic of the Velatice culture and found in the
urn grave Velatice I (Rihovsky 1958), dated on the basis
of the sword of the Lipovka type into the Ha A l period.
These cups represent 74,6% of all cups at Kalnik, and on
a surface of mere 100 square meters, 47 such cups were
found. A technological analysis of pottery showed that they
had a fine fabric, polished surface and thin walls. It can be
said that this pottery is reflecting its metal counterparts. A
proof of this is seen in one ceramic bucket that MajnariPandi (1992a: T. 3) links to the bucket of the Kurd type,
27
Early Ha A l period is a time when a domination of

metal items is seen, both in hoards, as well as in local
workshops in settlements. One such workshop existed at
Kalnik (Majnaric-Pandzic 1992a; Vrdoljak 1992; Vrdoljak,
Forenbaher 1995), with links with centres in western
Transdanubia, Moravia and Lower Austria. That Kalnik had
links with the sites of Velem Szent Vid and Cezavy-Blucina
can be seen in both pottery elements and metal objects.
Another vessel type that is characteristic for the Ha A period
is a pot of the A5a type (a pot with a cylindrical neck and
horizontally everted and faceted rim). 29 such pots have
been found, or 30,2% of all pots (Vrdoljak 1994:16, si.
9). Most (15) have a horizontally everted rim and straight
base. Only two have undecorated strap handles, one on each
side of the pot, in addition to functional and decorative
forms. The colour is dark grey or black while firing was
done in reduced atmosphere. The surface was burnished
with hardness 4 (hard pottery). Most common decoration
is faceting on rim, fluted decoration, and in only one case,
incised decoration on the base pan of a vessel.
The case with bowls is similar. The most common bowl
is of the B3d type (80 bowls, or 52 % of a total number
ow bowls, or 60,2 % of the bowls of type 3). Most of the
bowls are decorated with faceting on rim and shoulder, then
fluting, grooving, while on only one bowl we see decoration
with a comb-like object (Vrdoljak 1994:18, si. 10). Bowls
have thin walls and are mostly black or dark grey. Other
types of decorations are also present. Statistical analysis
at Kalnik showed that most of the ceramic bowls were
decorated with faceting (Vrdoljak 1994: si. 12).
If we compare the results with other settlements in the
region, particularly with the results of statistical and
typological analysis of the Oloris material, significant
differences are seen. Although they do not discuss
percentages, Dular et al. (2002:159, si. 11) note that
fluted decoration and faceting are very rare while the
most common decoration is application, which comes in
several variants and in different compositions (Dular et al.
2002:155).
It can be seen that some of the pottery types at Kalnik
point to the beginnings of settlement during the time of
the Virovitica group, but most of the finds, both of metal
and pottery, reflect the Ha A period and the Zagreb group.
The results of absolute dating of Kalnik settlement are in
agreement with the Virovitica group (Z-2161:2980-+70 b.p.,
or 1307-1062 BC; Z-2163:289+-90 b.p. NS 1251-921 BC,
l a ; Srdoc et al. 1992, 158-159). The rest of the dates from
the seasons 1988-1990 are somewhat younger (Z-2162;
2650+-60 b.p.; 832-794 BC; Z-2160; 2540+-60 b.p.; 797539 BC).
Majnari-Pandi (1992a: T. 4:2) published the find of

a flame-shaped spearhead from the unknown locality at
Kalnik. It is similar to the one from the Archaeological
Museum in Zagreb that is dated to the Ha A period. Such
spearheads are commonly found in hoards of the second
phase, such as Budinina (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
77:21).
Certain decorative elements point to the Ha B period, and

are shown in a publication by Vrdoljak (1994:T.34). No
change in stratigraphic sequence could be seen, therefore
the appearance of these types is most likely due to erosion
from another place. One such locality was discovered
during the 2006-2008 seasons of the excavations at Kalnik.
Metal items
The third group of metal objects from Kalnik-Igrie I was

found during systematic excavations between 1987 and
1990 (Majnari-Pandi 1992a).
Several groups of bronze objects have been found at Kalnik.

As noted, some have been given to the Archaeological
Museum in Zagreb as accidental finds, and published by
Vinski-Gasparini (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 93:13-16).
Objects include a sickle, spear head, and two pins, all
dated to the phase III, or the Ha A2 period, based on the
pins with a bulb-shaped head (Kolbenkopfnadel) (VinskiGasparini 1973:136). It is unclear whether these finds were
found in a grave, hoard, or settlement due to the lack of
information on the circumstances of discovery. The sickle
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 93:13) is a typical form found
in the early phase of the Urnfield culture, a functional form
that changed very little over time, and most variants are
determined on the basis of decorative elements. It is often
found in hoards and settlements and proves there was a
developed farming activity in the Kalnik region (Karavani
2005b:6). Some have suggested that farming was mostly
done by women, therefore it is possible that the pins were
also a part of the women's attire. The pins are quite long
and used for decoration and binding of lighter pieces of
clothing. They were decorated with incision using special
tools after casting. It is possible that iron tools were used in
this phase of production (Bouzek 1978). Bouzek (1978) was
able to show the use of bronze or iron tools for decoration
of pins. Harding (2000:227) agrees that iron tools were used
during periods Ha A2 and B1.
All of the bronze items found during the systematic

excavations of the Igrie site were discovered near open
hearths. Seven such hearths, three of which were intact,
were found during the three excavations seasons. Near the
hearth 5 (fig. 18 ) several mould fragments and remnants of
slag were found. We have discussed moulds in detail in the
chapter on metal production. The majority of metal objects
consists of pins and needles (Majnari-Pandi 1992a:59).
These are mostly undecorated and have an elongated
eye (fig. 24:5,9; fig. 25:3,5,16). Novotna (1980:166-168)
notes several different variants of such pins, based on
technological characteristics, that are dependant on the
material for which they were used, e.g. the type of cloth,
hide, or fur. These types of pins are almost impossible to
date without the archaeological context (Majnari-Pandi
1992a:59). The pins from Kalnik belong to the second
group of sewing pins that have either oval or rhomboidal
eye situated far from the pin top. The pin (fig. 24:9) is
strongly curved, either intentionaly, or as a result of
accidental damage. Novotna (1980) considers this group
of simple pins as an older one. Such pins are commonly
found at settlements of the Velatice and Chotin groups, and
sometimes in female graves. This type of pin is neither
geographically nor culturally limited (Majnari-Pandi
1992a:59). Such pins are found in settlements, as in the
case of Makovac-Crinjevi (fig. 12:2). At Kalnik most pins
are found in fragments that could not be securely dated
or ascribed to a certain type (fig. 24:11-14; fig. 25:7-8).
Majnari-Pandi (1992a: 5 9) assumes that some of the
finds (fig. 24:6-7) may have belonged to club-shaped pins,
the most common type at Igrie (fig. 24:1,2,8; fig. 25:4,15).
This type of pins was discussed by Novotna (1980). She
recognized two variants, a decorated and non-decorated
one, although some authors do not recognize them as a
separate type but believe that they are a result of the
fixing of the pins with damaged heads. Majnari-Pandi
(1992a:59) does not accept such explanation, and rightly
so. She points out that the simplicity of their manufacture
could have made them quite affordable and thus resulting in
their widespread use. They are commonly found at graves
in Slovakia (Novotna 1980), and Serbia (Vasi 2003), while
in Croatia they mostly come from hoards. This, though,
could be a result of the fact that not many graves of the
early Urnfield culture in Croatia have been excavated. It is
assumed that in Panonnia and the Carpathian Basin there
were some regional variants that most likely depend on the
An accidental find of the spearhead from the Kalnik region

(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 93:15) is a typical example of
the so-called flame-shaped spearhead that is characteristic
of the early Urnfield culture.
The second group of bronze objects was found during the
construction works in the area of the so-called Wilhelm's
house (fig. 25:13,15-16). Two pins were found, one of them
with a fluted head (fig. 25:13). This pin has analogies in
hoard finds of the Urnfield culture from the Posavina region
around Slavonski Brod, such as at the Poljanci I hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 48:13). A similar pin comes
from the Ciglana (Brickyard) site in Krievci (Homen 1982:
T. 2:1).
A sickle was found during the works on the Old Town at
Kalnik (Majnari-Pandi 1992a: T. 4:3). It is similar to the
one at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. The front part
of the blade is broken, and no special decoration is seen.
The same site yielded a necklace decorated with incisions
(Majnari-Pandi 1992a: T. 3:1).
28
Urnfield Culture Settlements
in
Croatia
Fig. 24 Metal items fi-om Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after Majnaric-Pandzic
29
1998a)
The Urnfield Cidture in Continental
Croatia
state of research of certain types of sites. It appears that pin

shapes and type of decoration have no chronological value,
as there are numerous closed finds in which different types
of club-shaped pins are found (Majnari-Pandi 1992a:60).
This type of pin is common at the Transdanubian settlement
ofVelemszentvid (Rihovsky 1983: T. 13), which is another
element that connects this site with Kalnik.
The second type of pin that was found at Kalnik Igrie
during 1987-1990 excavations is the one with a flattened
spherical head (fig. 24:3) with its analogies in the find from
the Bonjaci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 30A:13) on
which smaller flutings are present at the base of the head, as
well as with the finds from Gornja Vrba (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 51:19) and Brodski Varo (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 52:33-34). We, however, believe these pins are
somewhat different, based on the channeling below the
head. Majnari-Pandi (1992a:60) acknowledges analogies
with pins from Veliko Nabre and Poljanci I hoards, but
these pins are of the type with proper fluted heads that
differ from the one from Kalnik, which is much simpler in
decoration and head form. The pin from Kalnik looks like
an unfinished pin of the flattened head type that is typical
for the hoards of the earlier phase of the Urnfield culture
in southern Pannonia. An interesting form of the pin is that
with a flattened biconical head and knots on the neck (fig.
24:4) for which it was noted to be of the so called type with
the Czech prominence (Majnari-Pandi 1992a:60), in
which the head is cast separately and later added to the
body of the pin. The pin from Kalnik was cast in one piece
and is smaller than those from Germany. Majnari-Pandi
(1992a: 60-61) searches for its analogies in the Pannonian
Danube region. Rihovsky (1979) recognizes four variants
of these pins, and the one from Kalnik would fit into the
Platenice type. Rihovsky (1979) dates them to the Bluina
and Hrubice horizons, or to the beginnings of the Urnfield
culture. Similar pins with knots on the neck have been
found at the Donja Dolina settlement (Mari 1964: T. 1:67) one at the settlement at Greda, and another one as
an accidental grave find. Both are dated to between 1200
and 800 BC. No analogies are found at the Urnfield sites
in Croatia. At Kalnik, a pin with a biconical head was also
found (fig. 25:6) a type that is quite widespread:'
Majnari-Pandi (fig. 25:12-14) lists pins that were
previously published by Homen (1987) after the excavation
at Igrie. Among the types found we must mention the
Velemszentvid type (fig. 25:12). It is a type that Rihovsky
(1983:20) defines as Knotennadeln, easily recognized by
the knots on the neck that come in the biconical or rounded
variant. In western Hungary only the Velemszentvid type
is found. This type, unlike the pins found in Moravia and
southeastern Alpine region where only knots are decorated,
has also decorated zones between the knots. Rihovsky
(1983:20) recognizes several variants of the Velemszentvid
type, based on the head form: a variant with a small platelike head, a variant with a biconical head, and one with a
thickened, club-shaped head. The pin from Kalnik is most
similar to the variant with a biconical head, found at the

Velemszentvid settlement, possibly in a hoard (Rihovsky
1983: T. 7:102). Majnaric-Pandzic (1992a:61) writes that
the pin from Kalnik has a somewhat rounder head and the
first knot, while the second knot is more emphasized and
richly profilated. At the Slovenian site of Dobova near
Brezice, a pin was found in grave 90 (Stare 1975: T. 16:11).
The pin is of the variant with a plate-like head and knots
with modest decoration. In the same grave, a bowl with a
thickened and inverted and faceted rim, a deeper bowl, and
a vessel with a hole, were found. Based on this bowl with
faceted rim, the grave can be dated to the earlier phase of
the Urnfield culture, although Dular (1978) argues that it
belongs to the early phase of the Velika Gorica group. The
pins from Dobova and Kalnik complete our knowledge on
the distribution of these types of pins in southern Pannonia.
At a pile-dwelling settlement at Donja Dolina (Marie 1964)
numerous pins have been found, one of which could be of
the Velemszentvid type. This pin is most similar to the pins
of the first variant with a plate-like head, like the one from
Dobova. Marie (1964: T. 3:3) published it as part of the
finds from the earlier settlement at Greda" and dated it to
between 1100 and 800 BC. A mould used for casting this
type of pin has also been published (Marie 1964: T. 3:10),
very similar to the mould from Kalnik (fig. 26) that could
have been used for casting of pins with knots on the neck
of the Velemszentvid type.
The pin from Donja Dolina is most similar to the pins from
the settlement and the hoard at Velemszentvid (Rihovsky
1983: T. 7:96-97), once more confirming the ties of the
southern Pannonia with the area of Transdanubia, but also
Fig. 26 Mouldfor
casting bronze pins from Kalnik-Igrisce I site

(photo by Z. Homen)
leaving open the possibility that the pins were produced

in a local workshop under the influence of Transdanubian
workshops. Majnaric-Pandzic (1992a:62) recognizes these
ties in the find of a pin of the Myslechovice type in the
Hrustovaca cave in northern Bosnia.
Croatia
A well preserved dagger was found at Igrisce (fig. 25:1)

for which no analogies could be found and is regarded as
a product of local workshop at Kalnik (Majnaric-Pandzic
1992a:63). During the 1987 excavations an arrowhead in
the shape of a swallow's tail was also found (fig. 25:11).
One such arrow head was found in the Sica-Lucica hoard
(Perkic, Loznjak-Dizdar 2005: T. 2:14). It is commonly
assumed that bow and arrow predate the use of spear
but both weapons are in use during the Late Bronze Age
(although spearheads are much more common). Osgood
and Monks (2001: fig.4.3) mention a skeleton, more
precisely a vertebral part with a metal arrow head imbedded
in it found at the site of the Tumulus culture at Klings in
Germany. These authors (Osgood, Monks 2001:73) argue
that this would have caused a paralysis but was not fatal
and therefore argue that additional injuries were the cause
of death. Similar violent death is assumed for people whose
skeletal remains have been found in a trench at Cezavy
Blucina settlement, where parts of damaged bronze, stone,
and bone arrowheads were found. A skeleton of a man was
found above the trench and a bronze arrowhead nearby,
pointing to a possible cause of death. Osgood and Monks
(2001:77) conclude that arrows could still be an important
part of the weapon inventory and could have been used in
hunting, but also for killing people. The situation in Croatia
could have been similar.
During the excavations in 1987 (Homen 1987:63) a pin

with a small vase-shaped head was found (fig. 25:14). It
had a massive body, decorated with incised lines. This is
a widespread type of pin, quite characteristic for the Late
Bronze Age, and there are numerous publications that deal
with its origins. Mostly it is assumed that the ones with
larger heads are from the earlier, and those with smaller
heads from the later Urnfield culture. However, Rihovsky
(1983:17) argues that both types were in use during the
whole Late Bronze Age.
Among other bronze objects found during the first
systematic excavations at Igrisce were two fibulae
fragments, most likely of the violin bow type. Based on
a very fragmented spiral part of the fibula (fig. 24:18),
Majnaric-Pandzic (1992a) argues that it could have
belonged to a fibula with a figure-of-eight ending of the
bow, with analogies in the fibula from the Pricac hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 71:14). The second, even more
fragmented part belongs to the type with a twisted bow
(fig. 24:20). Violin-bow fibulae and variants thereof were
discussed in detail by Vinski-Gasparini (1973). She believes
all the variants appear simultaneously and within the phase
II of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia. Among the
jewellery items from Kalnik are sockets made of folded
bronze sheet (the so-called tutuli) (fig. 24:19) several of
which were found, and are quite numerous in hoards from
the Late Bronze Age. Mozsolics (1985:73-74) believes they
were used as covering for cloth fringes or on stripes used
for fastening clothes. These objects were also found in the
graves from the Middle Bronze Age, especially within the
Tumulus culture in southern Bavaria (Riegerau) (WelsWeyrauch 1991: T. 51 :C), in a burial mound at Trischlberg
(Wels-Weyrauch 1991: T. 59:F). Alongside these, small
hemispherical buttons with a loop made of bronze sheet
have also been found (fig. 24:21-22,28). These buttons
could be sewn on clothing and are also found in graves of
the Middle Bronze Age Tumulus culture. In Croatia, they
are found in hoards of the phase II, such as Brodski Varos
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 57:13,14,18-20) Some were
sewn to the clothing through the holes on the button surface,
while others had a loop on its interior surface.
2.4 Settlement Kalnik-Igrisce II

In the year 2006 systematic excavations of the prehistoric
site at Kalnik-Igrisce were renewed, this time at another
position, on the cadastral plot no. 233. The excavations
revealed a multilayered site with finds from the Roman,
Celtic, and Late Bronze Age periods. On an excavated
surface of about 60 square meters hearths, storage pits, post
holes and wooden architecture of a house that can be dated
on the basis of pottery to Ha B period, have been found.
Ceramic vessels, weights and spindle whorls, grinding
stones and stone polishers, as well as several fragmented
bronze objects have been found. The importance of
paleobotanical analyses that are in progress needs to be
mentioned.
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphic units 003 and 007 are ascribed to the Late
Bronze Age and are cultural layers that accumulated around
hearths or above them. Stratigraphic unit 003 is a layer of
somewhat lighter colour and contains more clay, bigger
and smaller stones, colour after Munsell is 10 YR 3/3 dark
brown. In it, Bronze Age pottery was found. The layer is
somewhat damaged in places by trenches from the Roman
and La Tene periods. There, fragments of Late Bronze
Age pottery, as well as fragments of stone tools (flakes,
polishers, and axes), spindle whorls and loom weights have
been discovered. Below this one, another layer from the
Late Bronze Age, defined as SU 007 was found. It is a clay
layer with smaller and larger stones that contains fragments
A bead was also found (fig. 25:9) with analogies in the finds
from the Brodski Varos hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
56:43-44).
Also of interest is an object similar in shape to belt buckles,
although it was published as a metal fitting (fig. 24:26). This
adds to our knowledge on the attire and jewellery of the
inhabitants of the Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement during the Br
D to the end of the Ha A period.
32
Fig. 27 Ground plan of the Kalnik-Igrisce II site with SU 012 and SU 014 (by A. Kudelic)
33
Croatia
used the natural configuration of the terrain to organize

their structures, houses, and hearths, while later, La Tene
and Roman people, built stone walls. In the centre of our
excavation trench two larger rocks were found alongside
which everyday activities took place, judging by a high
concentration of pottery and paleobotanical finds. At some
places clusters of carbonized grains and fruit were found,
(fig. 30)
of pottery, mostly of pots and bowls, grindstones, polishing

stones, spindle whorls, weights, as well as fragments of a
mobile hearth. The colour after Munsell is 7.5 YR 3/2 dark
brown. This layer is associated with SU 006 and SU 009,
which were interpreted as hearths (fig. 27).
Both layers (SU 003 and 007) contain smaller or larger lime
stones that got there by erosion or from pluvial sediments
from the upper slopes of Kalnik.
It can be concluded that during the excavation seasons

2006-2008 a part of the Late Bronze Age settlement where
food production took place, was discovered. Food was
stored and prepared in various types of vessels that were
put on hearths or stored in storage pits. A larger quantity
of carbonized wood most likely represents remains of a
wooden house structure. Future research of this part of
settlement might result in the discovery of the whole house
that apparently extended to the east of our trench.
Layer 008 is situated below the layer 007 and on this layer
hearths and post holes have been found. It is somewhat
lighter in colour and consists of clay, colour after Munsell
is 5YR 4/2 dark reddish gray. It most likely formed through
deposition of sediments above the layer that contains
charcoal and ceramic vessels. Below SU 008 is layer 010
that lies directly above the sterile layer and contains clay
and smaller stones. Its colour after Munsell is 2.5Y 4/4 olive
brown. Stratigraphic unit 011 (yellowish sandy sediment
containing remains of carbonized grains) was also defined.
We believe that this stratigraphic unit could have been a
sort of working surface used for food preparation. Close
to it a pit containing pottery was found (SU 013, 015). It
was most likely a storage pit, and it was found at the edge
of the house surface. Stratigraphic units 049, 054, 055 and
014 (fig. 27) all contain a mixture of charcoal and soot
that extends along the entire eastern part of the excavated
trench and it was partially covered by a thin layer of smaller
stones and pottery fragments. This layer is defined as SU
012, and could have formed as a result of some natural,
geological process, for example deposited by water, or
as a result of human activities, such as leveling of the
ground. Stratigraphic unit 012 is at the same depth as the
aforementioned hearths (SU 006 and 009), as well as with
the cluster of pottery finds above which larger fragments
of the portable hearth (SU 038) (fig. 31) were found. When
the charcoal layer was removed, in the southern end of the
excavated surface, a hearth made of burned clay was found
(SU 057) with a basis of yellowish sand-like dirt (SU 058)
(fig. 28)
Potter}' finds
The most common ceramic vessel types are seen on PI.
6-40. Of functional types, fragments of pots were found in
layers between or above houses and hearths, or as fillings
of storage pits. Pots are quite large, and the most common
are pots decorated with the ribbons with finger impressions,
as seen in reconstructions on PL 6:1,5; PI. 8:1-2. Most had
everted rim and large, rounded body. Pot on PL 6:4 had
somewhat finer fabric and polished surface, while pots
on PI. 6:2-3 were of medium quality fabric and had only
partially polished surfaces. Most pots had coarse fabric and
black fire clouds (PL 6:1). Often, they have no handles or
had functional-decorative forms, as seen on a fragment on
PL 7:4.
As most pots were quite large, it is assumed they were used
for storage, most likely of grains. One of the largest pots
is shown on PL 8:1. It was 45 cm in diameter, and was
found in a storage pit (SU 013). A large pot with a funnel
shaped neck of 40 cm in diameter, shown on PL 9:1, was
found in the same pit. These pots were used for food storage
(pithoi). A pot similar to the one on PL 8:1 was found in
layer 1 at the Brinjeva Gora site in Slovenia (Oman 1981:
T. 2:1). It can be linked to the find from grave 2 from the
Mindelheim cemetery, dated to Ha A2 (Oman 1981:149).
However, it is hard to date these types of pots precisely.
They are also found in layer 2 at Brinjeva Gora (Oman
1981: T. 14:1) dated by Oman (1981:150) to Ha A period,
based on fragments of S-profile pots decorated with wide
fluting (Oman 1981: T. 7:9,11) that have analogies in finds
of the Ha A2 period from Switzerland (Oman 1981:150).
However, the profile form suggests somewhat younger
period, most likely Ha B period. Pots with a rounded body
and everted rim are found at Slovenian cemeteries of the
late phase of the Urnfield culture, for example in grave
94 from Ruse (Miiller-Karpe 1959: T. 111F:3), which was
located in the part of the site where graves from Ha B1 and
B2 periods are found (Oman 1981:148). A similar pot was
Near the edge of the hearth, the remains of a wooden beam

were found, and remains of another wooden beam were
found near the eastern profile of the excavated trench. Based
on this, we can conclude that the house was constructed
from wooden posts and beams. This is supported by finds
of post holes in SU 008. Most of these holes (SU 061, 063,
066, 068) were about 30 cm in diameter, while near their
edges larger stones were found, most likely in order to
better secure the posts (fig. 29).
Figures 27 and 28 clearly show that the post holes extend in
the NE-SW direction. Some of these holes were found on
the upper terrace (SU 052, 048, 044), although this terrace
was only partially preserved as a dry stone wall from the
La Tene period cut through it in east to west direction.
It was filled with La Tene pottery fragments. Based on
this we concluded that the Late Bronze Age inhabitants
34
The J J r n f i e l d Culture
in Continental
Croatia
Kalinik - Igrisce 2008.

SONDA1
SU 065
Fig. 29 Photograph
ofSU 065 showing a post hole with stones at Kalnik-Igrisce
Fig. 30 Remains of carbonized wheat grains at Kalnik-Igrisce
36
II settlement
II site (photograph
(photo by A. Kudelic)
by A.
Kudelic)
found in grave 166 at Ruse (Miiller-Karpe 1959: T. 114M).

Similar pithoi-pots have been found at Dobova in graves
164 (Stare 1975: T. 23:7), 269 (Stare 1975: T. 39:5), 276
(Stare 1975: T. 39:6), and 315 (Stare 1975: T. 46:6, T. 47:2).
Dular (1978) dates grave 164 to the second combination
group, characterized by the appearance of pins with a bulbshaped head, to Ha A2 period (Dular 1978:37-38). Such
pins are also found in graves 55 (Pahic 1972: T. 13:3) and
61 (Pahic 1972: T. 13:4) from Podbrezje. In Croatia, the
aforementioned pots in the function of urns have been found
at the cemeterics in Krupace and Trescerovac (VinskiGasparini 1973). Inside them, remains of cremation burials
and smaller vessels were usually found. They are also found
at the Spicak settlement near Bojacno (Pavisic 1986/1987:
T. 5; Pavisic 2001: T. 1).
(between 20 and 40 cm, see PL 12:3). They are functionally

similar to contemporary plates. Such bowls were also found
during earlier excavations at Kalnik and were defined as
types B3a and B3b (fig. 19). They were included within
the category of bowls with rounded body (based on the
slightly inverted rims) although these two types most likely
are simple conical bowls. They were not numerous and only
6% of all bowls are of this type (Vrdoljak 1994:17-18).
These are similar to the bowls found during the 2006-2008
excavations, as both had larger rim diameter (14 to 20 cm),
and walls 0,3 to 0,6 cm thick. Bowls found at Kalnik-Igrisce
II (PL 12) had walls that were as much as 1 cm thick, and
the thickness was greater toward the bottom of the vessel.
Such bowls are also found at settlements of the early
Urnfield culture, e.g. at Mackovac - Crisnjevi (Karavanic
et al 2002: si. 4) where they are defined as types B3a, b,
and e. These also had coarse fabric. Long duration of the
conical type of bowls is most likely a reflection of their
function (food preparation for a larger number of people).
They were used as storage for grains and quite likely for
mash that was produced from grains. Similar bowls were
found as grave goods in graves 15 (Stare 1975: T. 8:2), 57
(Stare 1975: T. 13:1), and 138-139 (Stare 1975: T. 22:1)
at Dobova, and a variant with a hole in the middle had a
function of an urn in grave 90 (Stare 1975: T. 16:14), where
it was found alongside a pin of the Velemszentvid type that
allows dating of the grave to the Ha A period. However,
Dular (1978) assigns it to the 3rd combination group that can
be dated on the basis of the so-called pile-dwelling pins to
Ha B1 period (Dular 1978:38). At Velika Gorica, urns with
a hole in the middle are also found in graves from the Ha
B1 period. Lately, a typological analysis of pottery finds
from the Stillfried settlement in Lower Austria was done
(Hellerschmid 2006), in which conical bowls are considered
as separate types A to C (Hellerschmid 2006: T. 1-3), and
dated to a wider timeframe, from the Urnfield culture to
the Early Iron Age.
Oman (1981:144) recognizes three basic forms ofpithoi.

The first type is either oval, or rounded in form, the second
type has a conical neck, while the third type has cylindrical
or funnel-shaped neck. To the first type we can ascribe pots
from Kalnik, seen on PI. 6, PI. 7, PI. 8:1-2. Larger pots of
the third type after Oman (1981) were also found at Kalnik
(PL 8:3, PL 9; PL 39:3). Most were undecorated and their
fabric was of medium or coarse quality. Surface was partly
polished in most cases. These are in fact classic variants
of the pots with S-shaped profiles that had two points on
the base and rim, one inflection point at the place where
neck and shoulder meet, and one tangent point at the place
of the widest diameter. We can conclude that they are of
the A6, or more precisely A6f and A6g variants of pots
from Kalnik (fig. 19). Apithos decorated with a ribbon with
finger impressions on the lower part of the body was found
during the earlier excavations at Kalnik-Igrisce (Vrdoljak
1994: T. 6:2). A bowl decorated with a ribbon with finger
impressions on the lower part of the body was found in
grave 111 at Dobova (Stare 1975: T. 19:2). As a twisted
necklace was also found in the grave, we can assume it
was from Ha B period, like the graves from Velika Gorica.
Although most of the pots can be dated to the later phase
of the Urnfield culture, some fragments, such as those of
pots with everted and faceted rim (Pl. 39:1,5), suggest
an earlier date. The fragments can be linked to pottery
forms found at Kalnik-Igrisce I. A fragment of a bowl
with horn-like decoration on the rim was also found in the
upper layer SU 002 (PL 39:4), as well as a fragment with
nipple-like decoration (PL 39:6). These fragments suggest
that elements of periods Br C and D were also present at
Igrisce. However, they are sporadic and do not change the
dating of pottery from this part of the site.
The second type of bowls is B3 with two end points on

the rim and on the bottom and one vertical tangent point
at the place of widest diameter. It comes in several types
that can be distinguished based on the rim shape and
decoration. Type B3 is the most common type of bowls at
Kalnik-Igrisce II and comes in the form of an undecorated
simple deep bowl with an inverted rim (PL 10-11). Unlike
the conical bowl of B2 type, this type had somewhat finer
fabric (from medium quality fabric to fine fabric). Most
of the outside surface is polished and dark grey or black
in color, suggesting reducing firing atmosphere (Pl. 1520). Thickness of walls varies from 0.5 to 1 cm, which is
different from bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce I, characterized by
finer fabric and thinner walls. What characterizes this type
of bowl is a larger quantity of fragments that have decorated
rims and shoulders. Most are decorated by cross fluting,
or have the so-called turban" shaped rim (Pl. 20:3,4,6,8:
Pl. 21; PL 24:1-2). Sometimes fluting is vertical, as seen
on fragments on PL 22 and PL 23:1, but restricted to the
shoulder and rim of vessels. Facetting is also present, but
The second functional vessel form found during the 20062008 excavations is a bowl. It comes in several types and
variants.
The first type is B2 (conical bowl) that has two end points
on the rim and on the bottom, as seen on PL 12. These are
mostly bowls with straight rims, red-brown colour and of
coarse fabric. Most are shallow and of a larger diameter
37
Croatia
The third type is a biconical bowl that has two end points
at the bottom and rim, one point at the place of the widest
diameter, and one inflection point where the shoulder turns
to neck. Only a few such bowls were found at KalnikIgrisce II (PI. 13:2; PI. 27:6-7), either with a straight, or,
more commonly, everted rim. Most bowls are rather small,
almost cup-like, as seen on PI. 13:2 and PI. 27:6. Some
probably had a single strap handle (PL 27:7). Rim diameter
was between 5 and 10 cm, and wall thickness varied from
0.5 cm at the bottom to almost 1 cm at the greatest diameter.
We can include these bowls into the group of fine pottery as
they had nicely polished surface and were reddish-brown
in colour. At Kalnik-Igrisce I two biconical bowls were
found that belong to a separate type. The rim diameter was
18 cm and thickness of walls 0.4 cm. They were red and
fired in incomplete oxidizing atmosphere, which was also
the case with some newly discovered biconical bowls from
Kalnik. One such bowl was found in layer 2 at Brinjeva
gora (Oman 1981: T. 12:5), and one in grave 210 at Dobova
(Stare 1975: T. 30:12). Similar bowl was found in grave 17
at Podbrezje (Pahic 1972: T. 4:8), while none were found
at the Ruse cemetery.
not as common as fluting (PI. 23:2-7). It is also restricted

to the shoulder and rim. Such fragments have somewhat
thinner walls and finer fabric (PI. 23:3). The best preserved
bowl is shown on PI. 23:3. It is of a B3d type as defined
on the material from Kalnik-Igrie I (Vrdoljak 1994: T.
16:1-3). In the first excavations of the site this type of bowl
represented 52% of all bowls, or 60.2% of bowls of type
3 (Vrdoljak 1994:18). Rim diameter is from 16 to 32 cm,
and wall thickness from 0.2 cm to 0.9 cm. Most were dark
grey or black, although red and brown are also present. The
firing atmosphere is mostly reducing and in small amount
incomplete oxidizing atmosphere. Bowls from KalnikIgrie II also are of medium and fine quality and have
polished surfaces, although not as fine and thin as those
from earlier excavations. One of the finest bowls as far
as quality of production is concerned (Vrdoljak 1994: T.
16:1) was reconstructed from fragments found at the base
of hearth 2 and had wide facets on the shoulder. It was used
to date the hearth to the Ha A period.
B3d type at Kalnik-Igrie I (fig. 19) included the bowls
decorated by fluting and grooving. At Hungarian sites this
type of bowl is defined as type VII after Patek (1968: T.
6:28,29). A bowl with a faceted shoulder and loop on the
lower part of the body was found in grave 6 at Oblekovice
and dates to the earlier phase of the cemetery (Rihovsky
1968: T. 38:2). During the middle of Ha A oblique fluting
or turban-shaped ornament" appears on the shoulder of
the bowls with an inverted rim. This type of decoration is
most common during Ha B, but also seen in Ha C period
(Patek 1968:102). In northwestern Croatia bowls with a
turban-shaped" rim are also found at the site of KrievciCiglana (Homen 1982: T. 1:1), Sv. Martin near Krievci
(Homen 1988: T. 2:4), in a grave from Martijanec in which
a club-shaped pin was also found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 25:6), suggesting an earlier date. Fragments with such
decoration are also present at Kiringrad (Balen-Letuni
1987: T. 1:1,2). No such vessels were found in Velika
Gorica graves, but are found in significant numbers at
the Dalj cemetery (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 117:4,11, T.
121:2, T. 123:2, T. 124:2). Analogies are found at the Ormo
settlement (Lamut 1989: T. 2:4, T. 7:12, T. 8:4, T. 16:4,
T. 20:10), and at piak (Pavii 1993: T. 5:7,8, T. 8:6)
which was ascribed to the Rue group. They are abundant
at Staro ie-Gradie (Balen-Letuni 1996a: fig. 6:4,
fig. 8:2). At the settlement at Brinjeva Gora in Slovenia,
bowls with the turban" ornament are found in almost all
stratigraphic layers (Oman 1981). Analogies to B3 type
of vessels from Kalnik are found in the so called calottebowls with inverted rims (types D and E) from the Stillfried
settlement (Hellerschmid 2006: T. 4-6) and are mostly dated
to the middle and late phases of the Urnfield culture to the
Hallstatt period (Hellerschmid 2006:134). Bowl of type
G has a faceted rim and dates to the phase I at Stillfried
(Hellerschmid 2006:139) which is contemporaneous with
the Ha A2 period. Type H at Stillfried dates from phase II
to phase III/s and is analogous to bowls with a turban"shaped rim from Kalnik.
The fourth type (B6) is a bowl with S-profile that has two
end points on the rim and on the bottom, one inflection
point at the neck/shoulder border and one vertical tangent
point at the place of the widest diameter. These bowls (PL
13:1,3-4; PL 27:1,3,5) are mostly brown in colour with
occasional black spots as a result of burning on a hearth,
and had highly polished surfaces. A variant of this type
of bowls is seen in two bowls with rounded bodies and
cylindrical or funnel-shaped necks (PL 27:3,4). These bowls
are analogous to the B5 type at Kalnik-Igrisce I, that have
one point at the neck/body transition, one point marking the
vertical tangent at the widest diameter, and two end points
at the rim. The ones found at Kalnik-Igrisce II shown here
are most similar to the variants B5a and B5b from KalnikIgrisce I. Bowls of the B6 type are most similar to the one
of B6e type from earlier excavations. Several vessels of
this type were found during new excavations and similar
ones have been discovered at other late Urnfield sites in the
region. Interestingly, they are not abundant at the site of
Brinjeva Gora where they are present only in layer 2 (Oman
1981: T. 12:7). At Ormoz (Lamut 1989: T. 6:15,16) this
type of bowl was found near house 4, dated to the Ormoz
I period, or Ha B1 and Ha B2 periods (Lamut 1989:236).
Decoration techniques used on Late Bronze Age pottery
from northwestern Croatia have been analyzed by Vrdoljak
(1994:12-13, si. 3) who recognizes 9 different techniques:
faceting, fluting, grooving, incision, decoration with a
comb-like instrument, impressed decoration, application,
modeling, and the so-called barbotine". There is an
artificial division between shaping" and decoration"
in archaeological literature. Techniques of shaping are
related to vessel production, and as such define its esthetic
character. However, a growing opinion is that the shape and
38
decoration cannot be separated, but are the integral parts of

the process of vessel production (Rye 1981:89).
is not present. Grooving appears on various types of pots

with cylindrical, or funnel-shaped necks, and only rarely
on smaller vessels (PI. 31:3-4,6-7), most likely cups or
smaller bowls. A nice example of grooving on fine pottery
is seen on a thin wall fragment of a small bowl (PI. 39:2).
Decoration is also present on vessel necks and bodies. A
similar composition and technique was used on a fragment
on PI. 39:7, possibly from a bowl. Analogies for these types
of decoration are found at Stillfried, described as fluting
and grooving (Hellerschmid 2006:266, T. 3) and dated to a
wider time-span, from the Urnfield culture to the Early Iron
Age. Incision and pseudo-ribbon decoration (pseudoschnur)
are mostly found on smaller vessels made of fine fabric.
Rows of incised lines are found on vessel necks (PL 30:45) or in a combination with hanging triangles at neck-toshoulder transition, most likely on pots (PL 30:6; PL 40:6),
and is also found on amphorae, on the body below the
handle (PL 40:2). Deep incision forming a zigzag motif
was found on the neck of a bowl (PL 38:2; PL 40:4). Incised
decoration is closely tied to white incrustation, such as seen
on some pottery from Kalnik, e.g. on a bowl with fine fabric
decorated with hanging triangles, found at the bottom of a
house, in a layer of soot (SU 014), as well as on a fragment
of a bowl with markedly black and polished surface
(Pl. 38:1-2). Incrustation is typical of the Rue group in
Slovenia and found at the site of Brinjeva Gora (Oman
1981: T. 59, T. 61-63) on cups and bowls from layers 4
and 5. Oman (1981:151) connects these finds to those from
graves in the Slovenian Podravina region, such as Rue
and Podbreje (Miiller-Karpe 1959: T. 109:F1, T. 114:13;
Pahi 1972: T. 14:9, T. 26:10, T.27:3, T.30:3, T.35:10,11),
and assumes that the same local workshop was responsible
for their production (Oman 1981:151). Incrustations are
seen on a fragment from piak in the Hrvatsko Zagoije
region (Pavii 1986/1987: T. 2:3; Pavii 2001: T. 8:3).
Alongside piak, Kalnik-Igrie II is the only site of the
Rue group in Croatia, although some elements are seen
on the material from Gradec in Zagreb (Balen-Letuni
1996a: fig. 1:5, fig. 3:4, fig. 4:4). A detailed analysis of
shapes and decorations of the Rue group is seen in renar
(2006), who recognized several techniques of decoration:
incision, impressed decoration, incision in a combination
with impressed decoration, application, impression with
application. Based on his table of decorative motifs
(renar 2006:133) it can be observed that the incised
lines often come in combination with hanging triangles,
and mostly on amphorae, while the ribbon-like ornament
is seen on bowls (renar 2006: T. 2:B1). The same author
provides a chronology and analogies for some of the forms
and decorative techniques. For instance, motif I, done by
incisions, and can be seen on an amphora found in grave
73 at Pobreje (Pahi 1972: T. 15:1), dated to Ha B l . A
combination of hanging triangles and incised or grooved
lines is common on amphorae, as seen on an amphora from
grave 5 at Pobreje (Pahi 1972: T. 1:8), but this motif also
appears on vessels of finer fabric, as observed on a find
from Kalnik (PL 38:1).
Faceting is a technique in which a sharp, straight instrument

is used in order to produce narrow strips of straight surface
that are aligned at an angle, either before drying or during
polishing of the vessel.
Fluting is a process of production of shallow and wide,
mostly oblique strips on an already partially dried surface
of a vessel.
In contrast to the similar technique of fluting, grooving is
a process in which narrow but deeper stripes are produced
on vessel surface, using a blunt instrument that is sharply
angled, or parallel to the vessel surface.
During incising a sharp instrument is used at a sharp angle
to the vessel surface and under constant pressure. Aesthetic
effects depend on the size and shape of a blade, the amount
and time of pressure, as well as on the dryness of clay (Rye
1981:90).
Decoration with a comb-like instrument is similar to
incision, but here an instrument that resembles a comb that
produces multiple parallel lines, is used.
Impression is a technique in which finger prints, nail prints,
or imprints of some instrument are impressed onto the
vessel surface. It is commonly used in combination with
application a technique in which plastic parts, such as
stripes, handles, and other decorative forms, are added to
the vessel surface.
Modeling is a technique in which vessel walls are used in
order to shape certain decorative elements, such as nipples
or horn-like handles.
Barbotine is a term used in Croatian publications on
prehistory for a decorative technique in which a layer
of watered-down clay is smeared on the vessel surface
from the bottom to the rim using fingers and thus leaving
vertical traces that some authors call fluted barbotine"
(Dimitrijevic 1969).
Of the decorative techniques used on vessels found at
Kalnik-Igrisce II (2006-2008) cross and oblique fluting
are the most common, then grooving, incision, pseudoribbon decoration, impressed decoration, application, and
modeling. Grooving is most commonly found on the neck/
shoulder transition, for instance on smaller bowls (PI.
27:3,4) or on larger pots with funnel-shaped necks (PI.
30:1,3). Other fragments decorated with grooving cannot
be morphologically determined, but we can assume that
they were parts of larger pots on which horizontal grooves
were found (PI. 28:5-8, PI. 30:1-3, PI. 31:1-2). Thus, fluting
is most common on bowls, while oblique fluting on vessel
bodies, typical for the earlier phase of the Urnfield culture,
39
Croatia
Larger and smaller pyramid weights have been found (PL

42:5-7; PL 43:1-4), as well as weights in the form of a
wheel, or rounded ones (PL 41:9; PL 43:3; PL 44:4; PL
45:1,6). These were used to hang threads onto the vertical
loom. Weights are found throughout the entire Late Bronze
Age and at almost all sites, and thus also at Spicak (Pavisic
1986/1987: T. 9:1). They have been found in large quantities
at Bregana-Kosovac (Vrdoljak 1996: T. 3) along with large
quantities of spindle whorls of different sizes and forms
(Vrdoljak 1996: T. 2). Weights and vertical looms are rarely
found in situ, such as at the site Gars-Thunau in Austria.
Schierer (1987) published these finds and provided a
complete reconstruction of the vertical loom and suggested
the functional use for various weights. Those in the form
of a rounded plaque with a hole (Schierer 1987: Abb. 4-6)
and those in the form of a ring (Schierer 1987: Abb. 4:1,
Abb. 5:1) were most likely used for tightening of middle
threads on a vertical loom. The same author (Schierer
1987:38) suggests that the remnants of vertical loom could
only have survived in the case of sudden destruction events,
such as during fires, when they were quickly covered up by
debris, or in cases when the settlement was abandoned in a
hurry. Two closed finds of weights in the so-called Weaver
houses at the Austrian site of Stillfried (objects no. 121
and 572/573) (Hellerschmid 2006: T. 18:1, T. 46:2) have
been found.
Pseudo-ribbon ornament (pseudoschnur

ornament)
is defined as motif IX by renar (2006:136) and is
characteristic decoration on smaller bowls and cups. Several
fragments have been found at Kalnik (PL 31:5,8-11; PL
40:3,7)). renar (2006:140) argues that such decoration
is characteristic for pottery from graves at Rue I, phases
Ha B2 and Ha B3, and parallels can be seen in a biconical
amphora from grave 35 at Pobreje (Pahi 1972: T. 8:5),
dated on the basis of a spectacle fibula with a figure-of-eight
loop to Ha B1 period. Similar motif is seen on another
fragment of the vessel body, most likely of a rounded
amphora (PL 40:3) as well as on some vessels from Velika
Gorica (PL 64:4, PL 79:5). What we consider to be grooving
on pots and amphorae, renar (2006:133) calls motifs I to
III. Chronologically, these motifs appear in all periods of Ha
B, and motif II is found on vessels from graves of periods
Ha B1 and B2 (renar 2006:139).
Alongside the aforementioned techniques of decoration,
at Kalnik application often comes in combination with
impression in the form of plastic ribbons with finger prints
(PL 32:1-4), sometimes with functional-decorative elements
such as handles (PL 32:5) that are occasionally separately
modeled (PL 33:1,3-9). On some fragments, most likely of
larger pots, modeled ribs can be found (PL 32:6-8).
A separate group consists of various handles of which
simple strap handles are the most common (PL 34:1,3, PL
35:2,5-12, PL 36:1-3,5), but ones with a triangular crosssection are also found (PL 36:4,7,9,10, PL 37). Two are
oval in cross-section (PL 35:2-3). Handles with a triangular
cross-section are found in greater numbers at the Brinjeva
Gora settlement, thus allowing their classification based
on cross-section (Pahi 1981: si. 30). Analogies are found
at Dobova, Ljubljana, Vranje, and Krina Gora. Handles
with a triangular cross-section are mostly larger and with
rough fabric, and it is assumed that they were parts of larger
pots. Some might have been handles of baking lid, the socalled peka ". Two knee-shaped handles have also been
found (PL 34:5,6), similar to those on a cup fragment from
the first site at Kalnik-Igrie I (Vrdoljak 1994: T. 33:3).
A distinct variant of handles are functionally-decorative
modeled types, found mostly on pots with coarse fabric.
These cannot be more precisely dated within the Urnfield
culture.
These types of items are more commonly found scattered

on the whole excavated surface, such as at Kalnik, making
it impossible to exclude a secondary use of these objects
(Schierer 1987:38). Analogies for spindle whorls, weights,
and clay rings are found in some of the graves of the late
phase of the Urnfield culture at Velika Gorica. Clay rings
have been found in grave A/10 (PL 50:11-13), and 11 of
them were found in a rich, probably double burial 1/1911
(PL 62) in which a spindle whorl was also found. Spindle
whorls are found in grave F/1910 (PL 58:8-11) that might
belong to a female, based on grave goods. Spindle whorls
and a smaller pyramidal weight were also found in grave
3/1914 (PL 65:2-4). Spindle whorls (PL 71:23-24; PL 81:17), as well as a smaller pyramidal weight (PL 81:9,9a),
were also found outside graves. Some are so small that
could have been used as decorations on clothing. Recently
Primas (2007) analyzed spindle whorls from graves. In
skeletal grave 1 from Wiesbaden-Erbenhaim (period Ha
A2) (Primas 2007:303, Abb. 1) a spindle whorl was found
alongside a sword, knife and a razor. It was found lying
near the left foot of the skeleton. There are no indications
that it was a double-burial. There are numerous similarities
in the structure of grave goods from this burial and those
from grave 1/1911 at Velika Gorica. There, a sword, spear,
axe, numerous clay rings, and a spindle whorl were found,
suggesting a double-burial. There is not enough data on the
circumstances of the find, nor on the sex of the individual
buried there (it is a cremation grave), but based on the
sword, it was a warrior's grave. Primas (2007:303-304,
Abb.2) states that spindle whorls are more common grave
finds after the Ha A2 period. She also presents a map of
Based on it all, it can be concluded that the pottery finds

from Kalnik-Igrie II belong to the Ha B period, and to
the late phase of the Urnfield culture with analogies to the
Rue group in Slovenia, especially to the finds from the
hill settlement at Brinjeva Gora (Pahi 1981; Oman 1981)
They are also directly linked to the finds from the hill fort
settlement at piak in the Hrvatsko Zagoije region (Pavii
1986/1987; Pavii 1993; Pavii 2001).
The rest of the finds found at this part of the Igrie site are
weights and spindle whorls used during textile production.
A total of 19 loom weights and fragments have been found.
40
'
Kalnik-Igrie 08
SONDA2
SU 038
08.07.2008.
Fig. 31 Photo of SU 038 showing fragments of a mobile hearth at Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement (photo by A. Kudelic)
brown clay containing remains of daub, burnt wood, animal

bones and pottery fragments, or remains of discarded items
used in households. Wattle and daub, as well as the remains
of burned wooden planks and hearths were there, although
could not be proved with certainty by these excavations
of limited scope. Most certainly, fire destroyed them, a
common fate of settlements of that time. The in situ find of
a mobile hearth shows an aspect of settlement occupation.
The rest of the mobile hearth fragments were found all over
the excavated surface. Such mobile hearths were also found
at the early Urnfield culture site of Ciglana in Krievci
(Homen 1982: T. 1:8), at the site of the late phase of the
Urnfield culture and Early Iron Age at Sv. Petar Ludbreki
(Vinski-Gasparini 1983: T. 23:8), while a fragment of a grid
was discovered during salvage excavations at the site of
Gradec in Zagreb (Majnari-Pandi 1992b: fig. 1).
distribution of graves with spindle whorls. To these, we

should add graves from Velika Gorica. Primas (2007:306307) discusses spindle whorls as female grave goods, citing
analogies from Italy, where numerous spindle whorls and
spools were found in young women's graves (the so-called
weaver sets") at the site of Osteria dell' Osa. In graves of
older women, spindles and spindle whorls were often found
lying near heads of deceased. In some areas, spindle whorls
are found together with metal jewellery, such as with two
pins, suggesting female sex. It can be concluded that most
of spindle whorls come from female graves, suggesting the
weaving activity at settlements such as Kalnik-Igrisce II,
was done by females.
Fragments of a mobile hearth were also found at Kalnik
(PI. 27:8; PI. 44:8; PI. 38:4). A similar find comes from
the settlement at Bregana-Kosovac (Vrdoljak 1996: T. 1)
where it was found alongside Late Bronze Age pottery.
Preliminary excavations at this site were done in 1996,
when a total of 35 square meters were explored. The aim of
the research was to determine the stratigraphic sequence and
time frame of settlement occupation. Prehistoric cultural
layer was found immediately below the humus layer, at a
relative depth of between 0.2 to 0.6 m, in a layer of light
It is important to note that the remains of a mobile hearth

from Kalnik-Igrie II (PI. 38:4) were found mostly in SU
007, scattered over the entire surface. One cluster was found
on a pebble bedding marked as SU 038 (fig. 31), which
stratigraphically succeeds the layers that contain charcoal,
wooden beams, and hearths of burned clay. We can assume
that during a later phase the mobile hearths took over the
41
Croatia
of light brown quartzite, while some were made of light

sandstone of finer quality. One was made of a volcanic
rock (Draganits 1994:115-116). As these items were found
alongside partially polished pottery the explanation offered
by Draganits (1994:119) seemed a likely one, especially as
such items were found in other pottery hoards in the region,
e.g. at Maisbirbaum. According to Draganits (1994:119) in
all cases local pebbles were used. Draganits (1994:120) also
brings us a division of these stone tools into five groups: 1.
Stone polishers of a roughly triangular outline; 2. polishers
in the form of a spindle whorl; 3. polishers with long and
thin outlines; 4. polishers with oval or ellipsoid outlines; 5.
polishers with a rectangular outline. Most tools from Kalnik
had elipsoid outlines and can be ascribed to the group 4
after Draganits (1994). Division after the sites in Austria
(Draganits 1994: Abb. 3) showed the dominance of groups
3 and 4, probably because these forms resemble natural
forms most.
role of classic hearths made of burned and hard-packed

clay. A bowl or a pot was placed on them, while the fire
was set below, or, alternatively, they were placed on an
open hearth.
The rest of the objects found during the 2006-2008
excavation consist of stone finds. An important discovery
is three smaller flat axes (PI. 46:5; PI. 47:4-5), proving that
stone tools were still in use, and, judging by the find of a
stone flake, were produced in situ. Axes come from Late
Bronze Age layers. One was found in layer SU 003 (PI.
46:5), and two in layer SU 007 (PI. 47:4-5). The presence
of these three axes is certainly no coincidence. These axes
were indeed most likely produced by the inhabitants of the
Late Bronze Age settlement at Kalnik and used instead
of their metal counterparts. They are quite small: the first
one (PI. 46:5) was 5 cm in length, while the other one (PI.
47:5) was merely 3.5 cm long. The third one was broken,
and the fragment length was 4 cm (PI. 47:4). Axes are of
the flat type with a trapezoidal blade form, most similar to
the types E and F after Lubsina-Tusek (1993: T. 2) from
northwestern Slovenia. They are also found at Croatian
sites, and lately were found at a Neolithic settlement at
Galovo (Tezak-Gregl 2007). This publication also brings
a division of polished tools into adzes, chisels, and axes,
although the author draws attention to the lack of a
standardized typology for polished stone tools (Tezak-Gregl
2007:160). It is emphasized that production of polished
tools is an elaborate process. First periods are the same as
for the production of chipped lithics where the raw material
is shaped by hitting, breaking and removing of flakes.
After this period, the object is ground using sand stone
and grinders made of other types of abrasive rocks, and
additionally polished with polishers made of fine-grained
sandstone or wet cloth containing sand grains (Karavanic
I., Balen 2003:48-51). The axe (PI. 46:5) is similar to the
one from Galovo PNL (Tezak-Gregl 2007: kat.N 8, 170), a
smaller axe of trapezoidal form with a slightly curved blade,
oval in cross-section, which was attributed to the type of
axes with a wider distal end (type 1/1 after Antonovic) The
second axe is quite small and has no analogies at Galovo.
It is finely polished and has a straight-cut trapezoidal blade
of 3.5 cm in width (PI .47:5) The first axe is quite damaged
and has a blade about 4.5 cm wide. It is (PI. 46:5) most
similar to the type F2 of the chronology of tools from
Slovenia (Lubsina-Tusek 1993: T. 2).
Of other stone items found, we must mention the

grindstones found at SU 007, and used for grinding grain.
Paleobotanical analyses by Renata Sostaric (The Institute
of Botany, Department of Biology of the Faculty of Science
in Zagreb) confirm that cereals were prepared in this part
of the settlement. A preliminary analysis of samples from
Kalnik-Igrisce confirms the presence of wild apples, oak
acorn, various pulses (broad bean and lentil seeds), various
types of wheat (Triticum dicoccum, Triticum aestivum and
probably Triticum monococcum), barley, and most likely
millet. Similar paleobotanical analysis of samples from the
Late Bronze Age pits from the Nova Bukovica settlement
(Sostaric 2001) confirmed that in the pit SU 030 183 seeds
of broad beans ( Vicia faba) were found, while in SU 032
and 033 11 fragmentary oak acorn were found. As most
acorns were carbonized, a more precise determination was
not possible (Sostaric 2001:79). Sostaric (2001:80) assumes
that they belonged to some species of durmast oak (Querqus
petraea) and common oak (Querqus robur). Broad bean
finds suggest agricultural activities, both at Nova Bukovica
and Kalnik, which was additionally confirmed for Kalnik
by finds of various types of wheat. On the other hand, the
presence of oak acorn (Sostaric 2001:80) suggests that at
both settlements gathering was practiced. This is further
supported with finds of wild apples at Kalnik. At both sites
large pots (pithoi), in which grains were stored, were found.
Based on all this, we can conclude that the Kalnik Igrisce
II site was a part of a Late Bronze Age settlement that dates
to the late phase of the Urnfield culture, periods Ha B1
to B3. It is also a part of a settlement different from that
at Kalnik Igrisce I (excavations 1988-1990) where bronze
casting activities were more prominent, while at Kalnik
Igrisce II activities such as food preparation and weaving
were more common.
Most stone tools were pebbles, most likely polishers (PL

46:1-4; PL 47:1-3; PL 48:2,3,5,6; PL 49:1,2,5). They come
in various sizes, and all show traces of use, at least on one
side (marks from hitting and polishing). Draganits (1994)
states that such objects were used for polishing pottery.
Such tools have been found together with ceramic vessels
in a hoard containing pottery of the Urnfield culture at
the site of Drosing in Lower Austria. Most were made
42
3 . CEMETERIES OF THE URNFIELD CULTURE IN CONTINENTAL CROATIA
3.2 Virovitica
The Urnfield culture in Croatia is represented by the

grave finds from the entire time span of this culture. It is
unfortunate that most of these sites were not systematically
excavated, therefore some of the sites lack closed grave
finds.
A large urn-cemetery was found at the "Valent Gazdek"

site in the town of Virovitica during the exploitation of
raw materials used in brick making, thus slowly being
devastated since 1910. In 1967 a rescue excavation of the
site yielded 6 urn graves. Based on the large space that
was destroyed prior to the excavation, Vinski-Gasparini
(1973:37) argues for a much larger cemetery. Unfortunately,
the site of systematic excavations is located at the south
end of the brickwork, and is in fact the periphery of the
cemetery with only few graves. Thus only 6 graves are
mentioned at a relatively vast space (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:37).
To the earliest phase of the Urnfield culture belong three

cemeteries unearthed during rescue excavations. These are
Virovitica, Sirova Katalena (Vinski-Gasparini 1973) and
Gredani (Minichreiter 1982-1983). The Morave cemetery
near Sesvete is the only one that has been systematically
excavated (Sokol 1989; Sokol 1996).
Surveying and collecting after ploughing yielded material
from destroyed graves that established the existence of
cemeteries from the early phase of the Urnfield culture
at Drljanovac and Mala Pupelica sites near Bjelovar
(Majnari-Pandi 1988; 1994). Recent salvage excavations
established the existence of burials in urns at Voin (Lonjak
2003) as well as at Popernjak near upanja (Marijan 2005a;
2005b). This can be linked to the research at cemetery near
the Makovac-Crinjevi settlement (Mihaljevi, Kalafati
2006; Mihaljevi, Kalafati 2007), which can also be
ascribed to the Barice-Gredani group.
Gravel (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 7:1-4) included an urn

(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 7:2), a lid (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 7:4) and a small bowl on a foot (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 7:3).
In grave 2 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 8:1-7) an urn was
also present (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 8:1), closed by a
lid (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 8:2). The grave also included
5 additional vessels: two pots, one pot with two strap
handles and a rounded body (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
8:3), another pot with two tunnel-shaped handles (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 8:4), and three bowls. Of these, one a
bowl on a foot with a single strap handle (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 8:5). Other two bowls had a single handle each
that did not extend over the rim (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 8:6,7).
Simek (2003) analyzed an urn grave of the Virovitica group

that was found by accident near Ludbreg, and believes it
belongs to a larger cemetery. To the Zagreb group belong
the graves found at the Zagreb-Vrape cemetery (VinskiGasparini 1973; 1983) as well as those from Drljanovac
(Majnari-Pandi 1988; 1994). Cemeteries from ZagrebHorvati, Velika Gorica, Krupae, Treerovac and Ozalj
belong to the late phase of the Urnfield culture. A separate
group consists of the cemeteries from the eastern part of
Croatian Danube Basin: Batina, Dalj, Vukovar-Lijeva Bara
and Sarengrad: As those were recently published (MetznerNebelsick 2002), we are merely listing them here.
In grave 3 an urn was found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 8:8)

closed by a lid (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 8:9), in addition
to another vessel, a bowl with a strap handle (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 8:10).
In grave 4 an urn with tunnel-shaped handles (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 7:6), a bowl on a higher foot with a
43
Croatia
Fig. 32 Map of the Urnfield culture cemetery sites in continental

Croatia
1. Virovitica 2. Sirova Katalena 3. Morave 4. Drljanovac 5. Mala Pupelica 6. Voin 7. Popernjak S.Makovac-Crinjevi 9. Greani 10. PerkovciDobrevo 11. Slavonska Poega-Bajer 12. Grabarje (Slavonska Poega) 13. Vranovci (Slavonski Brod) 14. Oriovac (Slavonski Brod) 15. Nova
Bukovica (Podravska Slatina) 16. Ludbreg 17. Zagreb-Vrape 18. Zagreb-Hoi-vati 19. Velika Gorica 20. Krupae 21. Treerovac 22. Ozalj 23. Batina
24. Dalj 25. Vukovar-Lijeva Bara 26. Sarengrad
single strap handle (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 7:7) and two

smaller bowls with a single strap handle (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 7:8,9) were found.
subsequently destroyed during ploughing. Eleven graves

were excavated, of which graves 1-4, 10 and 11 were
published (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 12-16).
From grave 5 comes an urn (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 9:2)

that was covered with a bowl with a flaring rim (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 9:3). Additional two bowls with strap
handles that do not extend over the rim were found (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 9:4,5), as well as a bowl on a high foot
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 9:6), and an additional smaller
bowl with a strap handle (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 9:7).
In grave 1 a deeper vessel decorated with lugs that had a

function as an urn (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 14:1), as well
as an additional bowl with a wider rim, most likely a lid
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 14:2) were found. There were
no other finds in this grave.
Grave 2 yielded more material. An urn in the form of a
deeper pot with two strap handles was found in the grave pit
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 14:3). The urn was closed with
another vessel with a wider rim (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
14:4). Additional four ceramic vessels were found: a bowl
with a slightly biconical body (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
14:5), a higher pot with a rounded body (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 14:6), a pot on a high foot (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 14:8) and another pot with an elevated foot (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 14:7).
In grave 6 two vessels were discovered: a vessel with a

rounded body and cylinder-shaped neck and a strap handle
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 9:8), and a vessel on a high foot
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 9:9).
3.3 Sirova Katalena
The cemetery in the village of Sirova Katalena (urevac)
was excavated in 1966. According to Vinski-Gasparini
(1973:44), it originally spread over a wider area that was
In the grave 3 an urn and additional three ceramic vessels
44
Cemeteries of theTJrnfieldCulture in Continental
Croatia
Grave 3 is a 120 cm deep pit that was subsequently

damaged (Sokol 1996: si. 1:3). In the grave three vessels
were found, all covered with the ashes that were later put
inside the grave pit (Sokol 1996:30). The urn was a half of
a larger vessel with a single handle and a plastic ornament
with fingerprints (fig. 33:6). A smaller bowl with lugs was
also present (fig. 33:2). The second bowl was positioned
upside-down and most likely had a high foot (fig. 33:8).
were found. The deeper vessel with a higher neck, rounded

body and two strap handles most likely served as an urn,
while the other vessels were additional grave goods. These
include a shallow bowl on a higher foot with two handles
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 15:2), a bowl with a higher neck
and rounded body (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 15:3), and a
pot with a rounded body (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 15:4).
Grave 4 consisted of an urn (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
15:6) covered with a bowl (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 15:7).
Additional grave objccts includc another deeper bowl with a
rounded body and one strap handle (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 15:8) and a pot with two strap handles (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 15:9).
In the grave 4 three complete vessels were found. The urn

was covered by a partially worked stone tablet (fig. 33:9),
while in the area surrounding the pit some pebbles were
found (Sokol 1996:30-31, si. 1:4). The urn had a rounded
body and a high neck of the S-shaped profile and two strap
handles (fig. 33:10).
Graves 5 and 9 are still unpublished.

Grave 5 contained two vessels, one inside the other.
According to Sokol (1996:32) a larger part of the base of the
vessel served as an urn (Sokol 1996: si. 10:2). The smaller
of the two vessels, a j a r with a strap handle, had a nipple or
lug ornament on the body (fig. 33:19). Around the mouth of
the grave pit, this grave also had a layer of small and larger
pebbles (Sokol 1996: si. 2:5).
Grave 10 had a single urn in the form of a deeper bowl

with a higher ncck and rounded body ornamented by lugs
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 16:1). No other objects were
found in this grave.
In the grave 11 an urn in the shape of a pot was found
that had an S-shaped profile and two strap handles (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 16:2). Grave goods included a smaller
pot with two strap handles (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 16:3)
and another small pot with an S-shaped profile (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 16:4).
Grave 6 also contained two vessels. The urn had four

handles of a triangular cross-section (fig. 33:21). The
second bowl had a somewhat higher base and four tonguelike elongations on the rim (fig. 33:22). A smaller stone
lid is also mentioned as a part of this grave (Sokol 1996:
si. 16:1).
3.4 Moravce-Drascica
In the village of Moravce, north of Sesvete near Zagreb,
an urn cemetery was excaveted between 1981 and 1982
(Sokol 1989; 1996). The site was discovered during the
excavations of a larger building complex from the Roman
times when the urns were found beneath the building's
walls. During the two seasons 10 graves were unearthed,
and according to Sokol (1996:29) and based on the enlarged
area of excavation, it is unlikely that it contained any more
burials. This number of graves is comparable to other
known Urnfield culture cemeteries in northern Croatia.
All except 3 graves were found undisturbed in situ (Sokol
1996:29).
In grave 7 five vessels were found: an urn (fig. 34:2), a

ceramic lid with two handles and a partially preserved rim
(fig. 34:1), a smaller jar with a damaged handle and nipple
ornaments bounded by a groove (fig. 34:4), a jar with a
ribbed handle and nipple ornaments (fig. 34:5), a ceramic
fragment that served asalid(fig. 34:3). Sokol(1996: si.14)
brings a reconstruction of this burial that best exemplifies
the whole burial ritual of laying down the urn and lid
(bowl), as well as other ceramic grave goods.
Three vessels were found in grave 8. The urn had two
handles and two tongue-like protuberances at the base of
the body (fig. 34:8). The second vessel also had tongue
-shaped handles (fig. 34:3). The third bowl, ornamented
by nipple like protuberances, had a cylindrical neck and
a single handle (fig. 34:6). This grave pit too had floor of
pebbles in its base, while larger flat stones surrounded the
pit's rim. Sokol (1996:33) points to the possibility of a
burial chamber, or more precisely, stone chest, like the ones
seen in somewhat younger cemeteries of the Zagreb group,
for example the Zagreb-Vrapce cemetery (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 23:9).
In grave 1 an urn (fig. 33:3) as well as two smaller bowls

were found, of which the smaller one was found upsidelown in the grave pit (fig. 33:1). The second vessel (fig.
33:2) is ajar or a deeper bowl with a handle that is triangular
in its cross section. This vessel was not fully preserved.
in grave 2 three vessels were found. One had a function
of an urn (fig. 33:2). The lid of this urn was a larger piece
of a wider bowl (Sokol 1996: si. 6:1). One of the vessels
vas found lying upside-down in the grave (fig. 33:1). The
fourth vessel was a smaller bowl with its inside and outside
surface black and polished. It had a single handle and four
olid lugs on the upper half of the surface (Sokol 1996:30).
Grave 9 was very damaged and contained three vessels: an

urn (fig. 34:13), a bowl with a cylindrical neck with one
handle (fig. 34:11), and a pot with a slightly curved body
without any handles or ornaments (fig. 34:12).
45
Croatia
were most likely pulverized and washed before they were

laid in the urn. He deduced this from the lack of ashes, and
as an analogy the Drljanovac cemetery is cited (MajnaricPandzic 1988:16-17). Graves did not contain any metal
objects. Some pebbles and smaller rocks were found in
graves 1,2,4,5-6,8,10. After the urn was laid in the grave,
larger or smaller vessels were added as grave goods. In
five of the excavated graves those were laid upside-down.
In grave 7, they were put on the lid of the urn itself (Sokol
1996: si.14). The final step was to put the ashes in the grave.
Grave 10 was situated near the grave 9 and a pit from the
Roman period (Sokol 1996: si. 3:10) and was the most
damaged grave of all. Vessels were found in fragments
that after careful reconstruction could be restored as two
objects: an urn (fig. 34:9), and a bowl with a cylindrical
neck (fig. 34:10).
The grave pits were 1 to 1.5 m deep and about 60 cm in
diameter. The first object to be put into them was the urn
with the cremated bones. Sokol (1996:33) states that grave
7, the one with an undamaged urn, contained the bones that
46
Croatia
Grave 7
Grave 8
Grave 9
CD
Fig. 34 Morave cemetery (graves 7-10) (after Sokol 1996 modified by A. Kudeli)
et al. discussed the site (2002:197, si. 37) stating that the
important aspect of this cemetery is that it belongs to two
different developmental periods. According to him, it can be
ascribed to the Virovitica group (Dular 2002:197). A more
detailed description of the Drljanovac cemetery is given
by Majnari-Pandi (1988; 1994) stating that 13 graves
have been excavated. All come from the Rakitovac locality
(fig. 36). Graves were destroyed by ploughing, while the
museum technician uro Jakekovi managed to save and
excavate graves 1-3, and 9-10 and grave a, while N.
Majnari-Pandi did the same for graves 4-8, 11-13.
Unlike in parts of the Drljanovac and Mala Pupeliea

cemeteries, at Moravce the younger forms were not found
(Sokol 1996:36).
3.5 Drljanovac
The cemetery at Drljanovac near Bjelovar has been
discussed in archaeological literature several times (VinskiGasparini 1983; Majnaric-Pandzic 1988; 1994). According
to Vinski-Gasparini (1983:575-576,580, si. 35:9) graves 2
and 3 from the site belong to the phase II. Recently Dular
47
35:5), as well as a fragment of a pithos-like bowl, located

between the urn and the grave wall (fig. 35:6).
At the base of the pit of the destroyed grave 1, the remains

of an urn containing burnt bones were found. On its top was
a base part of another vessel, also containing burnt bones.
It can be assumed that the grave once contained two urns
(Majnaric-Pandzic 1988:12). An urn covered with a lid was
found in grave 2 (fig. 35:1). An urn with an oblique fluted
belly and another bowl with inverted rim with small handles
and were found in grave 3 (fig. 35:2). Grave 4 contained an
urn with a cylindrical neck that was closed with a conical
bowl on a foot (fig. 35:7), while the grave goods included
a biconical bowl with a single handle (fig. 35:8), a spindle
whorl and a miniature vessel of irregular shape. The urn
contained a fragment of a bronze necklace, a part of a pin,
and a piece of bronze rich in lead content (Majnaric-Pandzic
1988: T. 2:2-3; Dular et al. 2002: si. 37:2-3). Based on the
objects found in the pit, Majnaric-Pandzic (1994:50-51)
believes it was a female burial. Grave 5 contained a larger
urn covered with a conical bowl (fig. 35:14), as well as a
biconical bowl on a foot (fig. 35:11), a smaller pot on a foot
(fig. 35:13), and a cup with a single handle as additional
grave goods (fig. 35:12) (Majnaric-Pandzic 1988: T. 3:1-4;
Dular et al. 2002: si. 37:4-7). Grave 6 included a biconical
urn with a shorter neck and handles, which was covered
with another bowl on a foot (fig. 35:9). Another small
biconical bowl on a foot was also present (fig. 35:10).
The damaged grave 12 also included an urn and an

additional bowl (it is uncertain whether this bowl had a
foot) that served as a lid (fig. 35:20). Grave goods in this
grave included a shallow bowl on a foot (fig. 35:21), a
deeper bowl (fig. 35:18) and a fragment from a foot of a
vessel (fig. 35:19). A larger fragment of a light red vessel
was also found in the grave.
Grave 13 was very damaged and only a lower part of an urn
survived (fig. 35:28) along with two cups with strap handles
that do not extend over the rim (fig. 35:26-27).
Besides these graves found at Drljanovac, similar graves
were discovered at Mala Pupelica, Orlovac and Severin
near the town of Bjelovar. Four graves were found at Mala
Pupelica by Duro Jaksekovic. The finds include an urn that
was covered with another bowl (Majnaric-Pandzic 1988: T.
2:1), and several bowls and cups decorated with faceting
and fluting (Majnaric-Pandzic 1988: si. 4-5) All these finds
point to the existence of the forms typical of the period II
of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia.
Dating of the graves from Drljanovac was done on the basis
of typological characteristics of ceramics and metal objects.
It can be said that graves 5-6 and 11-13 are from the period
I or the Virovitica group, while graves 2-3 and 8 can be
ascribed to the phase II, or the Zagreb group (MajnaricPandzic 1988:52). In grave 4 typological elements of both
periods were ascertained (fig. 36).
In grave 7, an urn in the form of a higher vessel with a

short cylindrical neck and its upper part partially damaged
by ploughing, was found. Grave goods included a ceramic
bowl on a foot (fig. 35:16), a larger biconical bowl with a
cylindrical neck, strap handle and nipple-like protuberances
on its body (fig. 35:17), and a smaller conical bowl with
a faceted rim and handle (fig. 35:15). Burnt bones were
analyzed by M. Stefancic (1988), and according to her
belonged to a female of about 160 cm in height, while the
cremation ritual included a shorter period of exposure to fire
that ended abruptly as someone poured water on the body
(Majnaric-Pandzic 1994:50).
3.6 Vocin
During the archaeological work on the renovation of the
Baroque and Gothic church of Visitation of the Blessed
Virgin Mary in Vocin, two graves belonging to the early
Urnfield culture were found in trench 1 in the western part
of the sanctuary (Loznjak 2003:33). Grave 1 was partially
damaged by a later, medieval burial. In the preserved part,
the grave pit was funnel shaped in form, and in the deeper
part of the pit a bowl containing the burnt remains was
found. The pot was covered with a bowl (Loznjak 2003: T.
1:3). Additional fragments of a bowl, and another bowl on a
foot were found in the grave (Loznjak 2003: T. 2:1-2). The
grave belonged to a woman of between 30 to 50 years of
age (Loznjak 2003:34). Grave 2 was found at the northern
base of the triumphal arch. The burial pit was unevenly
shaped and about 10 cm deep. In its deeper part, a bowl
that served as an urn was found (Loznjak 2003: T. 3:1)
containing the burnt bone fragments which were too small
for an anthropological analysis (Loznjak 2003: si. 5-6).
Additional fragments of a bowl were found in the grave
(Loznjak 2003: T. 3:2).
In the partially damaged grave 8 the upper part of an urn

and a bowl that served as a lid were found (fig. 35:25).
Three bronze objects were also present: a small decorative
plate (fig. 35:22), a fragment of a strap bracelet (fig. 35:23)
and a piece of metal, probably from a belt fitting (fig.
35:24). This grave grave was interpreted as belonging to
a female (Majnaric-Pandzic 1994:51). Finds from grave
9 were reported by Duro Jaksekovic. It included an urn
and a cup with a handle (Majnaric-Pandzic 1988:14). All
that remainded from grave 10 was the information on its
location. The grave marked as a is questionable, as only
the remains of burnt bones and an additional bowl were
found.
An urn with a short cylindrical neck with burnt bones and
ashes was found in grave 11 (fig. 35:4). The urn was closed
with another biconical bowl on a foot that served as its lid
(fig. 35:3). A fragment of a larger pot was also found (fig.
48
Cemeteries
of the T J r n f i e l d Culture in Continental
Fig. 35 Graves from Drljanovac cemetery (after Majnaric-Pandzic
49
Croatia
1988, 1994 modified by A. Kudelic)
The J J r n f i e l d Culture
in Continental
Fig. 36 Situation plan of the graves of the Virovitica and Zagreb groups at Drljanovac
modified by A. Kudeli)
50
Croatia
cemetery (after Majnari-Pandi
1988; 1994.
Cemeteries of theTJrnfieldCulture in Continental Croatia
In six graves a bowl with a flaring rim and a strap handle

under the rim was found. This is the most common urn form
within the Barice-Gredani group. In two graves, the urn was
a deeper bowl with four strap handles situated near the rim,
while in two graves the urn was a deeper bowl with a single
handle. One grave was too damaged to determine the urn
form (Mihaljevic, Kalafatic 2006:48). The graves did not
contain any metal objects. The graves are dated between
14th and 12th century BC (Mihaljevic, Kalafatic 2006:49).
3.7 Popernjak
During the preparation works for the construction of the
Zagreb-Lipovac highway, a salvage excavation on the
site of Popernjak (cadastral unit Bonjaci) was carried out
in 2004. The site is situated on an elevated position and
consisted of a settlement in its western, and a cemetery
in its eastern part. The site has been known since 1958
when small-scale excavations on the Gaia Stan site were
done under the direction of K. Vinski-Gasparini (Marijan
2005b:37). The first grave was unearthed in March 2004,
and additional 31 graves were found in August 2004.
Graves are all quite shallow and consequently were quite
damaged by ploughing. The results of the anthropological
analysis show that 15 graves contained the remains of
women, 9 of men, and 5 juvenile remains. In three graves
no human skeletal material was found (Marijan 200b5:39).
Marijan (2005b:39) states that fractures were quite common
in the sample consisting of 32 individuals. In one case
fetal remains were also found, as well as cremated mouse
remains.
The excavations of this Bronze Age cemetery continued

in 2006 (Mihaljevic, Kalafatic 2007). A total of 75 m2 was
excavated and 12 cremation burials were found. Grave 19
was quite shallow and the remains were covered with a
vessel with a flaring rim. Close to it, grave 20 was found.
The burial pit was filled with darker sediment, and a bowl
with a flaring rim was found, covered by a fragmented pot
with a rounded body. Additional 10 graves were found
(up to grave 30). Mihaljevic and Kalafatic (2007:68-69)
single out grave 22, which contained two urns in the form
of bowls under which the human bones were found. The
cemetery and the settlement form a single unit and provide
us with a potential to understand the Bronze Age period of
the Posavina region.
Grave goods were not numerous, and are mostly from

female and juvenile burials (e.g. objects made of metal and
bone). A bronze pin was found in grave 1, fragments of
three bronze pins and three small bronze rings in grave 3,
a fragment of a bronze object in grave 4, a fragment of an
object made of bronze as well as three fragments of a bone
object were found in grave 14. Grave 15 had a fragment of
a bronze pin, grave 20 a fragment of a cast bronze bracelet,
grave 21 had a fragment of a bronze pin, while in the grave
25 the head of a bronze pin was found. Marijan (2005b:39)
states that the female burial 5, as well as male burial 17
contained a nicely worked and decorated bone fragment
each. By far the richest burial is the juvenile burial 24. In it
four bronze bracelets with incised decorations, two smaller
bronze plaques and a club-shaped pin were found. Marijan
(2005b) believes the Popernjak cemetery belongs to the
Barice-Gredani group and based on the metal finds and their
analogies to the rich hoard finds from the Posavina region,
dates it to the period II of the Urnfield culture.
3.9 Gredani and other cemeteries of Gredani group

A large cremation burial site with 71 burials was found at
the Bajir site in Gredani. (fig. 37).
It was excavated between 1974 and 1975. The cemetery is
located on an elevated position. Its upper part was damaged
resulting in destruction of 19 graves (Minichreiter 19821983:9). Most graves were found at a depth of about 1 m
from the surface. Cremated remains were put on the base
of the pit and then covered with a vessel (urn) of various
shapes. Above those, fragments of vessels were added as
burial goods. A total of 69 urns and 122 burial goods were
found at Gredani (Minichreiter 1982-1983:10).
As no anthropological analysis was done, the author
assumes that some graves were those of juveniles solely
on the basis of the urn size (graves 32, 51, 56, 61)
(Minichreiter 1982-1983). Minichreiter (1984: si. 3-5)
carried out a typological analysis of the urns, vessels on
foot, bowls, cups, and jars. She lists several types of urns
(fig. 38): type 1 (Minichreiter 1984: si. 3) is basically a
bowl with a flaring rim and one to four strap handles, type
2 (Minichreiter 1984: si. 4:1-3) is a bowl with a inverted
rim and a strap handle below the rim. Type 3 is similar to
type 2 in form, being a bowl with a rounded body and its
upper part ending in a straight line (Minichreiter 1984: si.
4:4-5). Vessels that represent most common grave goods
are various forms of bowls on foot with a single strap
handle (Minichreiter 1984: si. 5:1-6). To the second group,
Minichreiter (fig. 38) ascribes biconical bowls with a single
strap handle that does not extend over the rim. In the third
group, she includes jars or smaller pots (Minichreiter 1984:
3.8 Makovac
During the 2003 excavations at the Crinjevi settlement,
a cemetery that belonged to the settlement was found by
chance (Mihaljevi, Kalafati 2004). It is located about
200 meters from the Otrovi locality, and we can thank
its discovery to ploughing. Altogether 7 graves were
excavated that year (Mihaljevi, Kalafati 2004:42-43).
The excavations continued in 2005 when 18 additional
graves were found. In all cases the graves had the same
burial rites. Burnt bones were cleaned and put in a vessel
that was buried upside down. In seven graves, an additional
wider vessel with an inverted rim was present (Mihaljevi,
Kalafati 2006:48). Some had a loop under the rim, other
had a strap handle. Some vessels had a horizontally faceted
rim which most likely dates it to the Br D/Ha A1 period.
51
Croatia
2
E
51
5
69
6B
49
23
54
6
19
70
44
71
40
6 5
6 6
6 2 60
6 k
4A
21 15
S.
2?
34
14
47
20
10
33
3J
r6
26
28
25
3
A
J_
C
M 1:200
Fig. 37 Situation plan of Greani cemetery (modified by A. Kudeli after Minichreiter
1982-1983)
sl. 5:10-14:). Minichreiter (1984:96-97) acknowledges that

the jars were most damaged by fire and too fragmented to
be reconstructed properly. Miniature vessels were found in
6 graves at Greani (Minichreiter 1984: sl. 4:6-12).
needle (grave 12) (Minichreiter 1984: sl. 5-15) were found.

These finds prove the existence of the Greani type of
cemeteries into the Ha A1 period , as they contain both
newer, as well as the elements of earlier Br C i D periods.
Perkovci-Dobrevo
Slavonska
During 1966, the Museum of Brodsko Posavlje excavated

a part of the burial site at the Dobrevo locality in Perkovci,
about 27 km west of Slavonski Brod. The preliminary
excavations of a 4x4 m trench resulted in a discovery of
13 graves. Metal objects are very rare in graves belonging
to the Greani group. None were found at the Greani,
Slavonska Poega, Grabarje and Oriovac cemeteries, while
at Perkovci 11 bronze objects were found in 5 grave pits
(Minichreiter 1984:99). Interestingly, in graves 8,2 and 5 at
Greani, pins with a club-shaped head (Keulenkopfnadel),
a pin with a bulb-shaped head (grave no. 9) and a sewing
A cremation burial necropolis was found by chance in

1976 at the Ciglana (Brickyard) site in the northern part
of the town of Slavonska Poega. Two test trenches were
excavated and 6 cremation burials were discovered, of
which only three units could be reconstructed (Minichreiter
1982-1983: T. 19:1-5). Urns were of the type 1, and only
few fragments were found, most likely of bowls on foot
and a smaller bowl (Minichreiter 1982-1983: T. 19:2-3).
52
Poega-Bajer
Cemeteries of the TJrnfield Culture in Continental
Croatia
FIRST
TYPE
URNS
SECOND
TYPE
URNS
THIRD
TYPE
URNS
O)
SMALL
BOWL
A ?
FOOT
VESSELS
MINIATURE
VESSELS
sjy
Fig. 38 Types of urns at Greani cemetery (after Minichreiter 1984 modified by A. Kudeli)
Grabarje (Slavonska
Vranovci (Slavonski Brod)
Poega)
This was actually the first cemetery of the Gredani group to

be discovered. It was found in 1950 in the Vranovci village,
about 5 km east of Slavonski Brod. In the middle of the
burial mound, at a depth of about 1 m from the surface,
vessels were found lying upside-down, with the remains
Grabarje is the second burial site discovered at the Ciglana

locality. Three graves were discovered during the 1980
salvage excavation by the Museum of Poeka Kotlina
(Minichreiter 1982-1983:68).
53
TheXJrnfieldCulture in Continental
a somewhat earlier horizon. The second vessel, an amphora

with a handle on each side of the vessel is interesting
as it had wide oblique fluting on the body that is very
characteristic for the Ha A1 phase. The form of the vessel
is also pointing to the earlier phases and is reminiscent
of the forms of the late phase of the Tumulus culture of
Transdanubia and south-western Slovakia. This is also
supported by the wide fluting, which is quite characteristic
for the pottery of the aka group in Slovakia. A pot with
a rounded body and without any characteristics that could
help in the determination and dating, was found in graves 3
and 4. Grave 5 contained an urn and several other ceramic
goods, and exhibited certain features of earlier components
which subsequently, under the influence from Transdanubia,
Lower Austria and south-western Slovakia, transformed
into the Zagreb group. First of all, there is an amphora with
a cylindrical neck and the horizontally everted rim and two
strap handles. The form of the vessel is also based on the
forms seen in the later phase of the Tumulus culture of
the Middle Danube Basin. It is similar to a vessel (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 24:7; 1983: T. 88:6) that exhibits some
younger-phase characteristics and has a shorter body and
funnel-shaped neck. There is also a fragment of a vessel
with facets on the belly (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 24:8),
which definitely points to Ha A1 and the Zagreb group.
Analogies are found in the ceramics from the Kalnik-Igrie
1 settlement (Vrdoljak 1994). A particularity of the ZagrebVrape cemetery is the placement of the urns into stone
cists (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 23:9). Vinski-Gasparini
(1973:69) is linking this burial rite to the cemeteries at
Baierdorf, Gemeinlebarn and Illmitz. Specifically, she is
emphasizing similarities with the sites in Burgenland..
of burned bones placed beneath them (Minichreiter 19821983:66).

Oriovac (Slavonski Brod)
This cemetery was discovered in 1960 during the digging
od basements of private houses. Archaeologists from the
Museum of Brodsko Posavlje were able to save only 11
grave assemblages (Minichreiter 1982-1983: T: 19:6-8;
T. 20:1-5), but it is supposed that 20-30 additional graves
were found later during construction (Minichreiter 19821983:63).
Nova Bukovica (Podravska
Croatia
Slatina)
During survey of the Sjenjak locality, the remnants

of fire with fragments of pottery and burned bones were
discovered. The pottery is characteristic of the Gredani
group. Another cemetery is mentioned to exist at
Aleksandrovac.
The characteristic burial rite at all the cemeteries of the
Gredani group is cremation of the deceased, after which the
bone remains are put at the bottom of the burial pit. Bones
were then covered by a vessel (urn) base up. Even though
this is a quite unique burial rite, Minichreiter (1984:102103) describes the differences in individual burials in
detail. For instance, there are examples of burials without
any grave goods in which the pit was filled with burnt
remains from the pyre or with clay; there are also burials
with grave goods that were also sometimes burnt, and later
broken above the burial pit. In some graves both human
remains as well as grave goods show traces of burning, so
it can be assumed that the burial rites sometimes included
cremation of the deceased together with various objects
that later served as grave goods (Minichreiter 1984:102).
Interestingly, at the Perkovci site all metal objects found
were found alongside human remains below the urn, so one
can assume that the objects were on or near the deceased
during the process of cremation.
The ceramic repertory found at the cemetery sites of

the early phase of the Urnfield culture is very limited in
forms. For the Virovitica group, deeper bowls, often with
cylindrical necks and nipple-like protuberances or plastic
ribs, are quite characteristic. Tunnel-shaped handles
are situated on the body of the urn. These vessels were
covered with bowls with flaring rims as well as those
with an inverted rim, which mostly had a strap handle just
below the rim. Grave goods of both, Virovitica and Gredani
groups, include smaller bowls with a single strap handle,
cups, jars, smaller pots, and, as the most reliable indicator
of the ceramic expression at the end of the Middle and the
beginning of the Late Bronze Age, vessels on foot. It can be
seen that the most dominant forms in the Gredani cemetery
are bowls with a flaring rim, which were used as a lid that
was put on the urn, but also as urns that covered the burned
remains. Often, the vessels are quite big. This type of a
vessel appears at other cemeteries in a balanced proportion.
Other bowl types are also most abundant at the Gredani
cemetery, followed by the cemeteries in Morave and
Virovitica. Jars with a single handle are most abundant at
Gredani, while Morave is characterized by a large number
of pots, of which in Gredani there are none. Morave is also
the site that yielded the largest number of cups with a strap
handle that does not extend over the rim. All this points to
3.10 Zagreb-Vrapce
Much like at other burial sites of the second phase of the
Urnfield culture in northern Croatia, only 5 graves are
preserved at this site (Vinski-Gasparini 1973; 1983). The
cemetery is discussed in the chapter on the Zagreb group
and cemeteries of the second phase. An urn in the form of
a bowl with a rounded body and a fluted motif on the body
and the base of the neck was found in grave 1. It had a
single strap handle. Three bronze objects were also found
in the grave: a double-sided razor, tweezers and a pin, all
pointing to a male burial (Vinski-Gasparini 1983: T. 87:14). In grave 2 two vessels were found and a single bronze
object: a hair ring (Vinski-Gasparini 1983: T. 87:5-7). One
of these vessels is a pot with a rounded body with two
handles and a cylindrical neck. Based on the nipple-like
protuberance on the body it could tentatively be assigned to
54
Croatia
1975: T: 57:12-13). We can see the analogies for the urn

from Horvati in the finds from grave 56 at Dobova (Stare
1975: T. 12:9,11). The latter is the most similar to the urn
from Horvati (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 93:2). Urns dated
to the earlier phase from Horvati (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
93:1,3) can also be compared to the ones found at Dobova
(Stare 1975: T. 58:4, T. 69:232, T. 70:265). Pottery style and
close proximity to the river Sava point to the conclusion
that the grave site of Horvati belonged to the same cultural
circle as the cemeteries from Velika Gorica and Dobova.
a certain distinction in the typological characteristics of the

urns and grave goods between the cemeteries of the Gredani
and Virovitica groups.
3.11 Zagreb-Horvati
At the Horvati site in the southern part of Zagreb
near the river Sava, urn graves were discovered during
the works in 1912 (Richthofen 1940: Abb. 1-12). Grave
associations did not survive, while the finds were analyzed
by Vinski-Gasparini (1973) and ascribed to the phase III,
or Ha A2. Richthofen (1940) was the first one to analyze
finds from graves at Horvati and dated it to a wider period
between Br D to Ha B, in the attempt to show that the
Lausitz culture was a widespread phenomenon of Illyrian
affiliation (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:134). At the time when
Vinski-Gasparini did her synthesis, papers on the Velatice
culture of Moravia have already been published (Rihovsky
1958; 1961), allowing comparisons with the material found
in that area. Analogies for the ums (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 93:1,3) are found in the vessels from cremation burial
I from Velatice (Rihovsky 1958). However, these are not
the true biconical vessels but rather ones with slightly
S-shaped profiles, that can be specifically observed on one
of them (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 93; 1983: T. 88:10).
Two urns (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 93:2,4) are linked to
the younger elements, and dated on the basis of the analogy
with the Urnfield culture of northern Tyrol into the Ha A2
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973:134). The most reliable basis for
dating of the finds into Ha A2 are metal objects. Bracelet
with a triangular cross-section (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
93:5) is abundant in the hoards of the second phase, and
is also present in the grave found at Martijanec (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 25:8,9). Vinski-Gasparini emphasizes
the differences between this grave find and the finds from
Moravia, where an intermediate phase Ha A2/B1 can be
seen at the cemetery sites of the Klentnice type. According
to Vinski-Gasparini (1973:134) the Zagreb-Horvati graves
belong to Ha A2 only and represents the link between the
earlier and later phases of the Urnfield culture. VinskiGasparini (1973:135) finds analogies to the urns from this
site in the finds from other cemeteries of the late phase
of the Urnfield culture: Krupace, Trescerovac and Velika
Gorica. Therefore, a sole presence of the bracelets with
the triangular cross-section cannot be used as the argument
against dating of the site to the late phase. Such bracelets
are naturally not found in the hoards of the late phase, but
are present in Dobova in grave B (Stare 1975: T. 1:B57), and grave 6 (Stare 1975: T. 5:6). However, the latter
grave also contains a vessel that is very similar to a typical
Velatice type, a cup with a high handle (Stare 1975: T.
5:3). Therefore this grave may well be dated to somewhat
younger phase II. One complete bracelet and fragments
of another bracelet with a triangular cross-section were
found in grave 140 at Dobova (Stare 1975: T. 22:6-7). Four
bracelets were found in the very rich grave 289 (Stare 1975:
T. 40:3-6), two bracelets were found in the grave 305 (Stare
1975: T. 44:6-7), and in grave 409 also two bracelets (Stare
3.12. Krupace
In December 1897, working in the field, a local farmer
found 12 vessels of different sizes at the depth of about 0,40
m at a site called Raticak in Krupace near Krasic (Brunsmid
1898:137). As the graves themselves were destroyed, only
the information remained that some of the larger vessels
were covered by another vessel, turned upside-down, while
inside them, lying on a pile of ashes, another pot containing
burnt bones and some bronze objects and covered by
another bowl was situated. Brunsmid (1898:137) states that
under a larger piece of burned soil, a smaller pot containing
burned bones was found. Alongside, there was a necklace,
two bracelet fragments, and a coil of bronze wire, most
likely the remains of a spectacle fibula. Only a single urn
was reconstructed (Brunsmid 1898: T. 1: si. 1-2; VinskiGasparini 1973:T. 100:1). It belonged to an S-profiled
bowl/pot about 49 cm in height and 14 cm in diameter,
with a flat base 14 cm in diameter,. The diameter of the
rim was 36 cm. The urn was found covered by a bowl of
12,3 cm in height, 33 cm in diameter (Brunsmid 1898: T.l:
si.2, si.5; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 100:3). The inverted
rim was 25 cm in diameter, while the diameter at its base
was 11,3 cm. The thickness of its sides was approximately
0,8 cm. Interestingly, inside it was another, smaller urn
(Brunsmid 1898: T. 1: sl.5, sl.2; Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 100:2) containing only the burnt bones. This vessel was
11,3 cm in height, and 14 cm in diameter at its mouth,
while the diameter of the base was 6 cm, and its largest
(body) diameter was 47 cm. This urn was covered by a cup
of 5,4 cm in height, with a strap handle of about 3,8 cm in
height and 2,2 cm in width. Diameter at its uppermost end
was 10,5 cm, narrowing towards the base to about 3 cm
in diameter (Brunsmid 1898:138, T. 1:6; Vinski-Gasparini
1973:T. 100:7). Most likely, it had a so-called Omphalos
base. Judging from the finds, it was most likely a double
burial.
According to Brunsmid (1898:139) there was another larger
urn, similar to the aforementioned one (Brunsmid 1898: T.
1: si. 1), but it was not preserved. In it, in its upper part, a
smaller urn of about 8 cm in height, and diameter at the rim
of about 11 cm, was found. The diameter at the base was
5,5 cm, while its widest diameter (body) was 35,5 cm. It
contained the cremated bones and a pin with a vase-shaped
head (Vasenkopfnadel') for which analogies can be found
at the Velemszentvid settlement (Rihovsky 1983:50, T.
55
TheXJrnfieldCulture in Continental Croatia
25:626,627) and which are dated on the basis of the grave

finds from Hadersdorf am Kamp (Stegmann-Rajtar 1992:
Abb. 14:4,8) to the late phase of the Urnfield culture. Other
bronze objects were found near a smaller urn containing
cremated remains (Brunsmid 1898: T. 1:7-9,11; VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 100:10-13). A twisted tore with spiral
ends, about 1 cm thick, was also found (Brunsmid 1898:
T. 1:7). It had a round cross-section, while its ends were
rectangular in section. The necklace was broken before it
was put into the ground, and as it also bears the traces of
burning, it was possible that it had been cremated with the
deceased. A large number of such necklaces were found
in grave 3/1916 from Velika Gorica (Karavanic 2000: T.
19:2-6). A similar necklace comes from the Matijevici
hoard found near Dvor na Uni (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 129:7; Vinski-Gasparini 1983: T. 96:3), dated to phase
5. That hoard exhibits Balkan elements such as a shorter
flange-hilted sword (Vinski-Gasparini 1983: T. 96:1).
Another necklace, or possibly a bracelet, was found in
the Krupace grave (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 100:12).
Brunsmid (1898: T. 1:11) published a fragment of rolled
wire which he assumes was a part of a spectacle fibula.
found inside larger ones (Ljubic 1885:69). Bronze objects

were also found: a damaged pin, double bronze wires, and a
fragment of spiral wire, possibly a part of a spectacle fibula
(Ljubic 1885: T. VI: si. 31:8,6). Spindle whorls, like the
ones from Velika Gorica, were also found (Ljubic 1885: T.
VI:32,33). Our knowledge on the burial rites is completed
by the findings of cremation sites close to the cemeteries,
and in some cases, at the site where the urns were found.
Characteristic types of urns found at Trescerovac include
the rounded vessels with a high, funnel-shaped neck
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 101:4-5,7,11,13) and decoration
in the form of incised zig-zags or hanging triangles. An
interesting find is a small bowl on a foot (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 101:1) with a decoration both on its foot and the
body. The aforementioned motif in decoration links these
finds to the finds from other cemeteries of the Ha B period,
such as Ruse and Dobova.
3.14 Ozalj
Discussing the finds from Trescerovac, Ljubic (1885)
mentions the existence of cemeteries at the Poljicih site
near Ozalj (Karlovac). During his test excavations he found
four urns that were completely destroyed. Allegedly, Ljubic
excavated there on another occasion and concluded that
the finds come from a burial mound (Ljubic 1889:158, T.
33:255). In the introduction of her paper on the graves from
Ozalj, Balen-Letunic (1981:11) is citing this information,
concerning the graves found between 1970 and 1973 in
Ozalj. In the same article, a description of the grave from
Zamarija near Zumberacka Kupcina can be found. The
objects from this grave were presented as a gift to the
Archaeological Museum in Zagreb.
The same author (Brunsmid 1898:140) mentions two

vessels and two bronze objects found without context. One
vessel was most likely an urn (Brunsmid 1898: T. 1:13;
Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 100:5). It was about 7,2 cm in
height, with a rim of about 10,4 cm in diameter, while its
base diameter was 5,3 cm, and the widest diameter about
36,5 cm. The second vessel was an urn with a curved but
slightly flattened body (Brunsmid 1898: T. 1:3; VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 100:6). It was 10,6 cm in height, 15 cm
in diameter, while its base was 6 cm in width.
3.13 Trescerovac
Grave 1 from Ozalj was found in a funnel-shaped burial pit,

in which the urn containing the remains of cremated bones
and ashes was found (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 1:1).
Sime Ljubic quotes the museum's memoirs of 1867 when

he states that a farmer accidentally found some bronze
objects and urns on the land belonging to Dr. Ante Jordan
in the village of Trescerovac near Ozalj (Karlovac) (Ljubic
1885:66). Responding to Jordan's invitation, Ljubic went
to the site located in the field bounded by the river Kupa
on its northeastern side in 1879 (Ljubic 1885: T. VI). He
excavated the site and found 46 urns (Ljubic 1885:68). The
urns were not found in a neat row, but scattered around,
much like at the grave site at Ruse. They were found at the
depth of between 50 cm to 1 m. Most had been covered:
in four cases the lid was a sandstone slab, while other had
an upside-down bowl on top of them. As in the case of the
urns from Krupace, these urns too contained a smaller urn
in the inside, with a small bowl beneath the latter (Ljubic
1885:68). Based on this Ljubic concludes that a total of
130 vessels was found. Ljubic (1885:68-69) states that one
of the crucial reasons for the bad condition of the finds,
especially larger vessels, was the humidity of the soil.
Only 14 vessels, 7 smaller urns and 7 bowls survived.
Most graves were probably double, or multiple, burials,
as smaller urns containing human remains and ashes were
In the burial pit of the same form, the urn from grave 2 was
found (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 1:3). At the base of the urn,
the remains of ashes as well as a fragment of a vessel were
found (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 1:2). It is possible that the
fragment belonged to a vessel that served as a lid of the urn.
Grave 3 contained an urn (Balen-Letunic 1981:4) with
remains of burnt bones and a bowl with a strap handle
(Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 1:5).
The construction of grave 4 was somewhat more elaborate,
as it had a larger stone slab that was placed onto the pit
containing the urn. The urn was partially surrounded by
stones of irregular shape (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 1:6). At
the base of the urn, a fragment of another vessel was found
(Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 1:7).
A stone slab also covered the burial pit of grave 5. In the
pit, an urn partially enclosed by stones was found (BalenLetunic 1981: T. 2:4). It was covered by another bowl with
56
155 from the Rue cemetery, which contains the material

of the Ha B3 phase according to Miiller-Karpe (1959: T.
114A).
an inverted rim (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 2:3). In its base,

the remains of cremated bones, as well as other objects
were found: a spindle whorl (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 2:1)
and a piece of bronze wire circular in cross-section (BalenLetunic 1981: T. 2:2). Based on the spindle whorl, the grave
could be of a female. Similar grave goods were found at
Velika Gorica.
At Ozalj, bowls with an inverted rim, sometimes decorated,

are found, either as grave goods, or lids of urns (BalenLetuni 1981: T. 1:7; T. 2:11; T. 3:4). Most common
decorations are grooving, found on vessel rims and with
analogies in the finds from the Treerovac cemetery
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 101:8-9). The same decoration
is found on vessels from the elevated settlements of Belaj
(Majnari-Pandil986), Kiringrad (Balen-Letuni 1987: T.
1:3) as well as from the site of Staro ie-Gradie (BalenLetuni 1996a: T. 2-3,5). Balen-Letuni (1981:16) links the
find of a bowl or larger cup decorated with a zig-zag motif
to the finds from the Rue cemetery, which were recently
typologically studied by renar (2006). According to this
author, this motif comes in the form of a zig-zag horizontal
line (renar 2006: Abb. 31:3). Another such bowl with a
handle was found in grave 76 at Pobreje, and dated based
on the presence of a pin of the so-called Pile-dwellings type
to Ha B1. A find specific to the Ozalj cemetery are vessels
with a funnel-shaped neck decorated with incised triangles
(Balen-Letuni 1981: T. 2:7). These are the most common
vessel type in Treerovac (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
101:4-5,7). Balen-Letuni (1981:17) dates the Ozalj graves
to the Ha B1 and B2 period, or 10th and 9th centuries BC.
Grave 6 is exhibiting some of the characteristisc of the

Trescerovac cemetery. The urn was found partially enclosed
in the pit surrounded by stones (Balen-Letunic 1981: T.
2:5). The urn wras covered by a bowl with an inverted
rim (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 2:6). In it, another bowl
with a rounded body and funnel-shaped neck, was found
(Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 2:7). Its shoulder was decorated
with incised triangles, while below the rim there was a
continuous zig-zag motif.
The burial pit of grave 7 was covered by stone slabs,
while at the base of the pit the remains of cremated bones
belonging to a juvenile, some ashes, and other objects were
found. Near the pit was another bowl (Balen-Letunic 1981:
T. 2:11).
The burial pit of grave 8 was partially surrounded by
stones that contained an urn (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 3:1)
containing the cremated remains and another bowl (BalenLetunic 1981: T. 3:4). Inside the urn a part of a bronze pin
was found (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 3:2), as well as a knife
sheath made of bone (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 3:3).
3.15 Velika Gorica

This cemetery has been in the archaeological literature for
a while, beginning from the first report by Hoffiler (1909)
where finds from 20 graves from the Visoki Brijeg locality,
discovered in 1908, have been described and analysed. The
site was discovered during the pebble quarrying on the
parcel no. 380/2 owned by a businessman Nikola Hribar,
located near the local hospital (Hoffiller 1909:120). On that
occasion, finds from cremation burials, as well as from later,
medieval inhumations, have been found. At first, Hoffiller
explored 3 cremation graves, in the spring of the same year
he unearthed additional 9 urn graves, while the following
autumn and winter several additional um graves were found
(Hoffiller 1909:121). It is mentioned that urn graves were
also found on the cadastral plot no. 543 (Hoffiller 1909:
si.7). The urns were in the forms of smaller vessels, on
rare occasion covered by another smaller vessel, while
the cremated bones were not always inside the urn, but
nearby. Objects made of metal were also located near the
urn (Hoffiller 1909:122). As in the case of the finds from
Krupace and Treerovac, it was not possible to preserve
all the urns, due to the bad quality of pottery production,
as well as the humidity of the soil. By the end of 1908,
15 cremation graves in urns and 5 inhumations were
discovered (Hoffiller 1909:124). The information from the
Museum's archives 1 informs us that during 1909, and under
the direction of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, 16
In grave 9, an urn was found inside the pit, containing the

cremated bones and ashes (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 3:6).
Similar to the graves from Ozalj is a grave found at
Zamarija (Balen-Letunic 1981: T. 4:1-2). It was also
covered by a stone slab and contained an urn inside which
another bowl was found. This bowl, most likely, did not
serve as the urn's lid.
Most of the vessels found are urns that are mostly
undecorated and have the S-profile of the body and are
very similar to the urn found at Krupace (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 100:1). It is interesting that at cemeteries around
Karlovac the types of urns that are common to Velika
Gorica, were not found at all. Urns from Krupace and Ozalj
have analogies to the ones from Ljubljana SAZU graves
74 (Pus 1971: T. 2:1) and 85 (Pus 1971: T. 4:5). The pit of
grave 85 from Ljubljana SAZU was also funnel-shaped. In
it, an urn containing the cremated bones, closed by another
bowl with an inverted rim, was found (Pus 1971: T. 53).
Another similarity to the cemetery from Ljubljana is in
the grave goods such as spindle whorls and loom weights.
These objects were found in the rich grave 92 at Ljubljana
SAZU (Pus 1971: T. 7:7-16, T. 53). Based on the analogies
with grave 9 from Dobova and grave 68 from Pobrezje,
Balen-Letunic (1981:16) dates the finds to the Ha B1 phase,
but cautions that such finds may appear later, as in the grave
1
V. Vejvoda, Prethistorijsko nalazite Velika Gorica (Achives of the
Arheological Museum in Zagreb).
57
3. Grave 3/1908.
graves were found, and that additional 14 graves were

discovered the following year. In 1910 Tkalcic found 7
graves, and in 1916 additional 6. During 1910, 1911, 1914,
and 1924 the Museum recieved additional finds from the
Velika Gorica cemetery as a gift from the owner of the
land. A total of 67 graves were excavated, mostly cremation
burials of prehistoric age, although there are some from the
Roman period, as well as 6 inhumations of medieval period.
In 1924 Hoffiler published a paper on the prehistoric urns
from the site (Hoffiller 1924). The finds from Velika Gorica
were also published in the series under the title Corpus
Vasorum Antiquorum (Hoffiller 1938).
Hoffiler (1909:124, fig. 9:3) mentions a bowl of about 9 cm

in height which contained two or three burnt bones.
This object is not catalogued in the inventory book of the
AMZ.
4. Grave 4/1908.
Hoffiler (1909:125, fig. 9:4) mentions a bowl with a circular
hole of about 10 cm in height. Near the urn, a spectacle
fibula was found.
The first catalogue of the chosen grave assemblages from

the Velika Gorica cemetery was published by R Stare
(1957a), while K. Vinski-Gasparini (1973) included the
finds in her synthetic work, but chose not to do a detailed
analysis of the finds from the late period of the Urnfield
culture, as they were already published previously. K.
Vinski-Gasparini (1973) limited her analysis to closed grave
assemblages from the 1908, 1911, and 1916 excavations. In
our work, we have chosen to carry out a detailed analysis
of the complete inventory from the site that is housed in the
Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. Graves were analyzed
according to their description in the inventory books,
and an attempt was made to reconstruct the previously
unreconstructed grave assemblages. Our analysis also added
new objects to the grave assemblages published previously
by Hoffiller (1909) and Vinski-Gasparini (1973).2

AMZ.
5. Grave 5/1908.
A bronze tore, broken in three pieces, and made of twisted
wire of a rectangular cross-section.
Inv.no. 7617. The object did not survive.
Hoffiler (1909:125) mentions an urn containing burnt bone
fragments that was surrounded by a number of bronze
objects. Hoffiller (1909: fig. 8:2) published a twisted bronze
necklace, and mentions additional three to four bracelets
made of bronze, decorated with incisions (Hoffiller 1909:
fig. 10:1).
Catalogue of the finds

6. Grave 6/1908
1. Grave 1/1908.
Hoffiller (1909:125) mentions a smaller pot with a single
handle of about 7 cm in height.
Bronze pin with a bulb-shaped head. AMZ Inv.no.7616 (PI.

50:1).
7. Grave 7/1908.
Length: 6,8 cm; head diameter:
diameter: 1,1cm.
0,85 cm;
body
Hoffiller (1909:125) states that the remains of cloth
covering could be observed on the socketed axe and
concludes that the rest of the items found were most likely
also wrapped in cloth. He mentions the remains of bracelets
made of very thin bronze sheet and decorated by punching
(Hoffiller 1909: fig. 8:6). Drilled holes served to attach the
bronze sheet to the underlining by strings. A piece of an
iron bar of unknown purpose was also found in this grave
(Hoffiller 1909:126).
The pin was previously published by Hoffiler (1909: fig.

8:3; fig. 10:2). An additional urn that did not survive is
mentioned (Hoffiler 1909:124).
2. Grave 2/1908.
Hoffiler (1909:122) mentions an urn with thick walls that
was surrounded by remains of cremated bones.
1. A bronze knife with a ring ending. Inv.no. AMZ 7620.

(PI. 51:1)

AMZ.
Length: 27,1 cm, greatest width of the blade: 2,1 cm.

2. A bronze socketed axe, decorated by characteristic
hanging V motif. Inv.no. AMZ 7622. (PI. 52:2).
2
After this step, the matierial was drawn by Marta Perki. I take this
opportunity to express my sincere thanks to her. I would also like to thank
Mrs. Dubravka Balen-Letuni for her permission to work on this material.
Length: 11 cm; width at the transition from the socket to
58
Croatia
A number of finds discovered in 1909 were found by mr.

Hribar at the site of the cemetery and were presented as
a gift to the National Museum in Zagreb in March 1910.
the blade is 3 cm: blade width: 4,4cm; mouth width 3,5 cm;
height: 1,4 cm.
3. A bronze ring 4,4 cm in diameter. Inv.no. 7618 AMZ.
(PI. 52:3).
In March 1910, 14 additional graves were discovered at

the same site, some without grave goods, while in others
various objects were found:
4. A bronze ring 4,3 cm in diameter. Inv.no. 7618 AMZ

(PI. 52:4).
13. Grave 1/1910

5. A bronze ring 5,2 cm in diameter. Inv.no. 7618 AMZ
(PI. 52:5).
That grave had a rounded, brown-gray urn with a hole.

It contained burnt bones. Inv.no. 6816 (Hoffiller 1924: T.
1:16; 1938: T. 95:4; Klemenc 1938:83). Three fragments
of a burnt spear point are mentioned Inv.no. 7651 AMZ,
and a pin with a biconical head Inv.no. 7652 AMZ, a pin
with a massive rounded head Inv.no. 7653 AMZ and a long,
irregular shaped whetstone Inv.no. 7654.
6. A bronze ring, damaged. Inv.no. 7618 AMZ (PI. 52:6).

7. to 14. Bronze rivets. 8 pieces. Inv.no. 7623 AMZ. (PI.
52:7-14.)
Height: 1,7 cm; diameter: 2,4 cm.
14. Grave 2/1910.

15. A bronze pin with a wave line decoration. Pile-dwellings
type. Inv.no. 7621 AMZ. (PI. 52:15).
1. A bronze knife. Inv.no. 7658 AMZ. (PI. 53:1).

Length: 14 cm, blade: 1,8 cm.
16. Ring-like ending of knife or razor grip. Not in the

inventory book of the AMZ. (PI. 52:16).
2. A bronze knife. Not in the inventory book. (PI. 53:2).

17. An urn (PI. 52:17).
Length: 12,1 cm, blade: 1,6 cm.
8. Grave 8/1908
3. A half of the spectacle fibula. Inv.no. 7659 AMZ. (PI.
53:7).
Hoffiller (1909:126) states that this grave was dug up in

the past, but that the items were thrown together in a pile.
The following items are mentioned: a bronze wire pendant,
a part of a fibula of unclear Italian form, a piece of a spiral
wire (Hoffiller 1909: si .8:7), parts of a necklace. A spindle
whorl has been found in the grave.
4. A razor. Not in the inventory book. (PI. 53:4). Length:

10,2 cm, blade width: 4 cm.
9. Grave 9/1908
5. Apiece of bronze sheet. Inv.no. 7663 AMZ. (PI. 53:5).
Hoffiler (1909:126) states that fragments of two vessels

were found in this grave: an urn with thick walls, and a
bowl with thinnner walls.
6. Apiece of bronze sheet. Inv.no. 7663 AMZ. (PI. 53:6).
Length: 5,5 cm.
7. Half of a knife blade. Not in the inventory book. (PI.

53:3).
10. Grave 10/1908

Length: 8,2 cm, blade: 1,6 cm.
Hoffiller (1909:126) states that in this grave a very small
bowl, about 5 cm in height, was found. There were no
cremated remains found.
8. A bronze ring made of thin bronze sheet. Not in the

inventory book. (PI. 53:8).
11. Grave 11/1908.
9. Bronze fibula bow. Inv.no. 7662 AMZ. (PI. 53:9,9a).
Hoffiller (1909:126, fig. 9:2) states that a cup with a high

handle was found in this grave. Inside the cup, two spiral
hair rings made of bronze wire were found.
10. An urn (PI. 53:10; Hoffiller 1924:8, T.l:13; 1938: T.

95:9; Klemenc 1938:83). Height: 14,8 cm, width: 14,9 cm,
diameter of the opening: 12,2 cm, base diameter: 8 cm
12. Grave 14/1908
15. Grave 3/1910.
Hoffiller (1909:127) mentions a smaller bowl of about 6 cm

in height. This grave could also be from prehistoric period.
1. A bronze pin with a twisted neck. Inv.no. 7660 AMZ.

(PL 54:2). Length: 15,4 cm, neck diameter: 0,8 cm, head
59
Croatia
diameter: 0,7 cm, diameter of the lower part of the body:

0.4 cm.
3. Several fragments of bronze wire, most likely hair rings.

Inv.no. 7672. AMZ (PI. 50:12,12a).
2. An urn. Inv. no. 6811. (PI. 54:1; Hoffiller 1924: T. 1:9;

1938: T. 95:11). Height: 13,7 cm, width: 18,4 cm, diameter
at the opening: 14,5 cm, base diameter: 9,1 cm.
4. A piece of spectacle fibula. Not in the inventory book.

(PL 50:10).
23. Grave E/1910.
16. Grave 7/1910

Klemenc (1938:85) mentions two biconical beads. Inv.no.
7673. Items did not survive. A bracelet made of bronze
wire, round in cross-section,. Inv.no. 7674, 12 fragments
of a necklace, one with a spiral ending, Inv.no. 7675 were
also found.
A dark-grey pot of 6,5 cm in height with a single hole on

one side. Most likely an urn. Inv.no. 6804 (Hoffiller 1909:
T. 1:5; 1938: T. 95:4)
17. Grave 8/1910
24. Grave F/1910.

A bowl made of dark-grey clay with a single hole in its
middle part. Inv.no. 6807 (Hoffiller 1924: T. 1:1; 1938: T.
95:7).
1. A necklace made of bronze wire, about 0,3 cm in

diameter, with spiral ending. Inv.no. 7676 AMZ. (PL 58:1).
18. Grave 11/1910.
2. Hair ring of thin wire. Not in the inventory book. (PL

58:2,2a).
A bowl made of dark-grey clay with a single hole in its

middle part (Hoffiller 1924: T. 1:12; 1938: T. 95:3).
3. Salta leoni. Not in the inventory book (Pl. 58:3).

4. A bracelet decorated with incised of parallel lines. Not
in the inventory book (PL 58:4).
19. Grave 13/1910.

1.-2. Two rings made of bronze wire. Hair rings. Inv.no.
7685. AMZ (PI. 50:3-4).
5. Decorative plate of bronze sheet with a band of

punctations. Inv. no. 7678 AMZ (PL 58:5).
20. Grave 14/1910.

6. Fragment of a vessel rim of brown colour. Not in the
inventory book (PL 58:6).
1. A piece of bronze wire. Inv.no. 7684 AMZ (PI. 50:2).

Length: 0,6 cm.
7. Decorative plate of bronze sheet. Inv.no. 7679 AMZ

(PL 58:7).
In Autumn 1910, prof. V. Tkalcic discovered 7 additional

graves at the site:
8. Biconical spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7681 AMZ. (PI. 58:8,8a).

21. Grave A/1910.
9. Biconical spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7682 AMZ (PL 58:9,
9a).
1. Four pyramidal loom weights . Inv.no. 7666 AMZ. Items

did not survive.
10.-11. Two biconical spindle whorls. Inv. no. 7683 AMZ

(PL 58:10-11, 10a-11 a).
2. A clay ring. Inv. no. 7667 AMZ. (PI. 50:11,11a).

3. A clay ring. Inv.no. 7668 AMZ. (PI. 50:12,12a).
12.-22. Fragments of braceletes with incised parallel lines

(PL 59:1-11, la-9a).
4. Biconical spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7669 AMZ. (PI.

50:13,13a)
25. Grave G/1910
22. Grave C/1910.
1. Upper part of a pin made of rounded bronze wire, with a

twisted body. Inv.no.7684 AMZ. Length 9 cm, diameter of
upper body 0,3 cm, lower body 0,2 cm (PL 54:4).
1. Pyramidal loom-weight. Inv.no. 7670 AMZ. Item did

not survive.
2. Urn Inv.no. (PL 54:3). Height 19,8 cm, width 22,6 cm,
diameter of base 9,5 cm, diameter of mouth opening 13,6
cm.
2. A clay ring, irregular in shape. Inv.br. 7671 AMZ. Item

did not survive.
In January 1911 the following graves were discovered:

60
Croatia
26. Grave 1/1911.
4. An urn. Inv. no. 6812 (PL 63:4).
1. Antenna terminal sword decorated by series of incised

parallel lines and wave lines on the blade. Inv.no. 7687
AMZ (PI.60:1). Length 53 cm, lower part 36,75 cm, width
of a blade 5,1 cm.
29. Grave 6/1911.

1. Fragment of twisted wire, probably part of a necklace.
Not in the inventory book (PL 50:5).
2. Fragment of thin, twisted wire, probably hair ring
(PL 50:6).
2. A spear head decorated with incised wave line and series

of parallel horizontal lines. Inv.no. 7689. A M Z (PI. 60:2,2a).
Length 24,4 cm.
3. Fragment of spiral wire, probably part of spectacle fibula

(PL 50:7).
3. A socket. Inv.no. 7688 AMZ (PL 60:3,3a).

4. Antenna terminal knife. Inv.no. 7697. A M Z (PL 61:1,
la). Length 31,3 cm, width of a blade 2,4 cm i length of a
hilt 5,8 cm.
30. Grave 7/1911
5. Flange hilted knife. Inv.no. 7698 A M Z (PL 61:2,2a).

Length 15,5 cm, width of a blade 2,4 cm i length of a hilt
5,8 cm.
31. Grave 8/1911.
6. A pin. Inv.no. 7694 AMZ (PL 61:3).
32. Grave 11/1911
7. A pin head. Inv.no. 7694 AMZ (PL 61:4).
1. Urn reddish-grey colour with two handles. Inv.no. 6815

(Hoffiller 1938: T. 96:3).
1. An urn with a hole. Not in the inventory book (Pl. 64:3)
1 . An urn. Not in the inventory book (PL 64:2).
8.. A pin with a decorated bulb-shaped head. Inv.no. 7693

AMZ (PL 61:5).
In the spring of 1914 the rest of the finds from Velika Gorica
came in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb.
9. A pin with a rounded ribbed head. Inv.no.7694 A M Z

(PL 61:6).
33. Grave 1/1914.

1. A spectacle fibula. Inv.no. 7712-7713.
10. Asocketed axe. Inv.no. 7690 AMZ (PL 61:7,7a). Length

11,7 cm, width at the transition to a blade 2,9 cm, width of
a blade 6,2 cm, diameter of mouth opening 2,8 x 2,2 cm,
mouth width 3,6 cm, socket length a 4,2 cm, blade length
5,7 cm.
2. A bronze pin with a loop. Not in the inventory book.
11. A semilunar razor. Inv.no.7692 AMZ (PL 61:8). Length

14 cm, hilt length 5,3 cm.
1. A hair ring of bronze wire. Inv.no. 7715 A M Z

(PL 50:13,13a).
12.-22. Clay rings. Diameter 5,5 cm, thickness 2,5 cm Inv.

no. 7695 AMZ (PL 62: 1-11).
35. Grave 3/1914.
34. Grave 2/1914.
23. Biconical spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7696 AMZ (PL 62:12)
1. Fragment of a base and walls of reddish-brown vessel.

Inv.no. 7716 (PL 65:1).
27. Grave 3/1911
2. Pyramidal loom weight. Inv.no. 7717 (PL 65:4,4a).
1. An urn with a hole. Not in the inventory book (PL 64:1).
3. Biconical spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7718 (PL 65:2,2a).
28. Grave 4/1911
4. Biconical spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7719 (PL 65:3,3a).
1. Knife broken into 4 pieces, decorated in fir tree branch

motif. Inv. no. 7699 AMZ (PL 63:1,1a).
5. Spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7720 (PI 65:5,5a).

6.-9. Four bracelet fragments. Not preserved. Inv.no. 7721.
2. Passementerie style fibula. Inv. no. 7700-7701 A M Z

(PL 63:3).
In March 1916 prof. V. Tkalcic has discovered 6 graves:
3. A hair ring. Not in the inventory book (PL 63:2,2a).

61
The Urnfield Culture in Continental
Croatia
36. Grave 1/1916.
19. Twisted tore. Inv.no. 7723 (Pl. 68:5).
1. Smaller spectacle fibula, damaged in fire. Inv.no. 7712

AMZ (Klemenc 1938:88).
20. Twisted tore. Inv.no. 7723 (PL 68:6).
37. Gave 2/1916.

1. Fragment of undecorated bowl with inverted rim. Not in
the inventory book (PI. 66:1).
2. Fragment of funnel shaped vessel neck. Not in the
inventory book (PI. 66:2).
Klemenc (1938:88) lists one more base part of reddish-grey

vessel. Inv.no. 7716.
39. Grave 4/1916
Klemenc (1938:89) mentions two fragments of spectacle
fibula Inv.no. 7729.
40. Grave 5/1916.
3. Upper part of a pot with rounded body. Not in the

4. Fragment of lower part of a vessel body. Not in the
Klemenc (1938.88) mentions one more hair ring of bronze
wire. Inv.no. 7715.
38. Grave 3/1916.
1. Bronze bracelet with D cross section. Diameter 0,8
cm. Inv.no.7722 (PI. 67:1).
1. Fragment of a base and walls of vessel. Not in the

2. Fragment of a vessel rim. Not in the inventory book (Pl.
69:2).
3. Vessel base fragment. Not in the inventory book (PL
69:3).
41. Grave 6/1916.
1. Pot of funnel shaped neck with two handles.. Not in the
2.-5. Fragments of bracelets. Inv.no. 7722 (PI. 67:2-5).

6. Bronze bracelet. Inv.no. 7722 (PL 67:6).
7. Bronze bracelet. Inv.no 7722 (Pl. 67:7).
3. Fragment of hair ring. Not in the inventory book (PL

70:3).
4. Fragment of hair ring. Not in the inventory book (PL
70:4).
8. Spectacle fibula. Inv.no. 7725 (Pl. 67:8).

Accidental finds
9. Half of spectacle fibula. Inv.no. 7726 (PL 67:9).
1. Body of a bronze pin. Inv.no. 7705 (PL 71:1).
10. Fragment of harp type fibula (PL 67:10).
2. Body of a bronze pin. Inv.no.. 7711 (PL 71:2).
11. Hair ring. Inv.no. 7724 (PL 67:11).
3. Fragment of spectacle fibula. Inv.no. 7704 (PL 71:3).
12. Hair ring. Inv.no. 7724 (PL 67:12).
4. Fragment of spectacle fibula. Inv.no. 7740 (PL 71:4).
13. Fragment of hair ring. Inv.no. 7724 (PL 67:13).
14. Fragment of hair ring. Inv.no. 7724 (PL 67:14).
5. Fragment of spectacle fibula. Not in the inventory book

(PL 71:5).
15. Fragment of a knife. Undecorated. Length 16 cm. Inv.

no. 7728 (PL 68:1).
6. Fragment of spectacle fibula. Inv.no. 7640-7650 (PL

71:6).

(PL 71:7).

8. Bronze ring. Not in the inventory book (PL 71:8).
18. Twisted tore. Inv.no. 7723 (Pl. 68:4).
Croatia

(PI. 71:9).
43. Bronze bracelet decorated with series of incised lines

and a fir tree branch motif. Inv.no. 7747 (PL 73:3).
10.-13. Fragments of bronze bracelets. Inv.no. 7707 (PI.

71:10-13).

and a fir tree branch motif. Inv.no. 7742 (PL 73:4)
14.-22. Fragments of bronze bracelets. Not in the inventory

book (PI. 71:14-22).

and a fir tree branch motif. Inv.no. 7742 (Pl. 73:5).
23. Bronze ring. Inv. no. 7705 (PI. 71:23).

24. Spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7702 (PI. 71:24,24a).

and a fir tree branch motif. Inv.no. 7742 (PL 73:7)
25. Spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7703 (PI. 71:25,25a).

26. Decorative plate.. Inv.no. 7706 (PL 71:26).

27. Decorative plate. Inv.no. 7706 (PL 71:27).
28. Bronze bracelet. Inv.no. 7749 (PL 72:1)

51. Bronze bracelet. Not in the inventory book (PL 73:11).
53. Twisted tore. Not in the inventory book (PL 74:1).
54. Spectacle fibula. Not in the inventory book (PL 74:2).
34. Fragment of bronze bracelet. Not in the inventory book

(PL 72:7).
55. Half of spectacle fibula. Not in the inventory book (PL

74:3).

(PL 72:8).
56. Spiral folded bronze wire. Maybe part of harp type

fibula. Not in the inventory book (PL 74:4).

(PL 72:9).
57. Hair ring. Not in the inventory book (PL 74:5, 5a).
58. Half of spectacle fibula. Not in the inventory book (PL
74:6).

(PL 72:10).
59. Chain. Not in the inventory book (PL 74:7).

(PL 72:11).

and a fir tree branch motif. Inv.no. 7743 (PL 75:1,1a).

(PL 72:12).


(PL 72:13).

and a fir tree branch motif. Inv.no. 7743 (PI. 75:3).

and a fir tree branch motif. Inv.no. 7747 (PL 73:1,1a).

and a fir tree branch motif. Inv.no. 7743 (Pl. 75:4).
42. Bronze bracelet. Undecorated. Inv.no. 7643 (PL 73:2).

64. Fragment of a twisted tore. Not in the inventory book
(PL 75:5).
63
Croatia
86. Fragment of a bronze wire. Not in the inventory book

(PI. 76:14).
65. Hair ring. Inv.no. 7640.-7650 (PI. 75: 6,6a).

66. Fragment of a bronze wire. Inv.no. 7640-7650 (PI.
75:7).

(PI. 76:15).
67. Part of pin body. Not in the inventory book (PI. 75:8).
(PI. 76:16).
68. Bronze wire. Not in the inventory book (PI. 75:9).

69. Bronze wire. Not in the inventory book (PI. 75:10).

(PI. 76:17).

(PI. 75:11).

(PI. 76:18).

(PI. 75:12).

(PI. 76:19).

(PI. 75:13).
92. Fragment of iron. Not in the inventory book (PI. 76:20).
73. Bronze knife. Not in the inventory book (PI. 76:1).
93. Bronze ring. Not in the inventory book (PI. 76:21).
74. Bronze knife. Not in the inventory book (PI. 76:2).
94. Bronze ring. Not in the inventory book (PI. 76:22).
75. Fragment of bronze item. Not in the inventory book

(PI. 76:3,3a).

(PI. 77:1).

(PI. 76:4).

(PI. 77:2).
77. Fragment of a bronze wire, probably ring. Not in the


(PI. 77:3).


(PI. 77:4).
79. Fragment of a bronze wire, probably ring.. Not in the


(PL 77:5).


(PL 77:6).

(PI. 76:9).

(Pl. 77:7).

(PI. 76:10).

(PL 77:8).
83. Fragment of a bronze wire, probably bracelet. Not in


(Pl. 77:9).
84. Fragment of a bronze wire, probably bracelet. Not in

104. Fragment of bronze necklace. Not in the inventory

book (PL 77:10).

(PI. 76:13).

(PL 77:11).
64
Croatia
3. bracelet
4. bronze ring
5. hair ring
6. spectacle fibula
7. bow fibula
8. fibula of passementerie style (Posamenterie Fibel)
9. bead
10. decorative plate
11. razor
12. sword
13. spear
14. knife
15. socketed axe
16. weight
17. spindle whorl
18. ceramic vessel
19. rivets
20. whetstone
21. Other items
106. Fragment of twisted wire, probably necklace. Not in

the inventory book (PL 77:12).
book (PL 77:13).
book (PL 77:14).
109. Pot with funnel shaped neck with two strap handles.
Not in the inventory book (PL 78:1).
110. Cup (PL 78:2).
111. Bigger part of a bowl with everted rim (PL 79:1).
112. Fragment of pot with everted rim and funnel shaped
neck (PL 79:2).
113. Pot with S profiled body (Pl. 79:3).
Altogether, 296 grave good objects were found at the Velika

Gorica cemetery. It has to be noted that in this analysis
all items were included, not just the ones for which the
grave affiliation is known. This can present somewhat of a
methodological problem and further enlarges the item list.
114. Lower part of vessel with pseudo ribbon ornament on

the shoulder (PL 79:4).
115. Bowl with inverted rim with two loops on the shoulder
(PL 80:1).
Another methodological problem is the fragmented state

of some types of objects. If certain fragments could not be
physically attached to another, we decided to ascribe them
to different items of the same type. Most common of these
are bracelets (type 3), followed by necklaces (type 2).
116. Lower part of a vessel with rounded body (PL 80:2).

117. Urn with a hole (PL 80:3).
118. Spindle whorl decorated with plastic ribs. Inv.no. 7650
(PL 81:1,1a).
The most abundant grave good type are bracelets (a total

of 96 bracelets were found in closed grave assemblages).
The second most abundant are ceramic vessels (type 18),
and necklaces (type 2). Both items are represented by
32 finds. It has to be noted that some graves contained a
single vessel, broken in pieces, and could represent an urn
containing the remains of cremation. The other possibility
is that it represented a vessel that was put into the grave as a
grave good and not as an urn. Most common types of grave
goods are cups and bowls, while pots, especially those with
a hole, were used as urns. After these, the most abundant
finds are spectacle fibulae (type 6) of which 20 have been
found, albeit mostly in fragments. Of other common
types 18 spindle whorls (type 17) have been found at the
cemetery, 16 hair rings with interlace decoration (type 5),
and 14 weights (type 16). 12 bronze rings (type 4) and 10
knives were also found. Other finds vary in their abundance
from 1 to 8 pieces.
119. Rounded spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7698 (PL 81:2, 2a).

120. Rounded spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7698 (PL 81:3,3a).
121. Rounded spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7698 (PL 81:4,4a).
122. Spindle whorl Not in the inventory book (Pl. 81:5,5a).
123. Spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7648 (PL 81:6,6a).
124. Spindle whorl. Inv.no. 7649 (PL 81:7,7a).
125. Stone. Inv.br. 8415, Inv.no. 8415 (PL 81:8,8a).
126. Pyramidal loom weight decorated with series of
punctations. Not in the inventory book (PL 81:9,9a)
The richest of the Velika Gorica graves is E/1910 grave

containing over 30 finds. However, in this number we
include various fragments that could not be reconstructed
accurately (except in rare cases), making this number larger
than it in reality was. A similar situation is seen in the
case of grave F/1910 with over 20 finds. Somewhat more
realistic situation is observed in graves 7/1908, 1/1911, and
The structure of grave goods at Velika Gorica

We have defined 21 variables that represent different types
of bronze items at the Velika Gorica cemetery. These are:
1. pin
2. necklace
65
and some of the Dobova urns, and at the same time points to
the find of a rounded bowl from Zagreb Vrapce in which she
sees the origins of the Velika Gorica type of urns (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 25:1). She is also pointing to a link with
the finds from the Virovitica site (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 9:9,14:5).
3/1916 as those contain a smaller number of fragments.

Therefore, these three latter should be considered the
richest of the Velika Gorica graves. In them, grave goods
are mostly bronze tools and weapons, and some decorative
items. Somewhat less, but still quite rich in goods (between
5 and 10) are graves 3/1914, 1/1910, A/1910, 5/1908, and
2/1910, while in other graves less than 5 objects have been
found.
These urns with a hole were previously discussed by

Hoffiller (1924:3) who at first argued that the holes had a
practical purpose. This is unlikely as the vessels would fall
apart if hanged. He has published all 14 vessels with holes
as well as two additional ones that were too damaged to
tell whether they had holes or not (Hoffiller 1924: T. 1).
As Hoffiller (1924:4) states, the most abundant form of
these urns is a rounded vessel with a straight base. This
basic form comes in several varieties, some vessels being
more flat, others narrower and higher, while those that are
widest at the rim are also found. One urn in particular is
important as far as its dimensions and form (Hoffiller 1909:
T. 1:10) as it has a sligthly biconical part in the middle.
The form is reminiscent of certain forms of the younger
period of the Velatice culture. One urn had a reconstructed
rim. Urns are quite diverse as far as size, ranging from
8,2 to 19 cm in height. Wall thickness varies from 0,5
to 1 cm. Holes are mostly round, in some cases slightly
oval in form, with a diameter of 1,8 to 2,8 cm. Holes are
located about 2 cm below the rim, and in some urns even
lower, as in the case of the largest urn in which the hole is
located about 9 cm below the rim (Hoffiller 1909: T. 1:10).
Hoffiller (1909:7) compares the urns from Velika Gorica
to the urns in the shape of a house (Hausurnen), a form
that makes its appearance at the end of the Late Bronze
Age and can be found at Early Iron Age sites of Italy and
Germany (Hoffiller 1909: si.3). He calls them shrunken
urns in the shape of a house that, according to him, have
been used to bury poor people in a primitive way. This is
an oversimplistic view and is in contrast to the situation
found at Velika Gorica where numerous quite rich graves
have been discovered. Analogies with this type of urn can
be seen at Dobova (Stare 1975) for example in grave 13
from that site (Stare 1975: T. 7:2). In grave 16 at Dobova
a variant of this type appears that has a half-opening at the
rim of the vessel (Stare 1975: T. 8:5). Likewise, in grave
29, a variant of a bowl with a straight rim and a hole in the
middle was found (Stare 1975: T. 9:18). Dobova grave 77
(Stare 1975: T. 15:10-12) is dated on the basis of a pin of
the Pile-dwelling type into Ha B1, as is the urn with a hole
in the middle. An interesting find comes from grave 90
from Dobova (Stare 1975: T. 16:11-14) in which a pin of
the Velemszentvid type was found. This type is also found
at the Kalnik-Igrisce I site (fig. 25:12) and can be dated to
the earlier phase of the Urnfield culture. Although Dular
(1978) dates this grave to the earlier phase of the Velika
Gorica group, based on the find of a bowl with an inverted
faceted rim, somewhat earlier date might be considered
(Stare 1975: T. 16:12). This could also mean that the urns
with holes are somewhat older. Another finds of urns with
the holes come from the cemetery of Tolmin, grave 13
Karavanic (2000) has analyzed the structure of grave goods

from Velika Gorica and a similar cemetery at Dobova. At
Dobova, (Karavanic 2000: si.4) the most abundant items are
ceramic vessels, of which about 500 were found, followed
by hair rings with interlace decoration, pins, and bracelets.
Compared to these, the rest of the item types come in small
quantities, about 10 per item. The two sites are most similar
according to the number of bracelets found, while some
types that are found at Velika Gorica, such as passementerie
fibula (Posamenterie Fibel) and razors, are not found at
Dobova at all (Karavanic 2000:42). A comparison of the
cumulative curves of Dobova and Velika Gorica items
clearly show differences in percentages of various types
of items. A significant rise is seen in the Velika Gorica
necklaces, while the next rise appears for the bracelets
and again for the spectacle fibulae (Karavanic 2000:43)
Cumulative curve for the Dobova material (Karavanic
2000: si.6) is moderately rising to the spindle whorls
except for the hair decorations, which are somewhat more
abundant compared to other types of items. The most
abundant are ceramic vessels as it is seen in the drastic
rise of the values on the curve. This is at the same time
the biggest difference between the two cemeteries. Unlike
Dobova, at Velika Gorica necklaces, bracelets and spectacle
fibulae are markedly more abundant. Terzan (1999: fig.
9a,b) published a graphic comparison of the cemeteries
from Slovenia: Dobova, Ruse and Podbrezje according to
metal objects, graves containing ceramic items, and graves
without grave goods. It can be seen that at Pobrezje and
Ruse a similar number of graves containing metal objects
has been discovered, while Dobova has less graves with
metal objects. Graves with ceramics are most common at
Pobrezje, Dobova comes second, while at Ruse these are
less frequent. Dobova has most graves that contain no grave
goods, and that makes it different from Velika Gorica which
has lots of grave goods.
Ceramic items
The most caracteristic finds of the Velika Gorica cemetery
are the urns themselves. These come in several varieties.
Mostly they come in the form of a vessel with a single
hole in its middle part. This is, except for the cemeteries
at Dobova (Stare 1975) and Tolmin (Svoljsak, Pogacnik
2001; 2002), a unique characteristic of this site compared
to other sites in the southeastern Alpine region. This type of
urn is found in graves 2/1910, 3/1910, G/1910,4/1911, and
7/1911. Vinski-Gasparini (1973:155) points to analogies
with younger forms seen in the Baierdorf-Velatice culture
66
(Svoljak, Poganik 2001: T. 2:7), grave 43 (Svoljak,

Poganik 2001: T. 9:8) and grave 215 (Svoljak, Poganik
2001: T. 38:9). Svoljak, Poganik (2002:82) find parallels
at the cemetery of Dobova and cite F. Stare's opinion that
these holes had cult significance.Vessels with two handles
(amforae) are also found at Velika Gorica (PI. 70:1, PI.
78:1; PI- 79:3). This type of vessel is found in almost all
groups of the younger phase of the Urnfield culture, for
instance, in several graves at Dobova: grave 5 (Stare 1975:
T. 5:13), grave 7 (Stare 1975: T. 7:11), grave 119 (Stare
1975: T. 20:4), etc. On PI. 79:4 a deeper bowl with an
S-profile, decorated with fluting on the belly can be seen.
It has analogies with the finds from Zagreb-Horvati (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 93:2), once more confirming the dating
of this site to the late phase of the Urnfield culture. At Velika
Gorica, a vessel decorated with the so-calledpseudoschnur
ornament is also found (PI. 79:5) Analogies can be seen at
Rue and in the finds from grave 35 from Pobreje (Pahi
1972: T. 8:5). A similar ornament is seen at PI. 64:4 with
direct analogies to the vessel found in grave 8/1993 from
the Rue II site (renar 2006: T. 2B:1, 146) dated to Ha
B3 phase. This type of decoration would confirm that the
Velika Gorica group lasts into the Ha B3 period and prove
the link between the region of the upper Sava river and the
region near the Drava river. Vinski-Gasparini (1973:155)
argued that this vessel should be dated to Ha B1 period and
the earliest phase of the Rue group.
Croatia
oldest finds of the antenna terminal sword. A semilunar

razor with a twisted grip ending in a ring with two small
horns, was also found in the grave (PI. 61:8). Another razor
of the same type was found in grave 2/1910 (PI. 53:4). Stare
(1957b:205) recognizes two types of such razors: one type
with a characteristic hunch on the back that is found at sites
in Slovenia, and the second type without a hunch found at
the sites in Bosnia and Dalmatia. In the same paper (Stare
1957b:207-209) a first detailed analysis of grave 1/1911
from Velika Gorica can be found. Stare (1957b:207-209)
dates this grave to the Ha B period and argues for a need of
a detailed analysis of the finds from the younger phase of
the Urnfield culture. He based his chronology and dating
of these razors on the finds from the Grapska hoard from
Bosnia in which a semilunar razor without a hunch is found,
as well as on the finds from grave I from Tesanj, and the
find of a mould for casting of the semilunar razor and
socketed axe from Donja Dolina, dated to the Ha B period
(Stare 1957b:213-214). Based on this, Stare (1957b:214)
argues that the earliest appearance of the semilunar razor in
former Yugoslavia (as seen in the finds from grave 1/1911
and the Grapska hoard), is in the incipient phase of the
younger period of the Urnfield culture, in which elements
of Ha A can be still seen. Therefore, he dates them into the
Ha B1 period. He also argues that this type of razors has
its origin within the southwestern Pannonian basin, from
where they spread north, to the middle Danube region and
southwards, into Italy. Recently, Weber (1996) discussed
the razors from southeastern Europe, and calls this type
of razors the Oblekovice type, thus arguing for Danubian
region as the place where they first appear. In this type he
includes the razors from Brinjeva Gora grave 12 (Weber
1996:236, T. 50:550) and grave 53 (Weber 1996:,T51:558),
urn grave Cq/2 17 from Skocjan (Weber 1996:T. 50:551),
finds from the Maribor cremation cemetery (Weber 1996:T.
50:552), grave 127 from Sopron (Weber 1996:T. 50:553),
grave 11 from Ljubljana (Weber 1996:T. 50:556), finds
from Aszod (Weber 1996:T. 50:557), two razors found
at Pobrezje (Weber 1996:T. 51:559-560), grave 31 from
Ruse (Weber 1996:T. 51:561), as well as finds from
Benedikt v Slovenskih Goricah (Weber 1996:T. 51:562).
Weber (1996:T. 50:554-555) published the Velika Gorica
grave finds and connected them to the Italian finds (Weber
1996:235). Another probable razor of this type comes from
grave 7/1908 from Velika Gorica, although only the annular
ending survived (PI. 51:16). A total of three razors were
found as grave goods in this rather small sample, most
likely from male graves. In the so-called double burial
1/1911,11 weights and a spindle whorl were found, which
could lead to the conclusion that a woman, possibly a
weaver, was also buried there.
Plate 78:2-3 shows two cups found at the Velika Gorica

cemetery. The first one has a slightly biconical body form
and a high handle, while the other has a rounded body
and a strap handle that exceeds the rim of the vessel.
Analogies are found at the Dobova cemetery: Cup PI. 78:2
has analogies to the finds from grave 11 (Stare 1975: T.
6:13), grave 77 in which a pin of the Pile-dwelling type
has been found (Stare 1975: T. 15:11), allowing its dating
to Ha B1 period. A cup (PI. 78:3) has analogies in grave
247 at Dobova (Stare 1975: T. 34:13) and represents a form
characteristic of the late phase of the Urnfield culture.
Metal items
In spite of the unclear circumstances of the discovery, the
metal objects from Velika Gorica cemetery are important
and numerous. The main difference from the Dobova and
Rue sites is seen in the grave of the warrior 1/1911 which
contained a sword, spear, two knives, razor, three pins, 11
clay rings and a spindle whorl (Karavani 2000: T. 11-13).
The most important of these is the antenna terminal sword
of the Klentnice type (PI. 60:1). This type is found in grave
63 at Klentnice (Rihovsky 1965 T. 18:adfg). Recently,
Harding (1995:63-64, T. 26:207) dated this type of sword
into the developed phase of Ha B period, based on the brief
analysis of the items associated with it. In her first synthetic
work Vinski-Gasparini (1973:155-156) argues that this is in
fact a double burial. She assigns the sword to the Lipovka
type of the flange-hilted sword (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:156)
and dates it to the Ha B1 period, thus making it one of the
Besides the razor and the sword, a spear was also found
in grave 1/1911 (PI. 60:2). On the lower part of the socket
there was an ornament in the form of horizontal lines and
wave lines above them (PI.60:2,2a). A similarly decorated
spear, with a much shorter blade, was published by
Rihovsky (1996: T. 3:21) found at the Pritluky site. This
67
spear was found in the settlement and ascribed to a spear

point group with a smooth blade and socket-type B for
which Rihovsky (1996:31) does not find clear chronological
supports. Somewhat more similar, both chronologically and
in style is the spear from the Klentnice fortified settlement
(Rihovsky 1996: T. 20:222) ascribed to the so-called
zweiflgelige Tllenspitze mit glattem Blatt und glatter
Tlle-Grundform B group. Again, Rihovsky (1996:91)
does not make any claims on the dating of this find. It is
certain that these spears belong to the younger phase of the
Urnfield culture, as the decorative motif is quite similar to
the one found on the sword of the Klentnice type. It can
be assumed that both the sword and the spear from Velika
Gorica were made in the same workshop. Richly decorated
metal ending for a wooden spear presumably belongs to the
same workshop (PL 60:3). Velika Gorica spears are similar
(both in form and decoration) to the ones found at Napajedl
(Rihovsky 1996: T. 8:64) where the decoration is linked to
the motifs found on the so-called Pile-dwelling type pins
and that can be dated to the beginning of the younger phase
of the Urnfield culture (Rihovsky 1996:54). This would fit
nicely to the overall date for the grave 1/1911 to the Ha
B1 period. Similar spears, although without decoration,
are found in the Miljana hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 112:3,4). But the most similar type of spear has been
found on the territory of Makarska (Adriatic coast) and
that is the find from Podace (Tomasovic 2003: si. 1). The
author rightly connected this find with the find from grave
1/1911 at Velika Gorica, the find from the settlement at
Donja Dolina and an accidental find from Prozor (Lika)
(Tomasovic 2003:167; si. 2).
Croatia
on the basis of the Seeboden find that contains a bronze

bucket and a cheek-piece from a horse bit to the end of
the younger period of the Urnfield culture (Miiller-Karpe
1959:130,169). This date does not fit the assemblage from
Velika Gorica, which is dated to Ha B1 period on the basis
of the finds of the pin of the pile-dwelling type. At Dobova,
this type of knife is found in grave 171, which also contains
an urn with a hole in the middle (Stare 1975: T. 24:13).
Plate 52 shows the inventory of grave 1/1910, most likely
of a male warrior, with a single spear heavily damaged
by fire, a whetstone, two pins (one of the pile-dwelling
type) and fragments of a spectacle fibula. Similar to this
grave is the male burial from grave 2/1910 (PL 53) with
a razor of the Oblekovice type and fragments of three
knives. Knives are quite fragmented but one of them can be
recognized as a flange-hilted knife (PL 53:1), with parallels
in the knife from grave 1/1911 (PL 61:2) for which we
argued similarities to the knives from the Beravci hoard.
Additional two such knives were found outside closed
grave assemblages (PL 76:1-2) making a clear connection
between finds from graves and hoards. It could also be an
additional argument for production of flange-hilted knives
in local workshops.
An antenna terminal knife (PL 61:1,1a), decorated with a

wave pattern, was also found in grave 1/1911. It was a part
of the equipment of the warrior buried in the grave and is
directly connected, both chronologically and stylistically,
with the sword and spear. A flange-hilted knife (PL 61:2,2a)
, similar to those of the Oblekovice type was also found
in the grave (Rihovsky 1972: T. 20:227; T. 21:228-230),
although the latter was tang-hilted ( G r i f f a n g e l m e s s e r j .
Another similar knife was found in the Beravci hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973; T. 108:22-23,25) dated to the phase
IV of the Urnfield culture of the northern Croatia.
In this double burial of grave 1/1911, a socketed axe was
also found (PL 61:7). It is of the pseudowinged axe type
with a wide trapezoidal blade form, a type that is also seen
in the Beravci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 108:1012). An axe, decorated in a similar manner as the one
from Velika Gorica was discovered in the Vinicki II hoard
from Slovakia (Novotn 1970) dated to the Rohod period
(Npvotn 1970:91).
Male grave 4/1911 is of particular interest. It contained

a bronze knife, part of the hair decoration, and a fibula.
The knife was of the Hadersdorf type (Rihovsky 1972: T.
22), decorated with a wave-line motif (PL 63:1,1a), that
are dated to the beginning of the Podoli phase, based on
the finds from Klentnice (Rihovsky 1972: T. 21:238). The
grave contains two items that would better fit in a female
burial: a part of the hair decorative item (PL 63:2,2a), and
a part of passementerie fibula (Posamenterie Fibel) (PL
63:3). Such fibulae are found in grave 32 (Pahic 1972: T.
7:17), and grave 127 (Pahic 1972: T. 27:7) from Pobrezje.
Hair decorations are described in detail by Stare (1960) in
his analysis of grave 108 from Dobova. According to him
(Stare 1960:82), this grave can be dated to Ha B period,
based on the find of a spectacle fibula, belt buckle, and
hair decoration, and a late variant of the violin-bow fibula.
Based on the finds from closed grave assemblages found
at Ljubljana SAZU double burial 39, Stare (1960:85) dates
the grave to the Ha B2 period.
Hair decorations and hair rings with interlace decoration are
considered very important inventories of female burials of
the Ha B period of the Urnfield culture in Slovenia (Stare
1960:85). Listing the finds from Ruse, Pobrezje, Zgornja
Hajdina, Radvanje, Duplice and Mokronog, he also
emphasizes the similarity of the finds from Velika Gorica
to those from Dobova (Stare 1975: T. 10:4, T. 11:6,49,
T. 16:17, T. 21:127, T. 22:4, T. 24:1,2). Stare (1960:85)
distinguishes two types, based on the form of interlace
decoration. One type has proper interlace decoration (Stare
1960: si. 8:5), while in the other type the wire is folded
into knots (Stare 1960: si. 9:4). Although Stare (1960:86)
ascribed the finds from Velika Gorica to the second type,
A similar axe was found in grave 7/1908 (PL 51:2,2a) in

which a knife with an annular ending (PL 51:1,1a) and part
of a razor (PL 51:16) were also found, thus making it likely
that the grave was also of a warrior. The knife was of the
Seeboden type (Rihovsky 1972:44, T. 14:144-146) dated
68
(Svoljak, Poganik 2001: T. 2:7), grave 43 (Svoljak,

Poganik 2001: T. 9:8) and grave 215 (Svoljak, Poganik
2001: T. 38:9). Svoljak, Poganik (2002:82) find parallels
at the cemetery of Dobova and cite F. Stare's opinion that
these holes had cult significance.Vessels with two handles
(amforae) are also found at Velika Gorica (PI. 70:1, PI.
78:1; PI- 79:3). This type of vessel is found in almost all
groups of the younger phase of the Urnfield culture, for
instance, in several graves at Dobova: grave 5 (Stare 1975:
T. 5:13), grave 7 (Stare 1975: T. 7:11), grave 119 (Stare
1975: T. 20:4), etc. On PI. 79:4 a deeper bowl with an
S-profile, decorated with fluting on the belly can be seen.
It has analogies with the finds from Zagreb-Horvati (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 93:2), once more confirming the dating
of this site to the late phase of the Urnfield culture. At Velika
Gorica, a vessel decorated with the so-called pseudoschnur
ornament is also found (PL 79:5) Analogies can be seen at
Rue and in the finds from grave 35 from Pobreje (Pahi
1972: T. 8:5). A similar ornament is seen at PL 64:4 with
direct analogies to the vessel found in grave 8/1993 from
the Rue II site (renar 2006: T. 2B:1, 146) dated to Ha
B3 phase. This type of decoration would confirm that the
Velika Gorica group lasts into the Ha B3 period and prove
the link between the region of the upper Sava river and the
region near the Drava river. Vinski-Gasparini (1973:155)
argued that this vessel should be dated to Ha B1 period and
the earliest phase of the Rue group.
Croatia
oldest finds of the antenna terminal sword. A semilunar

razor with a twisted grip ending in a ring with two small
horns, was also found in the grave (PL 61:8). Another razor
of the same type was found in grave 2/1910 (PL 53:4). Stare
(1957b:205) recognizes two types of such razors: one type
with a characteristic hunch on the back that is found at sites
in Slovenia, and the second type without a hunch found at
the sites in Bosnia and Dalmatia. In the same paper (Stare
1957b:207-209) a first detailed analysis of grave 1/1911
from Velika Gorica can be found. Stare (1957b:207-209)
dates this grave to the Ha B period and argues for a need of
a detailed analysis of the finds from the younger phase of
the Urnfield culture. He based his chronology and dating
of these razors on the finds from the Grapska hoard from
Bosnia in which a semilunar razor without a hunch is found,
as well as on the finds from grave I from Tesanj, and the
find of a mould for casting of the semilunar razor and
socketed axe from Donja Dolina, dated to the Ha B period
(Stare 1957b:213-214). Based on this, Stare (1957b:214)
argues that the earliest appearance of the semilunar razor in
former Yugoslavia (as seen in the finds from grave 1/1911
and the Grapska hoard), is in the incipient phase of the
younger period of the Urnfield culture, in which elements
of Ha A can be still seen. Therefore, he dates them into the
Ha B1 period. He also argues that this type of razors has
its origin within the southwestern Pannonian basin, from
where they spread north, to the middle Danube region and
southwards, into Italy. Recently, Weber (1996) discussed
the razors from southeastern Europe, and calls this type
of razors the Oblekovice type, thus arguing for Danubian
region as the place where they first appear. In this type he
includes the razors from Brinjeva Gora grave 12 (Weber
1996:236, T. 50:550) and grave 53 (Weber 1996:,T51:558),
urn grave Cq/2 17 from Skocjan (Weber 1996:T. 50:551),
finds from the Maribor cremation cemetery (Weber 1996:T.
50:552), grave 127 from Sopron (Weber 1996:T. 50:553),
grave 11 from Ljubljana (Weber 1996:T. 50:556), finds
from Aszod (Weber 1996:T. 50:557), two razors found
at Pobrezje (Weber 1996:T. 51:559-560), grave 31 from
Ruse (Weber 1996:T. 51:561), as well as finds from
Benedikt v Slovenskih Goricah (Weber 1996:T. 51:562).
Weber (1996:T. 50:554-555) published the Velika Gorica
grave finds and connected them to the Italian finds (Weber
1996:235). Another probable razor of this type comes from
grave 7/1908 from Velika Gorica, although only the annular
ending survived (PL 51:16). A total of three razors were
found as grave goods in this rather small sample, most
likely from male graves. In the so-called double burial
1/1911,11 weights and a spindle whorl were found, which
could lead to the conclusion that a woman, possibly a
weaver, was also buried there.
Plate 78:2-3 shows two cups found at the Velika Gorica

cemetery. The first one has a slightly biconical body form
and a high handle, while the other has a rounded body
and a strap handle that exceeds the rim of the vessel.
Analogies are found at the Dobova cemetery: Cup PL 78:2
has analogies to the finds from grave 11 (Stare 1975: T.
6:13), grave 77 in which a pin of the Pile-dwelling type
has been found (Stare 1975: T. 15:11), allowing its dating
to Ha B1 period. A cup (PL 78:3) has analogies in grave
247 at Dobova (Stare 1975: T. 34:13) and represents a form
characteristic of the late phase of the Urnfield culture.
Metal items
In spite of the unclear circumstances of the discovery, the
metal objects from Velika Gorica cemetery are important
and numerous. The main difference from the Dobova and
Rue sites is seen in the grave of the warrior 1/1911 which
contained a sword, spear, two knives, razor, three pins, 11
clay rings and a spindle whorl (Karavani 2000: T. 11-13).
The most important of these is the antenna terminal sword
of the Klentnice type (Pl. 60:1). This type is found in grave
63 at Klentnice (Rihovsky 1965 T. 18:adfg). Recently,
Harding (1995:63-64, T. 26:207) dated this type of sword
into the developed phase of Ha B period, based on the brief
analysis of the items associated with it. In her first synthetic
work Vinski-Gasparini (1973:155-156) argues that this is in
fact a double burial. She assigns the sword to the Lipovka
type of the flange-hilted sword (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:156)
and dates it to the Ha B1 period, thus making it one of the
Besides the razor and the sword, a spear was also found
in grave 1/1911 (Pl. 60:2). On the lower part of the socket
there was an ornament in the form of horizontal lines and
wave lines above them (P1.60:2,2a). A similarly decorated
spear, with a much shorter blade, was published by
Rihovsky (1996: T. 3:21) found at the Pritluky site. This
67
spear was found in the settlement and ascribed to a spear

point group with a smooth blade and socket-type B for
which Rihovsky (1996:31) does not find clear chronological
supports. Somewhat more similar, both chronologically and
in style is the spear from the Klentnice fortified settlement
(Rihovsky 1996: T. 20:222) ascribed to the so-called
zweiflgelige Tllenspitze mit glattem Blatt und glatter
Tlle-Grundform B group. Again, Rihovsky (1996:91)
does not make any claims on the dating of this find. It is
certain that these spears belong to the younger phase of the
Urnfield culture, as the decorative motif is quite similar to
the one found on the sword of the Klentnice type. It can
be assumed that both the sword and the spear from Velika
Gorica were made in the same workshop. Richly decorated
metal ending for a wooden spear presumably belongs to the
same workshop (PL 60:3). Velika Gorica spears are similar
(both in form and decoration) to the ones found at Napajedl
(Rihovsky 1996: T. 8:64) where the decoration is linked to
the motifs found on the so-called Pile-dwelling type pins
and that can be dated to the beginning of the younger phase
of the Urnfield culture (Rihovsky 1996:54). This would fit
nicely to the overall date for the grave 1/1911 to the Ha
B1 period. Similar spears, although without decoration,
are found in the Miljana hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 112:3,4). But the most similar type of spear has been
found on the territory of Makarska (Adriatic coast) and
that is the find from Podace (Tomasovic 2003: si. 1). The
author rightly connected this find with the find from grave
1/1911 at Velika Gorica, the find from the settlement at
Donja Dohna and an accidental find from Prozor (Lika)
(Tomasovic 2003:167; si. 2).
on the basis of the Seeboden find that contains a bronze

bucket and a cheek-piece from a horse bit to the end of
the younger period of the Urnfield culture (Miiller-Karpe
1959:130,169). This date does not fit the assemblage from
Velika Gorica, which is dated to Ha B1 period on the basis
of the finds of the pin of the pile-dwelling type. At Dobova,
this type of knife is found in grave 171, which also contains
an urn with a hole in the middle (Stare 1975: T. 24:13).
Plate 52 shows the inventory of grave 1/1910, most likely
of a male warrior, with a single spear heavily damaged
by fire, a whetstone, two pins (one of the pile-dwelling
type) and fragments of a spectacle fibula. Similar to this
grave is the male burial from grave 2/1910 (PL 53) with
a razor of the Oblekovice type and fragments of three
knives. Knives are quite fragmented but one of them can be
recognized as a flange-hilted knife (PL 53:1), with parallels
in the knife from grave 1/1911 (PL 61:2) for which we
argued similarities to the knives from the Beravci hoard.
Additional two such knives were found outside closed
grave assemblages (PL 76:1-2) making a clear connection
between finds from graves and hoards. It could also be an
additional argument for production of flange-hilted knives
in local workshops.
An antenna terminal knife (PL 61:1,1a), decorated with a

wave pattern, was also found in grave 1/1911. It was a part
of the equipment of the warrior buried in the grave and is
directly connected, both chronologically and stylistically,
with the sword and spear. A flange-hilted knife (PL 61:2,2a)
, similar to those of the Oblekovice type was also found
in the grave (Rihovsky 1972: T. 20:227; T. 21:228-230),
although the latter was tang-hilted ( G r i f f a n g e l m e s s e r j .
Another similar knife was found in the Beravci hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973; T. 108:22-23,25) dated to the phase
IV of the Urnfield culture of the northern Croatia.
In this double burial of grave 1/1911, a socketed axe was
also found (PL 61:7). It is of the pseudowinged axe type
with a wide trapezoidal blade form, a type that is also seen
in the Beravci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 108:1012). An axe, decorated in a similar manner as the one
from Velika Gorica was discovered in the Vinicki II hoard
from Slovakia (Novotn 1970) dated to the Rohod period
(Novotn 1970:91).
Male grave 4/1911 is of particular interest. It contained

a bronze knife, part of the hair decoration, and a fibula.
The knife was of the Hadersdorf type (Rihovsky 1972: T.
22), decorated with a wave-line motif (PL 63:1,1a), that
are dated to the beginning of the Podoli phase, based on
the finds from Klentnice (Rihovsky 1972: T. 21:238). The
grave contains two items that would better fit in a female
burial: a part of the hair decorative item (PL 63:2,2a), and
a part of passementerie fibula (Posamenterie Fibel) (PL
63:3). Such fibulae are found in grave 32 (Pahic 1972: T.
7:17), and grave 127 (Pahic 1972: T. 27:7) from Pobrezje.
Hair decorations are described in detail by Stare (1960) in
his analysis of grave 108 from Dobova. According to him
(Stare 1960:82), this grave can be dated to Ha B period,
based on the find of a spectacle fibula, belt buckle, and
hair decoration, and a late variant of the violin-bow fibula.
Based on the finds from closed grave assemblages found
at Ljubljana SAZU double burial 39, Stare (1960:85) dates
the grave to the Ha B2 period.
Hair decorations and hair rings with interlace decoration are
considered very important inventories of female burials of
the Ha B period of the Urnfield culture in Slovenia (Stare
1960:85). Listing the finds from Ruse, Pobrezje, Zgornja
Hajdina, Radvanje, Duplice and Mokronog, he also
emphasizes the similarity of the finds from Velika Gorica
to those from Dobova (Stare 1975: T. 10:4, T. 11:6,49,
T. 16:17, T. 21:127, T. 22:4, T. 24:1,2). Stare (1960:85)
distinguishes two types, based on the form of interlace
decoration. One type has proper interlace decoration (Stare
1960: si. 8:5), while in the other type the wire is folded
into knots (Stare 1960: si. 9:4). Although Stare (1960:86)
ascribed the finds from Velika Gorica to the second type,
A similar axe was found in grave 7/1908 (PL 51:2,2a) in

which a knife with an annular ending (PL 51:1,1a) and part
of a razor (PL 51:16) were also found, thus making it likely
that the grave was also of a warrior. The knife was of the
Seeboden type (Rihovsky 1972:44, T. 14:144-146) dated
68
found (PI. 58:2,2a), as well as an undecorated necklace

with spiral endings (PL 58:1), and a bracelet decorated with
incised lines divided into metopae (PL 58:5,5a). These are
quite common in the graves at Velika Gorica, but are absent
altogether at the Dobova cemetery. At Pobreje they are
present but either without decoration, or decorated with
somewhat different motifs from those at Velika Gorica
(Pahi 1972: T. 9:5,6). This type of decoration is found
in the bracelets from destroyed graves (PL 73:1-8), again
pointing to a link between Velika Gorica and Pobreje. This
type of bracelets could be considered a particularity of the
Velika Gorica cemetery, as they come in great number, even
in the destroyed graves.
in truth both types are present at the site. In grave C/1910

a hair decoration of the second type was found (PI. 50:12),
while in grave 2/1914 one belonging to the first type is
present (PI. 50:13). In grave 3/1916 a hair decoration of the
second type was found (PI. 67:11), while that from grave
6/1916 (PI. 70:3-4) cannot be assigned to a particular type
due to the poor state of preservation. Stare (1960:87) links
these hair decorations, especially the ones of the second
type, to the so-called passementerie style, and based on the
finds known at that time, concludes that the river Sava in
Slovenia was the westernmost limit of this decorative style.
However, this type of hair decoration is found in some of
the hoard finds, for example in the Bingula-Divo hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 86:18,19). Therefore, Stare
(1960) dates it to the Ha A2 period. These decorations are
are also found in the Brodski Varo hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 57;55,56), and the Makovac or Makovac I
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 73:27). Such items are
characteristic of female burials (in the sense of grave goods,
not in the anthropological character of graves) like those at
Velika Gorica, for which characteristic grave goods are a
large number of necklaces, bracelets, fragments of fibulae,
as well as numerous spindle whorls, clay and pyramidal
weights that are put in female graves alongside cremated
remains. This primarily applies to the rich grave E/1910
(PI. 55-57), grave F/1910 (PI. 58), and grave 3/1916 (PI.
67). In grave E/1910 (PI. 55-57) all metal objects were
preserved in fragmented state. A total of 61 fragments
belonging to different objects were found. Fragments of
hair decoration were also found (PI. 55:2,2a,3,3a) but it
is unclear which type they belonged to. Fragments of 6
twisted tores were found (PI. 55:35,36; PI. 56:1,7-9). As
fragments of such necklaces were found in the remains
of damaged and destroyed graves, it can be deduced that
this item was one of the most common grave goods at the
Velika Gorica cemetery. Necklaces of this type appear in
the hoards of the II period of the Urnfield culture, such as
Otok-Privlaka (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 28:48), Poljanci
I (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 49:6), Brodski Varo (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 59:11), Pricac (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 71:24,33,37), and the Makovac hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 73:28). A fragment is also found in the Ivanec
Bistranski hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 113:10),
while two fragments come from the Kamena Gorica hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 126B:10,11). A complete one
was found in the Matijevii hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 129:7). Twisted necklaces are abundant at the'
Dobova and Pobreje cemeteries. They also appear, but
less frequently, at Rue and Hajdina (Mtiller-Karpe 1959:
T. 108-116). In this grave 3/1910 from Velika Gorica,
fragments of spectacle fibulae are also present (PI. 56:16;
PI. 57:1,2), as well as one large, complete fibula of this
type (PI. 57:6). Judging by the fragment on PI 57:7, a larger
passementerie fibula, similar to the ones found at Pobreje,
was found. Such fibula was also found in grave 4/1911
(PI. 63:3), in addition to a hair decoration and a knife, thus
making it unclear whether it was a female grave only. In
grave F/1910 a hair ornament of indeterminable type was
In grave F/1910 two plaques that could be fixed on clothes

and made of bronze sheet were found (PL 58:6,7). In the
grave spindle whorls were found, of which the two smaller
ones (PL 58:8,9) could belong to the jewellery of the female
buried in the grave. Spindle whorls were also found in grave
3/1914 (PL 65:2,2a,3,3a, 5,5a), alongside a small weight
(PL 65:4), again pointing to a female burial. Judging by the
finds from destroyed graves, spindle whorls were also quite
common at Velika Gorica (PL 81:1-7). A decorated weight
of pyramidal form was discovered among items from
destroyed graves (PL 81:9). A part of the neck of a vessel
with an inverted rim was also found (PL 81:12). In grave
3/1916 numerous metal objects were found, while the um
did not survive. Fragments of undecorated bracelets made
of folded bronze sheet (PL 67:1-7), a hair decoration of
type 2 according to Stare (1960), a smaller spectacle fibula
and a fragment of a second one (PL 67:8,9) were found in
the grave. A wire fragment was also found (PL 67:10) that
is reminiscent of a fragment of a harp fibula, like the one
from grave 89 at Rue dated to Ha B2 period (Mtiller-Karpe
1959: T. 111C: 1). The grave also contained 4 twisted tores
(PL 68:2-6) and a small damaged knife (PL 68:1).
The significance of the Velika Gorica cemetery lies in
the find of a warrior's grave, which also makes it unique
compared to the graves found at Dobova, Rue, and
Ljubljana, where such graves were not discovered (Teran
1995: Abb. 12-15). There, most abundant are finds such as
jewellery and toiletries. Teran (1995:337) recognizes this
change and states that instead of rich hoards, urn grave
sites such as Rue and Ljubljana appear in Slovenia. She
connects this change to the change in religious views, which
means that in the time of Ha A to Ha B boundary (according
to Mtiller-Karpe) important changes in cult and religion of
the Urnfield culture can be observed in Slovenia. Similar
situation is seen in continental Croatia where during the Ha
B period a small number of hoards appear, but also those
of the so-called Balkan-type are found (e.g. Gajina Peina
and Matijevii). The situation is reverse in the Balkan
region, where a great number of hoards appear. It is clear
that the workshops are moving southwards of the Sava and
Kupa rivers. Kristiansen (2000:75) sees the appearance
of prestigious items in graves as formation of new elites
whose members are to be buried in larger burial mounds.
69
The XJrnfield Culture in Continental
The grave of warrior 1/1911 from Velika Goriea and grave

63 from Klentnice are the forerunners of the new socioeconomic relationships that are to reach their peak during
the Ha C period
Croatia
compiled by Metzner-Nebelsick (2002:650-678). The Dalj

graves are mostly cremations, but inhumations were also
present (Vinski-Gasparini 1983:603). Pottery from Dalj
is assigned to various periods (horizon I to V) (MetznerNebelsick (2002).
3.16 Cemeteries of the Dalj group

A large cemetery at Vukovar-Lijeva Bara was systematically
excavated between 1951 and 1953. During excavations, 101
cremations and 7 inhumations were discovered (Vinski
1955;1959). In his first excavation report, Vinski (1955:236)
rightly dates the urns from the site into a period between
Ha B and Ha C, and argues for a link to the cemeteries
at Dalj and Batina. Vinski-Gasparini (1973: T. 121-125)
published the finds from graves 16, 17, 39, 42, 65, 67, 75,
80, 89, 202, 210 and 269. The Vukovar cemetery can be
dated to the period between Ha B to Ha C period, which
contrasts it to Batina and Dalj, which last for a longer period
of time. Recently, in her synthetic review of prehistoric
grave sites in the Vukovar region, Balen-Letunic (1996b)
stated that at Gradac Jankovic locality, where previously
both Late Bronze- Iron Age and early Medieval (Bijelo
Brdo culture) cemeteries were found, the remnants of
two settlements were also discovered. The settlements
dating to the Bronze Age and La Tene period, as well as
prehistoric cemetery, were destroyed by inhumations from
the Medieval period. The site where the Kostolac culture
settlement of the Copper Age once was, later served as a
burial ground for the Dalj group. A total of 101 graves were
discovered there. Balen-Letunic (1996b:32) describes the
burial practices at the Vukovar cremation cemetery and
argues that the urns containing cremated remains, and
sometimes metal objects (parts of attire components) and
decorative objects that show traces of burning, were all put
together into the circular grave pit. Close to the urns, grave
goods in form of 1 to 11 ceramic vessels were situated.
Somewhat more detailed description of burial practices is
given by Metzner-Nebelsick (2002:195-196). According to
her, grave pits were in general circular in form, reaching
up to 1,80 m in diameter, as in the case of grave 63 which
is by far the richest one in pottery and contains 20 vessels
(Metzner-Nebelsick 2002:Abb.92). No stone or wood
construction was found in the graves. Like in Vinski's first
report (1955:238), she also states that at six places remains
of burning were found, which could be linked to the burial
practices. Vinski (1959:102) also mentions burning places
of rounded layout in which animal bones were found.
Graves without pottery were rare and only 13 such graves
were found. Metal objects show damage from fire, leading
to the conclusion that they were burned together with the
deceased (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002:196).
Here we bring a summary of the cemeteries of the Dalj

group, recently published in detail by Metzner-Nebelsick
in her synthetic work (2002). Vinski-Gasparini (1973;
1983) brings an overview of research and an analysis of
the material culture and burial customs at these sites. Her
discussion on the relative chronology of the Dalj group
is also of great importance (Vinski-Gasparini 1983:605609), as she argues for its continuity from the Ha B period
(cca. 1000 B.C.) to the 3rd century B.C. She refers to these
cemeteries as Danubian cemeteries that emerged after the
expansion of the Val group to this region and considers
them as a part of the eastern group of the area between
rivers Sava, Drava and Danube. She connects them to the
Val group, as well as Stillfried and Podol groups. At the
same time, she recognizes (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:159) that
the time span of the Danubian cemeteries in eastern Croatia
is somewhat different, as they do not disappear with the
intrusion of the Thraco-Cimmerian influences, but last as a
separate regional entity until the La Tene period.
She also notes that only a small number of cemeteries
have been excavated (Vinski-Gasparini 1983:603). A large
cemetery at Batina is mostly destroyed, and the finds from
the site are kept in museums abroad. Lately the material has
been studied by Metzner-Nebelsick (2002:198, T. 1-47). The
same author (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002:595) brings us the
overview of the research at Batina (Kiskoszeg), in the Beli
Manastir municipality, and lists the information from the
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, followed by a complete
inventory list and description of all published finds from
the site. Regarding the burial practices (Metzner-Nebelsick
2002:198), as in the case of the Dalj cemetery, very little
can be said on the grave construction and structure of grave
goods. Based on the analysis of new finds from the Early
Iron Age period, it can be said that during this period metal
objects are not too numerous and the same holds true for
smaller objects. Social stratification is assumed for the
Batina site, on the basis of grave goods.
The cemetery at the Dalj mountain, at the site of Busija
near Dalj was ecavated by Hoffiller (1938) in the early
20th century, but no complete grave assemblages survived.
However, Metzner-Nebelsick (2002:649) informs us that
the archaeological material from Dalj was sent to the
Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien at several occasions
between 1904 and 1912. There were no shipments between
1909 and 1911 when V. Hoffiller (1938) led the excavations.
Items held at the Wien museum are listed as the Daljer
Weingebirge (the Dalj mountain), while the name of the
site (Busija) is not mentioned. A catalogue of finds and
a description of the published material from Dalj were
Balen-Letunic (1996b) gives us a brief overview of the

stylistic characteristics of pottery, among which Basarabi
style is also recognized. Typological table of the pottery
from the site is given by Metzner-Nebelsick (2002: Abb.
79). She assigns the pottery found in graves 17 and 67 to
the horizon I, that from the graves 80 and 16 to the horizon
II, while the finds from graves 28 and 63 are assigned to
70
Iron Age of the Baranja and eastern Slavonia first appear

(Metzner-Nebelsick 2002: Abb. 74).
the horizon III. Horizon I is equal to the earlier phase of

the late Urnfield culture or the early Ha B period (Metzner
Nebelsick 2002:169), horizon II is equal to the Late
Urnfield culture, for example that of the Ruse group of
Slovenia and is considered contemporary to the period of
consolidation of stylistic forms of the Dalj group. In the
finds from the Ilia horizon, forms characteristic of the Early
The remaining sites where similar material was found

include the Removo locality near Sarengrad (VinskiGasparini 1973:T.114) and an accidental discovery from
Sotin (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002: T. 108).
71
4 . METAL INDUSTRY OF THE URNFIELD CULTURE IN CROATIA
For the region of southeastern Alps of high significance are

the copper deposits and mines in Austria. These deposits are
scattered for about 450 km in length, between Unterinntal,
through Salzachtal and Pongau including Mitterberg, to
the Paltental and "Eisenerz" in the Alpine region of Styria
(Krause 2003:36).
4.1 Introduction
Some authors (Harding 1998:309) see the Late Bronze
Age as a time of revolutionary change in many aspects of
life, including the production of metals. This is reflected
in a more abundant serial production of various types of
products. Finds from settlements, cemeteries and hoards
inform us of the widespread distribution of raw material and
trade in finished goods. This is anteceded by the extensive
exploitation of raw material sources in Europe. There are
numerous studies that inform us on the ore deposits in
Central Europe and the Carpathian Basin (Tylecote 1976;
Pernicka et al 1993; Craddock 1995; Krause 2003). An
interesting overview of the rise of metallurgy is given by
Krause (2003: fig. 236) where he recognizes an additional
earlier period in which native copper is used. Techniques
used include hitting, hammering, and polishing. The second
phase is the so-called initial phase in which people get to
know the new raw materials, and native copper is heated
and processed by melting and cold and hot hammering.
The third phase is the experimental phase in which the
early metallurgy of oxide copper ores is developed. This
phase is followed by developed metallurgy that includes the
processing of sulphide copper ores. The final phase includes
the development of intense metallurgy of various types of
ores in order to obtain different metals, and arsenic and
tin bronze is produced. The characteristic of this phase is
the distribution and transportation of raw materials, which
begins even before the Late Bronze Age in which it reaches
its rise.
The second ore-rich region, also potentially interesting for

comparison, is Slovakia. This region, along with German
Ore Mountains and Alps, is one of the most important
mining areas in central Europe. This was realized by V.
G. Childe who considered the ore-rich Carpathians as the
most important basis for the development of the Bronze
Age cultures in the Carpathian Basin (Krause 2003:41).
Mining activity in Slovakia is documented as early as the
10th century, and mentioned by Agricola in the 16th century
(Schalk 2002:265).
Systematic inquiery into the archaeometallurgy in the
northern part of the Carpathian Basin has its roots in the
1950s when Novotna emphasized the strong connections
between the exploitation of copper ore and sites where the
Eneolithic copper axes have been found in Slovakia (Schalk
2002:256).
Important for the study of early metallurgy in northern
Hungary and Slovakia were the numerous analyses done
by Schubert, Sangmeister, Junghans, and Schroder in the
1960s, while at the same time Colin Renfrew emphasized
the importance of eastern Slovakia as one of the main
centers of the rise and development of the independent
metallurgy in southeastern Europe (Schalk 2002:266).
There are several sites in Slovakia where copper was
exploited in prehistory. These are Spania Dolina, Spanie
Pole, Slovinsky, and Stara Bistrica (Furmanek, Vladar
2002:259).
Copper deposits are found in various parts of the

Balkans (Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania), in the Carpathians
(Transylvania, Slovakia), southeastern Alps (Austria),
central Europe (Harz and Erzgebirge), and western
Europe (France, Spain, Britain, and Ireland). Results of
investigations provide us with the data on the location of
deposits, mines and places where the ore was processed.
On these locations the remnants of smelting furnaces, as
well as items used in metallurgy and casting were found.
There are also indications that tin in the form of cassiterite

was obtained from smaller alluvial deposits. In Slovakia,
these are Zips Gemer ore-rich region, Niske Tatre, and
73
Croatia
of the raw material, and its distribution to the workshop

centers of the Urnfield culture. Somewhat more data is
available through research in Trident, south and northern
Tirol (Trampuz-Orel 1999:413). This research were
aimed at discovering the traces of Bronze Age mining and
smelting of the copper ore, and also included experimental
approach. In Slovenia, significant results were obtained
in determination of technological processes that include
smelting of metals, alloy production and casting (TrampuzOrel 1996; 1999). Research has shown that the structure
of the copper alloys in Slovenian Late Bronze Age hoards
depended on the technological skills of ancient craftsmen,
as well as on the various sources of the copper ores
(Trampuz-Orel 1999:415). For the period of the 12th and
11 th centuries BC (Ha A period) the appearance of various
types of copper alloy with tin is characteristic, meaning
that the craftsmen carefully determined the type of alloy
according to type and function of the final product. The
least amount of tin was added for the sickles, while the
alloys containing more tin were used for the production
of weapons (swords, spears) and tools (axes) (TrampuzOrel 1999:415). It is important to say that Trampuz-Orel
(1999:417) emphasizes the importance of the Carpathian
region and assumes that in the last two centuries of the
2nd millenium BC the inhabitants of Slovenia belonged
to the economic, and perhaps also the political sphere of
the Carpathian region. The area of southern Pannonia,
including the sites in Croatia, could perhaps show a
different picture, considering the proximity of the Bosnian
deposits. Unfortunately, the research on bronze artefact
analysis is yet unpublished 1. The area near the river Sava
could also show a different picture, based on the typological
characteristics of the finds, although certain artefacts clearly
show link to the Carphatian area. Interestingly, the research
by N. Trampuz-Orel shows no link to the Austrian Alps,
which are the nearest source of copper in the region. The
aforementioned research has shown a significant change in
technology and raw material use at the turn of the 2nd to
1st millenium BC (Ha A2/B1) (Trampuz-Orel 1999:417).
During the 1st millenium it is quite characteristic for
copper and bronze alloys to have a certain percentage of
lead, although lead never appears in the pure form, but
as a second component of the copper alloy, or the third
component of the alloy of copper and tin. It is also present
in ingots and finished products. It is at that time that a new
type of raw material in the form of ingots casted in moulds
appears (Trampuz-Orel 1999:418). In contrast to the simple
plano-convex ingots, cast ingots indicated a new type of
metal. The copper of this period contained a higher amount
of impurities, especially antimony, indicating the use of
sulphide ore, mostly of the Fahlerz type. Geological and
metallurgical researches have shown that at this period the
use of tetrahedrite deposits, as well as deposits containing
cobalt and nickel was possible. Such deposits are found
in Austrian Alps and central Italy. Further, the analysis of
the types of artefacts in their distribution is pointing to
Povazsky Inovec (Furmanek, Vladar 2002:259). This

excludes the posibility that tin was imported to Slovakia
from the neighbouring ore-rich regions in Germany and the
Czech republic (Furmanek 1987:49).
Southern Alps and the Balkan region are also rich in copper
and tin (Krause 2003:42). The most famous are Rudna
Glava in Serbia and Ai Bunar in southern Bulgaria. In
recent times, the relationship between these two mines, as
well as their relation to other such sites (e.g. Majdanpek)
has been studied (Krause 2003:42; Pernicka et al. 1993).
Pernicka and colleagues (1993:3: table 1) studied about
89 Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from
central and eastern Serbia, one lead pearl from OstrikovacDjula, 13 malachite samples from the Early Vinca settlement
of Selevac, and two samples from the Late Vinca settlement
of Medvednjak. These samples cover a vast time range,
spanning from the early Eneolithic to the Early Bronze Age,
that is, from the first half of the 5th millenium BC to the 3rd
millenium BC. The research goal was to explain the role
of the prehistoric mine at Rudna Glava in the production of
copper artefacts in the Central Balkan region.
The analyses provided interesting results showing that not
a single artefact can be linked to ore from Rudna Glava
(Pernicka et al. 1993:37). Furthermore, it was shown that
the malachite samples from the Selevac settlement, although
contemporary to the earliest mining shafts at Rudna Glava,
do not come from this mine.
Somewhat younger finds from the period of
Bodrogkeresztur/Bubanj Hum I culture from the Zlotska
Pecina cave can be linked to the Majdanpek mines, 20
kilometers from Rudna Glava (Pernicka et al. 1993:38).
All this points to the existence of other mines in that region
at about 5000 BC.
It is assumed that the deposits of tin were exploited during
the Early Bronze Age in Serbia (McGeehan-Liritzis,
Taylor 1987; Durman 1997). Deposits were situated at the
mountains Cer, Bukulja and Srebrenica.
These veins are Tertiary deposits (McGeehan-Liritizis,
Taylor 1987:289). However, the most important deposits
are of alluvial cassiterite that were most important for
the Early Bronze Age inhabitants and were most likely
abundant enough to be exported to other regions, including
the Aegean (McGeehan-Liritizis, Taylor 1987:290). These
results also provide the basis of the argument for the
deposits of tin in northern Bosnia, based on the geological
similarities of mountain massifs (Durman 1997). Although
this research is not based on the field work results, it is very
important for the study of rich Bronze Age industry of the
Urnfield culture in northern Croatia and northern Bosnia.
The least data is available for the earliest phases of the
metallurgical process that includes ore deposits, processing
1
This was the topic of a BA thesis at the Department of archaeology at
the University of Ljubljana
74
Metal Industry of the Urnfield Culture in Croatia
importance because it provided an answer to the question

of lead exploitation in the eastern Alpine region during
the time span of the Urnfield culture. After an analysis
of its content it was concluded that it contained also 25
plano-convex ingots (Drfler et al 1969:69). Ingot no. 1
(Drfler et al 1969: T. 1:1,2) was of great interest because
it could give answers regarding the exploitation and use
of lead. The same authors (Drfler et al 1969:69-70) list
descriptions and dimensions of all other ingots. Most of
them, except ingots no. 21, 24, 25 (Drfler et al 1969: T.
8:22; T. 9:25,26) are plano-convex ingots. Due to the rought
surface of the ingots Drfler et al. (1969:70-71) assumes
that the ingots were cast in a container with a rough surface.
It is possible that it was a pit dug in the soil with the stones
on its sides. In the cross-section of the ingot no. 1 it is visible
that the metal core was surrounded by a bronze mantle.
A macroscopic investigation did not determine whether it
was tin (Z. Vinski and A. Smodic) or lead. To answer this
question, a spectroanalysis of ingot no. 1 has been done by
H. Neuninger (Drfler et al 1969: Tabelle 1 und 2). At the
same time drill probes have been done (Bohrproben) of
ingots no. 2-7 (Drfler et al 1969:Tabelle 3). The analysis of
the metal core has shown a high content of lead (80-90%),
with the silver and antimony values ranging between 1 and
5%. Copper with a similar or higher content was a suprise
(Drfler et al 1969:72).
the area west of Slovenia (central Italy and Switzerland).

According to Trampuz-Orel (1999:419) Slovenia's position
has changed in the 1st millenium BC. That was due to the
development of a different copper and iron technology at
the turn of 11th to 10th century BC. As for the Slovenian
copper deposits, Terzan (1983:51; Abb.l) believes them
to be located in the Pohorje Mountains. Based on the
metallogenic map of the Pohorje region, Terzan cites
copper, lead and zinc deposits in the southern Pohorje and
Kozjak regions.
Based on Pahic's discovery of slag at three sites, Terzan
(1983:58) connects the earliest processing of copper
with the time of the Lasinja and Retz Gajary Copper
Age cultures. During the Early and Middle Bronze Age
there were no major changes in settlement patterns in the
Pohoije region and the settlement on Brinjeva Gora is still
dominant. Only during the Late Bronze Age this pattern
is changing and larger cemeteries of the Urnfield culture
appear in the northern part of Pohorje, near the Drava river.
These, in turn, provide a basis for the rise of the Ruse group
(Terzan 1983:61). It is a time when mining reaches its peak
in the eastern Alpine region and in Salzburg and Tirol. At
the same time, as shown by the sites in Lower Austria,
smaller deposits are also in use and at this time we can
also see the beginnings of the use of lead and iron ore. The
proof for the mining activity in the Pohorje region is found
in an accidental discovery of a hammer and an axe from
Hudinje (Vitanje) (Terzan 1983: Abb. 9:6,7). Interestingly,
these were discovered close to the lead and zinc deposits
near Rakovac (Terzan 1983:62). Terzan (1983:62) points
to the similarities between this hammer and the finds from
Mitterberg in Austria (Mayer 1977:223, Nr.1328), as well
as with the Uioara de Sus hoard from Transylvania (Holste
1951: T. 45:8). Interestingly, she argues that the mark on
the winged axe is either a mark of the manufacturer, or,
alternatively, of the owner of the axe. A similar winged axe,
bearing a circular mark, was found in a stone quarry near
the Mislinja valley (Terzan 1983: si. 10:14) and is dated to
BrD to HaAl period. Terzan (1983:63-65) argues for the
more intensive production of metals in the Pohorje region
during the Late Bronze Age and supports this claim with
the finds of hoards, especially the one from Hocko Pohorje
(Terzan 1983: Abb. 10). She believes the hoard belongs to
a bronze-casting workshop as it included the remnants of
slag, raw material, semi-manufactured products, and scrap
metal, as well as finished products. Based on this, one can
assume that the Pohorje region in the Late Bronze Age had
all the basic characteristics of the metal production of the
Late Bronze Age of the southeastern Alpine region.
The authors conclude that the metal mantle ore has its
origin in the deposits in northern Tyrol like the hoard from
Judendorf-Strassengel in Styria (Drfler et al 1969:72).
They also assume that the metal workers first made a pit in
the soil and put in it the material from the mantle, resulting
in the form of a hollow cone or conus. After that the casting
lead has also been put in it, as well as the copper cover.
Authors (Drfler et al 1969:73) mention that the copper
and lead have different melting points (Cu at 1082 and Pb
327 grades).
Of their special interest was the answer to the origin of
lead from the plano-convex ingot no. 1 from the Miljana
hoard . It was important to trace the deposits of lead that
was exploited during the period Ha B. The possibility
of accidental cast product has been excluded (Drfler et
al 1969:77). According to the geographical position of
Miljana, it is assumed that the southern deposits could
have played a role, like Offberg bei Fresen (Bresovo). The
probes have been done at Graz Technische Hochscule from
the deposits near Graz. Probes have also been taken from
Litija and Marija Rijeka in Slovenia. All the samples have
been analysed spectroscopically by Neuninger (Drfler et
al 1969:78, tabelle 4). According to the obtained results it is
concluded that the lead had come from the area of Offberg
or from Litija (Slovenija). The latter was given precedence
with the argument that graves 31 and 16 from tumulus V
in Magdalenska Gora, southeast from Ljubljana, contained
horse protomes made of lead.
There are three published analyses of the metal composition

that were done on the finds from the today's Republic of
Croatia, the hoard from Miljana (Smodic 1956; Drfler et al.
1969), Pustakovec (Riederer 1999) and Zagreb-Dezmanov
Prolaz (Glogovic, Miko 2000). The hoard from Miljana
(Smodic 1956; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 112; 1983: T. 95)
for some of the authors (Drfler et al 1969) was of great
The hoard from Pustakovec is dated to the phase II of the

75
Sample
1. rV d 5050
2. IV d 5050
3. IV d 5050
4. IV d 5050
5. IV d 5050
6. IV d 5050
7. IV d 5050
Croatia
Inv.no
Cu
Sn
Pb
Zn
Fe
Ni
Ag
Sb
As
Bi
Co
Au
Cd
Kat.Nr. 48
Kat.Nr. 49
Kat. Nr. 50
Kat. Nr. 52
Kat. Nr. 51
Kat. Nr. 53
Kat. Nr. 47
93.62
99.00
86.54
98.45
95.01
95.18
90.08
0.47
0.27
0.35
0.43
0.68
4.13
6.98
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
0.28
0.08
0.12
0.22
0.013
0.006
0.021
0.144
0.012
0.023
0.018
2.66
0.14
0.97
0.49
0.37
0.05
0.32
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.03
0.16
0.04
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
0.03
0.24
<0.02
0.17
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
<0.10
3.22
<0.10
0.55
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
<0.025
0.04
0.07
0.08
0.03
0.06
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Fig. 39 Analysis ofplano-convex
11.0
0.51
0.35
0.37 0.01
1.57 0.30
nickel and cobalt, and also a high iron content (Riederer

1999:95).
The analysis of the two plano-convex ingots was done on
the hoard from Dezmanov Prolaz (Glogovic, Miko 2000:
si. 2). Ingot no. 8056 weights 223 dag and ingot no. 8055
158 dag (Glogovic, Miko 2000:90). The analyses included
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (1CP-AES)
and the Instrumental Neutron Activation (INAA). All these
methods allow the analyses of similar groups of elements
and have somewhat different low limits, depending on the
type of material analyzed.
The analysis showed that none of the seven samples were

pure copper ore, but made of melted metal which contained
different trace elements. Riederer (1999:93) explains this
with the high percentage of tin, while the copper ore itself
contains no tin. Five of the samples contained a small
percentage of tin, two of which are bronze alloys. Some
of the plano-convex ingots contain a significant amount of
iron, while the sample no. 5 also contained zinc (Riederer
1999:93). In the sample no. 2 silver, arsenic and antimony
are present, all these being high in percentage in the
Alpine copper deposits of the Fahlerz type. Sample no. 4
is distinguished from the sample no.2 in its high content of
tin, lead and zinc that points to the reuse and melting of the
old metal. Riederer (1999:94) mentions that the presence of
zinc as an integral part of copper alloy was still not common
during the Umfield culture. The sample also has a high iron
content, however whether this is a result of intentional iron
melting or the impurities in the ingots, is uncertain. The
content of nickel is low. Sample no. 5 had a high content
of antimony and arsenic, again pointing to the Fahlerz
type of copper deposits, while the 0,68 % of tin pointed to
the reuse of the old metal. The concentration of nickel is
similar to other samples, while the content of silver is very
low. The antimony content is moderately high, and the high
content (3,2%) of arsenic is typical of this type of ore. In
the samples 1 and 3 an extremely high percent of iron is
seen which Riederer (1999:94) explains as the impurity in
the plano-convex ingots used for smelting. Samples 6 and
7 have 4 and 7% of tin respectively and are bronze alloy.
Sample no. 6 contained nickel, antimony, arsenic, bismuth
and cobalt in smaller percentages, as did the sample no. 4.
The percentage of silver was quite high. Conversely, the
ingot no. 7 had an unusual percentage of antimony, arsenic,
Fig. 40 Analysis ofplano-convex
Si
0.07
ingots from the Pustakovec hoard (table modified after Riederer 1999)
Umfield culture (Hansel 1999; Glogovic 2000). It included

seven bronze plano-convex ingots on which the analysis of
the atomic absorption was carricd out (fig. 39).
Sample
Cu Mn
P
/Element
Inv.br.8055 99.3 <0.001 0.006
Inv.br.8056 92.6 <0.005 0.002
0.01
Fe
0.018 0.035
0.004 6.92
The results of chemical analysis of the hoard from Dezmanov

Prolaz have been obtained through the Instrumental
Neutron Activation Analyses (INAA) (Glogovic, Miko
2000:90). Lead isotope analyses were carried out through
the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICIMS) and Termal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS).
Based on the high iron content (6,92%) in the sample no.
8056 (fig. 40), the authors (Glogovic, Miko 2000:90) argue
for the advanced production technique. However, bearing in
mind the finds from Pustakovec (Riederer 1999:94), it could
also be explained by the impurities in the copper, as well as
with the melting of iron. The sample no. 8055 has a higher
concentration of silver, bismuth and tin. The 0,027% of tin
is close to the middle values (0,03%) seen in the planoconvex ingots of the Late Bronze Age (HaA) in Slovenia.
The content of lead is very low (fig. 40). In both samples
the prevailing trace elements are arsenic and nickel, while
the antimony component is minor. Based on the comparison
with analyses on the material from Slovenian sites Glogovic
and Miko (2000:91) attribute the Dezmanov Prolaz hoard to
the second group (Trampuz-Orel 1999:204). The presence
of silver is also characteristic of the Alpine copper deposits.
Ni
Al
Pb
0.037
0.18
0.012 0.005
<0.005 0.05
Sb
Sn
Zn
<0.005
0.05
0.027
0.009
Ag
Bi
As
Sum
0.002
0.028
0.001
0.009
<0.003
0.149
0.207
99.6
0.005
99.99
ingots from the Zagreb-Dezmanov Prolaz hoard (table modified after Glogovic, Miko 2000)
76
avoid gluing (Simek 1990:96). Wooden, bronze, or ceramic

objects could be used as a model for the production of
bipartite moulds. In the case of Sv. Petar Ludbreski, a metal
spearhead was used (Simek 1990: si. 3). After the model
was impressed into clay, another mixture of clay was used
as a lid, after which marks were carved on both sides of
the mould (Simek 1990: si. 7). In addition, moulds could
have small holes, diagonally positioned, in order to fit the
wooden or metal nails (Simek 1990:97). After the upper
and lower parts were separated, the drying phase followed
in which the mould half, containing a small percentage of
sand, shrank by about 15%. It also broke at several places,
while the mould made of a mixture of clay and sand
survived intact (Simek 1990:97). After the drying and the
final treatment, the firing phase followed. Moulds were fired
in full length and on both sides, which suggests that they
were fired prior to casting (Simek 1990:98).
4.2 Bronze-casting Moulds

Moulds are the most abundant finds that point to the
existence of bronze-casting activities in settlements of the
Urnfield culture. During the Late Bronze Age, the bipartite
casting moulds for serial casting of single type of items
are most common, while some of the moulds could be
used for casting several types of objects at once. Because
of developed casting activity, a larger number of items of
various function and shape could be made. Moulds were
made of different material, mostly of stone as it is the most
heat resistant material, but also of clay, and rarely, metal.
The most commonly used stone was sandstone as it is easy
to form. Moulds from Kalnik (fig. 44) were made of light
gray porous tuff (Vrdoljak 1992:76; Vrdoljak, Forenbaher
1995). Moulds made of metal were carefully produced from
a different type of metal than the one used in casting. No
such mould was found in Croatia. A special kind of moulds
are the ones made of clay that is carefully prepared (Simek
1990). Inspired by the discovery of moulds at the site of
Sv. Petar Ludbreski (Simek 1979; 1996; 2004; Wanzek
1989: T. 35-36, T. 37:1-2), Simek (1990) described the
production of clay moulds in detail. The endurance of
the clay moulds during casting is not nearly as good as in
moulds made of stone, therefore the number of clay mould
finds is much lower (Simek 1990:94). These moulds were
also much more easily damaged and deformed during the
process of mould production as well as during casting.
Simek (1990:94) argues that the metal worker, having
the experience of a potter and metal caster, was himself
responsible for the best mixture of clay, sand, and water.
Analyses done at the Faculty of Mining, Geology and
Petroleum Engineering in Zagreb show that the sand was
later added to the clay mixture in the case of clay moulds
from Sv. Petar Ludbreski. It is the sand that determines
the basic characteristics of the mould: plasticity, hardness,
heat endurance, and permeability needed for gas expansion
(Simek 1990:94). The sand reduces shaping characteristics,
enhances the drying, gives better resistance to breaking and
increases permeability, needed for gas expansion during
the process of casting. In contemporary casting process,
the uniform grains of sand, up to 0,75 mm in diameter are
used (Simek 1990:95). The heat endurance and thermic
stability of the mould depend on the amount of sand added
to the clay mixture, as well as its mineral and chemical
components. The higher the sand content and the more
uniform the sand grains are, the permeability is greater.
Simek (1990:95) points out that none of the moulds from
Sv. Petar Ludbreski had channels for gas and air expulsion.
The moulds were made of porous material. According to
Simek (1990:95), the metallurgist was also a potter, but it
is possible that another person was involved in the making
of the mould, a potter that would cooperate with the person
who was casting the metal objects. In the experiment, the
clay mould was made of clay, sand, water, and graphite.
Wooden frame and string were used to build a model of
the mould halves. A 60% to 40% ratio of clay and sand was
used. Graphite dust was used to coat the mould surface to
The moulds from Sv. Petar Ludbreski and the bronzecasting workshop are dated to the end of the Late Bronze
Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (Ha B3/Ha C)
(Simek 1979:115; Simek 1996; Simek 2004). Recently,
the finds from Sv. Petar Ludbreski were ascribed to the
Martijanec-Kaptol group, based on the pottery finds (Simek
2004). The find from Sv. Petar Ludbreski-Staro Groblje is
the largest find of metal objects, moulds, and clay nozzles
(tuyeres) from Croatia, and therefore of special interest.
Although it was, as noted, ascribed to the MartijanecKaptol group, it is still deeply rooted in the bronze-casting
tradition of the end phase of the Late Bronze Age. The first
larger excavations of the site were conducted in 1960 under
the direction of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb.
During the 1976 season, pits with archaeological material
could be observed. Some artefacts have been collected
by museum collaborator Andrija Siber, who initiated the
urgent excavation of a 2x2 m trench. A partially damaged
pit, about 110 cm deep, was found, containing extraordinary
finds: complete moulds and mould fragments for multiple
and single use, cores for casting hollow objects, a fragment
of a clay nozzle (tuyere) (fig. 50:1), as well as fragments
of coarse pottery and wattle and daub (Simek 1979:108).
Excavations continued in 1977 and 1978 when pit 1 was
completely excavated (1976). It contained moulds, as well
as structure 11, the remnants of a smelting furnace (Simek
1979:109, T. 2:1,2). All items were used in the production
of metal weapons and tools and were found at the bottom of
pit 1, at a depth between 90 and 110 cm. Three clay moulds
with the negative of the object to be cast on one side only,
were found. These were used for casting socketed axes with
a loop (fig. 42:10,12-13).
Additionally, there were two clay lids for single part moulds,
or, alternatively, these were parts of unfinished two-piece
moulds (Simek 2004: cat. 1.12, 1.13). The first lid was most
likely unused, as it shows no trace of heat damage. The
second lid was somewhat damaged therefore making it hard
to assess its original function. There were 8 cores made
of clay used for casting of hollow objects (fig. 50:3-10).
77
Croatia
with a furnace existed in structure 11, located about 7

metres west of pit 1 in which the moulds were found. The
remnants of the upper part of the furnace, slag, fragments
of coarse pottery, as well as traces of ashes and charcoal
were found (Simek 1979:111, T. 2:1,2).
Analogies are found at other sites. One such partial core

was found at Kalnik-Igrie (Vrdoljak 1992:77: number 2),
while the best examples from the Urnfield culture of the
southern Panonian Basin come from the Pivnica hillfort in
northern Bosnia (Benac 1966/1967: T. 1:3), Ripa (eravica
1993: T. 46:673-674), the ungar hillfort (eravica 1993: T.
46:675-679), Kekia Glavica (eravica 1993:680), Bjelaj
(eravica 1993: T. 46:681), and Zecovi (eravica 1993: T.
46:682). Majority come from the Varvara hillfort (eravica
1993: T. 47:683-692). The Boljani hoard is of particular
interest as it contained three anvils (fig. 50:14-16) as well
as several cores for casting hollow objects (fig. 50:17-21).
Another settlement that had developed casting production

was Kalnik-Igrisce, dated between Br D/Ha A1 and Ha B
period (Majnaric-Pandzic 1992; Vrdoljak 1992; Vrdoljak,
Forenbacher 1995). Although no furnace was found at this
site, various traces of casting were found near the remains
of seven hearths made of burned clay. These include the
remnants of moulds, the so-called "chanelled stone", slag,
as well as finished or broken bronze items. A piece of a
bipartite mould for casting of socketed axes was also found
(fig. 44:1).
Several moulds for multiple casting made of sandstone were

also found at Sv. Petar. One of these moulds was used for
casting of socketed axes on one side, and for casting of
bronze bars on its other side (fig. 41:6-9).
A part of the runner cup and the carved negative of the

loop of a socketed axe and three carved lines below the rim
were preserved. On the other part of the mould an attempt
to carve a negative of a flat object can be seen, therefore
suggesting this mould was also used for simultaneous
casting of several items (Vrdoljak 1992:77). The mould was
made of porous light-grey tuff and shows traces of use2.
The second mould was most likely used in the production of
smaller chisels and had a nicely polished surface (fig. 44:6).
On figure 44:7 a part of a stone mould that could be used
for casting of sickles can be seen, while the partial stone
mould on figure 44:4 might have been used to cast knives.
The mould on figure 44:3 was made of phyllite and was
used for casting of axes. Most other moulds found were too
fragmentary to determine their use with accuracy. A mould
that was found during the 1987 season was used for casting
of a larger number of pins (fig. 26; fig. 43:4).
Axes had two loops and a trapezoidal blade and have

analogies in the Beravci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
108:1-6). Each side of the mould had markers for precise
fitting on the sides (imek 1979:111; imek 2004: kat.
1.3). Besides for casting of axes, the moulds from Sv.
Petar Ludbreki were used for casting spear points (fig.
41:4-5). One part of the mould had four holes of unknown
function (fig. 41:4), while the other part had one hole. Most
likely this was an attempt to better secure the two parts
of the mould. Moulds show evidence of casting. One of
these moulds was used for casting of chisels, arrow points
and a knife (fig. 41:10-13). It too had markings for precize
fitting of two parts of the mould. Another mould was used
for casting socketed axes with a loop (fig. 42:4). A mould
for casting socketed axe (fig. 42:2) is interesting as it was
used for the production of axes which have a horizontally
thickened blade that is separated from the socket and can
be dated to the late phase of the Urnfield culture. Another
mould for casting chisels was found (fig. 41:14). Knives and
pointed chisels were also made (fig. 41:1-3). Two moulds
are of special interest, as, according to imek (fig. 43:23), were used for casting bronze hammers or punches for
fine decoration of bronze sheet metal, suggesting that at
Sv. Petar Ludbreki a workshop where fine and prestigious
items of local precious metal work were produced, also
existed. Judging by the items that were cast in these moulds,
it can be said that this workshop was active at the end
of the Late Bronze Age and still within the Bronze Age
metallurgical complex.
A similar mould comes from the Velemszentvid site

(Miske 1908: T. 24:11, T. 25:5). During the excavations
of the Kalnik-Igrisce site, a part of the stone core for
casting of hollow objects showing the traces of heat
damage was discovered (Vrdoljak 1992:77). Based on the
preserved mould fragments and comparisons to other sites,
a bipartite mould from Kalnik-Igrisce was reconstructed.
Mould halves were rectangular in cross-section and from
5,5 to 2,5 cm in width. All surfaces were cut in a straight
line and grinded (as shown by the horizontal and vertical
lines). Although none of them had any of the functional
parts preserved (such as runner cup, holes for cores or gas
channels), there is no doubt that these were the parts of the
moulds from Kalnik.
Sv. Petar Ludbreki is also important for its finds of the

moulds for single use. Four moulds used for casting of horse
harnesses strap joints of the Thraco-Cimmerian type were
also found (fig. 43:7) in which the lost wax technique was
used, as was in the case of moulds for casting of the bronze
rings (fig. 43:6). These finds straighten the argument that
at the end of the Late Bronze Age the influence from the
eastern steppes resulted in the production of the accessories
of the Thraco-Cimmerian type in local settlements. imek
(1979:111) argues that at Sv. Petar Ludbreki a workshop
Among the items of metallurgical character we must also

include the "chanelled stones", and the leftovers of slag. A
"channelled stone" (fig. 45:1) is an object made of circular
and polished dark-grey stone that has a 2 cm wide channel
in its middle.
2
Ptrographie analysis has been done in the mineralogical-petrographic

Department of the Croatian Natural Museum by Dr. M. Crnjakovie.
79
Croatia
10 cm
Fig. 42 Bronze casting moulds from continental
Croatia
1. akovec (after Vidovi 1989) 2. Sv. Petar Ludbreki (after imek 2004) 3. Novigrad na Savi (after Majnari-Pandi 1993) 4. Sv. Petar Ludbreki
(after imek 2004) 5.-6. Lova (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 7. Vinkovci (after Dizdar 1999) 8. Vinkovci (after Dizdar 1999) 9. Kiringrad (BalenLetuni 1987) 10. Sv. Petar Ludbreki (after Simek 2004) 11. Vinkovci (after Dizdar 1999) 12.-13. Sv. Petar Ludbreki (after imek 2004) (ali
modified by A. Kudeli)
80
10 cm
Fig. 43 Bronze casting moulds from continental

Croatia
1. Osijek (after Simic 1996-1999) 2. Sv. Petar Ludbreski (after Simek 2004) 3. Sv. Petar Ludbreski (after Simek 2004) 4. Kalnik-Igrisce I (after
Karavanic 2005b) 5. Vwkovci (after Dizdar 1999) 6. Sv. Petar Ludbreski (after Simek 2004) 7. Sv. Petar Ludbreski (after Simek 1979; 2004) 8.
Krizevci-Cigiana (after Homen 1982) (ail modified by Andreja Kudelic)
81
Croatia
at Kalnik-Igrie I and although it was not analyzed, it is

clear that it contains copper minerals (Vrdoljak 1992:79).
At the site of Ciglana in the town of Krievci near Kalnik,
a settlement was discovered in which traces of casting
activity were found (Homen 1982). As in the case of
Kalnik, numerous bronze items were found, especially
considering the excavated surface. Ten pins and a chisel
were found (Homen 1982:21-22, T. 2). A great amount of
slag was found, as well as a partial sand stone mould for
casting sickles (fig. 43:8).
In the Posavina region, a Late Bronze Age settlement at
Novigrad na Savi was excavated (Majnari-Pandi 1993;
2000). In the remnants of a house (House A) a pin with
a club-shaped head (Keulenkopfnadel) was found, while
nearby a sandstone mould for casting of socketed axes was
discovered (fig. 42:3/
A bipartite mould made of sandstone used for casting
of socketed axes, chisels, and decorative appliques was
published earlier by Brunmid (fig. 46:la-c).
Fig. 45
The excavations at the Makovac-Crinjevi site in Croatian

Posavina (Karavani et al. 2002) confirmed the existence
of metallurgical activities in this region. The primary proof
of this is the chance find of the hoard published earlier
as the Makovac hoard, although the name of MakovacCrinjevi, or alternatively Makovac II, would be more
appropriate (Karavani,Mihaljevi 2001). It contained
various bronze objects as well as parts of the plano-convex
ingots and a hammer-shaped ingot. During the excavations,
a hearth was also discovered (Karavani 2006: SI. 1-2),
near which a partial bronze ingot of about 150 g was
discovered (Karavani 2006: si. 5). A clay nozzle (tuyere)
was also discovered (Karavani 2006: si .4). These finds,
together with a partial casting mould (Karavani 2006: T.
2:1) strongly suggest that the casting activity was done in
this part of the settlement, most likely close to the hearth.
Finds of tuyeres are rare in this region. A nice one comes
from the site of Sv. Petar Ludbreki (fig. 50:1) and it is
similar to the tuyere found at the Velemszentvid settlement
in Hungary (Miske 1908: T. 21:4), where smaller tuyeres
were also found (Miske 1908: T. 21:6). Koledin (2004:79)
uses the term "technical ceramics" in order to describe
the aforementioned objects, as well as for finds such as
furnaces, hearths, moulds, and vessels used in the process of
ore smelting. Blowers are already found within the Cucuteni
culture, while in the area of former Yugoslavia they first
appear within the Vuedol culture (Koledin 2004:81). The
find from Makovac-Crinjevi is most similar to those from
the hillfort Zecovi near Prijedor (eravica 1993: T. 47:694696; Koledin 2004: si. 5). Sala (1985: fig. 2:3-8) gives an
overview of the finds of ceramic tuyeres from Moravia and
provides the illustration of two spoons that could have been
used in casting, both from the Cezavy-Blucina settlement
(Sala 1985: fig. 2:1-2). The tuyere from the MakovacCrinjevi site was used in making and blowing of the fire.
"Channelledstones"
1. Kalnik-Igrisce (after Vrdoljak, Forenbacher 1995) 2.

(after Solas 1995) 3. Novigrad na Savi (after Brunsmid
(all modified by A. Kudelic)
Blucina-Cezavy
1899-1900a)
Its upper surface is flattened, most likely as a result of

repeated hitting. Similar objects were found in northern
Europe where the Lausitz culture was present, as well as
the Late Bronze Age settlements of Switzerland (Horst
1986:82-91). Based on their context, the finds can be
dated to the Ha A-Ha B period. In order to decipher their
function, ethnological analogies were used. Several uses
were suggested: a mace, a stone for breaking bones or nuts,
while others suggested it was of some use in the process
of metal working. The later function is supported by a
number of similar finds from closed contexts. Most were
found alongside casting moulds, e.g. at the Czech site of
Spicak, where a house was unearthed in which a mould and
a "channelled stone" with two double cross channelling was
found. (Smrz 1979:31-32). Another such stone was found
in hoard 11 from the Cezavy Blucina site in Moravia (fig.
45:2). Most of the channelled stones only have one channel,
although there are some with multiple channels. Stones vary
in diameter from 2-23 cm, and in height from 1-13 cm. The
stone from Kalnik belongs to the middle-size group that
ranges from 3 to 14 cm in diameter and from 3 to 11 cm
in height, as it is about 10 cm in diameter and 6 cm high.
A similar stone was found at Novigrad na Savi (fig. 45:3).
A great amount of slag was found near hearth 5 (fig. 47)
83
The X J r n f i e l d Culture
in Continental
Croatia
M
Fig. 46 Bronze casting moulds
fragments
1. Novigrad na Savi (after Biimsmid 1899-1900a) 2.-8a,b. Varvara (after Curcic 1902) 9. Mikleuska (after Wanzek 1989)
84
1/2
Metal
Industry
of the Urnfield
Culture
in
Croatia
^
#
O
hearth
mould
slag
chanelled stone
V
m
11
'
.i
&
mm
W
i
r
^
v _
I site
Sveti Petar
Ludbreki
Vinkovci
Fig. 48 Table showing
major sites with the evidence
Slag
Hearths
Furnaces
Crucible
Tuyeres
Cores
Spearhead
Arrowhead
Pins
MOULDS
Knives
Hammers
Chisels
Sickles
Novigrad
Kiringrad
IN
tools at the Kalnik-Igrisce
Mikleuka
Lova
CAST
KalnikIgrie
KrievciBrickyard
akovec
OsijekStanica
MakovacCrinjevi
Axes
a
35
Undefined
OBJECTS
of metal worker's
Pendants
Fig. 47 Map of the distribution
*(
of metal working
activity
in continental
Croatia
As no remnants of clay lip surrounding hearth 1 were found,

it most likely did not have any structure above it, excluding
the existence of furnaces at the site. The assumption is that
the coppcr was melted in crucibles. Today we have more
elaborate and precise methods of determining whether
a hearth was used in metal working. For example, the
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (Bartelheim et al.
2002:58) on a hearth from the site of Brixlegg (Bartelheim
ct al. 2002) clearly showed that the hearth was not used in
metallurgical activities, although a substantial concentration
of slag was found nearby. A piece of bronze sheet metal
with punched decoration, with a lump of copper and most
likely tin in its middle, was found at the surface close to
the excavation trench at the Crisnjevi settlement (Karavanic
2006: si. 6).
Croatia
M 1/3
3
M 1/2
During the archaeological excavations at the Marie hillfort

in Mikleuska, a piece of a clay mould for casting socketed
axes was found (fig. 46:9). Likewise, a stone mould for
casting the same type of axes was found during rescue
excavations in the centre of the Cakovec town (fig. 42:1
). The claim that the mould was made for single use is not
supported. At Vinkovci, eastern Slavonia, moulds from the
Vatina-Belegis phase of the Slavonia-Syrmia Vatina culture
have been found (15/14 century B.C.): 1. a clay mould for
casting of the battle axe of the Hungarian type (fig. 42:11)
2. two pieces of a bipartite mould for casting of cordate
pendants (Dizdar 1999:kat. 119) 3. a piece of a clay mould
for casting of bronze pendants (fig. 43:5/ Analogies to the
latter can be seen in the find from the Thunau am Kamp
site in Austria, where a mould for casting of rings was
discovered (Lochner 2004: T. 2:11). It is possible that the
mould from Vinkovci belongs to the Late Bronze Age. Other
moulds are from the Belegis II culture and date to the 12th
century B.C. Such is a clay mould for casting of socketed
axes (fig. 42:8). It is assumed that it was used for casting
of winged axes with the wings in the middle (Lappenbeil).
On the second mould for casting of winged axes (fig. 42:7/
lower parts of the fan-like blade can be seen according to
which the mould can be tentatively dated to the late phase
of the Urnfield culture. During the 1989 excavations at the
Duga Ulica 27 site in Vinkovci, a smaller vessel with thick
walls that were covered in bronze was discovered. Thus it
is likely that it served as a crucible (Dizdar 1999: kat. 123).
A similar small vessel was found in Novigrad (fig. 49:5).
However, both of these vessels have thinner walls and are
smaller than those found at Bosnian sites such as Varvara
(fig. 49:3), Ripac (fig. 49:2) and Sanski Most (fig. 49:1).
Fig. 49 Finds
of crucibles
at the sites in Croatia and Bosnia
and
Hercegovina
1. Sanski Most (after eravica 1993) 2. Ripa (after eravica 1993) 3.
Velika Gradina Varvara (after eravica 1993) 4. Varvara (after ari
1902) 5. Novigrad na Savi (after Brunmid
1899-1900a)
Besides the moulds, at settlements and in hoards other

objects that were used in the metallurgy have been found.
These include various tools used in processing and
decoration of metal objects, such as sharp point chisels,
hammers and small hammers, and various items that had
a chisel-like blade for which Mayer (1977: T. 86) uses
the term Gerte mit Meisselschneide.
The latter objects
are found in settlements, but are much more abundant in
hoards (fig. 51). They have been found at the Kalnik-Igrie
I settlement (Majnari-Pandi 1992a: T. 1:10-11,15,23,27;.
One such small chisscl was found at the Ciglana site in
Krievci (Homen 1982). Similar objects have been found
in hoards belonging to bronze casting workers, and are most
abundant in the Brodski Varo hoard (fig. 51:1-7, 37-38).
Two hammers used in decoration of objects also come from
the same hoard (Tllenhammer) (fig. 51:37-38). Small
chissels were also found in the Podcrkavlje-Slavonski
Brod hoard (fig. 51:28-31), four were found in the Priac
hoard (fig. 51:8-11), one in the Makovac hoard (fig51:32-33), and one in the Podrute hoard (fig. 51:17-18).
At Moravian sites Bluina and Krepice such chisscls were
found alongside moulds (Sala 1995:570, Abb. 2:1-8,12).
In the Osijek region a part of a stone mould of unknown

purpose was found (fig. 43:1).
Lovas yielded two pieces of the mould for casting socketed
axes (fig. 42:5-6/ while another mould for casting the same
type of objects was found at the Kiringrad hillfort (fig.
42:9/ A half of a stone mould was found at Radovin near
Zadar (Batovic 1968:58,61,71, T. 21; Wanzek 1989:199
Nr.37).
A pointed chisel was found in the Donja Bebrina hoard (fig51:19-20) as well as in the Nijemci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 107B:1). A similar object comes from Poljanci
I (fig. 51:12) and Poljanci II hoards (Bulat 1973-1975:
86
Fig. 50 Bronze casting tools from continental Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina
' Clay nozzle from Sv. Petar Ludbreki (after imek 1996; 2004) 2. Clay core from Kameni Vrh (after imek 1996) 3.-10. Clay cores from Sv. Petar
Ludbreki (after imek 1996; 2004) 11-12 Slavonski Brod - Livadieva ulica hoard (after Mikiv 1982) 13. Veliko Nabre (after Vinski-Gasparini
1973) 14. -16. Anvils from the Boljani hoard (after eravica 1993; Konig 2004) 17.-18. Cores from Boljani (after eravica 1993; Konig 2004)
19.-21. Cores from Boljani (after Konig 2004)
87
Croatia
is the presence of two razors, however Sperber believes

that one of them found its way there by chance and was
cremated with the deceased, while the other one belongs to
other metal objects and ceramic vessels that were put in the
pit as grave goods. Similar finds come from Steinkirchen
(Muller-Karpe 1969), and Funen (Randsborg 1984). A small
hammer or a punch-like object was found in the grave from
Steinkirchen, but has been interpreted as an anvil with 3
channels on one side. The process of production started
with this anvil being placed into a wooden crate after a
metal sheet was put on top of it, and the inner surface
of the sheet was hammered. According to Muller-Karpe
(1969) hammers and anvils are found in the Prestavlky
(Miiller-Karpe 1980, T. 407A:25) and Stockheim hoards
(Muller-Karpe 1980, T. 418D:24). An interesting grave was
discovered at Hesselager in the Funen region (Randsborg
1984). In it, stone tools used in fine finishing and polishing
of metal objects were found. Randsborg (1984:188) in his
short discussion of social structure of the Bronze Age of
Denmark argues that graves containing such items did not
belong to the leading members of the society. The graves
of the social elite had gold and prestigious items in their
graves, while the bronze casting crasftsmen belonged to a
middle class.
T. 5:7). Such chisel was also discovered in the Posavina

region, in the Dolina na Savi hoard (Schauer 1974: Abb.
4:7). An interesting object, quite similar in form to the
sharp point chisels from the Slavonski Brod-Livadieva
ulica hoard (Mikiv 1982: T. 3:3) was found alongside
metal cores (Gusskerne) used for casting hollow objects.
Sala notes the same type of objects in the Bluina hoard
(Sala 1995: Abb. 2:11). Wanzek (1989: T. 14) gives us
the drawings of cores used in the casting of socketed axes,
including the one from Veliko Nabre (fig. 50:13).
Besides chisels, saws with two blades were used for cutting
bronze sheet metal (Teran 2003:188). Hansen lists them
(1994:150, Abb. 82), and notes that majority are found in
hoards from Transylvania, southeastern Transdanubia, and
Syrmia. Teran published a description of a double-bladed
saw from Slavonia or Syrmia (2003: si. 1) and reconstructed
it with a wooden handle. She also believes that such saws
were used for the cutting of bronze sheet metal (Teran
2003:188).
Saws are found in hoards of the early Urnfield culture
from northern Croatia: Otok-Privlaka (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 29:16-17), Bizovac (Vinski-Gasparini 1973; T.
35:7-8), Veliko Nabre (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 46:2324), Brodski Varo (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 53:28, T.
54:22-30; Clausing 2004: Abb. 56:421-431), Topliica I
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 76:33), Budinina (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 78:18-19), and most likely Podrute
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 81B:20).
4.3 Hoards of the Urnfield culture in continental

Croatia
History of research
Vinski-Gasparini (1983:647) states that the area between
rivers Sava and Drava, areas of Banija and Kordun, and
Bosnian Posavina (especially the southern part of the
Pannonian Basin) are the richest in Urnfield culture hoards
in all former Yugoslavia. The first finds were published in
the 19th century. Ljubic (1889) was the first to catalogue
the finds from hoards held at the Archaeological Museum
in Zagreb. At the same time, hoards from northern Bosnia
were published. These include the Sumetac (Truhelka
1893:35, si. 1-14), Peringrad (Fiala 1894:329, si. 1-8, T.
1; Dragicevic 1897:479, si. 1-3), and Mackovac Bosanski
(Fiala 1899: 141, T. 6) hoards. Brunsmid mentions the
hoards from Croatia (1897:163), and publishes the one from
Sarengrad (1899-1900b). Between World War I and World
War II, the emphasis was put on typology and cataloguetype of publications of prehistoric pottery, resulting in
the "Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum " series that includes
three volumes on the material from the former Yugoslavia.
A larger synthesis on the hoard finds from southeastern
Europe had to wait until the end of the World War II, when
Merhart's successor Holste made a tour of the museums of
southeastern Europe and managed to make a list and detailed
drawings of hundreds of bronze items. Unfortunately,
his untimely death came before the completition of his
work, so the meeting in Marburg under the leadership of
his successor Dehn, published a number of his lists and
drawings of the southeastern European hoard finds, but
these did not include dates of the finds (Vinski, Vinski-
In the recently published Sia hoard (Perki, LonjakDizdar 2005: T. 2:31-32) two fragments of saws are found.
Nice example of saw comes from the recently published
hoard Poljanci Donje Polje (Miklik-Lozuk 2009: si. 12).
Saws are also present in the Kuite (Konig 2004: T.
2:22-25) and Boljani (Konig 2004: T. 18:50) hoards from
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Besides aforementioned finds from chance discoveries,
hoards, and settlements, graves are a valuable finds that
inform us on the metal production in central Europe.
These most likely are grave goods from graves of itinerant
bronze-founders that travelled between settlements thus
spreading their ideas, skills, as well as stylistic and esthetic
views. It is possible that a single craftsman was responsible
for supplying of several villages from a single region
of the Urnfield culture. One such find comes from the
Speyerdorf site in the Pfalz region (Sperber 2000). In earlier
publications it was assumed that the grave was not found
complete, as two razors were found in it, while the metal
ingots were considered an item of the rich members of the
society, so-called "Schwerttrageradlers ". However, recent
studies showed that one of the items that was previously
interpreted as a bronze raw material with a high proportion
of tin, is actually an anvil that shows traces of use. This
made it possible to attribute this grave to a craftsman skilled
in processing and production of metal artefacts. Suprising
88
12
5
11
17
13
14
15
16
18
19
(J
22
37
38
21
20
r
IJ
24
VI
27
29 30
31
26
r
32
33
34
35
36
Fig. 51 Chisels and hammers used in bronze working in Croatia (drawing by A. Kudeli)
1-7. Brodski Varo (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 8.-11. Priac (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 12. Poljanci I (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 13.-16.
Brodski Varo (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) t7.-18. Podrute (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 19.-20. Donja Bebrina (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 21.22. Budinina (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 23.-26. Bingula Divo (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 27. Gornji Slatinik (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973)
28.-31. Podcrkavtje-Slavonski Brod (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 32.-33. Makovac (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 34.-35. Slavonski Brod RGZM
(Clausing2004) 36. Pustakovec (after A. Hansel 1999) 37.-38. Brodski Varo (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973)
Gasparini 1956:58). Holste (1951) describes the finds

from thirteen hoards from Croatia and Vojvodina region
of Syrmia that are stored in the Archaeological Museum in
Zagreb. Milojcic discussed the finds from several hoards
found in Croatia at the international congress in Zurich,
but the analyses were never published (Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:59). Draga Garasanin (1954) published
all the material from hoards that is stored in the National
Museum in Belgrade, including the three hoards found in
the Vojvodina part of Syrmia. Vinski and Vinski-Gasparini
(1956:59) emphasize the importance of this publication for
comparative analyses. They also emphasize the importance
of publications such as that of Foltiny (1955), as well as
Hampel's revision and new typological classification that
is based on the material from Hungary and did not include
finds from the Croatian hoards. Publication of Hungarian
finds is important for a comparison with hoards from the
region between Sava and Drava rivers. At the same time,
the authors (Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:59) recognize
that Foltiny represents Pittioni's Viennese school and did
not use Reinecke's chonology of Hungary, but rather his
central European (Bavarian) chronology. He also used a
somewhat modified chronological nomenclature for the
Urnfield culture (Foltiny 1955: 125).
Balkan group comes from Marina near Trogir (VinskiGasparini 1973:77). The Balkan group is richer in hoards
that belong to the Ha B period. Following the 1973
synthesis, a complicated task of publications of Bronze Age
finds and groups from all former Yugoslavia was undertaken
as a part of a large publication on Yugoslav Prehistory,
volume IV (Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja) in which
chapters on the Urnfield culture in Croatia are also included
(Vinski-Gasparini 1983). In it, a new division into separate
groups first appears: the Virovitica, Zagreb, and Velika
Gorica and Dalj groups, as well as separate horizons named
after typical find sites: horizon I - Peklenica, horizon II Veliko Nabrde, horizon III - Klotar Ivani, horizon I V Miljana, horizon V - Matijevii (Vinski-Gasparini
1983:652-667). Vinski-Gasparini (1983: 651) notes that the
number of the Urnfield culture hoards from the area
between rivers Sava and Drava is now 48, additional 5 are
found in the region south of the river Sava, near the rivers
Kupa, Korana, and Una, while additional 15 come from
northern Bosnia. Again, she recognizes three separate
groups: Slavonia and Baranja group with 33 find sites, a
group of the Podravina, Meimurje and Zagorje regions
with 15 sites, and a Balkan group south of the Sava and
Kupa rivers that spreads to the mountain region of Balkan
(Banovina, Kordun, and northern Bosnia) with 20 find sites
(Vinski-Gasparini 1983:651). Following this synthesis,
several publications describing individual hoards (e.g.
Malika or Makovac hoards) (Balen-Letuni 1985;
Karavani, Mihaljevi 2001; Perki, Lonjak-Dizdar 2005)
follow, and no new larger synthesis was done by any of
Croatian scholars. The only exception is the newly
published book about the hoards from the region of
Slavonski Brod-Poljanci (Miklik-Lozuk 2009) However,
there is a revival of interest in the Croatian hoard finds
among foreign scholars, and Hansen (1994) analyzed the
finds from several Croatian sites in his work on the hoards
of the earlier period of the Urnfield culture between the
Rhone and the Carpathian Basin area. He divides the objects
into three basic groups: weapons, razors, and bronze
vessels, followed by items such as tools, decorative objects
and objects of symbolic value. A catalogue of sites from
Croatia, Slovenia and Yugoslavia is of particular value
(Hansen 1994:560-575). In it he also includes a list of
certain hoards from Bosnia, such as the umetac hoard
(Hansen 1994:572 Nr. 282). A year after this publication, a
larger paper by Teran (1995) discussing the state of
research on the Urnfield culture in former Yugoslavia is
published. She (Teran 1995: si. 7-9) brings a detailed map
of sites where the hoards of the earlier and later phases of
the Urnfield culture are found in former Yugoslavia, and an
additional map of the hoard finds from Slovenia. A
catalogue of the Croatian hoards is also included (Teran
1995: Fundortliste 2, 364-366). Teran (1995:333-338)
links these finds from the former Yugoslavia to the region
of southern Pannonia, noting (Teran 1995:333) that the
spread of the hoards during the early and middle phases of
the Urnfield culture is reflecting the area of spread of the
Urnfield culture between Br D and Ha A2/B1 phases.
Motivated by the work on the periodization of the central

European Bronze Age, Vinski and Vinski-Gasparini
published the first small scale work of synthesis on hoards
from Croatia and western Synnia (1956) listing a catalogue
od items from hoards (Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956: 8090) as well as their geographical distribution. This is also
the first attempt of establishing a framework for Croatian
hoards, a framework which was somewhat changed after
the publication of Muller-Karpe's synthesis on the Urnfield
culture (1959). The first major work of synthesis (VinskiGasparini 1973) brings a detailed periodization of the
Urnfield culture in northern Croatia, mainly established on
the basis of finds from hoards, but also included material
from graves and settlements known at the time. VinskiGasparini (1973) created a five-period (horizon) division,
based on her statistical method of analysis. Of a total of 62
hoards of the Urnfield culture from Croatia, she assigns
only one to the period I, 28 are assigned to the period II, 7
to period III, 8 to period IV, and 12 to the period V (VinskiGasparini 1973:77-78). The most detailed analysis is that
of the hoards of the period II as those are most numerous.
In this period, most abundant are the hoards of the
Slavonian-Syrmian group (18 in total) (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:78). The importance of the sites near the river Sava,
especially around Slavonski Brod, is clearly seen in the
abundance of finds. Vinski-Gasparini (1973) analyzes the
finds from hoards in great detail, noting their stylistic and
typological characteristics in an attempt to search for
centres of production of certain objects, or types of objects,
within or outside Croatia. She recognizes that all the hoards
of the period II are found in northern Croatia, an area
connected to the Middle Danube region through river
systems. The only hoard of the period II that belongs to the
90
he ascribes the hoards from Struga, Donja Poljana, Podrute,

Budinina, Topliica I, Zagreb-Demanov Prolaz, Klotar
Ivani, Sisak, Malika, and Lisine. To the period III, the
hoards from Belica, Miljana, Ivanec Bistranski, Javornik,
Krnjak, as well as Baredine in Istria are dated (Turk
1996:113). Turk (1996:114) sees this period as partly
contemporaneous with the phase II, and in full with the
phase IV of the Urnfield culture in Croatia. To his final
period (period IV) he ascribes the hoard from Legrad in
northwestern Croatia (Turk 1996:115), while acknowledging
that the hoards from Kamena Gorica, Matijevii, Gajina
Peina, and Vranjkova Peina have elements of both central
and western Balkan region (reflected in attire components),
as well as of the earlier horizon (reflected in the finds of
weapons and tools). He believes these are contemporaneous
with the period V of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia.
Typical for the hoards of southern part of the Pannonian

Basin, including the hoards from the area between rivers
Sava and Drava, is a presence of a significant amount of
jewellery (Terzan 1995:334). Terzan is also emphasizing
the importance of Vinski-Gasparini's (1973) work and key
role of her chronology for the establishing a chronology of
the hoards from former Yugoslavia, and also accepts the
thesis that a larger number of hoards appear during the Ha
A1 phase while their number decreases in the late phase of
the Urnfield culture. Although acknowledging that this is
seen in other areas, such as Hungary, she too lacks
explanation for it.Vinski-Gasparini (1973:80) gives us the
following chronological framework for the hoards: finds
from the period I are very rare and only Peklenica hoard
can be ascribed to it. During the period II of the late Br D
and early Ha A periods majority of hoards that are richest
in items appear, while their number decreases in the period
III. This trend of decrease continues to the end of the late
phase of the Urnfield culture. According to Vinski-Gasparini
(1973:80) the situation is reverse in the Adriatic-Balkan
region where the metal working intensifies in the late phase
of the Urnfield culture. Terzan (1995:333) acknowledges a
quite small number of cemeteries for such rich
metalworking that is reflected in hoard finds, but we believe
the reason for this discrepancy can be explained by the state
of research. Recent research shows a larger number of
settlements from the early phase and the appearance of
hoards within the settlements of the Br C and D phases.
Based on the finds from Slovenia, Terzan (1995:337)
concludes that there is an increase in cemetery finds at a
time of transfer from the early to late Urnfield culture and
believes this reflects a change in religious views. She
belongs to a group of authors that argue for large scale
changes within the Urnfield culture of Slovenia (Terzan
1995:337-338) at the turn from Ha A to Ha B period
(according to Muller- Karpe). Hoards from Slovenia are
also discussed by Turk (1996). In the preface of his work,
Turk (1996:89) lists all previous chronologies for hoard
finds of the central Europe, adding his own interpretations.
This work is important for the Croatian finds, as he also
discusses finds from neighbouring countries, including
Croatian hoard finds, offering novel insights and dates. He
includes a detailed list and description of hoards and
classifies them according to the type and number of items,
ascribing each hoard to a specific period. According to his
scheme, none of the hoards from Croatia should be included
within the period I, and Peklenica hoard should be seen as
apart of the period II finds (Turk 1996:108). One of the
items he based his conclusion on is the fiange-hilted sword
of the Tenja type (Turk 1996:111). Turk (1996: 111) argues
that the larger pins with a poppy-shaped head
(Mohnkopfnadel) are not particularly useful for dating of
the finds, as they appear quite rarely, and pins with a
globular head and wide neck with horizontal incisions can
be dated to a wider timeframe. He acknowledges that this
hoard, with its find of a pin with a poppy-shaped head is
quite unique for these parts, as this type of pin is present in
the regions north and east of Croatia. To the same period
In his work on the Bronze to Iron Age transition in Central

Europe, Pare (1999:354) argues that the hoards from the
Carpathian Basin and northern Balkans had a special place
as they appear even after the end of the Urnfield culture of
the northern Alpine region. He recognizes three periods or
horizons (D epotfunds tufe IV- VI), based on the chronology
of Vinski-Gasparini, but adds additional period to the last
phase of the Urnfield culture (Hoard period or horizon VI).
In his list of hoards from former Yugoslavia according to
periods, he also lists the Croatian finds. To the period IV
he ascribes hoards from Brtonegalj or, more accurately,
Brtonigla, Cavtat, Ivanec Bistranski, and Kapelna. To
the period V, he ascribes the hoards from Ciglenik,
Gajina Peina, Kamena Gorica, Krnjak, and Matijevii
(Pare 1999:356), while to the final period (period VI) the
Primoten and Vranjkova Peina hoards are ascribed (Pare
1999:357). There is very little published on these two latter
hoards that also belong to the Balkan circle of hoards. Other
hoards that can be ascribed to the period VI come from the
Balkan region of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Single items from hoards are listed in publications
on swords (Harding 1995), and axes from the former
Yugoslavia (eravica 1993), while the hoards from the
region around Slavonski Brod are discussed by Clausing
(2004) and recently by Miklik-Lozuk (2004; 2009).
Chronology
The first attempt to date and establish a chronology of the
hoards of the Late Bronze Age / the Urnfield culture of
Croatia is seen in the work by Vinski and Vinski-Gasparini
(1956) where authors do not use Reinecke's "Hungarian"
chronology, but the one established for Bavaria and
Austria (Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:65). One should
bear in mind that at that time Muller-Karpe's seminal
work (1959) on the chronology of the central European
Urnfield culture was not yet published. The authors (Vinski,
Vinski-Gasparini 1956:65) emphasize the heterogeneity
of hoards in which a longer duration of types is observed
(i.e. retardation and anticipation), and a mixture of it, thus
91
Croatia
and the end of the Ha Al and the beginning of the Ha A2

phase is not always easy to establish. It is important to note
that the authors regard the phase 2 (late Ha A period or Ha
A2) as the richest one in hoard finds (in it they include a
total of 40 hoards (Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:69). They
also conclude that none of the Croatian hoards of the early
phase of the Urnfield culture can be ascribed to the Br D
period (Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:70), although certain
elements of this period can be recognized in one of the
hoards, alongside elements of the Ha Al phase. They also
note the statistically most abundant material of the phase
Ha A2, and the least abundant material of the phase Ha Bl.
Vinski and Vinski-Gasparini (1956:70) agree with the theory
which sees hoards as a reflection of uncertain times, wars,
and movements of people and their classification accounts
for several waves of disturbance, starting soon after the year
1250 BC (phase Ha Al), and reaching their peak somewhat
later, during the Ha A2 phase, roughly during the 12th and
the first half of the 11th century B.C. According to them,
during the Ha B1 phase these disturbances are lessening at
the beginning of the 10th century B.C. only to start again in
the 9th and 8th centuries B.C.
making it impossible to date precisely. In this work, based

on typological differences of individual artefacts, a more
precise classification was done showing that in the Urnfield
culture hoards in Croatia, but also from other regions in
former Yugoslavia, the object types of Ha A and Ha B
appear within a single hoard or find. A similar situation is
seen for the material of phases Ha B and Ha C. Sometimes
dating was based on the typologically youngest find only.
In a paper on the hoards from Serbia, D. Garasanin (1954)
provides us with only provisional dating. The chronology
by Vinski and Vinski-Gasparini (1956:65) is based on
the hoard finds and distinguishes four phases, based on
Reinecke's periods Ha A and Ha B: 1. Early phase Ha A
corresponds to the Ha A l , 2. Late phase Ha A corresponds
to the Ha A2, 3. early phase Ha B corresponds to the
Ha B l , 4. Late phase Ha B corresponds to the Ha B2
period. Authors (Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:66) based
their chronology on two basic criteria: typological and
quantitative. They also argue that dating a find on the basis
of the youngest item present is metodologically unreliable,
as hoards show a mixture of types and intrusion of forms.
Further, according to them, the hoards may be buried at a
time when the youngest object was made, but other items
may have been used before and during the time when a
certain collection of bronze items was collected. Therefore,
Vinski and Vinski-Gasparini (1956) clearly state their
methodological questions and problems that the prehistoric
research of the time is faced with, but also emphasizing the
importance of Miiller-Karpe's book (1959) in the solution
to these problems. Later, it will become clear that this book
also pinpointed a new set of problems. The aforementioned
four phases include the most of then known hoards of the
Urnfield culture from Croatia and Vojvodina region of
Syrmia. Vinski and Vinski-Gasparini (1956:65-66) ascribe
hoards to individual phases. Typical for hoards of the Ha
A l phase is the material of the Ha A, whether without any
elements, or with some rare elements of the older period
Br D, or showing a tradition of the Br C period. According
to Vinski and Vinski-Gasparini (1956) hoards of this phase
are Toplicica I, Otok-Privlaka, Javornik, Markusica, and
Peklenica. Hoards of the Ha A2 phase also include material
of the Ha A period, with rare elements of older phases,
but more or less frequent elements of the younger periods,
and certain elements of the Ha B period. Hoards of this
phase are Beravci, Podcrkavlje, Slavonski Brod, Brodski
Varos, Sice, etc. Hoards of the Ha B1 period contain the
characteristic material of the Ha B, with certain elements of
the Ha A period and are represented by the hoards such as
Kamena Gorica, Ivanec Bistranski, and Sitno. The hoards of
the Ha B2 period contain the material of the Ha B, without
any elements of the Ha A, but showing elements that point
to the turn to Ha C. Hoards that belong to this phase are
Sarengrad, Adasevci and Dreznik I (Gajina Pecina near
Dreznik). As a special characteristic of the hoards from the
area between the rivers Sava, Drava and Danube, Vinski
and Vinski-Gasparini (1956:68) note the presence of the socalled hoards of the Ha A2 complex. They emphasize that
these hoards do not always show the same characteristics,
In her monograph on the Urnfield culture in northern

Croatia, Vinski-Gasparini (1973) continues her work on the
classification and chronology of the hoards, now tightly
connected to the periodisation of the Urnfield culture itself.
She recognizes five phases and synchronizes them with
periods of Miiller-Karpe (1959). According to her (VinskiGasparini 1973:22) these arc:
1. phase I - late Br C and early part of the Br D period - end
of the 14th century to the year 1230 BC
2. phase II - later Br D and Ha A l period, year 1230 until
year 1100 BC
3. phase III - Ha A2 period, 1100-1000 BC
4. phase IV - Ha B1 and partially Ha B2 period, 1000-850
BC
5. phase V - partially Ha B2 and most of the Ha B3 period,
850-750/700 BC
Unlike in the first classification of Vinski and VinskiGasparini (1956), the period richest in hoard finds is not
the Ha A2 period, but rather the Br D/Ha A l , or phase II
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973:79-80). The criteria on which the
dating of the individual hoards is based is described in more
details, especially the typological and statistical criterion
or model, meaning that: . ..the percentage of new types of
items compared to the old ones is an important factor for
a more precise dating and typological differentiation ..."
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973:79). The typological and statistical
principles on which material is ascribed to a certain period
are also emphasized. Thus, the hoards are dated to the time
when the items contained in it were produced, or used, and
not to the time in which they were buried (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:80). A loose chronology of the hoards from the area
north and south of the Sava river was, according to VinskiGasparini (1973:80), a result of mechanical application of
92
Vinski-Gasparini (1973; 1983) emphasized the profane

character of hoards of the southern Pannonia and Croatian
Posavina.
the modified periods that Reinecke developed for the central

Europe and of the disregard for the local developments
and unique characteristics. Vinski-Gasparini (1973:109)
also analyzed and dated individual types of items from the
hoards found in northern Croatia on the basis of comparison
with chronologically soundly defined finds, mostly from
graves, of central Europe, as such finds were rare even in
the Transdanubian region.
Clausing (2004) writes on the meaning of hoards, including

the ones from the Slavonski Brod area. He starts from
theoretical models that try to explain the phenomenon
of deposition of such large quantities of metal objects
throughout Europe. In this, he concentrates on two
models: one that assigns nomothetic meaning to these
hoards and sees them as expressions of purely religious
character; and the other model that sees them as purely
profane in character. The later is strongly argued against
by Hansel (1997:13) who points that a large number of
hoards cannot be a coincidence, and does not come from
dangerous times, but also from the times of continual
development of prosperous civilizations. Hansel (1997:13)
does not recognize a horizon of catastrophes that would
be marked by hoards. Breaks are seen in finds such as
graves and settlements, but those do not contain hoards
nor items that are common in hoards. Hansel (1997:14)
acknowledges the possibility that some of the hoards of the
travelling traders had a more profane character, but points
out that this would also mean that these traders were quite
unlucky, and why this would all hapen within the Bronze
Age also has to be explained. According to him, some of
the hoards might have belonged to bronze founders, but
this does not explain why would these founders leave such
large quantities of the precious metals. Hansel (1997:15)
believes that founders themselves often made sacrifices
to gods, as they were involved in a hard and dangerous
activities and owned metals, thus needing extra help
from deities. He also mentions the Greek god-blacksmith
Hephestus. Clausing (2004:142) informs us that the topic
of the 1984 meeting of the German Archaeological Society
were hoard finds, resulting in a great number of published
works on this topic in the following year, some of which
tried to explain the meaning of hoards (Mandera 1985;
Pauli 1985; Torbriigge 1985). Torbriigge (1985) was quite
critical of previous attempts to explain the reasons for
deposition of bronze items. According to him, most older
work, but some new publications as well, were of a purely
antiquarian character, as they often have only a single page
on the explanation of the reasons for hoard deposition. He
is especially critical of Menke's 1976 habilitation thesis
in which the whole phenomenon of hoards is considered
mainly cult in character, as profane character could not
be clearly seen (Torbriigge 1985:17). He argues that even
though there are much more finds, this did not increase the
attempts to explain their nature mainly because the same
criterion in which he distinguishes between the common
customs of depositing from the accidental episodes.
Therefore, according to Torbriigge (1985:18) there is even
more dichotomy between profane and non-profane hoards.
According to Torbriigge (1985:19), such a wide scale of
human activity cannot be easily explained and classified,
and often there is a connection among the profane and
ritual in a number of practical and spiritual aspects. This is
The meaning of the hoards

Vinski-Gasparini (1983:650) believes that the function of
hoards was in fact multiple. Like most scholars, she too
recognizes two types of hoards: sacral and profane. Sacral
are of a votive or cult nature, and often consist of only one,
sometimes two or three types of objects, that sometimes
show traces of burning. Profane hoards include those of the
bronze founders, possibly of itinerant craftsmen, or, most
often, are hoards that represent valuable material goods that
were stored. According to Vinski-Gasparini (1983:650), we
should not exclude a possibility that danger was one of
the reasons for the deposition of the hoards, as shown by
examples from the Roman period and the Middle Ages. A
characteristic of hoards from the southern Pannonian region
(especially the region between rivers Sava and Drava and
the area south of the Sava river, including northern Bosnia)
is (Vinski-Gasparini 1983:650) that they include broken
bronze pieces and we should include them into the mixed
hoard group. Those hoards are not of cult meaning, but
are a sort of hidden treasure. Vinski-Gasparini (1983:650)
is right in saying that because the circumstances of their
discovery are unknown it is impossible to be sure whether
these are indeed hoards of bronze founders. At the time
when her synthetic work on the Urnfield culture and hoards
was done, no results on settlement research was available.
Therefore, she uses the example of a hoard discovered at
the Jakovo-Ekonomija Sava settlement (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:78) in eastern Syrmia. The hoard was analyzed by
Tasic (1962). However, Vinski-Gasparini (1973:78) states
that on all sites of the Slavonski Brod region, where hoards
were discovered, pieces of pottery with profiles typical for
the early phase of the Urnfield culture were found. Research
of settlements was intensified only within the last decade
which allowed to make a connection between most of the
hoards of the southern Pannonia and settlements of the early
Urnfield culture, such as Mackovac-Crisnjevi (Karavanic,
Mihaljevic 2001; Karavanic et al 2002). According to
Vinski-Gasparini (1973:78) hoards might have been buried
within settlements and used as material goods, or means
of payment. Most of the hoards of the phase II, however,
contain pieces of broken bronze as well as raw, unprocessed
bronze, pointing to some sort of casting activity. For a more
complete picture we need moulds and other objects that
would point to the metal working activity in settlements.
We talked about it in more detail in our analysis of the
Mackovac-Crisnjevi hoard (Karavanic, Mihaljevic 2001)
and other finds that point to metal working activities in the
Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement (Karavanic 2006). In sum,
93
precisely what Hansel had in mind when he talked about

the participation of master craftsmen in sacrificial rituals.
Mandera (1985:187) brings us an overview of the earlier
German writings, which mostly saw hoards as votive or
sacrificial gifts to gods. This is especially aimed at hoards
found in water, swamps, wells, but also caves, cliffs and
abysses. Authors that support this explanation are Kubach,
Hundt, Torbrtigge, Zimmermann, Driehaus and Schauer
(Mandera 1985:187). We are still unclear on the hoards
from the earlier phase of the Urnfield culture, and whether
they represent votive sacrifices or buried treasures. Mandera
(1985:187, 190) is especially interested in hoards of the
Late Urnfield culture of Ha B3 period and suggests a model
in which hoards are mainly gifts to gods in some sort of
sacred places and later, due to political reasons, were buried
not to be taken out of the ground again (because they were
either forgotten, or for some other reason). In this, he
combines the sacral and profane character of hoards. Unlike
Mandera, Wegner sees this secondary deposition of hoards
not as a result of wars and dangerous times, but as a change
in cult practices (Mandera 1985:187). Mandera, based on
publications by Stein and von Brunn, recognizes the socalled "catastrophic horizons", in which hoards are more
numerous in certain areas. These horizons are, according
to him, not localized, but can be observed in wider regions.
It is likely that both causes played a role.
Croatia
blacksmiths also serve in religious ceremonies, and argues

that there is no reason why Bronze Age casters could not
have done the same and buried their treasures as a part
of some religious ceremony (Clausing 2004:149). In this,
Clausing is very close to Hansel's explanation (1997:15).
Hansen (1994:387) argues that the broken pieces (the socalled Brucherzcharakter) were not very useful as votive
offerings, but acknowledges that many of the ancient
Greece's votive offerings were also broken and damaged.
Hansen (1994:387-388) also states that hoards contained
already used items (most often weapons, tools, jewellery,
and attire components), but also ones that still bear traces
of casting. The latter, according to Hansen, were not
necessarily meant to be reused in casting, but could have
also been a gift to gods, for which he again draws parallels
to the examples from ancient Greece (Hansen 1994:388).
List of hoards
1.APATOVAC (Breianci, Mikai) (fig. 52)
Town/Municipality: Krievci
Circumstances of the discovery: Found during land
ploughing for a vineyard in 1930. A copper bucket with a
hoard of about 15 kg was found at the depth of about 50
cm. Four items survived. The hoard was found by a local
farmer and given to a school teacher.
Hansen (1994) is another author that argues for votive

explanation of hoards, especially of those from the older
phase of the Urnfield culture and sees this as one of the
structural marks of the Bronze Age society (Hansen
1994:371). The most important question that Hansen asks
is: why were these bronze items used for something that
was not their primary function? He believes we can get an
answer to this question through analogies from ethnology
and ancient writings, but also thrugh the use of social
models (Hansen 1994:371). Hansen believes that the bronze
objects are quite exclusive and bases his research on: 1. The
so-called production of prestigious objects, and 2. Certain
aspects of sacrificial activity or of votive finds. Hansen
uses a quote from Reinecke (Hansen 1994:372, Anm.5)
where he argues that there is no way that people would lose
such large quantities of metals were they not faced with a
grave danger, thus arguing against voluntary deposition of
such items (although it can be linked to prevention against
danger).
Held by: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb

Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:80, br. 2;
Markovi 1982:61,73, si. 2:3; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:660;
Hansen 1994:560 Nr. 3; Teran 1995:365 Nr. 42; Turk
1996:100. no. 38; Glogovi 2000:103-104 br. 1, si. 1.
Date: phase III
2. BATINA
Town/Municipality: Batina
Circumstances of the discovery: Hoard (uncertain), cca 17
bronze pieces, mostly horse harness.
Held by: Naturhistorisches museum Wien
Nebelsick (1997) also argues that the reason why these

bronze items were broken is ritual breaking, and not a result
of the activity of bronze founders. On the other hand, A.
Mozsolics (1985b) collected all melted and later assembled
pieces from hoards of the Carpathian Basin and Hungary
and was able to prove that they were secondarily used for
bronze-casting activity. Her work was a basis for Clausing's
analysis of the Slavonski Brod (RGZM) hoard (2004:153) in
which he used such objects to argue that the hoard belonged
to a bronze founder. Interestingly, he also draws parallels
with certain non-industrial societies in which founders and
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:88

Date: phase V
3.BELICA-Ciglana
(Brick factory)
Town/Municipality: akovec
Circumstances of the discovery: The hoard was found by
two workmen in 1964 in the vicinity of the brick factory
during the preparative work before the clay quarrying. It
94
Fig. 52 Major hoard find sites in continental
Croatia
is said to have been found at a depth of about 60 cm. The

vessel that contained the material was destroyed and not all
objects that were in it were collected. Some were lost and
some were later acquired by the Museum of Meimurje in
akovec. It contains a total of 69 items of which 65 were
drawn.
Literature: Holste 1951:4, T. 1-2; Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini

1956:80 br. 6; Vinski-Gasparini 1973:T. 108-109; VinskiGasparini 1983:662; Hansen 1994:560, Nr. 15; Harding
1995:41, Nr. 102-103, 92 Nr. 380, T. 15:102-103, T. 41:
380; Hansen 1994:560 Nr. 15; Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 73;
Clausing 2004:154 Nr.l
Held by: Museum of Meimurje in akovec
Date: phase IV
Literature: Vinski-Gasparini 1973:141; Vinski-Gasparini

1983:660; Vidovi 1989:455-456, T. 4-13; Hansen
1994:560 Nr. 9; Teran 1995:364 Nr. 32; Turk 1996:100,
no. 42; Glogovi 2000:104 br. 2
5. BIZOVAC
Town/Municipality: Osijek/Bizovac
Date: phase III

Circumstances of the discovery: An accidental find, found in
1895 during ploughing of the "Lepodrevci" field alongside
the road to Osijek. The ceramic vessel that contained the
333 bronze items did not survive. At a place where it was
discovered the traces of burning could be observed, which
could point to the existence of a casting workshop (VinskiGasparini 1973:178).
4.BERAVCI
Town/Municipality: Slavonski Brod/Vrpolje
Circumstances of the discovery: An accidental find.
Unearthed in 1899 at a meadow about 4 km north of the
village, at a depth of 0,30 m. It was found during the tearing
down of an oak tree, in a ceramic vessel that did not survive.
!t contained 235 bronze items.
Held by: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Museum of

Slavonia in Osijek
95
Croatia
Circumstances of the discovery: An accidental find. The

hoard was discovered during ploughing of the field "Ribar"
at a depth of 1,5 m. It contained 220 bronze items.
Literature: Aberg 1935:39, 54, fig. 63:8,9, fig. 64:4-5;

Holste 1951:4, T: 3, T. 4:1-17; Merhart 1952:29, 69; Peroni
1956:72,89, T. 1:22; Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:1 br.
10; Vinski-Gasparini 1968:3, T. 1:1; T. 2; Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 35-43; Vinski-Gasparini 1983: 654; Hansen
1994:560 Nr. 19; Teran 1995:365 Nr. 66
6. BONJACI
Literature: Vinski-Gasparini 1973:103,178, T. 77-81A;

Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654; Hansen 1994:562 Nr. 42;
Terzan 1995:364 Nr. 36; Turk 1996:101, no. 81; Glogovii
2000:104 br. 3
Town/Municipality: upanja/Bonjaci
Date: phase II
Circumstances of the discovery: Unknown. The hoard was

acquired in 1933 with a major part destroyed, as well as a
slab made of goldspiral wire, that was allegedly found in the
hoard. Bronze items that were a part of the Basler (Sombor)
collection come from this hoard, their whereabouts now not
known. The rest of the hoard contains 24 bronze pieces.
9. CIGLENIK
Date: phase II
Town/Municipality: Slavonski Brod/Luzani

hoard was found in 1884 in a vineyard near the river
Orljava. The hoard was mostly destroyed and only 3 bronze
pieces survived.

Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:81 br. 11; VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 30A; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654;
Hansen 1994:561 Nr. 31; Teran 1995:365 Nr. 74

Literature: Ljubic 1889:75, T. 10:42; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:82 br. 14: Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
126A; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:665; Terzan 1995:370 Nr. 8;
Clausing 2004:154 Nr. 4
Date: phase II
7. BRODSKI VARO
Date: phase V
Town/Municipality: Slavonski Brod/Brodski Varo
10. DALJ
Circumstances of the discovery: An accidental find
discovered in 1959 during the clearing of a vineyard, in
three separate piles situated about 2-3 m from each other, at
a depth of 0,50 m in a dark and partially burned dirt, which
would, according to Vinski-Gasparini (1973:178), point to
a bronze-casting workshop. A part of the hoard is missing.
The hoard is large and contained over 800 bronze items
(more than 1000, according to Vinski-Gasparini 1973:78).
Plano-convex ingots were 27,50 kg in weight and parts of
bronze items were about 1,15 kg in weight (Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:82).
(Kraljevac)
Town/Municipality: Dalj
Circumstances of the discovery: A hoard of 14 bronze items
mostly horse harness. Unpublished.
Held by: Museum of Slavonia Osijek
Literatura: Metzner-Nebelsick 1994; Simic 1996:38; Simic
2004:67,264, cat. 7
Date: phase V
Held by: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb and Museum

of Brodsko Posavlje in Slavonski Brod.
11. DON J A BEBRINA
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:82 br. 12;

Vinski-Gasparini 1973:178,212, T. 52-65; Vinski-Gasparini
1983:654; Hansen 1994:561 Nr. 41; Teran 1995:365 Nr.
55; Clausing 2004:154, Abb. 46-58A
Town/Municipality: Slavonski Brod

hoard was found in 1882 near the river Sava. Later analyses
showed that the Samac hoard that Ljubic writes on is in fact
from Donja Bebrina. Part of the hoard is missing, 19 bronze
pieces survived.
Date: phase II
8. BUDININA

Town/Municipality: Krapina/Konjina
Literature: Ljubic 1889:84, T. 12:58-59; Holste 1951:8, T.
96
15:1-18; Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:82 br. 18; VinskiGasparini 1973:179,213, T. 94; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:660;
Hansen 1994:563 Nr. 65; Teran 1995:365 Nr. 56; Clausing
2004:154 Nr. 5.
hoard was found in 1953 in a cave near the river Korana.

The cave is known as the Korana or Dreznik cave. It
contains 13 bronze items.
Date: phase III

Literature: Holste 1951:7, T. 10:1-12; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:83 br. 21; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.128;
Vinski-Gasparini 1983:665; Terzan 1995:370 Nr. 5; Turk
1996:102, no. 95
12. DOLINA NA SA VI
Town/Municipality: Nova Gradika/Vrbje
Circumstances of the discovery: It was most likely
discovered during the field work at the Krevina locality
near the village of Dolina. Year of the discovery unknown.
Date: phase V
Held by: Prhistorische Staatssammlung Mnchen.
Literature: Schauer 1974; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654;

Date: phase II

hoard was discovered in 1896 during roadwork at the edge
of the road near the end of a village. The hoard consists of
83 bronze items that were found in a ceramic vessel.
13. DOLJANI
Town/Municipality: Gospi
Literature: Holste 1951:9, T. 16:1-33; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:83 br. 23; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 5051; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654; Hansen 1994:564 Nr. 81;
Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 56; Clausing 2004:154 Nr. 6
16. GORNJA VRBA
Circumstances of discovery: Unknown

Literature: Vinski-Gasparini 1973:141; Drechsler-Bii
1983:375, 378; Turk 1996:102, no. 97.
Date: phase II
Date: phase III
17.
14. DONJA POLJANA- Pilie,
Krvarina
GORNJISLATINIK
Town/Municipality: Varadinske Toplice

hoard was discovered in 1920. Circumstances of the
discovery unknown. It contained 133 bronze items.
Circumstances of the discovery: The site is located about 6

km east of Varadinske Toplice, north of the village, on the
slopes of Mount Toplika Gora that descend southwards to
the river Bednja. The hoard was found in 1940 during the
field work on a vineyard. The hoard is mostly separated, 4
bronze pieces survived.
Held by: Museum of Brodsko Posavlje

Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:83 br. 24; VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 69-70; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654;
Hansen 1994:564 Nr. 85; Terzan 1995: 365 Nr. 53 ;
Clausing 2004:154 Nr. 7
Held by: Varadinske Toplice Homeland Museum
Date: phase II
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:83 br. 19: VinskiGasparini 1973:179, T. 82B; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654;
1996:100, no. 39; Glogovi 2000:104 br. 4
18. ILOK
Town/Municipality: Ilok
Date: phase II
Town/Municipality: Slunj
Circumstances of the discovery: The hoard was discovered

in August 1960 during a construction work in the basement
of a house in Dunavska street no. 8. It contained 22 bronze
items in a clay vessel.
Held by: Ilok Municipal Museum
15. GAJINA PEINA near Dreinik
97
Date: phase V
Literature: Majnaric-Pandzic 1966/1968; Vinski-Gasparini

1983:666; Terzan 1995:370 Nr. 10; Metzner-Nebelsick
2002:61
22.
KAPELNA
Town/Municipality: Donji Miholjac
Date: phase V (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973), phase VI (after

Metzner-Nebelsick 2002)
19. IVANEC
Croatia
Circumstances of the discovery: An accidental find of a

hoard discovered in 1966 during the digging of a channel
on the "Sredanci" field, south of the Kapelna village. The
hoard consists of 44 bronze items found in a ceramic vessel
that did not survive.
BISTRANSKI
Town/Municipality: Zapresic
hoard was found in 1955 during the irrigation works on
a Krapina river at the "Lug" site at a depth of 0,70 m. It
contained 49 bronze items found in a ceramic vessel of
which only several pieces survived.
Held by: Museum of Slavonia in Osijek.

Literature: Bulat 1967:9, T. 1-8; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
110-111; I. Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975:96-98, T. 32-33:Nr 387390; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:662; Teran 1995:365 Nr. 64

Date: phase IV
Vinski-Gasparini 1973:180, T. 113:1-23; Vinski-Gasparini
1983:662; Terzan 1995:365 Nr 39; Turk 1996:101, no. 87;
Glogovic 2000:104 br. 5
23. KLOTAR
Town/Municipality: Ivani Grad/ Klotar Ivani

hoard consists of a total of 277 bronze items found in a
ceramic vessel during the digging of a pipeline in 1967.
Partially destroyed and separated.
Date: phase IV
20.
IVANI-Ciglana
JAVORNIK
Town/Municipality: Dvor na Uni

Circumstances unknown. Discovered in 1906. It contained
27 bronze pieces.
Literature: Vinski-Gasparini 1973:181, T. 96; VinskiGasparini 1983:660, T. 94; Hansen 1994:566 Nr. 127;
Teran 1995: 365 Nr. 43; Turk 1996:102, no. 90; Glogovic
2000:106 br. 7

Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:84 br. 27; VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 98-99; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:660;
Hansen 1994:565 Nr. 112; Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 48
24.
Date: phase III
Town/Municipality: Karlovac
21. KAMENA
Date: phase III
GORICA
KRNJAK
Circumstances of discovery: Unknown
Town/Municipality: Novi Marof
Held by: Karlovac Municipal Museum

discovered by local shepherds in 1873 in a rocky terrain.
It contained 10 bronze items. The find site was described
as hillside terrain on the southeastern slopes of Ivanscica,
surrounded by the Lojnica and Ivanscak creeks.
Literature: ukovi 1986: si. 2
25.
Held by: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
Town/Municipality: Koprivnica/Delekovac
Literature: Holste 1951:26, T. 49:28-35; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:84 br. 28; Vinski-Gasparini 1973:180, T.
126B; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:665; Terzan 1995:370 Nr. 4;
Turk 1996:101, no. 80; Glogovic 2000:104-105 br. 6.
Circumstances of the discovery: unknown. The find site

is a plain by the mouth of Mura into Drava. It contains 31
bronze objects.
Date: phase IV
98
LEGRAD
29. MACKOVAC - MACKOVAC II - MACKOVACCRISNJEVI

Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:84 br. 30; VinskiGasparini 1973:181, T. 127; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:666;
Hansen 1994:566 Nr. 136; Terzan 1995:370 Nr. 3; Turk
1996:100, no. 36; Glogovic 2000:106 br. 8
Town/Municipality: Nova Gradiska/Vrbje
Date: phase V

Discovered in 1985 during ploughing on the field owned
by mr. Slavko Josipovic.
26. LISINE
Held by: Nova Gradiska Municipal Museum
Town/Municipality: Karlovac/Krstinja
Literature: Karavanic, Mihaljevic 2001

Discovered in 1936 during ploughing. It contained 102
bronze items.
Date: phase II
30. MALICKA
Town/Municipality: Vrginmost
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:84 br. 31; VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 97; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:660; Hansen
1994:566 Nr. 146; Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 46; Turk 1996:102,
no. 102
Circumstances of the discovery: the hoard was found in

1968 at a field owned by Miladin Sapic and bought by the
Archaeological Museum in Zagreb for their Prehistoric
collection. It contains 124 items.
Date: phase III
27. LONDICA
Literature: Balen-Letunic 1985; Hansen 1994:567 Nr. 162;

Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 47; Turk 1996:102, no. 101
Town/Municipality: Kutjevo
Date: phase II
discovered in 1895 during railroad works. Partially lost. It
contains 11 bronze items.
31.
MARKUSICA
Town/Municipality: Vinkovci/Markusica
Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 74B; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654;
Circumstances of the discovery: Found during the works

on a field in 1891 in a ceramic vessel that did not survive.
It contains 11 bronze items (4 complete bracelets and 7
bracelet fragments).
Date: phase II
Held by: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
28. MACKOVAC
Literature: Holste 1951:8, T. 14:21-23,25; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:85 br. 35; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 30B;
Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 70

Find circumstances: accidental find with no data available.
Found at the site of Klupko. Contains 37 bronze items.
Date: phase II
32. MATIJEVICI
Literature: Ljubic 1889:76, T. 11:45-49; Holste 1951:6, T.

9:1-28; Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:85 br. 34; VinskiGasparini 1973:T. 73; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654; Hansen
1994:566 Nr. 154; Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 49
Town/Municipality: Dvor na Uni

Circumstances of the discovery: Found in 1958 in a stone
quarry on the Kulsko Brdo hill near Matijevici. Contains
13 bronze pieces.
Date: phase II
99
Croatia
Literature: Marie 1964:30, prilog 4, br. 9; Vinski-Gasparini

1973: T. 129; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:665, T. 96; Teran
1995:370 Nr. 7; Turk 1996:102, no. 92
36.
Date: phase V
Circumstances of the discovery: According to one account,

the hoard was found in a coal mine near the Mura river.
According to the other account, it was found during the
cleaning of the surface before the coal mining. Survey of
the area was done for the Registry and showed the existence
of a settlement, mostly destroyed. Therefore the hoard was
inside a prehistoric settlement. It was discovered in 1925.
Now scattered between the Archaeological Museum in
Zagreb, akovec Municipal Museum, while some of the
items are in the Varadin Municipal Museum.
33. MILJANA
Town/Municipality: Klanjec/Zagorska Sela (Brezova
Ravna)
Circumstances of the discovery: Found in 1895 during field
works. It was found lying close to the surface on a slope
of the Brezova Ravna hill. Traces of burned darkened soil
indicate a casting workshop. Contains 48 bronze pieces.
PEKLENICA-Rudnik
Town/Municipality: Mursko Sredie/Vratiinec
Held by: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb and akovec

Municipal Museum. Some finds are held in the Varadin
Municipal Museum.

Literatura: Smodi 1956; Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:85
br. 36; Dorfler et al 1969; Vinski-Gasparini 1973:182, T.
112; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:662,664; Teran 1995:365 Nr.
38; Turk 1996:101, no. 84; Glogovi 2000:106 br. 10
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:86 br. 41; VinskiGasparini 1973:183,217, T. 20; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:652654; Vidovi 1989:453; Hansen 1994:569 Nr. 214; Teran
1995:364 Nr. 31; Turk 1996:100, no.43; Glogovi 2000:106
br. 11
Date: phase IV
34. NIJEMCI
Date: phase I
Town/Municipality: Vinkovci/Nijemci
37. PODCRKAVLJE-SLAVONSKI
Circumstances of the discovery: No detailed data exists.

Partially destroyed.
BROD
Circumstances of the discovery: Allegedly two hoards that

came to the Museum as a mixed unit. Found in 1862 in
Podcrkavlje at the "Dvorita" site, and in Slavonski Brod,
at the site of Bili. Brought to the Museum in 1868. Treated
as a single find in previous publications.
Held by: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb.

Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:85 br. 37; VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 107B. Vinski-Gasparini 1983:662;

Date: phase IV
35.
Literature: Ljubi 1889:79, T. 11:50-57; Holste 1951:6,

T. 7-8; Peroni 1956:75,88,90; Vinski, Vinski, Gasparini
1956:86 br. 42; Vinski-Gasparini 1973:T. 66-68; VinskiGasparini 1983:654; Hansen 1994:569 Nr. 220; Harding
1995; Teran 1995:365 Nr 61; Weber 1996:216 Nr. 472,
221 Nr 501, T. 46:472, T. 48:501; Clausing 2004:154 Nr.
11, Abb. 6IB, Abb. 62B-64A
OTOK-PRIVLAKA
Town/Municipality: Vinkovci/Privlaka
Circumstances of the discovery: An accidental find during
the construction of the road between the Otok and Privlaka
villages in 1897. Contains 276 bronze pieces.
Date: phase II
38. PODRUTE
Literature: Holste 1951: T. 5-6; Peroni 1956; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:85 br. 49; Patay 1968; Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 27-29; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654; Hansen
1994:569 Nr. 205; Teran 1995:365 Nr. 71
Town/Municipality: Novi Marof

Circumstances of the discovery: Found during railroad
construction in 1886. Found in a ceramic vessel that did
not survive. Contains 30 bronze pieces.
Date: phase II

100
Literature: Ljubic 1889:62; Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini

1956:86 br. 43; Vinski-Gasparini 1968: T. 1:2, T. 3:1-19;
Vinski-Gasparini 1973:183, T. 81B; Vinski-Gasparini
1983:654; Hansen 1994:570 Nr. 221; Terzan 1995:364 Nr.
35; Turk 1996:100, no.40; Glogovic 2000:106 br. 12
42. POLJANCI IV
Circumstances of the discovery: Found in 1991 while
digging a trench during the war.
Date: phase II
Hekd by: Museum of Brodsko Posavlje in Slavonski Brod
39. POLJANCII
Literatura: Miklik-Lozuk 2004; 2009:38-42.
Date: phase II
Circumstances of the discovery: Found during field work.
Contains 150 bronze pieces.
43. POLJANCI DONJE
Held by: Museum of Brodsko Posavlje in Slavonski Brod
Literature: Vinski-Gasparini 1973:183,218, T. 48-49;

Harding 1995; Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 60; Weber 1996: 219
Nr. 484, 221 Nr. 503, 223 Nr. 513, T. 47:484, T. 48:503,513;
Clausing 2004:154 Nr. 12, Abb. 64, Abb. 65B
Circumstances of discovery: Part of the hoard found at

village Poljanci and was given to Museum of Brodsko
Posavlje in 1963 as a gift.
Date: phase I
Date: phase II
40. POLJANCI II
44. PRIA C
Town/Municipality: Slavonski Brod/ Luani
Circumstances of the discovery: Found in 1965 at another

position, also during field work. Contains 200 bronze
pieces.
Circumstances of the discovery: Found on the bank of the

Sava river, at the "Poloj" locality, cca 1920. Found in a
ceramic vessel that did not survive. Contains 150 bronze
pieces.
POLJE
Literature: Miklik-Lozuk 2009:26-30
Held by: Museum of Slavonia in Osijek

Literature: Vinski-Gasparini 1973:183,218, T. 90:1516; Bulat 1973-1975: T. 1-16; si. 1-3; Vinski-Gasparini
1983:654; Hansen 1994:570 Nr. 224, T. 25-35; Harding
1995:31 Nr. 58, 34 Nr. 69, 47 Nr. 141, 157-158, 92 Nr.
374-375, 92 Nr. 389, 94 Nr. 412-416, T. 9:58, T. 10:69, T.
18:141, T. 19:157-158, T. 41:374-375, 389, T. 43:412-416;
Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 60; Weber 1996:215 Nr. 462,464, 216
Nr. 469,220 Nr. 493,223 Nr. 518, T. 45:462, T. 46:464,469,
T. 47:493, T. 49:518; Clausing 2004:154 Nr. 13, Abb. 6670A
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:67,69,86 br.

45; Vinski-Gasparini 1973:183,218, T. 71-72; ; KilianDirlmeier 1975:90 Nr. 376, T. 31:367; Vinski-Gasparini
1983:654; Hansen 1994:570 Nr. 230; Harding 1995:43 Nr.
119, T. 16:119; Teran 1995:365 Nr. 52; Clausing 2004:156
Nr. 15, Abb. 70B-72A.
Date: phase II
45. POLJANE
Date: phase II
Town/Municipality: Koprivnica/Novigrad Podravski
41. POLJANCI III
Circumstances of the discovery: 5 bronze items found
together during the survey in 1999 at the Poljane locality,
2 km from the Delovi settlement.

Held at: Museum of Brodsko Posavlje
Held by: Koprivnica Municipal Museum

Literature: Harding 1995:90 Nr. 340, T. 39:340; Clausing
2004: 156 Nr. 14, Abb. 76B; Miklik-Lozuk 2009:31-37.
Literature: Kulenovi, Alekovi 2003
Date: phase II
Date: phase II
101
Croatia
46. PUNITOVCI
49.
SELCIPETRIJEVACKI
Town/Municipality: akovo
Town/Municipality: Valpovo
Circumstances of the discovery: Found in 1971 during

ploughing of the Cerik-Rudine field, near the Punitovci
village. Allegedly found in a ceramic vessel that broke
during unearthing and was subsequently lost.
Circumstances of the discovery: Found at the "Travnjak"

locality during digging in 1896. Contains 14 bronze pieces.
Held by: akovo Municipal Museum
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:87 br. 50; VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 107A; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:662;
Literature: Vinski-Gasparini 1979-1980; Vinski-Gasparini

1983:654; Hansen 1994:571 Nr. 235; Teran 1995:365 Nr.
69
Date: phase IV
Date: phase II
50.
47.
Town/Municipality: Karlovac/Barilovic
PUSTAKOVEC
Town/Municipality: Koprivnica/Koprivniki Ivanec
SICA-LUCICA
Circumstances of the discovery: A part of the hoard found

during the pebble quarrying in the 1950s, while the rest
was collected when the test pits were made in 2000 at the
"Jugotov Do" plateau. It was established that no undisturbed
finds or cultural layers exist (Perkic, Loznjak-Dizdar 2005:
44). The hoard contained a total of 287 items, of which 261
were catalogued.
Circumstances of the discovery: In 1969 Museum fr

Vor- und Frhgeschichte in Berlin bought a collection of
49 bronze items from a private collector. The owner was
Dr. Gnter Wippel who obtained the items from a Croatian
schoolteacher who found the hoard in the Pustakovec
village. The exact location of the find unknown. Allegedly,
a farmer from the Pustakovec village found the items
during ploughing in 1961. During the next year, he and
schoolteacher Josip Kovai dug a hole about 50 to 60 cm
deep at the same place and found the rest of the items. No
ceramic fragments were found.
Held by: Karlovac Municipal Museum

Literature: Perkic, Loznjak-Dizdar 2005
Date: phase II
Held by: Museum fur Vor- und Frhgeschichte Berlin
51. SICE
Literature: Hansen 1994:571 Nr. 237; B. Hansel 1997:174176; A. Hnsel 1999; Glogovi 2000:106 br. 13

Circumstances of the discovery: Found in a pond in 1900
in a ceramic vessel that was only partially preserved.
Contained 49 bronze pieces.
Date: phase II
48.
RAINOVCI
Town/Municipality: Gunja
Circumstances of the discovery: Found in 1900 at the
"Letun" site, where the Gunjica creek reaches the Sava
river. Partially destroyed. Contains 51 bronze pieces.
Literature: Holste 1951:7, T. 9:29-38; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:87 br. 51; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 95;
Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 51
Date: phase III
Literature: Ljubi 1889:163; Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini

1956:87 br. 49; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 30 B; VinskiGasparini 1983:654; Hansen 1994:571 Nr. 238; Teran
1995:365 Nr. 75
52. SISAK
Town/Municipality: Sisak
Circumstances of the discovery: no data on the
circumstances of the find exist. Most likely discovered cca
1880. Partially destroyed. Contains 4 bronze pieces.
Date: phase II
102
I.
Metal Industry of the Urnfield Cidture in Croatia
Literature: Clausing 2004

Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 74C; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654;
1996:102, no. 91
Date: phase II
56. STARO
TOPOLJEI
Town/Municipality: Slavonski Brod/Donji Andrijevci

Date: phase II
53. SLAVONSKI
Circumstances of the discovery: Discovered around 1956.

BROD
Held by: Museum of Brodsko Posavlje in Slavonski Brod
Circumstances of the discovery: Found during the digging

of foundations for a hospital in 1916. Mostly destroyed.
Literature: Vinski-Gasparini 1973:185,219, T. 90:4; VinskiGasparini 1983:654; Hansen 1994:572 Nr. 276; Harding
1995:39 Nr. 91, 49 Nr. 169, T. 13:91, T. 20:169; Terzan
1995:365 Nr. 59; Clausing 2004:156 Nr. 20, Abb. 76A

Date: phase II
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:88 br. 56
(published as Slavonski Brod II); Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 106 C; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:662; Hansen 1994:572
Nr. 266
57. STRUGA
Town/Municipality: Ludbreg/Sveti Durd
Circumstances of the discovery: The village is located
about 6 km northeast of Ludbreg in the Drava plain that is
intercrossed with mild natural uplifts. The exact location
unknown. Discovered most likely in 1931. Partially
destroyed. Contains 17 bronze pieces.
Date: phase IV
54. SLA VONSKI BRODILIVADIEVA ULICA
SLA VONSKI BROD

Circumstances of the discovery: Found in 1968 during
the construction works on the foundations for a house in
Livadieva street. Allegedly found in a metal vessel that
did not survive. Later sold to the "Otpad" company in
Slavonski Brod as scrap metal by a Roma. Later bought
by the Museum of Brodsko Posavlje. 150 bronze items
survived.
LiteratureVinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:88 br. 59; VinskiGasparini 1973:185, T. 74D, Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654;
1996:100, no. 37; Glogovic 2000:106-107 br. 14
Date: phase II
Held by: Museum of Brodsko Posavlje
58.
Literature: Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975:107 Nr. 428, T. 4445:428, 108 Nr. 435, T. 44:435; Mikiv 1982; Hansen
1994:572 Nr. 265; Harding 1995:29 Nr. 47, 50 Nr. 176, 66
Nr. 223, T. 8:47, T. 21:176, T. 28:223, 61B-64A; Clausing
2004:156 Nr. 18, Abb. 72, Abb. 75B
Town/Municipality: Ilok/Sarengrad
Date: phase II
55. SLA VONSKI BROD II - SLA VONSKI BROD

HORTRGZM
Literature: Brunsmid 1899-1900b, T. 2-3; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:88 br. 61; Z. Vinski-K. Vinski-Gasparini
1962: T.l-2; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 130B-131; VinskiGasparini 1983:666-667; Terzan 1995:370 Nr. 9; MetznerNebelsick 2002:59,61, Abb. 13
SARENGRAD
Circumstances of the discovery: Found at the "Bascine"

locality during the works on a vineyard in 1987. Found
in a ceramic vessel. Contains 91 bronze and 6 iron pieces.

Circumstances of discovery: Unknown. It contains 260
bronze items.
Date: phase V (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973), phase VI (after

Metzner-Nebelsick 2002)
Held by: Rmisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz
103
Croatia
59. TEN J A
Date: phase II
Town/Municipality: Osijek/Tenja
62. VELIKO

work. Contains 82 bronze pieces.
Town/Municipality: Osijek/Drenje
Held by: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb and Museum

of Slavonia in Osijek.
NABRDE

work. Contains 224 bronze pieces.
Held by: Archaeological MuseumZagreb
Literature: Ljubic 1889: T. 12:60-70; Holste 1951:8, T.

13, T. 14:1-18; Peroni 1956, T. 1:23-24; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:89 br.62; Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 31-34;
Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 67
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:89 br. 65; VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 44-47; Vinski-Gasparini 1983: 654, T.
93; Hansen 1994:574 Nr. 315; Terzan 1995:365 Nr. 68
Date: phase II
Date: phase II
63. VRANJKOVA PECINA or
60.
DREZNIKII
TOPLICICAI
Town/Municipality: Karlovac/ Dreznik or Rakovica
Town/Municipality: Krapina/Budinscina (Vinski Vrh,

Pokojec)
Circumstances of the discovery: Hoard mostly destroyed, 6

bronze items survived. Interconnected rings made of spiral
wire, saltaleoni, a small spearhead and smaller socketed
axes, similar to those from the Adasevci and Matijevici
hoards from the Ha B2 period.
Circumstances of the discovery: Found in 1886 at Vini Vrh,

inside a ceramic vessel that did not survive. The site is
located 2,5 km west of a gorge that intersects the Ivanscica
mountain thus being a link from north to south, near the
villages Gotalovec and Toplicica. Contains 50 bronze
pieces.
Literature: Ljubic 1889:70, T. 9:29; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:83 br. 22; Vinski-Gasparini 1973:165;
Vinski-Gasparini 1983:665; Cuckovic 1986:9; Terzan
1995:370 Nr. 6; Turk 1996:102, no. 96

Literature: Ljubic 1889: T. 8:9-15; Vinski, VinskiGasparini 1956:89 br. 63; Vinski-Gasparini 1973:186, T.
76; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654; Hansen 1994:573 Nr. 298;
Terzan 1995:364 Nr. 37; Turk 1996:101, no. 82; Glogovic
2000:109 br. 15
Date: phase V (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) or phase VI

( after Pare 1999)
64.
ZAGREB-DEZMANOVPROLAZ
Town/Municipality: Zagreb
Date: phase II
Circumstances of the discovery: found during construction
of a house at Dezmanov Prolaz 6 in 1949. Mostly destroyed,
only 8 pieces survived.
61. TOPLICICA II
Town/Municipality: Krapina/Budinscina

Circumstances of the discovery: Found in 1913 at the
Nemski Gradec locality, near the stone quarry, about 1,5
km from the Toplicica village. The locality is on the steep
slopes of the Ivanscica mountain, approximately 1 km
west from the site where the Toplicica I hoard was found.
Partially destroyed. Contains 10 bronze pieces.
Literature:Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:89 br. 68; VinskiGasparini 1973:187, T. 74A; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654;
Radovcic, Skoberne 1989:18; Hansen 1994:575 Nr. 341;
Terzan 1995:365 Nr 41; Turk 1996:101, no. 88; Glogovic
2000: 109; Glogovic, Miko 2000.
Date: phase II
Literature: Vinski, Vinski-Gasparini 1956:89 br. 64; VinskiGasparini 1973:186, T. 75B; Vinski-Gasparini 1983:654;
1996:101, no. 83, Glogovic 2000:109 br. 16
65.
ZAGREB-MEDVEDGRAD
Town/Municipality: Zagreb
Circumstances of the discovery: found by alpinists in 1959
104
To all of the aforementioned variables its frequency was

ascribed according to a hoard and a hoard horizon (after
Vinski-Gasparini 1973). Thus we were able to obtain data
on the abundance of each type of item according to a hoard
and a hoard horizon. It is important to note that we used
previously published data. Therefore, the real picture of
hoard structures and items is probably somewhat different.
For example, according to Vinski-Gasparini (1973:90) the
hoard from Brodski Varos had over 1000 bronze pieces,
most of them are 90% damaged or preserved in parts (scrap
metal). It also included a lot of amorphous lumps and raw
materials in the form of plano-convex ingots. It is assumed
that it actually represents more than one hoard belonging
to bronze founders that were later grouped together. In any
case, this hoard shows a rich and diverse production of
metal objects in Croatia around the river Sava. Some of the
hoards from our list were also not previously published in
whole and therefore will not be analysed here.
near the remains of a Medieval castle at the Medvednica

mountain (at a height of 583m). Partially lost, 26 items
preserved.
Literature: Vinski-Gasparini 1973:187, T. 75A; VinskiGasparini 1983:654; Hansen 1994:575 Nr. 342; Terzan
1995:365 Nr40; Turk 1996:102, no. 89; Glogovic 2000:106
br. 9
Date: phase II
4.4 Typological and Statistical Analysis of Metal Items
in the Hoards
Hoards containing bronze items are without a doubt the
best evidence of the characteristics of metal production
in the southern Pannonian region. In her synthesis on the
Urnfield culture of northern Croatia, Vinski-Gasparini
(1973:79) makes one of her aims (besides typological
and chronological classification) defining of regional
characteristics and specifics of metal workshop centres in
the area. The aim of this analysis of the metal items from
hoards is to note the existence of regional traits, but also of
influence of and trade with other centres of production in
the neighbouring regions.
Through the use of statistical analysis we obtained data on

the number of hoards in each horizon which we give here
as a graph (fig. 53). Based on the statistical analysis it can
be seen that the horizon II is the richest in the number of
hoards (a total of 38 hoards with bronze items), horizons IV
and V have 8 hoards each, 6 can be ascribed to the horizon
III and only one to the horizon I.
Analysis of the percentage of variables (types of items) has
shown that: most are sickles (N=584) found in 61 hoard,
followed by axes (N=366).
We have organized metal objects from the hoards of

northern Croatia into several functional groups, as follows:
tools, weapons, jewellery, attire components, toiletries,
vessels, horse harnesses, and other objects.
The most abundant items after aforementioned axes are

bracelets (N=216), bronze sheet metal (N=141), spearpoints
(N = 130), and swords (N=125). Horse harnesses and bronze
raw material is found in 61 hoard (represented by 98 items),
followed by pendants (N=97). Pendants are represented in
large quantity within jewellery and attire components, as
do the aforementioned bracelets.
Based on this division, we have shown the hoard structure

consisting of the following variables, or types of items:
1. sword
2. axe
3. spear
4. dagger
5. sickle
6. knife
7. chisel
8. saw
9. fibula
10. bracelet
11. necklace
12. pin
Also present are ornamented plates (N= 74), daggers

(N=59), pins (N=53), knives (N=51), and chisels (N= 49).
43 fibulae, 34 saws, 29 necklacess, and 27 razors were
also found, followed closely in abundance by defensive
armour items (N=25), bronze vessels (N = 23), and belts
(N=15). Other 166 items belong to objects that could not
be identified. The analysis has shown that certain types of
objects, such as sickles and axes appear in great numbers,
which is characteristic for the hoards of the Urnfield
culture in Croatia, as well as in the neighbouring areas
such as Slovenia (Terzan et al. 1996). Number of various
decorative items and attire components is also quite large,
especially of pendants, bracelets, fibulae, necklaces, and
belts, proving Terzan (1995:334) right in her suggestion
that hoards from Croatia are characterized by a high number
of decorative items and attire components. There is also a
great abundance of bronze sheet metal parts that were parts
of defensive armour, bronze vessels, and other items. These
objects are in close connection to items such as saws used
13. p e n d a n t
14. belt
15. razor
16. metal vessel
17. defensive armour
18. horse harnesses
19. ornamented plates
20. bronze sheet metal
21. plano-convex or bar ingots
22. other items
105
for cutting (Teran 2003), and chisels that were used for
cutting and decorating objects of bronze metalwork. As for
weapons, there is a similar number of swords (N=125) and
spearheads (N=130) that were used as offensive weapons.
There are also a great number of razors that mostly belong
to the earlier phase of the Urnfield culture, while in the late
phase of this culture in Croatia, those are mostly found in
graves, e.g at Velika Gorica.
Croatia
30.00
(A
TJ 20 0
5
0
1
10,00
Characteristic of the phase II are bigger hoards containing

items of mixed character, such as those from the region
around Slavonski Brod in which various items, mostly
broken, are found. These include the hoards from Brodski
Varo, Slavonski Brod-Livadieva Ulica, Slavonski Brod
RGZM, Poljanci I, II and IV, Dolina na Savi, Veliko Nabre,
etc. Outside this (Posavina) region a newly published hoard
from Sia-Luica has been found. During the late phase
of the Urnfield culture, smaller hoards of mixed character
appear: Beravci, Kapelna, Klotar Ivani, Ivanec Bistranski,
Miljana, etc. At the end of the Urnfield culture hoards with
a single item type appear (mostly horse harness): hoards
Legrad, arengrad.
0.00
II
III
IV
Horizon
Fig. S3 Hoards according to horizons
daggers with overal length of 40 cm have been classified

as short swords (Harding 2007:74). A second classificatory
criterion is the way how the handle, made of organic
material, is hilted to a metal plate (the so-called platehilted swords or Griffplattenschwert), flange (the so-called
flange-hilted swords (Griffzungenschwert) or thorn or tang
(Griffangelschwert). The way the handle was connected to
the blade also changed. Only rivets were not enough, but
the so-called cast over technique or berfangguss (Harding
2007:76) was also sometimes used, in which a handle was
cast together with the blade. Interestingly, some authors do
not believe these swords were functionally sound, especially
those from the Late Bronze Age, due to their small handles
and generally small dimensions (Harding 2007:76). Other
authors (Kristiansen 2002:320) believe that those swords
have been ideally ballanced.
Swords
Swords represent the most important weapons that appear
between periods Br D to Ha B3. In his studies of weaponry,
Harding (1995; 2000; 2007) analyses the Croatian finds,
as well as finds from other regions of former Yugoslavia.
According to him (Harding 2007:71), sword, alongside
spear, is the most abundant weapon type found from the
beginning of the Late Bronze Age. It overtook the role
that bow and arrow once had, although these too are still
used in battles of the Late Bronze Age period. Daggers and
battle axes also appear, albeit rarely, and Harding (2007:71)
suggests that wooden clubs were also in use.
As for the solid-hilted swords, Harding (1995:67) believes

that the area of former Yugoslavia (including Croatia) is
the southernmost border of production of such swords, as
they were neither produced nor used in battle in the region
south of the Danube and Sava rivers. Most of these swords
are concentrated in the area north of Croatia. Harding
(1995:67) lists 18 swords found in Slovenia, 5 from the
Adriatic region, while most others were found between the
rivers Sava, Drava, and Danube. Based on this, Harding
(1995:67) concludes that the production centres for these
swords were outside former Yugoslavia, and that only some
of the types were produced in local workshops.
According to Schauer (1971:1) a transition from long

dagger to short sword was slow in pace. The lower length
limit for a sword is 25 cm. However, Harding (1995:5)
tells us about colonel D.H. Gordon's suggestion of criteria
for dagger and sword classification. According to him,
a dagger is up to 35,5 cm in length, a longer dagger is
between 35,5 and 51 cm in length, a short sword is 51 to71
cm in length, while the long sword is longer than 71 cm.
Based on this classification, Harding (2007:71) uses the 30
cm length limit to classify daggers, and sees this change
taking place in Europe at about 1700 BC. This is a time
of transition between Br A2/Br B1 periods. It is generally
thought that the sword blades lengthen during the Middle
Bronze Age. This development is shown clearly by Schauer
(1971). Around the year 1500 BC a functional sword is
developed in full (Harding 2007:76). It has to be noted
that the whole length of a sword, including the handle and
not just the blade length, is important for its classification.
According to Harding (1995:6), a sword is a weapon of
over 30 cm in length (handle included), but the blade
lenght must not be less than 25 cm. Thus defined, some
In her review of Harding's book, Majnaric-Pandzic

(1998b: 119) is justifying Harding's (1995) defining of
numerous regional types of swords and naming according
to localities, which she considers a welcome alternative to
signatures in letters and numbers. The only drawback is
(Majnaric-Pandzic 1998b: 119) the lack of clear criteria for
such nomenclature, "...Es wre ntzlich gewesen, wenn
im Eingfhrungsteil des Buches die Prinzipien klargestellt
worden wren, nach denen die Typen und ihre Varianten
bestimmt worden sind... ". According to Harding (1995:6768) a very small number of sword fragments can be
106
BB;Metal Industry of the Urnfield Culture in Croatia
Budinscina hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 54:2; Harding

1995: T. 7:45).
" ascribed to the type of solid-hilted sword, concluding that

this type was less abundant than the flange-hilted sword,
or, alternatively, that more care was taken of solid-hilted
swords that were not just thrown to scrap with other items.
The reason for more abundant use of the flange-hilted
swords was in the simplicity of their production, as noted
by Harding (2007:106), but also in the fact that this type
of sword was more likely to be damaged, as it was hafted
by rivets. The Riegsee type was the most abundant type of
the solid-hilted sword at the beginning of the Late Bronze
Age, but in time a regional diversification is seen. Solidhilted swords were also often found unused or only slightly
used and could have been a part of the prestigious warrior
equipment that signified a certain social status and position
(Harding 1995:68; Harding 2000:281). In his earlier study,
Harding (1995:6) argues that there is no great difference
between solid-hilted and flange-hilted swords, as the
second type often had richly ornamented handles made of
organic materials. This is supported by the find of a sword
plate in Dukovac (Harding 1995: T. l:Nr.9). Harding
(1995:19-20, Nr.21-22) uses the examples of the flangehilted swords from Gornja Vrba (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 50:4) and Budinina (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 77:3).
Together with the ones from Privina Glava in Vojvodina
and Donji Kamengrad in Bosnia (Harding 1995:Nr. 19-20)
Harding (1995:20) dates them into the period II. However,
as these swords look more like the type with a tang hilt, it
is more likely that they should be dated to an earlier time,
possibly Br D period of Miiller-Karpe (1959). According
to Harding (1995:Nr. 18) a fragment of a sword from the
Budinina hoard is also of the sword with a tang-hilt type
(Griffangelschwerter), although this is uncertain as most of
the sword is missing.
Harding (1995:30) distinguishes the Tenja type, which,

according to him, matches the Sprockhoff la type in which
he includes the swords from the Tenja hoard (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 31:1; Harding 1995: T. 8:49), the sword
from the Gornja Vrba hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
50:1; Harding 1995: T. 8:50) as well as that from Batina
(Harding 1995: T. 8:52). A sword from the Peklenica hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 20:3; Vidovic 1988-1989: T.
1:3) is ascribed to the Zlebic variant of the Tenja type. To
the Vrhnika variant belong the swords from Trilj (Harding
1995: T. 9:56, 56A;Glogovic 1995-96: T. 1:15). However,
in our oppinion, a more accurate name would be the Cetina
type, as the Cetina region had strong connections to the
southern Pannonian area (Glogovic 1995-1996). Harding
(1995:32) rightly acknowledges that these finds show local
characteristics that have very little in common with the
weapon developments in the region south of the river Sava
and in the Balkan region. Perhaps a terminology that reflects
ties with southern Pannonia would be more appropriate. In a
gravel pit near Koprivnica (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 26:1;
Markovic 1982, T. 8:2) a sword of the Koprivnica variant
has been found which Vinski-Gasparini (1973) ascribed to
the Aranyos type. The same variant is seen in the Poljanci
II hoard (Bulat 1973-75, T. 1:20).
A flange-hilted sword of the Annenheim type after Schauer
(1971) was found in the Peklenica hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 20:1; Vidovic 1988-1989, T. 1:1). This type of
sword should, according to Schauer (1971:128), be dated
to the late period of the Tumulus culture, and is the earliest
type of the flange-hilted sword to appear in the eastern part
of central Europe. Its long and slender blade shows a tie
with the Middle Bronze Age.
In his study of swords from former Yugoslavia, Harding

(1995) also included the finds from Croatia for which he
created and named new types and variants. In a large group
of most common flange-hilted swords several types can be
differentiated: a flange-hilted sword with wide shoulders
of which one example can be found in the Brodski Varo
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 54:4; Harding 1995: T.
6:Nr.37), and another one was found near Tuzla in northern
Bosnia (Harding 1995: T 6:36; Konig 2004:29). The latter
is, according to Konig (2004:29), similar to the long dagger
found in Lava (Konig 2004: T. 20:A1), but it is more
likely that both are short swords. The find from Brodski
Varo is represented only by a small fragment, making it
! hard to define precisely. As for the one found at Pri draici
(Harding 1995: T: 6:36), we believe it is a somewhat longer
sword than those from Joeva and Arilje (Harding 1995:
T. 6:33,38), and more similar to the Middle Bronze Age
swords with a hilt plate.
An interesting type is the Marina type (Harding 1995:33),

which was criticized by some authors (Majnaric-Pandzic
1998b). To this type belong the swords from the Bizovac
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 35:1; Harding 1995: T.
10:65), the Marina hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 49:8;
Harding 1995: T. 10:67), and from Rumin (Harding 1995:
T. 11:73; Glogovic 1995-1996: T. 2:4). Majnaric-Pandzic
(1998b:120) argues that the term Marina is not the best one
to use for the flange-hilted swords. Five such swords have
been found in southern Pannonian region and continental
Croatia, and two in northern Bosnia - regions that have
geographic and cultural ties to the aforementioned region,
while only one such sword was found in the Adriatic region
(here we must also include one found in the Cetinska
Krajina region, another region south of the Sava river). As
an alternative, Majnaric-Pandzic (1998b: 120) suggests the
term Poljanci type, which would, based on the current state
of research on hoard finds of the region, be a much better
term for a sword that was made in local southern Pannonian
workshops.
Aranyos type is represented by the Brza Palanka variant as

I seen in the find from Peklenica, possibly a part of a hoard
find (Vidovi 1988-1989: T. 2:3; Harding 1995: T. 7:42),
while the Buzija variant is represented by the find from the
197
Harding (1995:35) accepts Schauer's (1971) Reutlingen

type that corresponds with the Cowen's (1956) Nenzingen
or Sprockhofflia type. A sword of this type was discovered
at Donji Miholjac (Harding 1995: T. 11:77) previously
published by Kemenczei (1988: T. 47:416) as the sword
from "Dolnia Micina", while another one was found in
the Veliko Nabrde hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 93:2;
Harding 1995: T. 13:86). Harding (1995:38-44) recognizes
several variants of the Reutlingen type, as follows: Pekel,
Staro Topolje, Genf, Jarun, Konjusa, and the Londica
variants. To the Reutlingen type he also ascribes a number
of fragmented sword finds. Among different variants we
should also include swords from Croatian hoards. A sword
from the Slavonski Brod RGZM hoard is of the Staro
Topolje variant (Harding 1995: T. 13:90; Clausing 2004:
Abb. 1:1), as is the one from the Staro Topolje hoard, also
from the Slavonski Brod region (Harding 1995: T. 13:91).
A fragment of the sword from the Dolina na Savi hoard
(Schauer 1974: Abb. 1:6) according to Harding (1995:39,
T. 13:94), also belongs to this variant. Most of the swords
are obviously named after the sites in Croatian Posavina,
and it is to be assumed that this region had developed
centres of production of swords of this type. A detailed list
of the Reutlingen type of sword according to the country
of discovery is given by Clausing (2004:51-61). Harding
uses, after Schauer's terminology (1971), the term Genf for
this variant of swords and includes in it the swords from
the Croatian hoards of Brodski Varos (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 55:1; Harding 1995: T. 14:95), and PodcrkavljeSlavonski Brod (Vinski-Gasparini 1973 T. 67:11; Harding
1995: T. 14:96). The sword found at Jarun in Zagreb
belongs to this variant (Harding 1995:T. 14:98; BalenLetunic 1996a: si.9). It was discovered by accident during
the construction works at a depth of about 6,5 m, alongside
wooden posts and pieces of broken pottery (Balen-Letunic
1996a: bilj. 22), which might point to a settlement. In the
Beravci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 108:18; Harding
1995: T. 15:102) another sword of the same variant was
found. In the Londica hoard, a sword of the Londica variant
was found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 74:B2; Harding
1995: T. 15:104). A number of sword fragments have
been ascribed to the Reutlingen type, including a sword
from the Brodski Varos hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
56:2-3,6; Harding 1995: T. 15:106-108), the sword from
Otok-Privlaka (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 27:2,9; Harding
1995: T. 15:115-116), Poljanci I (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
48:3; Harding 1995: T. 16:118), Pricac (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 72:1; Harding 1995: T. 16:119), Slavonski Brod
RGZM hoard (Harding 1995: T. 16:121; Clausing 2004:
Abb. 1:2), Veliko Nabrde (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 45:35; Harding 1995: T. 16:125-127), Podcrkavlje-Slavonski
Brod (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 67:9; Harding 1995: T.
17:131) and Budinscina (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 77:2;
Harding 1995: T. 17:129).
Harding (1995) recognizes some more variants of the
flange-hilted sword in which he also includes Croatian
finds. Thus a sword from the Brodski Varos hoard (Vinski-
Croatia
Gasparini 1973: T. 54:1) is ascribed to the Mihovo type that

differs from the Reutlingen type only by its leaf-shaped
blade (Harding 1995: T. 17:132). One such sword was
found in the Budinscina hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
77:1; Harding 1995: T. 17:136). A sword of the Medine
type was found in another geographical region, at Medine
near Sinj (Harding 1995: T. 18:138; Glogovic 1995-1996:
T. 1:2), and is characterized by the blade of a willow leaf
shape, which Glogovic (1995-1996:10) links to the swords
from hoards such as Veliko Nabrde (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 45:1), Brodski Varos (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 55:1),
and Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 67:11) all ascribed to the Genf variant of the Reutlingen
type.
Of particular importance for this area are the types of
swords such as those from Novigrad, Slavonski Brod,
and Brodski Varos (Harding 1995). Previously, the term
"Slavonian type" was used for this type of sword, used by
Cowen (1956) in his discussion of the sword from Sutz in
Switzerland, arguing it first arose in Austria and Hungary. In
his notes, Cowen ascribed it to the so-called "eastern Alpine
type" (Harding 1995:46). However, in his lecture held at
the meeting in Rome in 1962, he uses the term "Slavonian
type", which he also uses at the Belgrade congress in
1971. The sword from Sutz has been analysed by Schauer
(1971:191), who included it into the so-called "Middle
Danubian group of swords" ("Mitteldonauldndische
Griffzungenschwerter")
in which he recognizes the
Slavonian type as a separate entity in which he includes
the sword from Mannersdorf in Lower Austria. VinskiGasparini (1973) lists a total of 5 swords of the "Slavonian
type" found in the material from the following hoards:
Otok-Privlaka (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 27:9), Veliko
Nabrde (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 45:1), Brodski Varos
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 55:1), Podcrkavlje-Slavonski
Brod (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:T.67:9), and Londica (VinskiGasparini 1973:T.74B:2). Harding (1995:46) decided not
to use Cowen's terminology and instead of "Slavonian
type" uses the term "Novigrad type", because the sword
from Novigrad is the only complete example of this type of
sword, and it was found in the region of its origin. The term
Novigrad might also be linked to the excavations of the
settlement in Novigrad by Majnaric-Pandzic (1993; 2000)
which, together with the previously published research by
Brunsmid (1899-1900a) proved the existence of a local
bronze-casting workshop that could have produced this
type of sword. This type of sword has no parallels (Harding
1995:46), although the swords of the Donji Petrovci variant
of the Sttzling type are said to have a similar blade form.
The sword of the Novigrad type from the Novigrad site
(Harding 1995: T. 18:139) is 51,6 cm in length. The find
from Poljanci-hoard II from the same geographical area
represents another find of the same type of sword (Bulat
1973-1975: T. 1:3; Harding 1995: T. 18:141). I n t h e G o r n j i
Slatinik hoard from the vicinity of Slavonski Brod (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 69:1; Harding 1995: T. 18:42) a fragment
of a blade with a shoulder and remains of four rivets were
108
Harding 1995:74 Nr. 236, T. 30:236) of the Schwaig type

(Mller-Karpe 1961:14, T:10,3). It has a handle with
decoration in the form of three ribs that were additionally
carved, which is typical of the so-called Dreiwulstscherter
type of sword. According to Mller-Karpe (1961:15)
the Schwaig type sword from the Otok-Privlaka hoard
is most similar to the one from the Cachtice hoard in
western Slovakia (Mller-Karpe 1961: T. 10:3,9), which
he dates on the basis of decoration that is different than
that on the somewhat younger swords decorated with three
ribs, as well as on the basis of other closed finds, to Ha
A l period (Mller-Karpe 1961:16-17). It is found mostly
in the eastern Alpine region and the Czech Republic. In
the Punitovci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1979-1980: T. 1:1;
Harding 1995:74 Nr.235, T. 30:235), a sword similar to the
one from Otok-Privlaka has been found. Outside Croatia,
a similar sword was found in the Bingula-Divos hoard in
Syrmia (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 84:1; Harding 1995:74
Nr 237, T. 30:237). In sum, all three known swords of this
type are from eastern Croatia and Syrmia.
found. Blade fragments that belong to the Novigrad type

of sword have been found in the Brodski Varos hoard,
of which one was published by Vinski-Gasparini (1973:
T. 54:11), while the other two were later published by
Harding (1995: T. 19:146-147). Such fragments have
also been discovered in the following hoards: Budinscina
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 77:7; Harding 1995: T. 19:148),
Otok-Privlaka (Harding 1995: T. 19:154), PodcrkavljeSlavonski Brod (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 67:12; Harding
1995: T. 19:155), Poljanci II (Bulat 1973-1975: T. 1:10,12;
Harding 1995: T. 19:157-158), Slavonski Brod RGZM
(Harding 1995: T. 19:163; Clausing 2004: Abb. 1:3), and
Veliko Nabrde (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 45:7,10; Harding
1995: T. 19:165-166). Harding (1995:48) recognizes an
additional type of flange-hilted sword named after the one
found in the Slavonski Brod RGZM hoard (Harding 1995:
T. 20:167; Clausing 2004: Abb. 1:4). It is characterized by
a rounded shoulder and engraved decoration on the edge
of the flange. The sword from Slavonski Brod is 9,3 cm
long and had four preserved rivets. The sword from Staro
Topolje is of the same type (Harding 1995: T. 20:169) and
had rounded shoulders, although no rivets were preserved.
A sword of the Sttzling type found in river Kupa near
Sisak (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 26:11; Harding 1995:
T. 20:172) was 76,8 cm long. In the Slavonski-Brod
Livadiceva ulica 7 hoard (Miskiv 1982: T. 6:1; Harding
1995: T. 21:176) a sword of the Donji Petrovci variant was
found. Examples of this type of sword come from the sites
in Austria, Hungary, and Romania (Harding 1995:50). A
second variant of the Sttzling type is the Vrana variant,
named after the site of Vrana near Biograd (Harding 1995:
T. 21:179). Interestingly, rivets on this sword were made
of iron. Based on this, Harding (1995:52) argued that the
sword from Vrana is somewhat younger than the rest of
the swords of this variant. However, research has shown
(Lszlo 1977) that iron was sometimes used already in the
Urnfield culture period. Another sword with iron rivets
on the tang was discovered at the site of Sivec (Prilep)
(Harding 1995: T. 22:189), dated on the basis of comparison
with Greek sites into the 10th century B.C (Harding
1995:55).Two interesting examples of fragmentary sword
handles come from the Brodski Varos (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 54:5; Harding 1995: T. 22:181) and PodcrkavljeSlavonski Brod hoards (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 67:8;
Harding 1995: T. 22:182), respectively. As no similar finds
are known in other regions, it is believed that they were
made in local Danubian workshops (Harding 1995:52), and
were named the Brodski Varos type. Swords of the Krsko
type were discovered in the Budinscina (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 77:5; Harding 1995: T: 22:184) and Otok-Privlaka
hoards (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 27:10; Harding 1995: T.
22:186). Another variant of this type of sword is the Lisine
variant, named after the Lisine hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 97:5; Harding 1995: T. 22:187) and dated to
horizon III of Vinski-Gasparini (1973).
Another solid-hilted sword was discovered as a part of

the Budinscina hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 77:10).
According to Vinski-Gasparini (1973:103-104) it is a
variant of the Schwaig or Erlach type (Mller-Karpe
1961: T. 4:1-10). Instead of three ribs on the handle,
the sword from Budinscina has only one such rib in the
middle, while the upper and lower ones are only slightly
expressed. The hilt is in the shape of a hanging triangle, a
rare occurrence and more characteristic of the swords of
the Ha B period. Based on the analogies with the sword
from the Otok-Privlaka hoard, and decoration in the form
of concentric circles, the sword from Budinscina is dated to
Ha A l period. It may represent a local variant produced in
a local, northern Croatian workshop. According to Harding
(1995:73 Nr. 234) the sword represents a special form of the
sword with three ribs, the so-called Dreiwidstschwerter and
cannot be included in any of Mller-Karpe's (1961) variants
of such type of swords.
The only sword of the Erlach type in Croatia comes from
the Punitovci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1979-1980; Harding
1995:75 Nr. 238, T. 30:238). Another one was found at
Kovin in the Banat region (Harding 1995:75, T. 30:239).
These swords are somewhat more distant examples of
the Erlach type that mostly appear in Upper Bavaria and
western part of Austria, thus testifying about contacts of
this region with the aforementioned areas during the older
phase of the Urnfield culture. Swords of the same type were
discovered at Austrian sites such as Mining (Krmer 1985:
T. 10:55), Altheim (Krmer 1985: T. 10:56), and Hallstatt
(Krmer 1985: T. 10:57).
A sword of the Hgl type (Mller-Karpe 1961: 28) was
found atMiljana (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 112:1; Harding
1995:76,T. 31:241). It can be dated to Ha A period, although
Vinski-Gasparini dates the hoard itself to phase IV. The
sword from Miljana is the southernmost example of this
The sword found in the Otok-Privlaka hoard is an example

of a solid-hilted sword (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 27:1;
109
Croatia
Hoards
Fig. 54 Graph showing
the distribution
of the swordfinds
in the hoards of the Urnfield culture in
Croatia
shorter distances or were used to hit the enemy, while others

were thrown to greater distances. It is also possible that
some spears were used while horse riding, but this is hard
to prove. Harding (2000:281) assumes that the shorter ones
were used for throwing (javelin), and bases this assumption
on the fact the use of lances would result in the loss of
larger quantities of bronze. Lances appear in central Europe
only from the Late Bronze Age, while they are present in
the Nordic countries from the Early Bronze Age. There
is no proof for the use of chariots in warfare in central
Europe (Harding 2000:283). Harding also states (2000:283)
that shorter spears are more abundant and assumes they
were used for throwing at distances of about 60 m. These
appear in numerous hoards in central Europe, and also as
accidental and grave finds. There are also moulds for their
casting. The same is true for the spears of the Urnfield
culture in Croatia (fig. 55).
type of sword. It is usually found in the area spreading from

Upper Bavaria to Hungary and Slovakia.
It needs to be said that, as far as the early Urnfield culture
in continental Croatia, swords are mostly found in hoards,
and rarely appear in graves.
Statistical analysis showed that swords are found in hoards
in 125 cases, and the largest number were found in the
Brodski Varos hoard (22), Poljanci II (14), and Veliko
Nabrde (12) (fig. 54).
Finally, during the early phase of the Urnfield culture in
continental Croatia, swords are more commonly found in
hoards, while in later phases they also appear in rich graves,
such as in grave 1/1911 from Velika Gorica. This, of course,
is a situation in the continental Croatia, and need not be
valid for other regions, for example the area north from the
Alps (Clausing 2005).
A smaller spear was found in the Otok-Privlaka hoard

(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 27:26) that was, according to
Harding (2000:283) used for throwing. However, in this,
as well as in many other hoards, larger, flame-shaped
spearheads, are present (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
27:24-26, 29-31). In fact, in this hoard the flame-shaped
spearheads outnumber the smaller ones. Vinski-Gasparini
(1973:81) believes the difference reflects chronology and
Spearheads
Spears are found from the end of the Early Bronze Age,
when they had a wooden shaft, and may be a sort of
substitute for a dagger in order to keep distance from the
opponent (Harding 2000:281). Some spears were thrown to
110
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 94:7) decorated with a zig-zag

motif on the lower part of the socket. This motif can be
linked to the ones seen on pottery of the Ha B period in
the Middle Danubian region and western Balkans. Konig
(2004: T. 81 Karte) publishes a map of the sites with the
spearheads with the ornamented socket from Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, and Hungary. This
included the spears from hoards at Budinina, Brodski
Varo, Poljanci II, Otok-Privlaka, Rrnjak, Bizovac, and
Tenja. Lonjak-Dizdar (2005:Karta 3) published a map of
the sites with spearheads decorated with a fir-tree branch
motif. Such spearheads have been found in Otok-Privlaka
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 27:24,30-31), Poljanci II (Bulat
1975 T. 3:2-3; Hansen 1994: T. 27:5,6,10), Brodski Varo
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 60:5,10,12), Budinina (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 77:19,22), and Krnjak hoards (ukovi
1989: si. 2:4). A fragment of the lower part of a socket
was also found in the Bonjaci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 30A:5). This motif (Lonjak-Dizdar 2005:29) was
used from the Middle Bronze Age and is very common
during the entire Urnfield culture. The Lisine hoard is
dated to the phase III and includes three, mostly damaged,
spearheads (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 97:10-12). In the
Javornik hoard only a single larger spearhead was found
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 98:7), while in the Nijemci
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 107B:3) a larger profiled
or flame-shaped spearhead was found. Three spearheads
were found in the Beravci hoard, two smaller ones (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 108:30,32), and a larger, unprofiled, one
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 108:19). A small spearhead
was found in the Kapelna hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 110:16). Two larger spearheads, one profiled and
flame-shaped (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 112:3), the other
unprofiled (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 112:4) were found
in the Miljana hoard.
she does not go into their functional qualities or hunting or

warfare characteristics.
In the Tenja hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:83, T. 31-34)
17 spearheads were found (fig. 55), 10 of which are flameshaped (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 31:9-17, T. 32:5). One
spearpoint has a decoration on the socket (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 32:5), a rather simple decoration reminiscent of
the decoration found on jewellery of the phase II. Other
spearheads are smaller and not decorated (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 32:7-13). Ten flame-shaped spearheads are found
in the Bizovac hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:T. 37:1214,17-23). A partial socket of a spearhead (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 37:14) has decorations in the shape of carved
parallel lines on its lower part, and most likely also is a
part of a flame-shaped spearhead, as smaller spearheads
are usually not decorated. Spears are, alongside sickles
and axes, the most common item in hoards of northern
Croatia, and probably used not only for warfare, but also
in hunting. In the Veliko Nabrde hoard only fragments of
four spears were found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T .46:1718,25-26) most likely of flame-shaped spearheads. Four
such fragments, most likely of the same type of spearheads
of large dimensions, were found in the Poljanci I hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 50:7-8,16-17). One of the largest
hoards, the one from Brodski Varos, contains a large number
of complete and fragmented spearheads. Mostly, these are
larger, flame-shaped spearheads (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 60:5-7,9,11-14,17-21, T. 61:20-21,23-24). Altogether,
17 spearheads were found in the hoard. Four spearheads
were found in the Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod hoard, one
smaller (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 67:14), while fragments
of the other three most likely belong to larger, flame-shaped
spearheads (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 67:15,22-23). In the
Pricac hoard three spearheads were discovered, one small
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 72:5), and two bigger ones
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 72:4,6). Only one fragment,
most likely of a larger, flame-shaped spearhead, was found
in the Mackovac hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 73:9).
In the Zagreb-Dezmanov Prolaz hoard a fragment of a
spearhead was found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 74A:1).
The same was true for the Londica (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 74B:1) and Sisak (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 74C:4)
hoards. Although quite rich in numerous types of items,
the Toplicica I hoard contained only one spearhead (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 76:14). In contrast, in the Budinscina
hoard, which is also a part of the western group of hoards,
9 spearheads (complete or in fragments) have been found,
mostly flame-shaped (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 77:12,1825). All of the aforementioned hoards are from the phase
II that is characterized by larger, profiled flame-shaped
spearheads. During phase III unprofilated spearheads
also appear, as seen in the finds from Donja Bebrina, the
only phase III hoard from the region near the river Sava
around Slavonski Brod. In it, 7 spearheads were found, 5
of which are bigger and profiled (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 94:1-5), while 2 are unprofiled (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 94:6-7). There is an interesting, unprofiled spearhead
Axes
Axes are one of the most common finds in the hoards
from the Late Bronze Age in Croatia. Our analysis of the
previously published finds showed that a total of 336 axes
are reported, closely following the sickles in the abundance.
One of the works of synthesis on axes (eravica 1993)
analysed the Croatian finds, but only included the finds
from Dalmatia and Novigrad na Savi, the region bordering
with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many of the axes found in
the Urnfield culture hoards of continental Croatia have not
been analyzed in detail. Here we present an inventory of
the finds according to hoards, as well as their typological
characteristics, chronology, and cultural determination.
One of the oldest axes from the Urnfield culture in north
Croatia is a fragment from the Budinina hoard (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 78:20) of the Transylvanian type that is
found within the area of the Otomani culture of the Middle
Bronze Age (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:103). Most other finds
are of socketed axes, whether decorated or non-decorated
variants, dated on the basis of the blade form and width.
A fragment of an axe blade was found in the Peklenica
111
TheX J r n f i e l dCulture in Continental
Hoard
Phase after
Gasparini
\ inski1973.
Lance
Croatia
Javelin
Arrow
head
Sum
Otok-Privlaka
II
Tenja
11
10
17
Bizovac
II
10
10
Poljanci I
II
Poljanci II
11
Poljanci I V
II
Priac
II
Veliko N a b r e
II
B r o d s k i Varo
II
17
17
PodcrkavljeSlavonski Brod
II
Slavonski B r o d L i v a d i e v a ulica
II
Slavonski Brod
Hort R G Z M
II
Priac
II
Makovac
11
MakovacCrinjevi
II
Punitovci
II
II
III
II
Sia-Luica
Krnjak
Zagreb-Demanov
prolaz
1
1
Lonica
II
Sisak
II
Topliica I
11
Budinina
Bonjaci
II
III
III
III
III
III
III
IV
II
II
D o l i n a na Savi
Donja Bebrina
Lisine
Javornik
Nijemci
Beravci
1
3
II
4
1
Matijevii
II
IV
V
IV
II
V
Podrute
II
Punitovci
1
1
Sarengrad
II
II
V
Pustakovec
II
Kapelna
Miljana
Belica
G o r n j a Vrba
Ivanec Bistranski
Kamena Gorica
Krnjak
Lonica
Sisak
Sum
22
1
123
Fig. 55 Table showing the percentage of long and short spearheads according to hoards
112
1
1
146
the basis of which all other models were made, differing

in small details from the first one. Models were made on
the clay base, as this structure can be seen on the inside
surface of one of the sickles from the Dolina na Savi hoard.
Cutting surface of sickles also show traces of forging. In
this hoard, a newly cast but broken sickle was found, with
decorative ribs of poor workmanship (Schauer 1974: Abb.
5:3,6). Schauer (1974:115) argues that these decorations
on sickles are actually a mark of the owner for whom the
sickles were made, a sort of brand.
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 20:11) along with another

socketed axe decorated with rows of plastic ribs on its
middle part below the rim of the mouth. Vinski-Gasparini
(1973:54) dates this find to the phase I on the basis of other
finds in the hoard. Axes of similar form and decoration
(on which hanging ornaments are also found alongside
plastic ribs) are found at Slovakian sites (Novotna 1970:
T. 33:584-587). In the Otok-Privlaka hoard, dated to the
Br D period, a socketed axe with an oval-faceted blade
was found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 27:16), alongside
axes of the so-called "Transylvanian" or "Eastern" type
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 27:17-19). A similar find comes
from the Bizovac hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 37:8),
as well as from the Jarak I hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
83:3). However, such types are not seen in the hoards of the
late period of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia. Axes
are most common in hoards of the phase II after VinskiGasparini (1973). These are socketed axes decorated with
a hanging "V" ornament that is characteristic of the Ha A1
period. Such axes are found in hoards such as Otok-Privlaka
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 27:4,8,11,20,23), Bosnjaci
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 30:1), Tenja (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 31:6-8), and Bizovac (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
36:1-18, T. 37:1-5,15). In the Bizovac hoard, alongside
the "V" ornament, some axes have a decoration in the
form of a circle (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 37:1-2). In
the Veliko Nabrde hoard, a wide variety of this type of
axe has been found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 46:1-8),
while only one socketed axe, small in size and decorated
with the aforementioned hanging "V" ornament, has been
found in the Poljanci I hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
49:1). Three such axes come from the Gornja Vrba hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 50:9-11), and additional 6
from the Brodski Varos hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 61:1-6). Alongside socketed axes, in hoards of the late
phase of the Urnfield culture winged axes, a type that is
characteristic for the Middle Bronze Age, also appear. In
hoards of the late phase of the Urnfield culture the blade of
the axes is trapezoidal form and wider, while the hanging
"V" decoration now has fringe-like extensions, as seen in
the Beravci and Kapelna hoards (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 108, T. 110).
In the Prhistorische Bronzefunde series, several regional

studies on sickles were published. Of these, Vasic's (1994)
study is the most important for us, as it is done on the
material that is geographically and culturally closest to these
parts. Lately, Wanzek (2002) analyzed marks on sickles
from southeastern Europe, acknowledging that sickles,
alongside axes and bracelets, are the most abundant find in
the hoards of southeastern Europe, appearing from the Uriu
or Opalyi and Aranyos periods, until Ha A l period when
they appear in thousands, dominated by the Uioara type.
The oldest ones come from Feudvar and the Kosziderpadls
II hoard. In that region, sickles are most abundant in
Transylvania, northeastern Hungary, southern Pannonia
(including Slavonia), and eastern part of Austria. Based on
published works (Wanzek 2002), it can be concluded that
the decoration on sickles in fact serves several purposes.
It helps in the process of casting and hafting, it has a
decorative value, may represent a mark of specific value,
and can be a mark of the owner or the workshop where
it was made. Vasic (1994) believes that these ribs on the
tang are a functional element that helps in hafting of the
handle, but does not exclude the possibility they were also
decorative. Vasic (1995) published sickle finds from Serbia,
Macedonia, Vojvodina, and Kosovo and divided them into
types Uioara 1 to Uioara 8 after Petrescu-Dimbovita (1978).
Wanzek (2002) separates several main types of design
and marks them as basic groups A-E. He also made a
table of hoards in which more than 10 examples of design
combinations appear. It can be seen that such hoards are
mainly found in the southern part of Pannonia, and in
Slavonian Posavina. He mentions Croatian hoards such
as Brodski Varos and Tenja in which 17 combinations
of designs are found, Poljanci II, Budinscina, and Veliko
Nabrde with 11 examples, and Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod
with 12. This points to the local production of sickles in
Croatian Posavina, because patterns and their combinations
are always the same. So far, no moulds for sickle casting
were found that would clearly show local production.
Sickles had a wide use in farming and their abundance also
tells us something about demography, as each harvester had
one. On the other hand, this type of object was frequently
damaged in use and had to be produced often enough.
Based on the sickle finds from Slavonian Posavina, we can
argue for a developed farming activity and large population
density in the region.
Sickles
Sickles are, alongside axes, the most common item found
in the hoards of the southern part of Pannonia. A total of
584 have been found in the hoards of continental Croatia,
and in the Bizovac hoard alone, 66 have been found. In
spite of this, no detailed analysis nor synthesis on sickles
from Croatian hoards has been done so far. Somewhat more
detailed analyses can be found in Vinski-Gasparini's (1973)
work on the Urnfield culture, while Schauer's thoughts
(1974:114-115) on the character and function of different
ornaments found on sickles can be found in his publication
of the Dolina na Savi hoard, where he points out that of 42
sickles found, none have the same shape. It is assumed that
(Schauer 1974:114) a single model in wax was made, on
113
A typological analysis of some sickle finds from Croatian

hoards was done by Pavlin (1997) in which the author
analyses the so-called flange-hilted sickles with a Y-motif.
He lists different variants from variant a to variant o (Pavlin
1997: Abb. 1). Besides typological characteristics of each
variant he brings also a list of hoards with sickle finds.
Variant a is characterised by a sickle defined in literature
as type Uioara 2. To this variant belong the sickles from
the following hoards in Croatia: Belica, Bizovac, Brodski
Varo, Budinina, Lisine, Otok-Privlaka, PodcrkavljeSlavonski Brod, Poljanci II, Slavonski Brod-Livadieva
ulica, Topliica I, Topliica II and Veliko Nabre. It is
possible that one fragment of a sickle from the hoard
Dolina na Savi belongs also to this type and variant a. To
the variant b belongs the sickle from the Poljanci II hoard.
The sickle fragment from the Topliica II hoard belongs to
variant e. To the variant i (Pavlin 1997: Abb. l:i) belongs
the fragment of a sickle from the Otok-Privlaka hoard
and the sickles from Brodski Varo and Slavonski-Brod
Livadieva ulica belong to variant j . Two whole sickles
from the Bizovac hoard are ascribed to variant n. For the
sickles of variants b-d Pavlin (1997:35) uses the terms and
nomenclature of Petrescu-Dimbovita (1978) and connects
them with variant Uioara 2a. Sickles of variants f-h are
similar to variant Uioara 2, variant e and J to variant Uioara
4, variants i and k-n to type Uioara 1 and variant o is similar
to type Uioara 5. Some of the sickles of variants b-d and
k-o are dated to the Uioara period, but most could be dated
to the Suseni period (Pavlin 1997:36).
Knives
The greatest number of knives (15) was found in the
Brodski Varo hoard that is dated to the early phase of the
Urnfield culture, followed by the Beravci hoard dated to
the late phase of the same culture, in which 8 knives were
found.
Croatia
is dated to the early Urnfield culture (Rihovsky 1972:34)

A characteristic of this type of knives is that the blade and
the lower part of the handle form a single line. According
to Rihovsky (1972:36), knives of the Dasice type appear
during the Velaticc I period and are represented by finds
from the Hamry hoard and grave 2 from Grossmugl.
Somewhat earlier are the finds from Baierdorf, and
Drslavice II hoard, both dated to the Baierdorf period that
is contemporary with the Br D period. This type of knife
is found in Moravia, Lower Austria and Burgenland, but
also in Hungary, Transylvania, the Czech Republic, Upper
Austria, and Bavaria (Rihovsky 1972:36). In the Jarak I
hoard, a knife similar to those of the Hradec type was found,
while in the Donja Bebrina hoard, a knife of the Baierdorf
type was found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 94:15). There
are two distinct types of Baierdorf knives (Rihovsky
1972:24-29). flic variant A in which the blade is similar to
the one of the Riegsec knives. Rihovsky (1972:26) argues
for affinities with the knives of the Peschiera type and time
frame of the Riegsee period in Germany. Closed finds in
grave3 at Baierdorf and grave 6 at Vosendorf date knives
of the A variant of the Baierdorf type to a time frame from
Br D and the Riegsee period to Velatice I period of Ha A
(Rihovsky 1972:26). The B variant is differentiated from
the aforementioned one in that it has a sharp and pointed,
dagger-like end of the blade (Rihovsky 1972:27). This
variant too can be dated to the Baierdorf period in the
eastern Alps. Variant A is also found in northern Moravia, in
the area of the Lausitz culture, more to the east in Slovakia
and Romania, in Upper Austria, Tyrol, southern Germany,
the Czech Repubic, and central Germany. The knife from
the Donja Bebrina hoard represents a southern example
of this type of knife and shows connections between the
Posavina region around Slavonski Brod and southeastern
Alpine region.
In the Londica hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 74B:6)
a knife of a quite similar type to the one from Brodski
Varos hoard was found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 56:21).
According to Vinski-Gasparini (1973:100) such knives are
not characteristic of the hoards from the area between rivers
Sava, Drava and Danube, and are seen in the Drassburg
hoard from Burgenland (Rihovsky 1972: T. 38A:4). The
knife is of an undefined type (Rihovsky 1972: T. 28:287A).
In the Bonjaci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.

30A:20) a blade and part of a handle that is reminiscent
of the Malhostovice type was found (Rihovsky 1972: T.
8:89-91,93-94). These knives are contemporary with the
Baierdorf type, and found in the area to the south, Hungary,
Romania, Italy and the Aegean, and to the west in the Czech
Republic and in the area of the Lausitz culture (Rihovsky
1972:31).
As much as 8 fragments of knives of mostly younger types,

such as the Klentnice type with a tang hilt, have been found
in the Beravci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 108:24).
These, according to Rihovsky (1972:50-51), can be dated on
the basis of the finds from two urn graves from Klentnice.
Thus, grave 105 is dated to the late, Podoli phase of the
Middle Danubian Urnfield culture that can be connected to
the Klentnice II period. The youngest knife of the Klentnice
type is found in the Romand hoard from western Hungary,
alongside an antenna terminal sword. This type of knives is
found in Moravia, southern Germany, and western Hungary.
Rihovsky (1972:51) also mentions the finds from the former
Yugoslavia, which include the ones from Croatia. The
In the Veliko Nabre (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 46:13) and

Poljanci I hoards (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 48:8) blades of
knives that could not be ascribed to any type with certainity
have been found. More knife fragments come from the
Brodski Varo hoard, in which Daice (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 55:9) and Hradec types appear (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 55:12, T. 56:28). A similar knife was found in
the Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 67:26). Knives of the Hradec type are found in
Moravia and Carinthia. An important find that helped in
dating of this type of knife was the Augsdorf hoard, which
114
46:472). Razors of the Mesic variant of the Grossmugl type

have been found in Brodski Varos (Weber 1996: T. 46:477,
T. 47:489, T. 48:504), Poljanci I (Weber 1996: T. 47:484),
Poljanci II (Weber 1996: T .47:493), Podcrkavlje-Slavonski
Brod (Weber 1996: T. 48:501), and Poljanci Donje Polje
(Weber 1996: T. 48:503) hoards. To the Grossmugl type
Weber ascribes two razors from Brodski Varos (Weber
1996: T. 48:508,511), and one from the Otok-Privlaka
hoard (Weber 1996: T. 48:506). Fragments of razors of the
Grossmugl type are found in Brodski Varos (Weber 1996: T.
48:514-515), Otok-Privlaka (Weber 1996: T. 49:516-517),
and Poljanci II (Weber 1996: T. 49:518) hoards. One of
the razors of the Grossmugl type has been found in the
Pustakovec hoard (Hansel 1999: Abb. 6:5). This type of
razors is spread over a wide area, from southern Germany,
Austria, Slovakia, northern Hungary, Transdanubia, Croatia
and northern Serbia, to the Mures region. Weber (1996:226)
rightfully acknowledges a high concentration of finds of this
type of razor in hoards of the earlier phase of the Urnfield
culture in the area between Sava, Drava and Danube rivers.
Therefore the existence of a local workshop for this type
of items is very likely. Unlike in the earlier phase of the
Urnfield culture in northern Croatia, when razors are found
mostly in hoards, during the late phase of the Urnfield
culture razors are found in graves, as shown by the finds
from male and warrior graves from the Velika Gorica
cemetery. In hoards of this period, no toileteries are found.
Rather, this type of items now represents grave goods.
knife from the Beravci hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.

108:27) is quite similar to the knife from grave 63 from
Klentnice (Rihovsky 1972: T. 43A:4) that is ascribed to the
Bismantova type. In the Kapelna hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 110:2a,b) a decorated flange-hilted knife and blade
with a form that is similar to that of the Klentnice type
was found, although it has a tang instead of thorn, which
is a local characteristic of the knives of hoards of the late
Urnfield culture in northern Croatia. Recently, the knives
from the Urnfield culture in Croatia have been analyzed by
Glogovi (2002), who gives a review of all the published
finds from the hoards, graves and single finds. She mentions
(2002:215, T. 1:13-14) two finds from the settlements
Novigrad na Savi and Pogorie (Oreje Donje). One of
the accidentally found knives is that from the site Sljunara
(Koprivnica), also published by Glogovi (Glogovi, Miko
2001). The authors (Glogovi, Miko 2001:28) emphasized
that the knife resembled mostly the Hadersdorf type
knife from the Klentnice cemetery, grave 71, or a WienLeoporsdorf knife from Krepice. Considering the dating
of the knife from Sljunara the earliest possible date would
be the beginning of the 10th century BC (Glogovi, Miko
2001:28). The metal composition of the knife has been
analyzed by ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectrometry Analysis) (Glogovi, Miko 2001).
Razors
The greatest number of razors (7) have been found in
the Brodski Varo and Poljanci II hoards, while 5 were
found in the Otok-Privlaka hoard. Recently, Weber
(1996) analyzed and mapped razors from southeastern
Europe, including finds from Croatia. In the Brodski
Varo hoard (Weber 1996:198, T. 43:422,423) two
razors of the type of double-sided razors with a deeply
notched blade (Zweischneidigisches Rassiermesser mit
tiefangeschnittenem Blati) of the Vatin variant are found.
This variant got its name after a find from the urn grave
from Vatin (Weber 1996:197: T. 43:418), ascribed to the
Vatin group, although more likely it should be ascribed to
the Belegi I culture, based on the find of an urn with a
ribbon-like decoration.
Shield
The basic part of the defensive armour is a shield. Most
commonly found are shield fragments made of bronze,
although most shields were made of wood (Harding
2000:285). Harding (2000:283) states that the isolated
finds of bronze buttons and discs could have been parts
of wooden shields. A C-14 date was published for the
wooden mould for the production of leather shields found
at the site of Kilmahamogue, Co. Antrim, (1950-1450 cal
BC) (Harding 2000:283; Osgood et al. 2000:25). Osgood
et al. (2000:25) inform us of a dangerous experiment
performed by the archaeologist John Coles in order to
show that the leather shields were more efficient than their
metal counterparts. In his experiment, the metal shield
broke in two places when hit by a sword. Therefore, a
conclusion can be made that metal shields were more a
show off than of practical use in warfare (Osgood et al.
2000:25). A similar conclusion was made by Uckelman
on the basis of his experiment (2005:178-179), which
confirmed that the metal on shields of the Herzogenburg
type was too thin to provide protection against blows, and
had no protective leather coating which would provide
such protection. Harding (2007:79) lists a total of about
90 shields from Europe (made of leather, wood, or bronze)
based on recently published analyses. Shields made of
organic materials were used in the early Bronze Age in a
widespread area, from Italy in south, to Scandinavia in the
north, Crete and Cyprus to the east, and Iberian Peninsula to
Double-sided razors of the Radzovce type (Weber

1996:207) have been found in the Topliica I (Weber
1996:209, T. 45:452) and Otok-Privlaka hoards (Weber
1996: T. 45:453) with the blades in the form of the doublesided axe (labris). Most of the razors of this type come
from southern Slovakia and the northeastern mountainous
region of Hungary where the Piliny and Kyjatice cultures
are spread. These are dated to the period between the end of
the Middle Bronze Age until the early Urnfield culture. In
Croatian hoards razors of the double-sided Grossmugl type
were also found. One such razor, of the Mixnitz variant,
was found in Poljanci II (Bulat 1973-1974: T. 16:21; Weber
1996:215, T. 46:464,469), Brodski Varo (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 55:15, T. 56:18; Weber 1996: T. 46:465-467),
and Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod hoards (Weber 1996: T.
115
The Urnfield Culture in Continental Croatia \

the west. In Osgood et al. (2000:25) a list of wooden shields
from the Annandale and Cloonlara sites in Ireland, dated to
the 8th cent. BC can be found. A leather shield was found
at Clonbrin (Ireland) (Osgood et al. 2000:25, Fig. 2.10). It
was 50 cm in diameter and 5-6 cm thick. It is assumed that a
rich warrior's grave from the CI grave mound at Milavce in
the Czech Republic also contained a fragment of a wooden
shield (Kytlicova 1986:306). The same author recognizes
similarities with the find of a wooden shield from grave
40 at Kourion Kaloriziki in Cyprus (Kytlicova 1986:307).
Most authors agree that both shields made of organic
material and ones from metal were used, and the organic
ones probably were more abundant. Osgood et al. (2000:26)
state that the shields made of metal were solidly built, and
although most were too flimsy for use, some of them were
used in battle. On a shield of the Nipperwiese type found
at Long Wittenham, damage from the use in battle can be
seen (Osgood et al 2000: Fig. 2.11). The same is true for the
shield from the Plzen-Jikalka hoard (Kytlicova 1986: Abb.
8-10). Both show holes from weapons, most likely from a
sword impact. Harding (2007:121, footnote 17) believes
that the battle-related damage is present on a shield from
the Barry Beg site, now displayed in the Ulster Museum
in Belfast. However, the thickness of some of the metal
shields makes their practical use in battle dubious at best.
Uckelmann (2004-2005; 2005) believes that metal shields
did have some practical use, although they could not stand
a severe sword impact.
In the hoard Otok-Privlaka near Vinkovci, 4 shield
fragments were found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:81-82,
T. 28:1-4). The hoard includes finds of weapons, tools,
jewellery, and toiletries, and is dated to the last decades
of the 13th and to the 12th century B.C. or to the Br D and
Ha A l periods (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:82). Bronze sheet
metal is destroyed and folded, but distinct decoration and
embosses can be seen, typical of the rare group of circular
shields of the Nyirtura type (fig. 56).
Nyirtura hoard was done based on the remains of the bronze

sheet metal (fig. 56). The reconstructed shield was 60-62
cm in diameter (Patay 1968:243). Mozsolics (1985a:28)
argues that shields could be smaller (52-54 cm) or larger
(68-70cm).
The shield from the Keszohidegkut hoard belongs to the
same type of shields (Patay 1968: Abb. 1:2-3; Mozsolics
1985a: T: 35:32), and dates to the same time as the shields
from the Nyirtura and Otok-Privlaka hoards (Mozsolics
1985a:28). Several additional fragments of the thicker
bronze sheet metal have been found in the Bodrogkeresztur
(Patay 1968: Abb. 1:1) and Szentgalosker (Patay 1968: 245;
Mozsolics 1985a: 28, T. 115:7) hoards, but it is uncertain
if those finds are parts of shields. A similar fragment was
found at Budinscina, which K. Vinski-Gasparini tentatively
ascribed to a shield, based on the technique with which the
motif was made (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 79:14).
The fragments are dated to a somewhat later time of Ha Al/
Ha A2 period (Patay 1968:246), but considering the diverse
character of the items in the hoard, they could be dated to a
somewhat younger period and it is impossible to disprove it
was not contemporary to the shield from Nyirtura.
Therefore, the shield from Otok-Privlaka is contemporary
to the shields from the Hungarian hoards, allowing dating
of the oldest central European shields to the 13"' and 12th
centuries BC (Vinski- Gasparini 1973: 82; Muller-Karpe
1980: 233).
Helmets
A helmet is a head covering made of metal or leather that
has a protective role against blows and injuries.
In the region between rivers Sava and Drava and Danube,
conical, bell-shaped helmets with a thorn on the top are
found, but also cap helmets of a local variant with a starshaped motif.
An identical find, in a much better state of preservation,

comes from the Nyirtura hoard (Patay 1968:241, T. 31a,b;
Mozsolics 1985a:27, T. 204:7) in eastern Hungary, and
provides us with a good example of the appearance of the
earliest European metal shields. It was calotte-shaped in
the middle, surrounded by three concentric circles made of
punched ribs, between which are rows of embosses (fig.56).
A rivet survived, informing us on the way the wooden or
leather coating was attached to the rest of the shield (Patay
1968:241; Mozsolics 1985a:27).
Schauer (2003a:207) recognizes two variants of the cap

helmets: 1. helmets with decoration of plastic ribs in the
form of a star, and, 2. helmets with decoration in the form
of plastic ribs and lugs.
Similar cap helmets were found in the hoards from Croatia.
A local particularity is seen in decoration or differences in
motifs (Clausing 2003a:207). Several smaller concentric
circles ("eyes"), in combination with a star-like motif on
the upper part of the helmet, can be observed.
The exact dimensions of the shield are hard to assess, as

Well as the exact number of punched ribs, or circles that
formed the ornament. According to some assessments, the
shields were between 40 and 50 cm in diameter, but could
be larger, to between 60 and 70 cm in diameter (Patay
1968:244; Mozsolics 1985a:28).
Most important are two bronze sheet metal fragments,

which are parts of a cap helmet with a star-shaped motif
that have been found in the Veliko Nabrde hoard (VinskiGasparini 1973:85, T. 44:5; Skoberne 2001:21; Clausing
2003a:208).
A reconstruction of a round Bronze Age shield from the

116

57:52) mentions an item that could be a knob from the top
of a bell-shaped helmet.
A fragment of a circular plaque made of sheet bronze was
found in the Poljanci II hoard, previously published as a
part of a lid, decorated with garlands and concentric circles
(Bulat 1973-1975:28). 30 years later it was established
that it is actually a helmet fragment, and the garlands are
actually a star-like motif (Clausing 2003a:210; Abb. 8:10).
Inside of the star, another circle made of punched dots can
be observed. This new reconstruction represents a helmet
of a new and interesting variant (Kudelic 2007:11)
In the recent study on the hoards from Bosnia and
Herzegovina by Kning (2004) a number of fragments
that are usually published as fragments of cap helmets
are listed among the decorated phalerae (Knig 2004:List
15; Maps T. 91). A find from the Boljanic hoard is also
mentioned (Knig 2004: T. 19:74) that could also be a part
of a helmet, thus connecting this hoard and other hoards of
the region between the Sava and Drava rivers. Other finds
from the Croatian hoards, as well as those from Bosnia
and Herzegovina are listed and wrongly attributed (Knig
2004: Liste 15).
Fig. 56 A reconstruction
of the Nyirtura
Patay 1968
type of shield,
based
on
Fragments that could be parts of cap helmets are also found

in the Slavonski Brod hoard, but no star-shaped decoration
was preserved (Clausing 2004:132, Abb. 40:130). Only
the ridge ribbons in the form of 3 punched slender ribs,
as well as concentric circles are seen on both fragments.
The manner of production, time period, and motif, connect
these fragments with the aforementioned finds (Clausing
2004:132).
This is not the only example of helmets with such

decoration. Ksenija Vinski-Gasparini drew attention to
a fragment from Augsdorf in Carinthia, dated by Miiller
Karpe into Ha A1 period, along with the whole hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973:86). A fragment of the helmet rim
with four punched ribs and holes for rivets was found in
the Veliko Nabrde hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 44:2;
Clausing 2003a: Abb. 8:8). It might have been a part of
a helmet of the same type, although it is possible that
the helmet did not have the star-like decoration. In the
Nagyveika hoard from Hungary, 3 smaller fragments with
the same motif were found (Clausing 2003a: Abb. 8:1-3).
Another such fragment was found at Privina Glava in the
Danube region in Serbia. Based on the ornament, it can be
ascribed to the cap helmets with star-shaped and concentric
circular decorations (Clausing 2003a:215; Abb. 8:4).
Sheet metal fragments of helmets come from other hoards

of the II phase of the Urnfield culture and belong to the
helmet rims. On these, punched ribs and groups of rivets for
hafting of the lining made of leather or cloth can be seen.
Although the lining is almost never preserved, one fragment
with leather remnants did survive.
It is a small fragment of a bronze sheet from the Poljanci IV
hoard (Miklik-Lozuk 2004:32, T. 8:5). The piece is folded
and a fragment of organic material (most likely leather) is
attached to one side of the fragment. This organic material
testifies that it was a part of the utilitary item, most likely a
helmet, although of which type remains a mystery.
i
The fact that the majority of helmets of this type are
found in the Croatian Posavina allows us to draw some
conclusions. Besides in the Veliko Nabrde hoard that is
located more closely to the Danube river these helmets
are found in 3 other localities in the region near Slavonski
Brod. In the Brodski Varos hoard, both the remains of a
helmet, and greaves have been found (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:97, T. 57:5; Clausing 2003a:210, Abb. 8:6). The
"eye-like" embossed decorations, as well as dots can be
observed on the fragment. The hoard is dated to the Br D
and Ha A1 periods, or to the period II of the Urnfield culture
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973:97). Vinski-Gasparini (1973:95, T.
In the nearby hoard from Poljanci I, a fragment of a lower

part of a helmet with three parallel ribs below which
rivet holes can be observed, was found (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:87, T. 48:31; Clausing 2003a:210, Abb. 8:9).
In the Debeli Vrh hoard from Slovenia, dated to the Ha
A l period, a similar helmet fragment was found (Cerce
and Sinkovec 1996:168, T. 66:79;152:18). On a somewhat
larger fragment two ribbons with 3 and 4 ribs, respectively,
can be observed. Most likely, it is a cap helmet, but because
117

of a poor state of the fragments, this cannot be concluded
with certainty.
The appearance of this type of helmet with a star-shaped
motif is shown on a reconstruction (fig. 57) based on the
find from the Veliko Nabre hoard (koberne 2001:21).
Schauer (1988:189; Abb. 3) cites two helmets from Batina
(wrongly locating it in Vojvodina, instead of Croatia).
He informs us that the finds came to the RomischeGermanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz together with
cheek-pieces, bronze rings, and pendants. He also
informs us that the circumstances of the discovery are
unknown. Based on the available publications, Schauer
(1988:189) believes the finds are older than those from
Hajduboszormeny, which are dated to the Rohod-Szentes
period, or the Ha B1 period. He does not give an answer to
the question whether the finds from Batina should be dated
to the end of the Urnfield culture or to the early phase of the
Early Iron Age. In association to this find we must mention
what is most likely a button from the top of a helmet found
in the Brodski Varo hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:95,
T. 57:52). A similar item, most likely the top of a helmet,
was found in the Makovac-Crinjevi hoard (Karavani,
Mihaljevi 2001: T. 6:4).
Fig. 57 A reconstruction of the Veliko Nabre helmet (after

koberne 2001)
gives a reconstruction of the so-called Kompositpanzer. A

pair of phalerae would be an ornament on the chest of the
corslet (Schauer 1982b:342).
Greaves
Greaves are a part of the defensive armour of the warrior.
Most are made of leather and their main purpose is to
protect the front part of lower legs. The first examples of
metal greaves in Europe come from Greece, in the grave
from Dendra that is dated to the 15th century BC (Clausing
2003b: 184; Schauer 1982a: 108). In central Europe they first
apppear in the 13Ih century BC, and their greatest density
is seen in the area between the rivers Sava and Drava, and
the Middle Danube region. Even though only a rather small
number of these finds were discovered, and mostly seen
in the form of bronze sheet fragments, in most cases it is
possible to reconstruct their appearance. In 1957 G. von
Merhart published a paper on the greaves from the Late
Bronze Age, but he did not talk about finds from Croatia.
The most recent overview of finds is seen in Clausing
(2003b).
Cheek plates
Cheek plates, like neck protection, were a part of the
helmet, attached to the rim of a helmet. Like helmets,
these also had lining made of leather or cloth (Clausing
2003a:212). As there are very little finds of cheek plates
made of bronze, it can be deducted that most were made
of organic materials (Kudeli 2007:22). In the Podcrkavlje
hoard near Slavonski Brod, an interesting fragment of a
bronze sheet metal, decorated with punched ornament in the
form of three concentric circles with a cross in the middle,
was found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 66:37a). Aband made
of several plastic ribs can be seen on the rim.
It is unclear whether the fragment was a part of the cheek
plate, or helmet's crest, but cheek plate is more likely. This
is the only such item found in the Croatian hoards.
All examples from the area between the Sava and Drava
rivers come from hoards of the early phase of the Urnfield
culture. Not a single one is completely preserved, but it
is possible to reconstruct and date them based on their
fragments and on the basis of other finds in the hoards.
These greaves belong to the youngest greaves with
integrated wire loops.
Corslets
Corslet is a protective part for the upper body, mostly chest.
First corslets were made of leather, while the first metal
ones date to the Bronze Age.
In the Bizovac hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 35:13) a
bronze sheet fragment with three punched ribs at its borders
and closely situated rivet holes, is found, that is, according
to some authors, a part of the corslet (Mozsolics 1985a:26).
Ksenija Vinski-Gasparini identified it as a part of a helmet,
but helmets usually have holes spread wider apart from each
other (Kudeli 2007:32). Schauer (1982b:342; Abb. 8), on
the basis of the find of two phalerae from the Beravci hoard,
Two types are found in the hoards from the area between
the Sava and Drava rivers, the main difference being in the
ornament: 1. Greaves with punched wheel motif; 2. Greaves
with punched stylized bird head motif.
Three hoards that contain fragments of greaves are found
in the Croatian Posavina region, all with the wheel motif.
118
(Miklik-Lozuk 2004:29). A greave with integrated wire

loop was made of very thin bronze sheet metal, and was
found folded and damaged (fig. 59).
An additional example comes from the Bosnian Posavina.

Some of the motifs are similar to the motifs found on the
belts from the Slavonski Brod-Livadiceva ulica hoard
(Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 44/45,428; Miskiv 1982: T.
7:7-8), suggesting they were made in the same workshop.
Nevertheless, this is the most preserved example of greaves

from the area between the Sava and Drava rivers (MiklikLozuk 2004: T. 10-11; 2009: si. 17). The length of the folded
greave is approximately 17,5 cm, and its width 13,3 cm.
The bronze sheet is 0,03-0,05 mm thick (Miklik-Lozuk
2004:32). These dimensions refer not to the whole greave
but to the fragments found.
Fragments of a similar greave are found in the rich hoard

from Veliko Nabrde near Osijek, where seven fragments
most likely of a single greave have been found. VinskiGasparini offers two possible reconstructions for the find.
According to one (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 44:1) it was a
type with three rows made of two rings each. An alternative
reconstruction suggests it had three wheels in the middle on
the greave (fig. 58:3). Based on the other finds in the hoard,
it can be dated to the horizon II of hoards of the Urnfield
culture in north Croatia. This attribution is confirmed by the
finds from Hungary, Austria, and Italy (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:86).
In the Bosanska Posavina region, south of Slavonski Brod,

close to the Boljanic village a hoard with two fragments
of bronze sheet was found (Clausing 2003b: 153, Abb. 1:1;
Konig 2004: T. 15:17). Based on the decoration, it can be
deducted they were parts of a greave.
Analogies for the finds from Posavina are found in
northern Italy (Clausing 2003b: 155), but by far the greatest
concentration of the finds is seen in Pannonia. Clausing
(2003b: Abb. 1:8-9, Abb. 2:1-2) published the finds from
the Nadap and Nagyveika hoards in Hungary.
Two hoards in which the same type of greaves was

found come from the area near Slavonski Brod, the
Slavonski Brod-Podcrkavlje (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
66-68), and Slavonski Brod RGZM hoards, published
by Clausing (2004). Both belong to the same circle of
workshops from the Brodsko Posavlje region, and can be
dated to the horizon II of hoards of the Urnfield culture
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973:96). Atypical wheel motif can be
recognized on sheet metal fragments (Clausing 2003b:
Abb. 1:5). One of the finds has a preserved loop (Clausing
2003b: 153). During the analysis an important detail which
tells us about technological proces and the way it was made
is registered. On the back side of one of the fragments,
traces of hammering can be seen, while on others the front
surface was polished in the superoinferior direction, making
it easier to orient the fragments (Clausing 2003b:63).
Clausing (2003b: 153) suggested a reconstruction of the 11
fragments found, but notes that they could also have been
parts of several greaves. The fragments are very thin and
damaged, and the reconstructed greave was 28 cm in length
and 22 wide in its widest part (fig. 58:2).
One of the most beautiful examples of early European

greaves comes from the Rinyaszentkiraly hoard (Mozsolics
1985a: T. 98). This is the only known example of the
punched motif of water birds (Merhart 1956/1957:101,
Abb. 2:2; Clausing 2003b: 151, Abb. 2:3). A pair of birds is
seen above two wheels, and another pair below. The finds
are dated to the Kurd horizon in Transdanubia (VinskiGasparini 1973:85,86; Mozsolics 1985a: 27), while Schauer
dates them to the Ha A2 period (Schauer 1982:113).
Somewhat closer example of this kind of motif on a
defensive weapon from the end of the 13th and the early 12th
century BC is found in a region farther up the river Sava,
in Slovenia. A fragment of bronze sheet metal decorated
with punched dots that form two concentric circles and
a bulb in the middle are found in the Cermozisce hoard
(Cerce i Sinkovec 1996: 146, T. 49:89). An ellipsoid oval
plaque decorated with punched ornament in the form of a
cross, made of thin bronze sheet, is found in the Poljanci
II hoard. The ornament perhaps imitates the wheel motif.
It measures 7x5 cm, and allegedly represents a miniature
greave (Bulat 1973-1975:28, T. 15; Hansen 1994: T. 35:5).
An identical object was found in the Esztergom hoard
(Mozsolics 1985a: 116, T. 137:1).
In the same hoard two pieces wich could not be ascribed

to the exact type of object with certainty, decorated with
punched wheel motif, were found (Clausing 2003b: Abb.
24:1-2). On the first one, three concentric circles with
a cross inside, can be seen. Slightly convex form of the
fragments makes it unlikely it was a part of a greave. It
also has to be noted that so far no greaves were found
on which the decoration is made of uneven number of
punched concentric circles (Clausing 2003b: 183). Clausing
(2003b: 183, Abb. 24:3) published a fragment of the cheek
plate from the Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod hoard (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 66:37) with the same decorative motif.
The basic difference between the two groups of greaves is

in the decorative motif. The shape and the way it was made,
as well as the time frame is the same for both groups, but
in the second group the motif is in the form of a stylized
bird head.
At the Donje Polje site in the Poljanci village, another

hoard, named Poljanci IV was found (Miklik-Lozuk 2004;
2009). Here too, parts of the defensive armour were found,
dated to the horizon II of hoards of the Urnfield culture
An interesting fragment of bronze sheet was found in the

Poljanci I hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T .48:19; Clausing
2003b: Abb. 3:8; Miklik-Lozuk 2009: si 3). An entirely
119
The Urnfield
Culture
in Continental
Croatia \
Fig. 58 Finds of greaves from continental

Croatia
1. Klotar Ivani (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 2. Slavonski Brod (RGZM) (after Clausing 2004) 3. Veliko Nabre (after Vinski-Gasparini 1983) 4.
Poljanci I (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973)
120

1
preserved decorative ornament, made of punched dots that
form a stylized bird's head with a bead (resembling an eye)
in its middle, can be seeen on the fragment. Based on the
rest of the finds from the hoard, this greave can be dated to
the HaAl period (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:87; Miklik-Lozuk
2009:25).
To the same group of greaves belongs a fragment from the
Brodski Varo hoard. Ksenija Vinski-Gasparini recognized
this bronze sheet fragment with folded edges through which
a wire was pulled through, as a lower part of a greave
with integrated wire loops (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:92, T.
57:9), and also Clausing agreed with her and published the
fragment (Clausing 2003b: Abb. 3:7).
Geographically closer finds of this type of greaves are
found at the Esztergom-Szentgyorgymezo (Clausing 2003b:
Abb. 3:9) and Nadap (Clausing 2003b: Abb. 3:10) sites in
Hungary.
Based on the map of distribution (Clausing 2003b: Abb.4)
it can be noted that the concentration of the finds of greaves
with a motif of stylized bird's heads is different from the
one of greaves with decoration in the form of a wheel.
Several examples are found in northern Italy, meaning this
was possibly the most common type in southern Europe.
Z T S S
A younger type of greaves comes from the Klotar Ivani

hoard and can be dated to the phase III (fig. 58:1). It can
be linked to the greaves from Kurim in Moravia, dated to
the Ha A1 and Ha A2 periods (Merhart 1956/57: T .2). As
the ornament and its forming are very similar, it is assumed
that both were made in the same workshop. The greaves
are decorated with punched dots and lugs (Punkt-Buckel
Verzierung), which is similar to the decoration found
on vessels of the Hajduboszormeny type and bowls of
the Kirkendrup type from the late Ha A and early Ha B
periods. According to Vinski-Gasparini (1973:139) this is
an argument to date the Klotar Ivani hoard into the phase
III of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia.
The finds of fragments of helmets, shields and greaves in
the hoards of the phase II in northern Croatia (damaged and
discarded items) points to the massive arming in the time
of Br D and H a A l periods. Vinski-Gasparini (1973:112)
argues that these are the warriors that in the first wave of
the Aegean Migrations took part in the attack on the eastern
Mediterranean area at the end of the 13th and during the
12th centuries BC. She believes the starting point of these
movements lay precisely in the area between the rivers Sava
and Drava and the Transdanubian region, where these parts
of the warriors equipment are found.
Fig. 59 Greaves from the hoard Poljanci IV hoard (after MiklikLozuk 2004; 2009)
Fibulae
Already Terzan (1995:334) noted that the hoards from
northern Croatia have a high component of jewellery
compared to the hoards from other parts of former
121

Yugoslavia. This is a regional characteristic also noted
by Vinski-Gasparini (1973), especially in her analysis of
the hoards of the Slavonski Brod area that are very rich in
jewellery.
Violin-bow fibulae are analyzed in great detail by VinskiGasparini (1973), and before her Stare (1960) mentioned
the finds of this type of fibula from former Yugoslavia in
his analysis of grave 108 at Dobova. Stare (1960) was the
first to classify fibulae into two categories: fibulae with
a foot in the form of a channel; and fibulae with a spiral
foot. To the first group he ascribes two variants: fibulae
with a bow that is parallel to the pin, and a second variant
that has a high foot. The second group he also divided
into different variants: one with a bow that is paralel to
the pin, one with an oval bow, and the variant with a bow
that has a figure-of-eight decoration (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:113). Stare (1960) was able to show that the fibula
with the oval bow is younger than the one with a straight
bow. Vinski-Gasparini (1973:117) argues that the fibula
from grave 108 at Dobova is more similar to the bow
fibula with a spiral disc on the leg, therefore making a link
to the fibula from grave 2/1910 at Velika Gorica. In her
analysis, Vinski-Gasparini discussed a total of 41 fibulae
from former Yugoslavia. She assumes that the production
centre was in the Posavina region in Slavonia, where the
largest number of hoards with fibulae have been found.
As much as 10 fibulae were found in the Brodski Varos
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 90:5,11,13; T. 91:1-2;
T. 92:4,2-12), a fibula with a straight bow was found in
1973: T. 90:7), 4 fibulae come from the Poljanci I hoard
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973:T. 90:3, T. 92:1,5-6), two from
Poljanci II hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 90:15-16), one
from Staro Topolje (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 90:4), three
from the Pricac hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 90:12, T.
92:2,8), one comes from Veliko Nabrde (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T.90:6), another one from the Jarak I hoard (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 90:9), one from Mackovac (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 91:4), another one from the Toplicica I
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 91:11) and two from the
Podrute hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 91:8, T. 92:11).
Besides workshops in the Slavonian Posavina, during the
early Ha A period, fibulae were produced in workshops in
Hungary, western Slovakia, and Moravia (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:115). Lately, fibulae have been found at the site of
Mala Gora in northwestern Croatia (Pavisic 2003). Three
violin-bow fibulae were published (Pavisic 2003: Fig. 2,
T: 1:1,3,5) all with a low horizontal smooth bow and a
channel-like foot. Other finds from the Hrvatsko Zagorje
area were also analyzed, such as the fibulae from Zlatar
(Pavisic 2003: T. 1:4), Podrute (Pavisic 2003: T. 1:2,8),
Spicak (Pavisic 2003: T. 1:6), and Toplicica I (Pavisic 2003:
T.l:7).
finds of typical fibulae forms of the Balkan and Illyrian

regions are presented, types that show a link to the Urnfield
culture of the continental Croatia are also listed, such as a
fibula with a violin bow from Podumci (Glogovi 2003:
T. 1:1), the finds from the Split region (Glogovi 2003: T.
1:2,4), Nin (Glogovi 2003: T. 1:3), and Solin (Glogovi
2003: T. 1:5).
Pins
Earliest pin types found in the hoards of the Urnfield
culture in continental Croatia come from the Peklenica
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 20). Quite characteristic
are large pins with poppy heads (Mohnkopfnadel) (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 20:6-9). In the same book, a detailed
analysis of the Peklenica hoard and the pins of this type
is given. These pins can be grouped into three related, but
separate geographic groups (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:55).
A third group of pins comes from the region between the
rivers Sava, Drava, and Danube and the area south of the
river Sava as far as the Glasinac region, and is characterized
by its large dimensions and plastic "baroque" decoration.
This type of pin is seen in hoards of the phase II that show
strong tradition of the Br D period, such as the Brodski
Varo (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 52:36, T. 53:3,10),
Zagreb-Demanov Prolaz (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 74:6),
and Bonjaci (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 30:18,19) hoards.
In the Peklenica hoard, a pin with a globular head and
thickened and ribbed neck has been found. Analogies to this
find are seen in the hoards of the Blucina-Cezavy settlement
in Moravia (Rihovsky 1961: fig. 1:1, fig. 4:16). According
to Vinski-Gasparini (1973:54) this is the basis for the
argument of the existence of a link between the Virovitica
group and the Blucina-Cezavy horizon of Moravia that
is dated to the transitional, mixed horizon between the
Tumulus culture and the Urnfield culture. Similar pins
are found in the central Balkans (Vasi 2003: T. 19-20)
where we can date them to the period Br C/D, judging by
the find from grave 58 at Belegi (Vasi 2003:55). Pins
with a flattened, chanelled head are a typical product of
the workshops of the Posavina region near Slavonski Brod
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973:94), and are found in the OtokPrivlaka (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 28:25), Bonjaci
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 30:13,17), Veliko Nabrde
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 44:15,16), Poljanci I (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 48:13; Miklik-Lozuk 2009:83, no.150),
Poljanci II (Hansen 1994: T. 32:19), Gornja Vrba (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 51:19), and Brodski Varo (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 52:30,31,33,34) hoards. A typical item
of the Urnfield culture hoards are also pins with a hat-like
head that Vasi (2003:49-50) defines as the Petervasara
type, according to the find from the hoard of the same
name from northeastern Hungary. In southern Pannonia
(Croatia), this type of pin is found in the Otok-Privlaka
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 28:27a,b,28), and Brodski
Varo (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 52:42) hoards. The most
famous one is a richly decorated pin from the Svilo hoard
in Syrmia (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 85:21; Vasi 2003:
A detailed analysis of the fibulae finds from the Croatian

coast, therefore a region outside the main area of the
Urnfield culture, is given by Glogovic (2003). Although
122
similar pendant was found in the Veliko Nabre (fig. 60:1),

as well as in the Bingula Divo hoards (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 86:13). This type of pendant is also incised on
the idol from Klievac (Kossack 1954: T.3:4), where they
were suspended from a belt (fig. 60:3). They are also found
on the pectoral from the Gaj hoard near Kovin (Kossack
1954: Abb.l), and their abundance is seen in northeastern
and northern Hungary. Very interesting is a pendant in the
form of the hourglass with a model of a water bird on the
top (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 53:12), this being a common
motif in the Urnfield culture of the central Danube region.
In hoards from northern Croatia, anthropomorphic pendants
are also common, like those from Brodski Varo (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 56:37-38) and Priac (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 71:4). All those from Brodski Varo date to the
H a A l period (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:95), except for those
that are found on the Klievac idol. Pendants in the form
of a lancet (Lanzettanhnger) are present in the Brodski
Varo (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 56:52-53) and Priac
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 71:3,5) hoards, and are hung
on the fibula from Svilo (fig. 60:4).
T. 18:259). Vasi (2003:50) dates them into the horizon II

of hoards, which is in agreement with the Croatian finds. A
pin with a large head in the form of a vase ( Vasenkopfnadel)
was found in the Poljanci II hoard (Hansen 1994: T. 32:17),
quite similar to pins found at the Velemszentvid settlement
in Hungary (Rihovsky 1983: T. 23:562). According to
Rihovsky (1983:50) pins with a head in the form of a vase
can be either small or of larger dimensions and both types
are found during the whole duration of the Urnfield culture
in southeastern Alpine region.
Pendants
Hoards from the Urnfield culture in Croatia contain
numerous finds of pendants, which, with a total of 97
finds are the most numerous jewellery item in hoards. The
oldest pendants come in the form of spectacle pendants
(Brillenspiralen). According to Wels-Weyrauch (1991:69)
these pendants are made of various materials and can be
dated in a timeframe from the Copper Age to the Early Iron
Age. They come as decorated and non-decorated variants,
made of wire that was decorated prior to folding into the
spiral form. Most finds in the Urnfield culture hoards from
Croatia are of the non-decorated variant, such as in the
Otok-Privlaka (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 28:30), Veliko
Nabrde (Vinski-Gasparini 1973 T. 44:12-14), and Poljanci
I (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 49:16) hoards. The latter find
is complete and has direct analogies with the finds from
Bavaria (Wels-Weyrauch 1991: T. 19:575-594), some of
which can be dated to the beginning of the Bronze Age, as
in the case of the finds from Straubing, or to the end of the
Middle Bronze and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age,
as in the case of the finds of the Riegsee group. These are
mostly pendants with a twisted bow. A decorated spectacle
pendant was found in the Bonjaci hoard (fig. 60:2) with
direct analogies with pendants of the Bessunger Wald
variant from Bavaria (Wels-Weyrauch 1991: T. 20:611616). All of the decorated pendants can be dated to the
time of late Tumulus culture (Wels-Weyrauch 1991:77).
In the rich hoard from Brodski Varo fragments of such
pendants were found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 52:10-17).
One fragment was found in the Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 66:24), two in the Priac
hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 71:11-12) and another
one in the Budinina hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
79:9). Three fragments of an undecorated pendant were
found in the Bingula-Divo hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 86:23-25). This kind of pendant is not present in
hoards from the late phase of the Urnfield culture. Based
on the reconstruction of skeletal graves from grave mound
at Machtlwies and Dietldorf (Wels-Weyrauch 1991: T.
65B,C) these pendants were attached to a belt. Unlike this
type of pendants that are still within the tradition of the
Tumulus culture, in hoards from Croatia pendants that are
typical of the Urnfield culture appear. The largest number
of pendants are found in the Brodski Varo hoard where
a variant of the wheel-shaped pendant (Radanhanger) is
present (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 53:7, T. 56:34-35). A
One such pendant was found in the Poljanci IV hoard

(Miklik-Lozuk 2004: T .8:1; 2009:106, no.248). In southern
Bavaria, this type of pendant is found in urn graves (WelsWeyrauch 1991: T. 28:690-700). In the Brodski Varo
hoard, smaller, trumpet- and bell-shaped pendants that may
have been hung on a belt or fibulae also appear. The greatest
number of pendants were found in the Brodski Varo hoard
(40), followed by the finds from Priac (11), Veliko Nabre
(8), and Poljanci I (7) hoards. It can be seen that the most
pendant-rich hoards are found in the Croatian Posavina.
Interestingly, wheel-shaped pendants (Radanhnger) that
are so typical for the Urnfield culture, are totally absent in
the hoards from Posavina. These are present in the hoard
from Ivanec Bistranski (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 113:1516), and are of the type described in several publications
by Kossack (1954: T. 16:1-20). In Bavaria the pendants
that are most similar to those from the Ivanec Bistranski
hoard are of the scheme G (Wels-Weyrauch 1991: Abb.
4), found mostly in graves. They were worn on the chest
or around the waist and more rarely, on the head (WelsWeyrauch 1991:53). In the same region these pendants were
in use from the late Tumulus culture to the late phase of the
Urnfield culture, although they are most abundant during
the Gggenhofen and Riegsee periods, or the Br C and D
periods (Wels-Weyrauch 1991:54).
Belts
In the hoards of the Urnfield culture in northern Croatia,
fragments of belts that were part of the attire, and according
to some authors, reflect the social status or the identity of
the owner (Hansen 1994:236), were also found. I. KilianDirlmeier's study (1975) established the starting point for
the analysis of belts. In it, all then known belts and belt
buckles from Croatian hoards were published. Here we
bring a review of the recently published belts.
123

7), Guterita II (Petrescu-Dumbovita 1978: T. 117,323328), Pecica II (Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978: T. 126,41-42)
and Rabagani (Petrescu-Dumbovita: T. 13IB,22-23), i n
which two unfinished belt fragments were found. Fragments
of belts were also found in the Suseni (Petrescu-Dimbovita
1978: T. 138,71-77), palnaca II (Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978:
T. 153), and the well-known Uioara de Sus hoard (PetrescuDimbovita 1978: T. 200,1070-1073, T. 201,1074-1095).
A characteristic form of the early Urnfield culture belt is

decorated by punching (Gepunztes Dekor). Decorative
technique and motifs are, according to I. Kilian-Dirlmeier
(1975:107), the most important characteristics of this type
of belt. Examples of this type of belt come from Croatian
sites, such as Slavonski Brod-Livadiceva Ulica 7 hoard
(Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 44/45,428); Miskiv 1982: T.
7:7-8). The belt (fig. 61:1) was found in a vessel, alongside
items such as weapons, tools, and jewellery (Miskiv 1982).
In a Hungarian hoard from Vajdacska (Kemenczei 1982,

T. 1-6; Mozsolics 1985a, 210-211, T. 205-207) alongside
other bronze items, two bronze belt fragments were found
(Kemenczei 1982, Abb. 1, T. 5; Mozsolics 1985a, T. 207,12), one of which (Kemenczei 1982, Abb. 1, T. 5; Mozsolics
1985a, T. 207,1) is decorated by a wheel motif.
One published and analysed item from the Mackovac

hoard (fig. 67:2) should be mentioned in connection to the
aforementioned finds. It is a piece of bronze sheet, described
as a part of the bronze fitting for the wooden buckets
(Karavanic, Mihaljevic 2001:11,13-14). However, it was
noted that the item had a secondary use. In its final form it
was probably made from fragments of different decorated
bronze sheet metal items that are decorated in a similar
manner to the belts from the early phase of the Urnfield
culture. It is therefore likely that at Mackovac several belts
with different decorative motifs were present. The find from
Mackovac (fig. 67:2) points to the connections of the Nova
Gradiska and Slavonski Brod regions during the early phase
of the Urnfield culture.
This type of belts are concentrated in northeastern Hungary,

Transylvania, and Banat. From these Carpathian regions
they spread to the north, northwest and west, and are
found as single pieces at the sites in Carpathian Ukraine,
Hungarian Pannonia, and Slavonia. They are also present
in the Czech Republic, Poland, and central Germany
(Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 54-55). As far as dating, most
authors agree their duration is short and restricted to the
beginning of the Urnfield culture. Kemenczei (1982) dates
the Transylvanian finds to the Uriu-Opalyi period. This is
justified if we bear in mind the composition and decorative
motives that are similar to those on items from the Middle
Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin. On a belt of the
Sieding-Szeged type from the site of Szeged (an isolated
find) (Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 40/41:405) a flowing spiral
motif, characteristic of belts of the early Urnfield culture
can be seen, making this find a link between the Middle and
Late Bronze Age belt types (Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975:103).
In the Mackovac-Crisnjevi hoard (Karavanic, Mihaljevic
2001: T. 6:1) most likely another belt fragment was present
decorated with incised wave pattern that is reminiscent of
the Sieding-Szeged type of the Middle Bronze Age belts.
Similar finds come from the Hungarian hoards, such as
Esztergom (Mozsolics 1985a: T. 137:7,11).
Interestingly, craftsmen used the pieces of a rare and

prestigious part of the attire that is rarely preserved in order
to use it for making of another item. It is very unlikely
that the decoration was made in later times, on top of the
embosses. Decorative motifs on this belt are matching
those on the belt fragment from the hoard Slavonski BrodLivadiceva ulica (fig. 64:3), and partially to the one on the
large and complete belt (fig. 61:1).
Such belts were also found in the Drslavice-hoards I and
11/1963 as published by Kilian-Dirlmeier (1975: T .44,429,
T. 43:430-431, T. 44:433-434,437-438, T. 45:440-441,443444, T. 46:452-453,456, T. 47:446,448-450,T. 46:455,457).
Similar belts were found in Hungary, Banat, and in greatest
number, in Transylvania. We must also mention the newly
published finds from the Polesovice hoard in Moravia (Salas
1997: T. 24:601-614,841, T. 25:615-621). On two belts from
this hoard hooks used for hafting of the belt to the organic
underlining are preserved (Salas 1997: T. 4:614, T. 25:620).
One of these belts is undecorated (Salas 1997: T. 25:620)
and Salas (1997:42) believes it to be unfinished. Another
such unfinished belt comes from the Otok-Privlaka hoard
(fig. 63:2). It had a hafting hook on one end. A similar one
was found in the Jarak I hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
83:17). Based on the finds from Mackovac, both decorated
and undecorated broken fragments were used. Most finds
of decorated belts, similar to those from Slavonski Brod,
come from Romanian hoards such as Cehalut I (PetrescuDimbovita 1978: T. 25A,35-36), Baleni (PetrescuDimbovita 1978: T 53,83-86), Band (Petrescu-Dimbovita
1978, T 80B,22-23), Caransebes (Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978:
T. 87,50-62, T. 88,63-67), Dipa (Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978:
T. 98A.170), Giula (Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978: T. 103 A,6-
Horror vacui is quite characteristic for the belts of the

early Urnfield culture and it could be a reflection of the
motives on textiles and weaved items, therefore enriching
the already quite rich ornament variety of attire items in
the earliest phases of the Urnfield culture. Some authors
link these motives found on Middle Bronze Age items with
those on pottery of the same age (David 2002:71). Similar
tendency is seen on belts of the Riegsee type, on which the
surface is covered by a motif of flowing spirals, also seen
on sword hilts of the Riegsee type in the beginning of the
Urnfield culture. The appearance of this motif of stylized
nipple-like protuberances on bronze items in Slavonska
Posavina can perhaps be linked to the ceramics of the
Virovitica and Barice-Gredani groups.
At the Mackovac-Crisnjevi site, a small metal fitting was
accidentally found close to the archaeological trench, and
124
1. Veliko Nabre (after Vmski-Gasparini
Fig. 60 Examples of pendants from hoards in Croatia

1983 2. Bonjaci (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973) 3. Idol from Klievac (after Kossack 1954) 4.
fibula (Posamenterie Fibel) from Svilo (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973)
125
Passementerie
Fig. 61 Belts from the hoards in continental
Croatia
\. Slavonski Brod-Livadieva Ulica (after Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975) 2. Budinina (after Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975) 3. Dolina na Savi (after Schauer 1974)
might be in the belt from Livadiceva Ulica on which sunlike, or possibly floral motif is seen, most certainly an
influence from the Carpathian Basin and with prototypes
on the Middle Bronze Age items (David 2002). Similar
composition and motifs are seen on other belt fragments,
such as those from Apagy (Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T.
44:436), Novi Becej (Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 45:439),
and Drslavice (Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 45:440-441).
Here too, a motif of a concentric circle that could have
symbolized sun (sun cult), but executed in a different
manner, with another technique, is present.
could have been a part of a hoard (Karavanic, Mihaljevic

2001). Its decoration (fig. 62:2 ) and motifs are closest to
those of the belts with the so-called embossed decoration
(Getriebenes Dekor) recognized by Kilian-Dirlmeier
(1975:112-115).
The exact use of these bronze sheet fragments is uncertain
(Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975:113) as they lack the hooks for
closing of the belt, with the exception of the belt from
the Budinscina hoard on which a single hook is preserved
(Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 46/47:460; Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T. 79:19). This belt, or belt fitting, is made of thin
bronze sheet and it is assumed it was fixed on a textile
undelining. However, no holes for hafting were found.
Another similar bronze sheet fragment was found in the
Otok-Privlaka hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 29:22),
and another one in the Budinscina hoard, although this had
somewhat simple decoration (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
79:20; Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 48/49:469). Unlike the
first belt that had a decoration of tiny dots that separate the
surface into several zones filled with punched concentric
circles, the second belt had only four crosses on its entire
surface. The belt from the Bingula-Divos hoard (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 86:7,17; Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T.
49:470) is similar to the one from Budinscina (fig. 61:2),
but was not decorated with punched dots. A model for
the motives seen on the belt from the Budinscina hoard
The most similar to the find of Mackovac (fig. 62\2) is a belt

from the Kek hoard (fig. 62:1). Another belt, an undecorated
one, has been found in the Kek hoard (Mozsolics 1985a: T.
192:29). Judgind by the shape it could be of the same type
as that from Slavonski Brod. The metal fitting or belt from
the Mackovac-Crisnjevi hoard is decorated on its front side
with motifs made of punched dots. At the ends, vertical
lines of dots that mark the border of the decorated area can
be seen, while at the ends of the fragment, two holes on
each side are present, which most likely used to haft it to the
underlining made of cloth. Belts from Mackovac lack larger
nipple-like protuberances (Buckeln) such are seen on the
belt from the Veliko Nabrde hoard (fig. 63:1). Nipple-like
decoration is also present on a belt from Fiad-Ker Puszta
(Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 48/49:472).
126
Fig. 62 Belts of early Urnfield

culture
l.Kek (after Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975) 2. Mackovac-Crisnjevi (after Karavanic
2007a)
In sum, in the Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement three different

types of belts are present. One was decorated by punching
or hammered dots (fig. 62:2). Fragments of the other one
were used later to make some other object (fig. 67:2), while
the third (Karavanic, Mihaljevic 2001: T. 6:1) belongs to an
earlier belt type. It is assumed that the second belt came to
the settlement along with the raw material from the eastern
part of the Carpathian Basin, or as a finished product that
was later damaged. Both belts have motifs that are also seen
in earlier times, such as a time when the HajdusamsonApa style was present in the eastern part ot the Carpathian
Basin: spirals, sun-discs, stylized nipple decoration, or a
motif of the hourglass. The Croatian Posavina region in
the southern part of the Pannonian basin was also a part of
the trade network and networks of the exchange of ideas
and technological and artistic skills in the time of the late
Middle and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age.
A bronze sheet fragment with holes for rivets was found in

the Poljanci II hoard (Hansen 1994: T. 32:1). It is similar
to the belt fragment from the Mackovac-Crisnjevi hoard
(Karavanic, Mihaljevic 2001: T. 6:1) and therefore it could
be a part of a belt too.
Close to Mackovac, the hoard at Dolina na Savi was found

and in it a fragment of a thin bronze sheet with punched
decorations and holes for hafting of organic underlining (fig.
61:3/ This fragment could be a part of a belt, and the motif
is reminiscent of the fitting or belt from the MackovacCrisnjevi hoard (fig. 62:2). In the same hoard a fragment
of a belt buckle was found (fig. 63:3) and decoration in the
form of the plastic ribs that is similar to the one on the belt
buckle from the Pricac hoard.
As far as the late variants of belts and belt buckles, we

must mention the find from the Kapelna hoard (fig. 64:1-2,
4-5) defined as a separate type of belt. Finds of this richly
decorated belt type are found in the wide geographic
region, from northern Croatia, Moravia (Uvalno) (KilianDirlmeier 1975: T. 4:392), western Hungary (Jobbahaza
hoard) (Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 32:391) to Provence
in France, at Plan d' Aups (Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T.3
5:393), and Ascros (Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975: T. 35:394). In
An item from the Pricac hoard (fig. 63:4) was published by

Kilian-Dirlmeier (1975:90, T. 31:376) as a belt buckle, but
it is possible that it was a part of horse harness or sword
pendant. It had a rivet on its inside, most likely for hafting
to the leather underlining.
In the Sica-Lucica hoard (Perkic,Loznjak-Dizdar (2005: T.
10:163,180) a belt fragment similar to the one from the
Otok-Privlaka hoard, as well as belt buckles with analogies
in hoards from Hungary, were found (Perkic, LoznjakDizdar 2005:72).
127
Fig. 63 Other finds of belts and belt buckles from the area of continental
Croatia
1. Veliko Nabre (after Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975) 2. Otok-Privlaka (after Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975) 3. Dolina na Savi (after Schauer 1974) 4. Priac (after
Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975)
128
Fig. 64 Belt fragments from Kapelna and Slavonski Brod-Livadieva

ulica hoard
1-2,4-5. Kapelna hoard (after Kilian-Dirlmeier 1975) 3. Slavonski Brod-Livadieva ulica (after Mikiv 1982)
129
Urnfield Culture i" Continental
of vessel's body and neck (fig. 66:1), as shown after

restoration. According to Vinski-Gasparini's reconstruction
(1968: T. 2) the bucket of the Kurd type from Bizovac was
about 30 cm in height (fig. 66:3). A bucket of the same
type was also found in the Podrute hoard (fig. 66:2), where
only a fragment of the bronze sheet from the lower part of
vessel's body is preserved.
the Kapelna hoard, richly decorated bracelets also were

found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973 T. 111:5-12), similar to those
from the Ivanec Bistranski hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 113:19-21) that are dated on the basis of finds from the
Herrenbaumgarten hoard into the Ha B2 period (MiillerKarpe 1959: T. 142A). The Kapelna hoard dates from the
Ha B1 period and the phase IV of the Urnfield culture in
northern Croatia (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:167).
Thus the bucket could not be reconstructed, although

Vinski-Gasparini (1968:5) argues it was even bigger than
that from Bizovac, based on the thickness of bronze sheet
metal. Rivets were also bigger, reaching 2 mm in diameter.
Vinski-Gasparini (1968) gives us a review of publications
on buckets and situlae and acknowledges Merhart's novel
view on origins of situlae from Italy and the eastern Alpine
region (Vinski-Gasparini 1968:2). Merhart (1952) argued
that the oldest buckets of the Kurd type come from western
Pannonia, or western Transdanubia and belong to the early
phase of the Urnfield culture. This area is the starting point
for the later Italian and Alpine Hallstatt circle.
Vessels
Many hoards contain bronze sheet fragments of vessels with
punched decorations. An example is a smaller bowl from
1973: T. 66:41) that dates to the early phase of the Urnfield
culture in northern Croatia (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:97), and
can be linked to the oldest bronze vessels of the eastern
Alpine circle, such as those of the Baierdorf group from the
Gusen cemetery in Lower Austria.
A fragment of a bronze vessel or bucket of the Kurd type
was found in the Bizovac hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973:
T. 35,10a,b,c). This bucket survived only in fragments
In this type of bucket we must also include several finds

from former Yugoslavia, such as those from the phase II
130
Fig. 67 Metal fittings of wooden

Crisnjevi
buckets from
hoard
the
Mackovac
Danube Basin and locates their origin to the southwestern

part of Pannonia (Vinski-Gasparini 1968: fig. 1; VinskiGasparini 1973:84). Recently, Knig published the finds
from the Bokavic hoard (2004:184-191, T. 37-49), in which
he lists and describes all the finds from the hoard. According
to Knig (2004:120, T. 48:253,254) two fragments can be
attributed to the buckets of the Hajdubszrmeny type.
Decorated bronze strap handles (Knig 2004:122, T.
48:260,261) could have been parts of smaller metal cups of
the Jenisovice-Kirkendrup type, or even of the Fuchsstadt
type, but it is more likely that they were parts of a bucket
of the Kurd type, as rightfully noted previously by VinskiGasparini (1968:11). According to her, other fragments
could also have been parts of this type of bucket, e.g those
previously published by Knig (2004:190, T. 48:264) as two
bronze sheet fragments hafted with rivets, and not attributed
to any specific type of vessel. Fragments of a rim made
of bronze sheet and decorated with incised ornaments are
believed to be parts of a smaller cauldron with cross-shaped
handles (Knig 2004: T. 48:257,258), a notion supported
by Vinski-Gasparini (1968:10). A fragment similar to
those from the Bokavic-Lukavac hoard were found in the
Romanian hoards such as Cornesti (Petrescu-Dimbovita
1978: T. 230:42), Moigrad I (Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978:
T. 234:1-3), Singeorgiu de Padure I (Petrescu-Dimbovita
Fig. 66 Vessels (buckets) of the Kurd type from

Croatia
1. Bizovac (after Vinski-Gasparini 1968) 2. Podrute (after VinskiGasparini 1968) 3. A reconstruction of the Bizovac bucket (after
Vinski-Gasparini 1968)
hoard of Privina glava in Syrmia (Garasanin 1954: T. 14:7),

and the Lukavac-Bokavic hoard from northern Bosnia,
dated to the end of the Ha A2 period (phase III), (Konig
2004: T. 37-49). This enlarges the collection of the oldest
finds of the buckets of the Kurd type in the Pannonian
131
Fig. 68 A map of vessel and vessel fragment finds at the area of Urnfield cidture in northern
Croatia
1. Bizovac 2. Podrute 3. Budinina 4. Veliko Nabre 5. Brodski Varo 6. Poljanci II 7. Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod 8. Makovac-Crinjevi
IV10. Sia-Luica 11. Slavonski Brod RGZM12. Malika 13. Kalnik-Igrie 14. Hlebine (Gabajeva Greda)
9. Poljanci
the way they were hafted to the vessel's body, and the row
of holes on the shoulder).
1978: T. 262:10), Burn (Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978: T.

256A:3), and Sincraieni I (Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978: T.
241B:4). In the Bradut hoard (Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978: T:
227A:3-4) there were two smaller cauldrons, one of which
is decorated with incised ornament at the rim and punched
ornament on the vessel's body. A fragment of a twisted
handle from the Bokavic hoard (Knig 2004: T. 48:259)
might have been a part of a cauldron. Authors agree that
Lukavac and Bokavic hoards belong to the Ha A2 period,
based on a find of a bow fibula (Knig 2004: T. 43:126). An
accidental find of a cauldron from Podravina was recently
published by Loznjak-Dizdar (2007). It was found in the
Gabajeva Greda gravel pit (Hlebine municipality), and
based on similarities with the handle from the Slavonski
Brod RGZM hoard (Clausing 2004:104: Abb. 29:83), it is
dated to the Ha A l period. In the hoard from Slavonski
Brod, kept at the Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum
in Mainz, a bronze cup, quite similar to the one from the
Tamsi hoard (Clausing 2004:95) was found.
Buckets of the Kurd type were analyzed in detail by

Merhart (1952) who argued that their chronology can be
made based on their size, where older ones are smaller in
size. Patay (1982:317) argues that on the basis of published
finds it is possible to differentiate distinct groups, such as
the Kurd group, as exemplified by the find from the hoard
of the same name (Mozsolics 1985a: T. 22). Buckets of this
group were 19-21 cm in height, with bodies made from two
bronze sheet parts (Patay 1982:317). As the oldest group
Patay sees the Hosszupalyi group, which includes finds
from the Hosszupalyi site (Mozsolics 1985a: T. 190:5), as
well as the find from Bakonszeg (Patay 1982: Abb. 1). In
Patay's opinion the bearers of the Gava group produced
these vessels, and that these vessels were not made under
the influence of the Urnfield culture of the Middle Danube
Basin (Patay 1982:320). Two additional finds of such
vessels come from the Piispokladany site. The larger one is
similar to the aforementioned ones, while the other is very
small and according to Patay (1982:318) could represent
an intermediate link between the Kurd and Hosszupalyi
groups. Based on the geographic distribution of finds of
buckets of the Kurd type, Patay (1982:318-319) argues
that the distribution is partially overlapping with the finds
of the Hajduboszormeny group and therefore both groups
An interesting clay imitation of a bucket of the Kurd type

was found at the Kalnik-Igrisce site (Majnaric-Pandzic
1992a:64, T. 3). Majnaric-Pandzic (1992a:64) sees this as
a proof that at Kalnik, more sophisticated items of bronze
metalwork were made, a model of which is clearly seen in
details and overall form (especially the form of handles and
132
type were produced during the Ha A1 period and were used

during the Ha A2 period. Patay (1982:321) further argues
that both of the aforementioned gropus of buckets of the
Kurd type were made in different workshops.
could have been produced in the same workshops. Patay

(1982:319) lists additional two fragments of buckets from
the Bodrogzsadany and Zbince sites, but as they cannot
be attributed to a specific group, does not go into detailed
description. Based on the grave, as well as hoard finds,
Patay (1982:320) assumes that the buckets of the Kurd
The second type of vessels that appear in the hoards are
133

come from the Pricac hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
72:10), ascribed to the Bugelknebel group after Hiittel
(1981: T. 20:219), although these from Pricac are more
bow-like in form (Hiittel 1981:148). They were most
likely made in a local workshop of the Pannonian Basin.
Other finds of psalia come from the Romanian hoards
such as Lozna Mare (Hiittel 1981:148, T. 21:220-223) and
Ungureni II (Hiittel 1981:147, T. 20:218), which can be
dated to the Uriu or Jungbronzezeit I period. Somewhat
younger examples come from the area to the west, such as
Reallon and Hochstadt (Hiittel 1981:149), dated to the later
Urnfield culture. The find from the Pricac hoard represents
a link between the two aforementioned groups of psalia,
but its origin must be sought in the southern part of the
Pannonian basin. A possible unfinished psalia come from
the Brodski Varos hoard (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 59:47)
in the Slavonski Brod region. In it, a nail with a flattened
head was also found (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.57:53),
quite similar to the ones from the Mengen II grave (Hiittel
1981: T.31), as well as an item in the form of a nail with
two heads, an item that is also found in more abundance in
the Legrad hoard (fig. 69).
wooden buckets, of which metal fittings remain preserved.

Similarly decorated bronze sheet fragments were found in
the Budinscina (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 79:16), Veliko
Nabrde (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T .44:4), Brodski Varos
(Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 57:2,6), Poljanci II (Bulat 19731975: T. 16:1-10), and Mackovac-II or Mackovac-Crisnjevi
(fig. 67) hoards.
Clausing (1996:427-428) gives a detailed list of hoards in
which such bronze sheet fragments were found, all of which
he dates to the early Urnfield culture.
A metal vessel is mentioned in the publication of the
Malicka hoard (Balen-Letunic 1985:40, T. 2:3) in
reference to the vessel from the Gusterita hoard in Romania
(Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978: T. 114:229), and the Merlara
hoard from northern Italy (Muller-Karpe 1959: T. 83:7),
which is dated to the Ha A1 period. A similar fragment of
a bronze vessel was found in the Poljanci IV-Donje Polje
hoard (Miklik-Lozuk 2004: T. 9:3; 2009:108, no.259), and
additional fragments conic from the Sica-Lucica hoard
(Perkic,Loznjak-Dizdar 2005: T. 10:161) with closest
analogies to the bucket of the Kurd type from Bizovac.
It is also found in the Poljanci I hoard (Vinski-Gasparini

1973: T .49:17; Miklik-Lozuk 2009:76, no.115), as well
as in the somewhat younger hoard from Miljana (VinskiGasparini 1973: T. 112:10). A nail with a flattened head was
also found in the Otok-Privlaka hoard (Vinski-Gasparini
1973: T.29:15). Miklik-Lozuk (2009:24) leaves open the
possibility that these nails could be a part of a wheel.
Horse harness
Horse harness includes the following items: cheek-pieces
(psalia), horse bits, strap joints, and pendants. The so-called
Thraco-Cimmerian horse harness is typical for the hoards
of the phase V, but finds of horse harness are also present
in hoards of the earlier phases, recently mapped in detail
by Perkic and Loznjak-Dizdar (2005: map 4). According
to Perkic and Loznjak-Dizdar (2005:80) strap joints with
a cross-like decoration in the middle are found in the SicaLucica (Perkic, Loznjak-Dizdar 2005: T. 9:158), OtokPrivlaka (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 28:18-19), Brodski
Varos (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 57:46), Poljanci II (Bulat
1975: T. XIII:31-34), Mackovac (Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T.
73:12), and Malicka (Balen-Letunic 1985: T. 2:7) hoards.
Recently Miklik-Lozuk (2009: si. 11) published one more
strap joint from the Poljanci I hoard. Perkic and LoznjakDizdar (2005:80) argue that such strap joints are in use
for a long time, to the Ha B period, when similar types
are found that according to Metzner-Nebelsick have no
connection to the earlier finds of the early phase of the
Urnfield culture. Majnaric-Pandzic (1968:34), however,
leaves this possibility open.
Vinski-Gasparini (1973:99) mentions a find of the middle

part of horse bits from the Velika Gorica cemetery, dated
to the earlier phase of the Ha B period.
Legrad (fig. 69) and Sarengrad (Brunsmid 1899-1900b;
Vinski-Gasparini 1973: T. 130B, T. 131) hoards date to
the phase V and the end of the Late Bronze Age. Lately
the hoard From Sarengrad is dated to phase VI (MetznerNebelsick 2002).
The youngest hoard is that from Sarengrad. In both hoards
horse harness of the Thraco-Cimmerian type was found,
analysed by Metzner-Nebelsick (1994; 2002). She also
published the find from Batina (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002:
T. 36-38), which included 42 items of horse harness of the
Thraco-Cimmerian type.
The earliest finds of metal psalia so far found in Croatia
134
5 . CONCLUSION
the finds of smaller chisels (fig. 51) and punches mostly

from hoards, and some from settlements. These finds inform
us on the developed local production of metal objects at the
sites of the Urnfield culture in Croatia. This is supported
by finds such as prestigious weapons, especially defensive
armour, as well as of jewellery and attire items. Some of
the earlier helmets, such as those with a star-shaped motif
(for example helmet from Veliko Nabre hoard) (fig. 57),
and those with decoration in the shape of concentric circles,
were made in local workshops.
The main aim of this book is to analyze three types of Late

Bronze Age finds from continental Croatia: settlements,
cemeteries and hoards. Bronze items from hoards are
also linked to the problem of metal working and process
of ore and raw material processing, as well as production
of finished bronze products. Therefore, distribution of ore
deposits, processing of ores and their distribution to the
place of final production were treated in separate chapters.
We have also summarized the available published results
of analyses of bronze raw materials, the so-called planoconvex ingots from the hoards of Miljana (Drfler et al
1969), Zagreb-Dezmanov Prolaz (Glogovic, Miko 2000),
and Pustakovec (Riederer 1999). The results showed that
the ingots had a high iron component. This is especially
true for the Pustakovec hoard. Several other analyses have
been done on hoard finds, but are yet unpublished. These
analyses are of great importance, as they could help in
determining the source of raw material for the production of
bronze objects from Croatia. The only published analysis of
metal finds are those from Torcec (Glogovic, Miko 2001).
Some of the items are assumed to be imports from other

regions, such as the Carpathian Basin, where most of the
biggest hoards have been found. Other items, such as certain
pin types (e.g. pins with a chanelled and flattened head),
and pendants from hoards such as Brodski Varo, Priac,
and Veliko Nabre in the Posavina region, are of local
production. Some of these pendant types have roots in the
Middle Bronze Age of southern Pannonia, as documented
by a wheel-shaped pendant on the belt of the idol from
Klievac (fig. 60:3). Technique and decoration on the belt
from Slavonski Brod-Livadieva Ulica (fig. 61:1) is similar
to that seen on belts from rich hoards in Transylvania
(Petrescu-Dimbovita 1978), as well as in the Vajdacska
hoard from Hungary (Kemenczei 1982), and might have
been imported from there. However, in the Makovac hoard
(Makovac-Crinjevi) a bronze sheet metal was found,
which belonged to the bronze fitting of a wooden bucket
(fig. 67:2). It was decorated with embosses, although it had
originally been decorated with punched decoration, quite
like that on the belt from Slavonski Brod as well as some
other belts, and only later this piece was used in vessel
production. It is unclear why would this rare attire item,
which could have come to the region as a result of trade
with Transylvania, be used for such a purpose. A second
possibility is that the bronze sheet was brought in pieces as
a raw material for production of other items. Perhaps due to
the abundance of these types of finds in the Carpathian basin
they were regularly reused as a raw material. In any case, the
Most finds on which we base our understanding of bronze

casting activities are moulds. Moulds are a relatively
common find in Croatia, especially if we take into
account the state of research on the Urnfield culture and
its settlements. Most of these moulds are either accidental
finds, or were found in settlements (fig. 48). None come
from graves or hoards. Moulds are bipartite, and most were
made of sandstone or clay. We must mention the find of a
bronze-casting workshop at Sv. Petar Ludbreski, recently
dated (Simek 2004) to the beginning of the Early Iron Age,
although we believe that the items that were cast in them
are within the milieu of the Urnfield culture. An important
example of a tuyere or clay nozzle (fig. 50:1) with analogies
at the Velemszentvid settelement in Hungary, was also
found there. Moulds, but also remains of slag, the so-called
chanelled stones (fig. 45), clay nozzles and various tools
like chisels (fig. 51) and saws used in production of bronze
items were found in settlements. We bring an overview of
135

combination of various decorations on a single bronze sheet
is interesting and allows for different conclusions. Special
chapters are dealing with the hoard finds, their chronology
and periodisation and also the meaning of their deposition.
Vinski-Gasparini (1983:650) believes that the function of
hoards was in fact multiple. Like most scholars, she too
recognizes two types of hoards: sacral and profane. Sacral
are of a votive or cult nature, and often consist of only one,
sometimes two or three types of objects, that sometimes
show traces of burning. Profane hoards include those of the
bronze founders, possibly of itinerant craftsmen, or, most
often, are hoards that represent valuable material goods that
were stored. According to Vinski-Gasparini (1983:650), we
should not exclude a possibility that danger was one of
the reasons for the deposition of the hoards, as shown by
examples from the Roman period and the Middle Ages. A
characteristic of hoards from the southern Pannonian region
(especially the region between rivers Sava and Drava and
the area south of the Sava river, including northern Bosnia)
is (Vinski-Gasparini 1983:650) that they include broken
bronze pieces and we should include them into the mixed
hoard group. Those hoards are not of cult meaning, but
are a sort of hidden treasure. Vinski-Gasparini (1983:650)
is right in saying that because the circumstances of their
discovery are unknown it is impossible to be sure whether
these are indeed hoards of bronze founders. At the time
when her synthetic work on the Urnfield culture and hoards
was done, no results on settlement research was available.
Therefore, she uses the example of a hoard discovered at
the Jakovo-Ekonomija Sava settlement (Vinski-Gasparini
1973:78) in eastern Syrmia. The hoard was analyzed by
Tasic (1962). However, Vinski-Gasparini (1973:78) states
that on all sites of the Slavonski Brod region, where hoards
were discovered, pieces of pottery with profiles typical for
the early phase of the Urnfield culture were found. Research
of settlements was intensified only within the last decade
which allowed to make a connection between most of the
hoards of the southern Pannonia and settlements of the early
Urnfield culture, such as Mackovac-Crisnjevi (Karavanic,
Mihaljevic 2001; Karavanic et al 2002). According to
Vinski-Gasparini (1973:78) hoards might have been buried
within settlements and used as material goods, or means
of payment. Most of the hoards of the phase II, however,
contain pieces of broken bronze as well as raw, unprocessed
bronze, pointing to some sort of casting activity. For a more
complete picture we need moulds and other objects that
would point to the metal working activity in settlements.
We talked about it in more detail in our analysis of the
Mackovac-Crisnjevi hoard (Karavanic, Mihaljevic 2001)
and other finds that point to metal working activities in the
Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement (Karavanic 2006). In sum,
Vinski-Gasparini (1973; 1983) emphasized the profane
character of hoards of the southern Pannonia and Croatian
Posavina.
Clausing (2004) writes on the meaning of hoards, including
the ones from the Slavonski Brod area. He starts from
theoretical models that try to explain the phenomenon
136
of deposition of such large quantities of metal objects

throughout Europe. In this, he concentrates on two
models: one that assigns nomothetic meaning to these
hoards and sees them as expressions of purely religious
character; and the other model that sees them as purely
profane in character. The later is strongly argued against
by Hansel (1997:13) who points that a large number of
hoards cannot be a coincidence, and does not come from
dangerous times, but also from the times of continual
development of prosperous civilizations. Hansel (1997:13)
does not recognize a horizon of catastrophes that would
be marked by hoards. Breaks are seen in finds such as
graves and settlements, but those do not contain hoards
nor items that are common in hoards. Hansel (1997:14)
acknowledges the possibility that some of the hoards of the
travelling traders had a more profane character, but points
out that this would also mean that these traders were quite
unlucky, and why this would all hapen within the Bronze
Age also has to be explained. According to him, some of
the hoards might have belonged to bronze founders, but
this does not explain why would these founders leave such
large quantities of the precious metals. Hansel (1997:15)
believes that founders themselves often made sacrifices
to gods, as they were involved in a hard and dangerous
activities and owned metals, thus needing extra help
from deities. He also mentions the Greek god-blacksmith
Hephestus. Clausing (2004:142) informs us that the topic
of the 1984 meeting of the German Archaeological Society
were hoard finds, resulting in a great number of published
works on this topic in the following year, some of which
tried to explain the meaning of hoards (Mandera 1985;
Pauli 1985; Torbrugge 1985). Torbriigge (1985) was quite
critical of previous attempts to explain the reasons for
deposition of bronze items. According to him, most older
work, but some new publications as well, were of a purely
antiquarian character, as they often have only a single page
on the explanation of the reasons for hoard deposition. He
is especially critical of Menke's 1976 habilitation thesis
in which the whole phenomenon of hoards is considered
mainly cult in character, as profane character could not
be clearly seen (Torbrugge 1985:17). He argues that even
though there are much more finds, this did not increase the
attempts to explain their nature mainly because the same
criterion in which he distinguishes between the common
customs of depositing from the accidental episodes.
Therefore, according to Torbrugge (1985:18) there is even
more dichotomy between profane and non-profane hoards.
According to Torbrugge (1985:19), such a wide scale of
human activity cannot be easily explained and classified,
and often there is a connection among the profane and
ritual in a number of practical and spiritual aspects. This is
precisely what Hansel had in mind when he talked about
the participation of master craftsmen in sacrificial rituals.
Mandera (1985:187) brings us an overview of the earlier
German writings, which mostly saw hoards as votive or
sacrificial gifts to gods. This is especially aimed at hoards
found in water, swamps, wells, but also caves, cliffs and
abysses. Authors that support this explanation are Kubach,
Conclusion
1|
offerings, but acknowledges that many of the ancient
Greece's votive offerings were also broken and damaged.
Hansen (1994:387-388) also states that hoards contained
already used items (most often weapons, tools, jewellery,
and attire components), but also ones that still bear traces
of casting. The latter, according to Hansen, were not
necessarily meant to be reused in casting, but could have
also been a gift to gods, for which he again draws parallels
to the examples from ancient Greece (Hansen 1994:388).
Hundt, Torbriigge, Zimmermann, Driehaus and Schauer

.(Mandera 1985:187). We are still unclear on the hoards
; from the earlier phase of the Urnfield culture, and whether
s they represent votive sacrifices or buried treasures. Mandera
(1985:187, 190) is especially interested in hoards of the
Late Urnfield culture of Ha B3 period and suggests a model
in which hoards are mainly gifts to gods in some sort of
sacred places and later, due to political reasons, were buried
not to be taken out of the ground again (because they were
either forgotten, or for some other reason). In this, he
combines the sacral and profane character of hoards. Unlike
Mandera, Wegner sees this secondary deposition of hoards
not as a result of wars and dangerous times, but as a change
in cult practices (Mandera 1985:187). Mandera, based on
publications by Stein and von Brunn (1968), recognizes the
so-called catastrophic horizons, in which hoards are more
numerous in certain areas. These horizons are, according to
him, not localized, but can be observed in wider regions. It
is likely that both causes played a role.
It is noticeable from the list and the analysis of the hoard

finds that after Vinski-Gasparini's publication (1973) the
number of hoards increased, and that those found by chance
still prevail. Only the Mackovac-Crisnjevi hoard was found
within an early Urnfield culture settlement (Karavanie,
Mihaljevic 2001; Karavanie 2006). Important publications
of hoards from the Slavonski Brod region, such as Slavonski
Brod RGZM (Clausing 2004), and Poljanci hoards (MiklikLozuk 2004; 2009) add to our knowledge on the hoard finds
from this region and show a priority of the hoards from
the Posavina region in their variety and number of bronze
items. A statistical analysis showed differences in number of
hoards according to horizons after Vinski-Gasparini (1973;
1983), and it can be seen that most hoards are from horizon
II, or the Veliko Nabrde horizon (fig. 53), represented by 38
hoards of bronze items, followed by phase IV - Miljana, and
phase V - Matijevici, represented by 8 hoards each. There
are 6 hoards from the phase III-Klostar Ivanic, while only
one is from phase I-Peklenica. The structure of hoards was
defined on the basis of individual variables that represent
bronze item types. On the basis of the so-called cross-tables
it was possible to define the item distribution according to
individual hoards. For example, Bizovac and Brodski Varos
hoards contain the largest number of swords (fig. 54). The
analysis of the abundance of certain item types gave us the
following results: the most common items are sickles (a
total of 584 sickles were found in 61 hoards) followed by
axes of which 336 were found. A total of 216 bracelets were
found, 141 fragments of bronze sheet, 130 spearheads, and
125 swords. Horse harness and bronze ingots are present
in 98 cases and within 61 hoards. Pendants are a common
part of the attire (like the aforementioned bracelets) and
97 of them were found. 74 ornamented plates, 59 daggers,
53 pins, 51 knives, 49 chissels, 43 fibulae, and 34 saws
have been found, as well as 29 necklacess, and 27 razors.
Defensive armour is present in 25 cases. 23 bronze vessels,
and 15 belts have also been found. Other 166 bronze items
found could not be identified and ascribed to a certain
type. The analysis showed dominance of certain types
of items, such as sickles and axes. This is common for
hoards of the Urnfield culture in Croatia, as well as in
other neighbouring regions, e.g. in Slovenia (Terzan et al.
1996). Various attire components and jewellery items, such
as pendants, bracelets, and fibulae, are also quite common,
as noted previously as a characteristic of Croatian hoards
by Terzan ( 1995:334). Bronze sheet fragments that were
parts of defensive armour, vessels, or other items, are
also quite numerous. We can link a significant number of
Hansen (1994) is another author that argues for votive

explanation of hoards, especially of those from the older
phase of the Urnfield culture and sees this as one of the
structural marks of the Bronze Age society (Hansen
1994:371). The most important question that Hansen asks
is: why were these bronze items used for something that
was not their primary function? He believes we can get an
answer to this question through analogies from ethnology
and ancient writings, but also thrugh the use of social
models (Hansen 1994:371). Hansen believes that the bronze
objects are quite exclusive and bases his research on: 1. The
so-called production of prestigious objects, and 2. Certain
aspects of sacrificial activity or of votive finds. Hansen
uses a quote from Reinecke (Hansen 1994:372, Anm.5)
where he argues that there is no way that people would lose
such large quantities of metals were they not faced with a
grave danger, thus arguing against voluntary deposition of
such items (although it can be linked to prevention against
danger).
Nebelsick (1997) also argues that the reason why these
bronze items were broken is ritual breaking, and not a result
of the activity of bronze founders. On the other hand, A.
Mozsolics (1985b) collected all melted and later assembled
pieces from hoards of the Carpathian Basin and Hungary
and was able to prove that they were secondarily used for
bronze-casting activity. Her work was a basis for Clausing's
analysis of the Slavonski Brod (RGZM) hoard (2004:153) in
which he used such objects to argue that the hoard belonged
to a bronze founder. Interestingly, he also draws parallels
with certain non-industrial societies in which founders and
blacksmiths also serve in religious ceremonies, and argues
that there is no reason why Bronze Age casters could not
have done the same and buried their treasures as a part
of some religious ceremony (Clausing 2004:149). In this,
Clausing is very close to Hansel's explanation (1997:15).
Hansen (1994:387) argues that the broken pieces (the socalled Brucherzcharakter) were not very useful as votive
137

saws to them, as saws were most likely used to cut bronze
(Teran 2003), while chisels were used to cut and decorate
bronze items. About the same number of swords (125) and
spears (130) has been found, both being offensive weapons.
Razors are also numerous and mostly belong to the earlier
phase of the Urnfield culture, while during the later phase
they appear in graves of the Urnfield culture, e.g. at Velika
Gorica.
As we have stated previously, settlements were poorly
known at the time of Vinski-Gasparini's (1973) synthetic
publication. Only Novigrad na Savi, Bregana, Kiringrad,
Erdut, and Beli Manastir were known at the time. Following
the publication of Vinski-Gasparini (1973), more emphasis
was put on settlements. The excavations at Novigrad na
Savi by Majnari-Pandi led to the discovery of various
structures, houses, and floors, as well as pottery and metal
items (Majnari-Pandi 1993; 2000). The rise of the
research of settlements can be seen during the 1980s when
most of the known sites, such as Turska Kosa (ukovi
1989), piak (Pavii 1986/1987), and Kalnik-Igrie
(Majnari-Pandi 1992a; 1998a) were excavated. The
Krievci region is very interesting, as several settlements
were excavated there, including Kalnik-Igrie I and II,
Krievci-Ciglana (Homen 1982), and Sv. Martin village
(Homen 1989). Research of these sites provided a basis
for understanding of settlements of the Zagreb group in
northwestern Croatia and confirmed Vinski-Gasparini's
thesis on the importance of the influences of BaierdorfVelatice group. The most important results that stem from
the research of settlements are certain chronological and
cultural (cultural-historic) conclusions. Data on the size,
character, and settlement structures are not that significant,
as the excavated surface is in most cases very small. We
must note the finds of 7 hearths made of burnt clay found at
a surface of about 100 square meters at Kalnik-Igrie I (fig.
18). It is assumed that in this part of the Kalnik settlement
bronze casting activities were done, as supported by a
number of metal worker's items (Vrdoljak 1992; Vrdoljak,
Forenbaher 1995). The excavations of the second part of
the Kalnik settlement, Kalnik-Igrie II, begun in 2006
(Karavani 2007b; 2008). It belongs to the late phase of
the Urnfield culture with dominant characteristics of the
Rue group, such as fine pottery decorated with hanging
triangles, zigzag motifs, or white incrustation (PI. 38:1-2).
In this part of the settlement, a house with a hearth (fig.
28), remains of wooden posts and post holes (fig. 29) was
found. On the floor of the house a lot of pottery was found,
mostly pots and larger bowls with inverted rims, as well
as fine bowls decorated with incrustation and the so-called
pseudoschnur ornament (PL 38:3). Important finds also
include the remains of carbonized grains, mostly wheat,
broad bean, and wild apples (fig. 30). Paleobotanical
analysis was done by Dr. Renata otari (The Institute of
Botany, Department of Biology of the Faculty of Science
in Zagreb). Based on all this it can be concluded that this
part of the Kalnik settlement was used for food preparation
and related activities. Weaving was also done in this part
of the settlement, judging by the finds of spindle whorls

and loom weights (PL 41-44). Analogies for these finds
were found at the Nova Bukovica settlement (Kovacevic
2001). Paleobotanical analysis of the finds from that site
was also done by Sostaric (2001). Finds that can be ascribed
to the Ruse group have also been discovered at the Spicak
settlement (Pavisic 1986/1987; 1993; 2001). Therefore, we
have very little data on the structures within settlements,
but based on what we have it can be concluded that most of
the activities at the Late Bronze Age settlements were done
around the open-air hearths. Houses made of wooden posts
and beams, like those at Kalnik-Igrisce II, were discovered,
some of which could also have had stone constructions. At
some settlements larger pits were discovered. Some were
used as storage pits, while some were refuse pits, like the
one found at Nova Bukovica (Kovacevic 2001). A storage
pit located at the edge of a house dwelling that contained
numerous pot and bowl fragments (PL 8-9) was also found
at Kalnik-Igrisce II (SU 013, 015) (fig. 27-28). A large
quantity of carbonized grains and broad beans was found
near it, suggesting pithoi were used to store them.
Data on cemeteries of all phases of the Urnfield culture
exists. Publications from the end of the 19th century describe
the finds from cemeteries at Krupace and Trescerovac, as
well from Velika Gorica, published in detail by Hoffiler
(1909). All these belong to the late phase of the Urnfield
culture, while those from the earlier phase, such as
Virovitica and Sirova Katalena, and Zagreb-Vrapce were
excavated in the 1960s. Recently excavations of cemeteries
at Moravce near Sesvete (Sokol 1989; 1996), and
Drljanovac (Majnaric-Pandzic 1988; 1994) was carried out.
Both belong to the Virovitica group, in which the finds from
Vocin (Loznjak 2003) should also be included. Numerous
graves from Gredani (Minichreiter 1982-1983), as well
as graves from Mackovac (Mihaljevic, Kalafatic 2006;
Mihaljevic, Kalafatic 2007), and Popemjak (Marijan 2005a,
2005b) belong to the Barice-Gredani group. Cemeteries
from eastern Slavonia and Baranja, such as Vukovar Lijeva
Bara, Dalj, Sarengrad, and Batina (Metzner-Nebelsick
2002) belong to a distinct Dalj group.
A characteristic feature of the Virovitica group is that the
cremated remains were put in an urn that was covered by
another bowl, while various bowls, cups, and jars were
used as grave goods. The Barice-Gredani group had similar
burial practices, although in this group the cremated remains
were not put into the urn, but into a hole in the ground and
covered by a larger bowl. Most of burial goods consist of
pottery, although at some Slavonian sites, e.g. at Perkovci,
metal objects are also present. At Drljanovac, graves of the
Virovitica and Zagreb groups are found (fig. 36). Within the
graves of the Zagreb group metal objects are quite common
(fig. 35). Metal objects are also found in graves at ZagrebVrapce (Vinski-Gasparini 1973; 1983). However, by far the
largest amount of metal items is found in the graves of the
late phase of the Urnfield culture, for example, at Velika
Gorica. At this cemetery, we have defined 21 variables that
138
represent different types of classes of bronze objects used

as grave goods. These are: 1-pin, 2-necklace, 3-bracelet,
4-bronze ring, 5-hair decoration, 6-spectacle fibula, 7-bow
fibula, 8-passementerie fibula, 9-bead, 10-decorative plate,
11-razor, 12-sword, 13-spear, 14-knife, 15-socketed axe,
16-weight, 17-spindie whorl, 18-ceramic vessel, 19-rivets,
20-whetstone, 21-other items.
Altogether 296 items used as grave goods were found at
Velika Gorica cemetery. It has to be noted that we included
items from destroyed graves for which an attribution
to a specific grave is not known. This represents a
methodological problem and enlarges the total number of
items. The second problem is a fragmentary state of certain
types of items. We have dccided to ascribe all fragments
that could not be connected to another during reconstruction
to a separate item of a certain type of find. This has been
most common with bracelets (type 3), and necklaces (type
2). The result is that bracelets are the most common find
inclosed grave finds (N=96). Ceramic vessels (type 18)
are also common (N=32), as well as necklaces (type2)
(N=32). In some graves fragments could belong to a single
vessel that was used as an urn. Alternatively, the fragments
could be of another vessel that served as a grave good. The
most common are cups and bowls, while pots, especially
those with a hole, were used as urns. Spectacle fibulae
(type 6), (N=20) are also common, and most are found in
fragmentary state. Also common are spindle whorls (type
17) (N=18), hair rings with interlace decoration (type 5)
(N=16), and weights (type 16) (N=14). 12 bronze rings
(type 4) and 10 knives have been found. The rest of the
item types were found in lesser numbers, mostly between
8 to a single item.
Based on the style and form of pottery, the cemetery at
Zagreb-Horvati belongs to the younger Urnfield culture
as do the aforementioned cemeteries at Velika Gorica,
Krupace, and Trescerovac. Thus, we have established
a thesis that there was a certain discontinuity between
the earlier and the later phase of the Urnfield culture in
continental Croatia. This is in contrast with Vinski-Gasparini
(1973) who insists on a continuous development of the
Urnfield culture, adding another phase to it: phase III or
the hoard horizon - Klotar Ivani. In the latter hoard a pair

of greaves (fig. 58:1) was found with analogies to the ones
from Kurim, dated by Merhart (1956-1957) to the younger
phase of the Urnfield culture. It is true that these greaves
have a decoration that is quite distinct from the decoration
seen on those from Poljanci IV (fig. 59). The greaves
from Poljanci and those from Klotar Ivani are the most
complete examples of greaves from continental Croatia.
The hoard from Klotar Ivani is not similar in its structure
to other hoards of the early phase of the Urnfield culture,
which are characterized by a larger number of various types
of items that can come as half-finished products, or scrap
metal. Most of these hoards belong to a group of hoards
of mixed character, while during the younger phase of the
Urnfield culture hoards that contain smaller number of same
types of objects, are common. The appearance of hoards
that contain horse harness of the Thraco-Cimmerian type
(Legrad, Sarengrad, Ilok) is characteristic for the end of
the Late Bronze Age. It is important to note that in some
hoards from the younger phase of the Urnfield culture
items from the so-called Balkan circle (e.g. short sword
from the Matijevii hoard) appear, while more metal items
are found in graves, e.g. the grave 1/1911 at Velika Gorica,
in which warrior's equipment was found. This tendency is
seen until the end of the Urnfield culture, and as the end of
the Velika Gorica group the appearance of the sword of the
Morigen type, like the one found at Draganii (most likely
from a destroyed burial mound), is taken. However, some
of the vessel types at the Velika Gorica cemetery, like those
decorated with the so-called pseudoschmir ornament (PI.
79:5), have analogies in graves from the Ha B3 period at
Rue (renar 2006). It can be said that the Urnfield culture
in continental Croatia lasts from the period Br D to the Ha
B3 period. As the absolute dates are not too numerous, we
can provisionally date it between 1300 BC to around year
800 BC. Between year 950/920 and 800 B.C. according to
Pare, a switch between the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron
age took place over a wider region from the Black Sea to
Central Italy (Pare 1999:429). The beginning of the Early
Iron Age should be placed in the 1st half of 8th century BC,
when we are dating the hoard from arengrad and some
graves from the Vukovar Lijeva Bara cemetery (LonjakDizdar 2004:26).
6 . LITERATURE
WS
Bouzek J., Koutecky D., Simon K., 1989, Tin and

prehistoric mining in the Erzgebirge (ore mountains):
some new evidence, OxfJA 8 (2), Oxford, 203-212.
Brunn W.A.v. 1968, Mitteldeutsche Hortfunde der jngeren
Bronzezeit, RGF 29, Berlin.
Brunmid J. 1897, Zanimiva naaa u Hrvatskoj i
Slavoniji, VHAD n.s. II (1896/1897), Zagreb.
Brunmid J. 1898, Groblje sa urnama u Krupaama kod
Kraia u Hrvatskoj, VHAD, n.s. III, Zagreb, 137-143.
Brunmid J. 1899-1900a, Naselbina Novoga grada na Savi,
VHAD n.s. IV, Zagreb, 43-58.
Brunmid J. 1899-1900b, Predhistorijski predmeti eljeznog
doba iz arengrada u srijemskoj upaniji, VHAD n.s. IV,
Zagreb, 61-70.
Bulat M. 1967, Bronanodobni depo iz Kapelne kod Donjeg
Miholjca, OZ 11, 1967, 9-22.
Bulat M. 1973-1975, Kasnobronanodobni depo iz
Poljanaca na Savi, OZ XIV-XV, Osijek, 3-56.
Bulat M.1977, Nalazi s donjogradskog Pristanita u
Osijeku, OZ 16, Osijek, 11-77.
Butler J. J., 2002, Ingots and insights: reflections on rings
and ribs, in: Anfnge der Metallurgie in der Alten Welt,
(eds. Bartelheim M., Pernicka E., Krau R.), Forschungen
zur Archometrie und Altertumswissenschaft 1, Rahden/
Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf, 229-243.
Christoforidis A., Pernicka E., Schickler H., 1991,
Ostalpine Kupferlagersttten und ihre Bedeutung fur
die prhistorische Metallgewinnung in Mitteleuropa,
JbRGZM 35/2, Mainz a.R., 533-536.
Clausing C. 1996, Urnenfelderzeitliche Vorlufer
eisenzeitlicher Rippenzisten? ArchKorrbl 26, Mainz
a.R., 413-431.
Clausing C. 2003a, Sptbronze- und eisenzeitliche Helme
mit einteliger Kallote, JbRGZM 48, Mainz a.R., 199226.
Clausing C. 2003b, Geschnrte Beinschienen der spten
Bronze- und Eisenzeit, JbRGZM, 49. Mainz a.R., 149188.
Clausing C. 2004, Ein urnenfelderzeitlicher Hortfund von
berg, N. 1935, Bronzezeitliche und frheisenzeitliche

Chronologie: V.
Mitteleuropische Hochbronzezeit. Stockholm.
Balen-Letuni D. 1981, Grobovi kasnog bronanog i
starijeg eljeznog doba iz okolice Karlovca, VAMZ XIV,
Zagreb, 11-23.
Balen-Letuni D. 1985, Ostava kasnog bronanog doba iz
Malike, VAMZ n.s.3 XVIII, Zagreb, 35-44.
Balen-Letuni D. 1987, Prethistorijski nalazi s gradine
Kiringrad, VAMZ 3.s. XX, 1-30.
Balen-Letuni D. 1996a, Novi kasnobronanodobni
lokaliteti sa zagrebakog podruja, Izdanja HAD-a 17,
Zagreb, 13-27.
Balen-Letuni D. 1996b Prapovijesna naselja i nekropola
vukovarske Lijeve Bare, in: Vukovar Lijeva Bara (Zeljko
Demo ed.) Catalogue of exhibition, Zagreb: Arheoloki
muzej Zagreb, 32-33.
Bndi G., Fekete M. 1984, Ein neues Bronzedepot in
Velem-St. Veit, Savaria 11-12, Szombathely, 101-133.
Bartelheim M., Eckstein K., Huijsmans M., Krau R.,
Pernicka E., 2002, Kupferzeitliche Metalgewinnung
in Brixlegg, sterreich, in: Anfnge der Metallurgie
in der Alten Welt, (eds. Bartelheim M., Pernicka
E., Krau R.), Forschungen zur Archometrie und
Altertumswissenschaft 1, RahdenAVestf.: Verlag Marie
Leidorf, 33-71.
Batovi . 1968, Istraivanje ilirskog naselja u Radovinu,
Diadora 4, 53-74.
Benac A. 1967, Kameni kalupi sa Pivnice, GZM XXI-XXII,
Sarajevo, 155-160.
Bernhard A. 2007, Ausgewhlte bronzezeitliche Funde aus
Hrbing bei Deutschlandsberg und Freidorf im Sulmtal,
Weststmk. In: Studien zur Mittel- und Sptbronzezeit am
Rande der Sdostalpen (Georg Tiefengraber ed.), UPA
148, Bonn, 205-230.
Biro K. 1996, Keso bronzkori koeszkozok Nemetbanya
hatarabol, Papai muzeumui ertesito, Budapest.
Bouzek J. 1978, Zu den Anfngen der Eisenzeit in
Mitteleuropa, Zeitschrift fr Archologie 12, Berlin,
9-14.
141

Slavonski Brod, Kroatien, JbRGZM 50/1, Mainz a.R.,
47-205.
Clausing C. 2005,
Untersuchungen
zu
den
urnenfelderzeitlichen Grbern mit Waffenbeigaben vom
Alpenkamm bis zur Sdzone des Nordischen Kreises.
Eine Analyse ihrer Grabinventare und Grabformen,
BAR IS 1375, Oxford: Archaeopress.
Coles J. & Harding A. 1979, The Bronze Age in Europe,
London : Methuen.
Cowen J.D. 1956, Eine Einfhrung in die Geschichte der
bronzenen Griffzungen-schwerter in Sddeutschland und
den angrenzenden Gebieten, Bericht RGK 36 (1955),
Berlin, 52-155.
Craddock RT. 1995, Early Metal Mining and Production,
Edinburgh: University Press.
Cere R, Sinkovec I. 1996, Katalog depojev pozne bronaste
dobe. Catalogue of Hoards of the Urnfield Culture, in:
Depojske in posamezne kovinske najdbe bab'ene in
bronaste dobe na Slovenskem. Hoards and Individual
Metal Finds from the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages in
Slovenia I (ed. Biba Teran), Ljubljana, Katalogi in
monografije 29, 129-232.
ovi B. 1983, Sjeverna Bosna i karpatski bazen u rano
i srednje bronzano doba, Arheoloka problematika
zapadne Bosne, 65-70.
renar M. 2006, Novi arni grobovi iz Ru in pogrebni
obiaji v ruski arnogrobini skupini, AV 57, Ljubljana,
97-162.
Cukovi L. 1986, Arheoloka topografija karlovake
regije, in: Izdanja HAD-a 10, Zagreb, 9-18.
Cukovi L. 1989, Bronanodobni nalazi iz karlovake
regije, AV 39-40, Ljubljana, 437-447.
Cujanov-Jilkov E. 1970,
Mittelbronzezeitliche
Hgelgrberfelder
in Westbhmen, Archeologicke
studijni materily 8, Prag: Archaeologicky Ustav.
Curi V. 1902, Die Gradina an der Ramaquelle im Bezirk
Prozor, WMBH VIII, Wien, 48-60.
David W. 2002, Die ltesten verzierten Bronzegrtelhaken
der donaulndischen Bronzezeit, Anodos 2, In Honour
of M. Novotna, Trnava, 67-90.
Dimitrijevi S. 1969, Starevaka kultura u slavonskosrijemskom prostoru i problem prijelaza ranog u srednji
neoli u srpskom i hrvatskom Podunavlju, in: Simpozij
Neolit i Eneolit u Slavoniji, Vukovar, 7-96.
Dimitrijevi S., Teak-Gregl T., Majnari-Pandi N. 1998,
Prapovijest. Povijest umjetnosti u Hrvatskoj. Knjiga
prva. Zagreb: Naklada Naprijed d.d.
Dizdar M. 1999, Bronano doba. Katalog izlobe Vinkovci
u svijetu arheologije. Vinkovci 1999: Gradski muzej
Vinkovci, 31-37.
Draganits E. 1994, Bemerkungen zu Keramik-Glttsteinen
unter besonderer Bercksichtigung der Glttsteine aus
dem urnenfelderzeitlichen Keramikdepot von Drsing,
Nidersterreich, AAustr 78, Wien, 115-125.
Dragievi T. 1897, Nahogjaji iz broncanog i bakarnog
doba, GZM IX, Sarajevo
Doneus M. 1991, Zum mittelbronzezeitlichen Keramikdepot
142
von Maisbirbaum, MG Ernstbrunn, PB Korneuburg N

AAustr 75, Wien, 107-128.
Drfler G., Neuninger H., Pittioni R., Siegl W., 1969, Zur
Frage des Bleierz-Bergbaues whrend der jngeren
Urnenfelderkultur in den Ostalpen, AAustr 46, 68-98.
Dular J. 1978, Poskus kronoloke razdelitve dobovskega
arnega grobia, AV 29, Ljubljana, 36-46.
Dular J., avel I., Tecco Hvala S. 2002., Bronastodobno
naselje Oloris pri Dolnjem Lakou. Bronzezeitliche
Siedlung Oloris bei Dolnji Lako, Ljubljana: Zaloba
ZRC
Durman A. 1983, Metalurgija vuedolskog kulturnog
kompleksa, OA 8, Zagreb, 1-87.
Durman A. 1997, Tin in southeastern Europe? OA 21,
Zagreb, 7-14.
Eibner
C.
1969,
Ein
mittelbronzezeitlicher
G e f s s v e r w a h r f u n d von Schrattenberg, p.B.
Mistelbach, N, zur Interpretation der sogenannten
Tpfereiwarenlager, AAustr 46, 19-52.
Ercegovi S. 1955, Bronana ostava iz Sviloa, RVM 4,
Novi Sad, 17-25.
Fiala F. 1894, Prehistorike biljeke, GZM VI, Sarajevo,
325-332.
Fiala F. 1899, Prhistorischem Bronzen aus Bosnien und
der Herzegovina, WMBH VI, Wien, 140-147.
Foltiny S. 1955, Zur Chronologie des Karpatenbeckens,
Bonn: R. Habelt Verlag.
Frmanek V. 1987, Zu einigen Fragen der sdstlichen
Urnenfelder in der Slowakei, Mitteilungen der Berliner
Gesellschaft fr Anthropologie-, Ethnologie und
Urgeschichte 8, Berlin, 39-54.
Frmanek V. 1988, Eisen whrend der Bronzezeit in der
Slowakei, Zeitschrift fr Archologie 23, Berlin, 183189.
Furmnek V., Vladar J. 2002, Der Stand der
Metallanalysenttigkeit in der Slowakei, in: Anfnge
der Metallurgie in der Alten Welt, (eds. Bartelheim M.,
Pernicka E., Kau R.), Forschungen zur Archometrie
und Altertumswissenschaft 1, Rahden/Westf.: Verlag
Marie Leidorf, 255-263.
Garaanin D. 1954, Katalog metala. Praistorija I. Narodni
muzej Beograd.
Glogovi D. 1996, Maevi s jeziastim rukohvatom iz
Dalmacije u svjetlu nalaza iz rijeke Cetine, VAMZ 3.s.,
XXVIII-XXIX, Zagreb, 9-22.
Glogovi D. 2000, Novoobjavljena ostava Pustakovec i
ostale prapovijesne ostave iz sjeverozapadne Hrvatske,
PrillnstArh 17, Zagreb, 103-111.
Glogovi D. 2002, Noevi kulture polja sa arama iz
Hrvatske, PrillnstArh 19, Zagreb, 213-220.
Glogovi D. 2003, Fibeln im kroatischen
Kstengebiet,
PBF XIV/13, Stuttgart 2003: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Glogovi D., Miko S. 2000, Sadraj elemenata u tragovima
i olovnih izotopa u dva bakrena grumena iz ostave u
Demanovu prolazu u Zagrebu, PrillnstArh 17, Zagreb,
89-93.
Glogovi D., Miko S. 2001, Nekoliko bronanodobnih
Literature
HI
sil
nalaza iz okolice Toreca pokraj Koprivnice i njihova
spektrometrijska analiza, PrillnstArh 18, Zagreb, 21-31.
; Hansen S. 1994, Studien zu den
Metalldeponierungen
; whrend der lteren Urnenfelderzeit zwischen Rhonetal
und Karpatenbecken, UPA21, Bonn.
Harding A.F. 1983, The Bronze Age in Central and Eastern
Europe, Advances and Prospects, Advances in World
archaeology vol. 2, New York & London: Academic
I Press, 1-50.
Harding A.F. 1992, Europe and Mediterranean in the Bronze
Age: Cores and Peripheries, in: Trade and Exchange
in Prehistoric Europe (C. Scarre and E Healy eds.),
Bristol: Oxbow books.'
Harding A.F. 1995, Die Schwerter in
ehemaligen
Jugoslawien, PBF IV-14, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Harding A.F. 1998, Reformation in Barbarian Europe,
1300-600 BC, in: Prehistoric Europe an illustrated
History (Barry Cunliffe ed.), Oxford, New York: Oxford
University Press, 304-335.
Harding A.F. 2000, Europen Societies in the Bronze Age,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harding A:F. 2007, Warriors and Weapons in Bronze Age
Europe, Budapest: Archaeolingua. Series Minor.
Hnsel A. 1999, Ein lterurnenfelderzeitliches Depot aus
Pustakovec, Kot. akovec, Kroatien, APA 31, Berlin,
76-92.
Hnsel B. 1997, Gaben an die Gtter - Schtze der
Bronzezeit Europas - eine Einfhrung, in: Gaben an
die Gtter. Schtze der Bronzezeit Europas (A. and B.
Hnsel eds.), Berlin, 11-22.
Heigert H.1995, Grabfunde dr aka-Kultur (Bz D/Ha Al)bergangsperiode) aus Zurndorf, p.B. Neusiedel am See,
Burgenland. Ein Beitrag zur weiblichen Totentracht,
AAustr 79, Wien, 197-237.
Hellerschmidt I. 2006, Die
urnenfelder/hallstattzeitliche
Wallanlage von Stillfried an der March, Wien: Verlag
sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Hoffiler V. 1909, Staro groblje u Velikoj Gorici, VAHD, n.s.
X, Zagreb, 120-134.
Hoffiler V. 1924, Prethistorijske are iz Velike Gorice kraj
Zagreba, in: Buliev zbornik. Nauni prilozi posveeni
Franu Buliu prigodom LXXV. Godinjice njegova ivota
od uenika i prijatelja (eds. M. Abrami and V. Hoffiller
) Strena Buliciana, Zagreb/Split, 1-8.
Hoffiler V. 1938, Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Yougoslavie,
Zagreb, Muse National, fasc. 2, Groupe Vic (Valle de
Danube), IV. Zagreb.
Holste F. 1951, Hortfunde Sdosteuropa, Marburg/Lahn.
Homen Z. 1982, Novi kasnobronanodobni lokalitet u
Krievcima, Muzejski vjesnik 5, Varadin, 18-24.
Homen Z. 1988, Kalnik-Igrie, naselje kasnog bronanog
doba, AP (1987), Ljubljana, 63-64.
Homen Z. 1989, O zanimljivom nalazu iz Martinca kraj
Krievaca, Muzejski vjesnik 12, Varadin, 14-18.
Honti S. 1993, Angaben zur Geschichte der
Urnenfelderkultur in Sdwest-Transdanubien, in: Actes
du XII Congrs International des Sciences Prhistoriques
et Protohistoriques Bratislava 1991 (J. Pavuk ed.),

Bratislava, 147-155.
Horst F. 1986, Die Jungbronzezeitliche Kannelrensteine
des mitteleuropischen Raumes Werkzeuge fr die
Bronzeverarbeitung?, Helvetia Archaeologica 17 (Heft
67), 82-91.
Horvat-Savel I. 1989, Bronastodobna naselbina Oloris pri
Dolnjem Lakou, AV 39-40, Ljubljana, 127-139.
Horvth L. 1994, Adatok
Delnyugat-Dunntl
kesobronzkornak trtenetehez. Angaben zur Geschichte
der Sptbronzezeit in SW-Transdanubien, Zalai Muzeum
5, Zalaegerszeg, 219-235.
Httel H.G. 1981, Bronzezeitliche Trensen in Mittel- und
Osteuropa, PBF XVI/2, Mnchen:C.H. Becke.
Ili-Oriovanin L. 1874, Lovorike Gradikoga narodnoga
graniarskoga puka br. 8, Zagreb.
Jilg E. 2007, Young Bronze Age finds from Ldersdorf near
Feldbach, in: Studien zur Mittel- und Sptbronzezeit am
148, Bonn 2007, 117-123.
Kalafati H. 2002, Tipoloka analiza bronanodobne
keramike iz naselja Makovac-Crianj (istraivanje
1997.), Graduate thesis, Zagreb: Department of
archaeology, Faculty of Art and Humanities.
Karavani I., Baien J. 2003, Rukotvorine iz Spiennesa u
svjetlu eksploatacije kremenih materijala u neolitiku,
VAMZ, 3.s. 36, Zagreb, 7-27.
Karavani S. 2000, Prijelaz iz starije u mlau kulturu
polja sa arama u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj, PhD Thesis,
Zagreb: Department of archaeology, Faculty of Art and
Humanities.
Karavani S., 2005a, The Late Bronze Age Metallurgy
in north Croatia, in: The Bronze Age in Europe and
the Mediterranean, Session 11, (eds. R. Laffineur, J.
Driessen and E. Warmenbol), BAR International Series
1337, Oxford 2005, 63-67.
Karavani S. 2005b, Krievako podruje u kasnom
bronanom dobu i proizvodnja bronanih predmeta u
sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj, Cris VII/1, Krievci 2005,
5-13.
Karavani S. 2006, Prerada i proizvodnja metala u naselju
Makovac-Crinjevi (Nova Gradika), PrillnstArh 23,
Zagreb, 29-52.
Karavani S. 2007a, Sluajni nalaz bronanog pojasa
iz naselja Makovac-Crinjevi (Nova Gradika),
PrillnstArh 24, Zagreb 2007, 59-67.
Karavani S. 2007b, Istraivanje vieslojnog nalazita
Kalnik-Igrie 2006. godine, AIA III, Zagreb, 56-59.
Karavani S. 2007c, Middle to Late Bronze Age in northern
Croatia, in: Studien zur Mittel- und Sptbronzezeit am
148, 37-49.
Karavani S. 2008, Istraivanje vieslojnog nalazita
Kalnik-Igrie 2007., AIA IV, Zagreb, 62-65.
Karavani S., Mihaljevi M., 2001, Ostava iz Makovca,
VAMZ XXXIV, Zagreb, 7-36.
Karavani S., Mihaljevi M., Kalafati H., 2002, Naselje
Makovac-Crinjevi kao prilog poznavanju poetaka
143

kulture polja sa arama u slavonskoj Posavini,
Karavani S., Mihaljevi M., Kalafati H. 2003, Istraivanje
bronanodobnog naselja Makovac-Crinjevi (1999.2002.), Obavijesti HAD-a 35/1, Zagreb 2003:55-61.
Kemenczei T., 1982, Der Bronzefund von Vajdcska
(Nordungarn), in: Studien zur Bronzezeit.
Festschrift
fr Wilhelm Albert v. Brunn, (ed. H. Lorenz), Mainz a.
R., 151-161.
Kemenczei T. 1988, Die Schwerter in Ungarn /-//, PBF
IV/6, Mnchen: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
Kilian-Dirlmeier I. 1975, Grtelhaken, Grtelbleche und
Blechgrtel der Bronzezeit in Mitteleiwopa, PBF XII/2,
Mnchen: C.H. Becke.
Klemenc J. 1938, Archologische karte von Jugoslawien,
Blatt Zagreb, Beograd.
Koledin J. 2004, Tipologija i razvoj duvaljki u praistorijskoj
metalurgiji. Grobovi praistorijskih metalurga, RVM 46,
Novi Sad, 79-100.
Kossack G. 1954, Studien zum Symbolgut der Urnenfelderund Hallstattzeit Mitteleuropas, RGF 20, Berlin:Walter
de Gruyter.
Kovaevi S. 2001, Istraivanja prapovijesnog lokaliteta
u Novoj Bukovici na poloaju Sjenjak - povijest i novi
rezultati, PrillnstArh 18, Zagreb, 63-78.
Kovaevi S. 2005, Arheoloka istraivanja u Novoj
Bukovici tijekom 2004., AIA I, Zagreb, 31-35.
Kovaevi S. 2006, Nova Bukovica - Sjenjak 2005., AIA
II, Zagreb, 33-35.
Kovaevi S. 2007, Nova Bukovica - Sjenjak 2006., AIA
III, Zagreb. 31-33.
Kovaevi S. 2008, Nova Bukovica - Sjenjak, 2007., AIA
IV, Zagreb, 36-39.
Knig P. 2004, Sptbronzezeitliche Hortfunde aus Bosnien
und der Herzegowina, PBF X X / l l , Stuttgart: Franz
Steiner Verlag.
Kszegi F. 1960, Beitrge zur Geschichte der ungarischen
Urnenfelderzeit (Ha A- Ha B), AAH XII, Budapest,
137-186.
Krause R. 2003, Studien zur kupfer- undfrhbronzezeitlichen
Metallurgie zwischen Karpatenbecken und Ostsee, VF
24, Rahden/Westf: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
Krmer W. 1985, Die Vollgriffschwerter in sterreich und
der Schweiz, PBF TV/10, Mnchen:C.H. Becke.
Kristiansen K. 1998, Europe Before History, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Kristiansen K. 2002, The tale of the sword - swords and
swordlighters in Bronze Age Europe, OxfJA21 (4), 319332.
Kudeli A. 2007, Zatitna oprema ratnika starije faze
kulture polja sa arama na prostoru savsko-dravskog
meurijeja. Graduate thesis: Department of archaeology
Faculty of Art and Humanities Zagreb.
Kulenovi I. 1999, Statistika obrada litikog materijala
sa lokaliteta Makovac-Crianj, Graduate thesis,
Zagreb, Department of archaeology Faculty of Art and
Humanities.
Kulenovi I. 2004, Arheoloka istraivanja na naselju
144
Cerine VII kod Koprivnice, Podravski zbornik 2004

Koprivnica, 315-328.
Kulenovi I., Alekovi M. 2003, Novi nalaz ostave
bronanih predmeta s lokaliteta Poljane kod Koprivnice
OA27, Zagreb, 157-163.
Kytlicov O. 1986, Der Schild und der Depotfund aus
Plzen-Jiialka, PA 77/2, Praha , 413-454.
Kytlicov O. 1988, Prispevek k problematice koenvekk
problematice koenych Panciru zdobench bronzem v
obdobi popelnicovych poli, AR XL/3, Praha, 306-321.
Lamut B. 1989, Kronoloka skica prazgodovinske naselbine
v Ormou, AV 30-40, Ljubljana, 235-247.
Lszl A. 1977, Anfnge der Benutzung und der
Bearbeitung des Eisens auf dem Gebiete Rumniens,
AAH 29, Budimpeta, 54-75.
Lochner M. 1986, Das frhurnenfelderzeitliche Grberfeld
von Baierdorf, N, eine Gesamtdarstellung, Wien,
AAustr 70. 263-295.
Lochner M. 1991, Studien zur Urnenfelderkultur im
Waldviertel Niedersterreich,
Wien: Verlag der
sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Lochner M. 2004, Tongussformen fr Ringe aus
Urnenfelderzeitlichen Siedlungen Niedersterreichs,
AAustr 88, Wien 2004, 103-120.
Lonjak D. 2003, Grobovi virovitike grupe iz Voina.
Lonjak D., Tkalec T. 2001, Suhopolje-Lajkovina rezultati
sustavnog terenskog pregleda kasnobronanodobnog
naselja, PrillnstArh 18, Zagreb, 275-281.
Lonjak D., Potrcbica IT. 2004, Metalni nalazi kasnoga
bronanog doba na prostoru Poeke kotline, OA 28,
Zagreb, 19-40.
Lonjak-Dizdar D. 2004, Odnos daljske i bosutske grupe
na prostoru hrvatskog Podunavlja poetkom starijega
eljeznog doba, PrillnstArh 21, Zagreb, 19-35.
Lonjak-Dizdar D. 2005, Naseljenost Podravine u starijoj
fazi kulture polja sa arama, PrillnstArh 22, Zagreb,
25-58.
Lonjak-Dizdar D. 2007, Bronani kotli iz Drave kod
Koprivnice, PrillnstArh 24, Zagreb, 69-78.
Lubina-Tuek M. 1993, Kamnito orodje v severovzhodni
Sloveniji, in: Ptujski arheoloki zbornik ob 100-letnici
muzeja in Muzejskega drutva (ed. Brane Lamut), Ptuj,
31-131.
Ljubi . 1885, Prvo otkrie predhistorikih grobja od ara
u Hrvatskoj, VHAD VII-3, Zagreb, 5-72.
Ljubi . 1889, Popis arkeologikoga odjela Narodnog
zemaljskog muzeja u Zagrebu, Zagreb.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1966/1968, Trako kimerijska
ostava iz Iloka, RVM 15-17, Novi Sad, 31-42.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1986, Prilog poznavanju kasnog
bronanog i starijeg eljeznog doba na Kordunu i Baniji,
Izdanja HAD-a 10, Zagreb, 29-43.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1988, Prilog poznavanju kasnoga
bronanog doba u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj, Arheoloki
radovi i rasprave 11, Zagreb, 9-27.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1989, Igrie na Kalniku,
Literature
kasnobronanodobno naselje, AP (1988), Ljubljana

1989, 79-80.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1992a, Ljevaonica bronanih
predmeta u kasnobronanodobnom naselju na Kalniku
kod Krievaca, OA 16, Zagreb, 57-73.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1992b, Prapovijesna naselja na
Gradecu, in: Zagrebaki Gradec 1242-1850 (I. Kampu
ed.), Zagreb, 1-12.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1993, Prilog poznavanju naselja i
naseljenosti Brodskoga Posavlja u kasno bronano doba
(izlaganje na znanstvenom skupu), Izdanja HAD-a 16,
Zagreb, 149-161.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1994, Novi kasnobronanodobni
grobovi iz Drljanovca kod Nove Rae, Bjelovarski
zbornik 4-5, Bjelovar, 43-56.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1998a, Einige Anmerkungen ber
neue Siedlungsforschungen in Nordwestkroatien, in:
Mensch und Umwelt in der Bronzezeit Europas (B.
Hnsel ed.), Kiel: Oetker-Voges Verlag, 249-256.
Majnari-Pandi N. 1998b, A. Harding, Die Schwerter im
ehemaligen Jugoslawien, PBF IV/11 (book review), PZ
73/1, Berlin-New York , 118-121.
Majnari-Pandi N. 2000, Brodsko Posavlje u bronano
i eljezno doba posljednja dva tisuljea prije Krista,
in: Zbornik radova sa znanstvenog skupa o Slavonskom
Brodu u povodu 750. obljetnice prvoga pisanog spomena
imena Broda (dr. Zlata ivakovi-Kere ed.), Slavonski
Brod, 103-130.
Mandera H.-E. 1985, Einige Bemerkungen zur Deutung
bronzezeitlicher Horte, ArchKorrbl 15/2, Mainz a.R.,
187-193.
Mareova K. 1965, Keramike depoty doby bronzove v
SSR a v Rakousku, Sbornik praci fil. Fak. Brnenske
Univ. E10, 117-133.
Mari Z. 1964, Donja Dohna, GZM n.s. 19, Sarajevo,
5-128.
Marijan B. 2005a, Popemjak. Hrvatski arheoloki godinjak
7/2004. (ed: Mesi J.), Uprava za zatitu kulturne
batine, Zagreb, 24-26.
Marijan B. 2005b, Zatitno arheoloko istraivanje nalazita
Popernjak kod Bonjaka (upanja),Obavijesti HAD-a,
37/2, Zagreb, 35-41.
Markovi Z. 1982, Kasnobronanodobni lokaliteti oko
Krievaca, Krievaki zbornik 2, 61-73.
Markovi Z. 1986, Poetna istraivanja lokaliteta Cerine
III, Podravski zbornik 86, Koprivnica, 152-160.
Markovi Z. 2003, Novi prilozi poznavanju eneolitika
i bronanog doba u koprivnikoj Podravini, Izdanja
HAD-a 21, Zagreb, 41-56.
Mayer E.F. 1977, Die xte und Beile in sterreich, PBF
9/9, Mnchen: C.H. Becke.
McGeehan-Liritzis V., Taylor J.W, 1987, Yugoslavian Tin
deposits and Early Bronze Age industries of the Aegean
region, OxfJA 6 (3), 287-300.
Merhart v. G. 1952, Studien ber einige Gattungen von
Bronzegefassen, Festschrift RGZM 2, Mainz a.R., 1-71.
Merhart v. G. 1956/1957, Geschnrte Schienen, Bericht
RGK 37-38, 91-147.
145
Metzner-Nebelsick C. 1994, Die fruheisenzeitliche

Trensenentwicklung zwischen Kaukasus und
Mitteleuropa, in: Regensburger Beitrage zur
Prhistorischen Archaeologie Band 1 (Hrsg. P. Schauer),
Regensburg, 383-447.
Metzner-Nebelsick C. 2002, Der
Thrako-Kimmerische
Formenkreis aus der Sicht der Urnenfelderund
Hallstattzeit im sostlichen Pannonien, VF 23:Verlag
Marie Leidorf GmbH Rahden/Westf 2002.
Mihaljevi M., Kalafati H. 2004, Istraivanje
bronanodobnog naselja Makovac-Crinjevi u godini
2003. Obavijesti HAD-a 36/1, Zagreb, 40-44.
Mihaljevi M., Kalafati H. 2006, Lokalitet MakovacCrinjevi (naselje i nekropola), Hrvatski arheoloki
godinjak 2/2005, Zagreb 2005:48-49.
Mihaljevi M., Kalafati H. 2007, Lokalitet MakovacCrinjevi (naselje i nekropola ), Hrvatski arheoloki
godinjak 3/2006, Zagreb, 68-69.
Miklik-Lozuk L. 2004, Ostava Poljanci IV jo jedna
kasnobronanodobna ostava s pozicije Donje Polje u
selu Poljanci, VMBP 9, Slavonski Brod, 29-51.
Miklik-Lozuk L. 2009, Ostave kasnog bronanog doba iz
Poljanaca, Slavonski Brod: Muzej Brodskog Posavlja.
Minichreiter K. 1982-1983, Pregled istraivanja nekropola
grupe Gredani u Slavoniji, Anali Zavoda za znanstveni
rad u Osijeku 2, Osijek, 7-122.
Minichreiter K. 1984, Bronanodobne nekropole s
paljevinskim grobovima grupe Greani u Slavoniji,
Izdanja HAD-a 9 (1981), Zagreb, 91-106.
Minichreiter K. 1997, Arheoloka istraivanja
bronanodobne nekropole u Novoj Bukovici kod Slatine
tijekom 1997. Obavijesti HAD-a 29/3, Zagreb, 57-60.
Minichreiter K. 1999, Bronano i eljeznodobna nekropola
u Novoj Bukovici kod Slatine, Obavijesti HAD-a 30/3,
Zagreb, 63-67.
Mike v. K. 1908, Die prhistorische Ansiedlung Velem
St. Vid, Vol. 1: Beschreibung de Raubbaufunde, Wien.
Mikiv J., 1982, Bronanodobna ostava iz Slavonskoga
Broda-Livadieva ulica, VMBP 5-6, Slavonski Brod,
167-179.
MozsolicsA. 1985a. Bronzefunde aus Ungarn, Budapest.
Mozsolics A. 1985b, Ein Beitrag zum Metallhandwerk der
ungarischen Bronzezeit, Bericht RGK 65 (1984), 19-72.
Mller-Karpe H. 1959, Beitrge zur Chronologie der
Urnenfelderzeit nrdlich und sdlich der Alpen, RGF
22, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
Mller-Karpe H. 1961, Die Volgriffschwerter der
Urnenfelderzeit aus Bayern, Mnchener Beitrge zur
Vor- und Frhgeschichte Band 6, Mnchen 1961.
Mller-Karpe H. 1969, Das urnenfelderzeitliches
Toreutengrab von Steinkirchen, Niederbayem, Germania
47/1-2, Frankfurt a.Main, 86-91.
Muller-Karpe H. 1980, Handbuch der Vorgeschichte. Band
IV. Bronzezeit, Mnchen: C.H. Becke.
Nebelsick L.D. 1994, Der bergang von der Urnenfelderzur Hallstattzeit am nrdlichen Ostalpenrand und
im nrdlichen Transdanubien, in:
Archologische
Untersuchungen zum bergang von der Bronze- zur

Eisenzeit zwischen Nordsee und Kaukasus, Regensburger
Beitrge zur Prhistorischen Archologie I, Bonn: dr. R.
Habelt GMBH, 307-363.
Nebelsick L.D. 1997, Auf Biegen und Brechen. Ekstatische
Elemente bronzezeitlicher Materialopfer - Ein
Deutungsversuch, in: Gaben an die Gtter (Alix und
Bernhard Hnsel eds.), Berlin, 35-41.
Neugebauer J.W. 1994, Bronzezeit in Oststerreich, Wien:
Verlag Niedersterreichisches Pressehaus.
Novotn M. 1970, Die xte und Beile in der Slowakei, PBF
IX/3, Mnchen: C.H. Becke.
Novotn M. 1980, Die Nadeln in der Slowakei, PBF XIII/6,
Mnchen: C.H. Becke.
Oman D. 1981, Brinjeva gora - 1953 (Obdelava
prazgodovinske keramike), AV 32, Ljubljana, 144-153.
Osgood R., Monks S., Toms J. 2000, Bronze Age Warfare,
Sutton Publishing Limited .
Pahi S. 1972, Pobreje, Katalogi in monografije 6,
Ljubljana
Pahi S. 1981, Brinjeva gora 1953, AV 32, Ljubljana, 71128.
Paltov H., Sala M. 2002, Depoty keramickych ndob

doby bronzove na Morave a v sousednich zemich, Pravek
Supplementum 9, Brno.
Pare F.V. 1998, Chistopher Beitrge zum bergang von
der Bronze- zur Eisenzeit in Mitteleuropa. Grundzge
der Chronologie im stlichen Mitteleuropa (11.-8.
Jahrhundert v. Chr.), JbRGZM 45/1, Mainz, 293-433.
Patay P. 1968, Urnenfelderzeitliche Bronzeschilde im
Karpatenbecken, Germania 46/2, 241-248.
Patay P. 1982, Die Eimer des Typus Kurd, in: Studien
zur Bronzezeit. Festschrift fr W.A. von Brunn (Hrsg.
Herbert Lorenz), Mainz/Rhein: Verlag Philipp von
Zabern, 317-326.
Patek J. 1968, Die Urnenfelderkultur in Transdanubien, AH
XLIV, Budapest: Akademiai Kiado
Pavii I. 1986-1987, Rezultati probnih iskopavanja
na prethistorijskoj gradini piak u Bojanom,
PrillnstArh 3/4, Zagreb, 5-23.
Pavii I. 1991, Prapovijesno nalazite Mali Zagreb u
pii Bukovici - prilog poznavanju Virovitike grupe,
Pavii I. 1992, Neki novi nalazi Virovitike grupe iz
Gaita kod Virovitice, PrillnstArh 9, Zagreb, 49-62.
Pavii I. 1993, Kasnobronanodobno naselje piak u
Bojanom. Prilog poznavanju ruke grupe, in: Ptujski
arheoloki zbornik, Ptuj, 171 -179.
Pavii I. 1996, Kasnobronanodobni nalazi s podruja
Virovitiko-podravske upanije, PrillnstArh 10, Zagreb,
23-34.
Pavii I. 2001, Die sptbronzezeitliche Siedlung piak in
Hrvatsko zagorje, in: Die Drau, Mur- und Raab-Region
im 1. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend (A. Lippert Hrsg.),
UPA 78, Bonn, 165-179.
Pavii I. 2003, Novi nalazi fibula u obliku violinskog
gudala u Hrvatskom zagorju, PrillnstArh 20, Zagreb,
47-55.
Pavii I. 2006, Podruje Konjine i okolice u svjetlu
146
prapovijesnih arheolokih vrela, Hrvatsko zagorje 1-2

7-20.
Pauli L. 1985, Einige Anmerkungen zum problem der
Hortfunde, ArchKorrbl 15/2, Mainz 198, 195-206.
Paulik J. 1960, K problematike mladej doby bronzovej na
juhozpadnom Slovensku, AR X1I-3, Praha, 408-427.
Paulik J. 1962, Das Velatice-Baierdorfer Hgelgrab in
Okov, SlovArch 10/1, 5-96.
Paulik J. 1963, K problematike akanskej kultry v
Karpatskej Kotline, SlovArch. 10-1, Bratislava, 5-96.
Paulik J. 1966, Mohyla akanskej kultury v Kolte
SlovArch. 14-2, Nitra, 357-396.
Paulik J. 1968, Panzer der Jngeren Bronzezeit aus der
Slowakei. Bericht RGK 49, Bratislava, 41-61
Pavlin P. 1997, Bronastodobni jeziastoroajni srpi z
Y-omamentom, AV 48, Ljubljana, 27-40.
Perki D., Lonjak-Dizdar D. 2005, Kasnobronanodobna
ostava Sia-Luica, OA 29, Zagreb, 41-119.
Pernicka E., Begemann F., Schmitt-Strecker S., Wagner
G.A., 1993, Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age copper
artefacts from the Balkans and their relations to Serbian
copper ores, PZ 68/1, Berlin, 1-54.
Peroni R. 1956, Zur Gruppierung mitteleuropischen
Griffzungendolche der spten Bronzezeit, Badische
Fundberichte 20, Freiburg.
Petrescu-Dimbovita M. 1978, Die Sicheln in Rumnien, PBF
VIII-1, Mnchen: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
Pittioni R. 1954., Urgeschichte des sterreichischen
Raumes, Wien: Franz Deuticke.
Podborsky V., Kazdov E., Koturik P., WeberZ. 1977,
Numeriki' kod Moravske malovane keramiky. Problemy
deskripce v archeologii, Brno.
Primas M. 2007, Spinnwirtel im Grab - zum Symbolgehalt
einer Beigabe, in: Scripta Praehistorica in Honorem
Biba Terian (eds. M. Blei, M. renar, B. Hnsel, A.
Hellmuth, E. Kaiser, C. Metzner-Nebelsick), Situla 44,
Ljubljana, 301-312.
Puri J. 1895-1896, Bizovaki bronani depot. VHAD n.s.
1/1895, Zagreb, 213-214.
Pu I. 1971, arnogrobina nekropola na dvoriu SAZU
v Ljubljani, Razprave VII/1, Ljubljana, 5-108.
Randsborg K. 1984, A Bronze Age grave on Funen
containing a metal worker's tools. Acta Archaeologica
55, Kopenhagen,185-189.
B. F. von Richthofen 1940, Endbronzezeitliche und
frheisenzeitliche illyrische
Brandgrber aus Zagreb-Horvati, Hoffilerov zbornik,
Zagreb, 43-65.
Rice M.P. 1987, Pottery Analysis. A Sourcebook, Chicago
and London.
Riederer J. 1999, Die Metallanalyse der Gukuchen aus
dem urnenfelderzeitlichen Depot von Pustakovec,
Kroatien, APA 31, Berlin, 93-95.
Rihovsky J. 1958, Zarovy hrob z Velatic I a jeho postaveni
ve vyvoji velaticke kultury, PAXLIX-1, 67-117.
Rihovsky J. 1961., Pocatky Velaticke kultury na Morave,
SlovArch. IX-1/2, Bratislava, 107-155.
Rihovsky J. 1963., K poznani stari fze Kultury
Literature
Alteuropas. In: Antike Helme. Monographien RGZM14,

Mainz, 181-194.
Schauer P. 2003, Zur zeitstellung der vermeintlich ltesten
Bronzekammhelme in Mitteleuropa, ArchKorrbl 33,
Mainz, 193-203.
Schierer I. 1987, Ein Webstuhlbefund aus Gars-Thunau, N,
Rekonstruktionsversuch und Funktionsanalyse, AAustr
71, Wien, 29-87.
Schrettle B., Tsironi S. 2007, Die mittelbronzezeitliche
Siedlung im Bereich der Villa Rustica von Retznei bei
Leibnitz, in: Studien zur Mittel- und Sptbronzezeit am
Rande der Sdostalpen (Georg Tiefengraber hrsg.), UPA
148, Bonn, 125-141.
Shepard A. 1956, Ceramics for the
Archaeologist,
Washington.
Smodi A. 1956, Bronasti depo iz Miljane, AV VII,
Ljubljana, 43-50.
Smr Z. 1979, Eine Hohensiedlung der Knovizer Kultur auf
dem piak Berg bei Mikulovice, AR 31, Praha, 27-53.
Sokol V. 1989, Grob br. 7 kulture arnih polja iz Morava
kod Sesveta (Zagreb), AV 39-40, Ljubljana, 425-432.
Sokol V. 1996, Nekropola kulture arnih polja u Moravu
kod Sesveta, Izdanja HAD-a 17, Zagreb, 29-57.
Sperber L. 2000, Zum Grab eines sptbronzezeitlichen
Metallhandwerkers von Lachen-Speyerdorf, Stadt
Neustadt A. D. Weinstrasse, ArchKorrbl 30/3, Mainz
a.R., 383-402.
Srdo D., Horvatini N., Krajcar Broni I., Obeli
B. 1992., Rudjer Bokovi Institute Radiocarbon
Measurements XII, Radiocarbon 34, 155-175.
Star F. 1957a, Tombes plates ume Dobova en Slovnie
et Velika Gorica en Croatie. (Inventaria Archaeologica,
Corpus des ensembles archologiques, Jugoslavija,
fascicule I: Y 1 - Y 10). Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn.
Star F. 1957b, Polmesene britve iz Jugoslavije, AV 3-4,
Ljubljana, 204-222.
Star F. 1960, Grob 108 iz Dobove, Situla 1, Ljubljana,
s t r e d o d u n a j s k y c h p o p e l n i c o v y c h poli-Velaticke kultury,
Sbornik SSA3, Brno, 61-115

Rihovsky J. 1965, Das Urnengrberfeld von Klentnice,
Fontes Arehaeologici Pragenses 8, Praha.
Rihovsky J. 1968, Das Urnengrberfeld von Oblekovice,
Fontes Arehaeologici Pragenses 12, Praha.
Rihovsky J.1972, Die Messer in Mhren und dem
Ostalpengebiet, PBF VII/1, Mnchen: C.H. Beckesche
Verlags.
Rihovsky J. 1979, Die Nadeln in Mhren und dem
Ostalpengebiet, PBF XIII/5, Mnchen: Verlag C.H.
Beck.
Rihovsky J. 1982, Zklady stredodunajskych popelnicovych
poli na Morav, Studie archeologickho Ustavu
Ceskoslovensk Akademie vd Brne, r. X, sv. 1, Prag:
eskoslovenska Akademia.
Rihovsky J. 1983, Die Nadeln in Westungarn I, PBF XII/10,
Mnchen: C.H. Becksche Verlags.
Rihovsky J. 1996, Die Lanzen-, Speer- und Pfeilspitzen in
Mhren, PBF V/2, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Rihovsky J. 2000, Die bronzezeitlichen
Vollgriffschwerter
in Mhren, Pravk Supplementum 7, Brno.
Rye O.S. 1981, Pottery
Technology,
Principles
and Reconstruction,
Manual of Archaeology 4,
Taraxacum& Washington: Australian National University.
salas M. 1985, Metalurgicka vyroba na Vysinnem Sidliti z
doby Bronzove u Bluciny, asopis Moravskeho Muzea
LXX, Brno, 37-56.
sala M. 1995, Bemerkungen zur Organisation der
urnenfelderzeitlichen Metallverarbeitung unter
bercksichtigung
des
Mitteldonaulndischen
Kulturkreises in Mhren, AR XLVII, Praha, 569-586.
salas M. 1997, Der urnenfelderzeitliche
Hortfund von
Poleovice, Brno.
Schalk E 2002, Forschungen zu den frhen Metallzeiten im
nrdlichen Karpatenraum, in: Anfnge der Metallurgie
in der Alten Welt, (eds. Bartelheim M., Pernicka
E., Kau R.), Forschungen zur Archometrie und
Altertumswissenschaft 1, Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie
Leidorf, 265-275.
schamberger E. 2007, Die bronzezeitlichen Siedlungsreste
aus Vorwald bei Wald am Schoberpass/Strmk, in:
Studien zur Mittel- und Sptbronzezeit am Rande der
Sdostalpen (Georg Tiefengraber ed.), UPA 148, 235326.
schauer P. 1971, Die Schwerter in
Sddeutschland,
sterreich und der Schweiz I, PBF IV-2, Mnchen: C.H.
Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,
schauer P. 1974, Der urnenfelderzeitliche Depotfund von
Dohna, Gde. und Kr. Nova Gradika, JbRGZM 21, 93124.
schauer P. 1982a, Die Beinschienen der spten Bronze und
frhen Eisenzeit, JbRGZM 29, Mainze, 100-155.
schauer P. 1982b, Deutungs und Rekonstruktionsversuche
Bronzezeitlicher Kompositpanzers, ArchKorrbl 12,
Mainz a.R., 335-349.
schauer P. 1988, Die kegel- und glockenfrmigen Helme
mit gegossenem Scheitelknauf der jngeren Bronzezeit
81-101.
Star F. 1975, Dobova, Breice: Posavski muzej Breice.

Stegmann-Rajtr
S.
1992,
Sptbronzeund
frheisenzeitliche Fundgruppen des mittleren
Donaugebietes, Bericht RGK 73, 32-179.
Strmnik-Guli M. 1989, Bronastodobni naselitveni
kompleks v Rabelji Vasi na Ptuju (preliminarno
poroilo), AV 39-40, Ljubljana, 147-163.
Svoljak D., Poganik A. 2001, Tolmin, prazgodovinsko
grobie I, Katalogi in monografije 34, Ljubljana:
Narodni muzej.
Svoljak D., Poganik A. 2002, Tolmin, prazgodovinsko
grobie II, Razprave, Katalogi in monografije 35,
Ljubljana: Narodni muzej.
imek M. 1979, Sv. Petar Ludbreki-nalazi metalurke
radionice, Podravski zbornik 79, Koprivnica 1979,
106-119.
imek M. 1990, O izradi prethistorijskih glinenih kalupa
(na primjeru nalaza iz Svetog Petra Ludbrekog), Izdanja
HAD-a 14, Zagreb, 93-99.
imek M. 1996, Skupni nalaz kalupa iz Sv. Petra
147

Ludbrekog. 0 metalurkoj djelatnosti u sjeverozapadnoj
Hrvatskoj poetkom starijeg eljeznog doba, in: Ljudje
ob Muri. Vlker an der Mur. Ljudi uz Muru (eds. Janez
Balaic, Lszl Vndor), Murska Sobota, Zalaegerszeg,
49-64.
imek M. 2003, Grob kasnog bronanog doba iz Lepoglave,
OA27, Zagreb, 151-156.
imek M. 2004, Grupa Martijanec-Kaptol, in: Ratnici
na razmeu istoka i zapada. Starije eljezno doba u
kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj (ed. Dubravka Balen-Letuni),
Zagreb, 79-129.
imi J. 1996, Nalazita daljske grupe u Daljskoj planini Prilog prouavanju bronanog i starijeg eljeznog doba
u sjeveroistonoj Hrvatskoj, PrillnstArh 10 (1993),
Zagreb, 35-46.
imi J. 1996-1999, Bronano i starije eljezno doba na
podruju grada Osijeka, OZ 24-25, Osijek, 23-42.
imi J. 2004, Grupa Dalj. Dalj Group. Dalj-Gruppe, in:
Ratnici na razmeu istoka i zapada. Warriors at the
crossroads of East and West. Catalogue of exhibition (
Dubravka Balen-Letuni ed.), Zagreb, 36-77.
koberne . 2001, Prapovijesne kacige, in: Kacige u
Hrvatskoj, Zagreb: Ministarstvo obrane Republike
Hrvatske, 11-35.
otari R. 2001, Karbonizirani biljni ostaci iz
prapovijesnog lokaliteta u Novoj Bukovici na poloaju
Sjenjak, PrillnstArh 18, Zagreb, 79-82.
tefani M. 1988, Antropoloka analiza skeletnih ostankov
iz urne najdene v grobu 7 v nekropoli Drljanovac pri
Bjelovaru, Arheoloki radovi i rasprave 11, Zagreb, 2932.
Tasi N. 1962, Naselje kulture polja sa urnama u istonom
dijelu Srijema, RVM 11, Novi Sad, 127-144.
Taylor J.W. 1982, A Nigerian Tin Trade in Antiquity?,
OxfJA 1982,317-324.
Taylor J.W. 1983, Erzgebirge Tin: A closer look, OxfJA
1983,295-298.
Teran B. 1983, Das Pohorje - ein vorgeschichtliches
Erzrevier?, AV 34, Ljubljana, 51 -84.
Teran B. 1995, Stand und Aufgaben der Forschungen
zur Urnenfelderzeit in Jugoslawien, in: Beitrge zur
Urnenfelderzeit nrdlich und sdlich der Alpen (M.
Erbach hrsg.) Monographien RGZM 35, 323-372.
Teran B. 1996a, Depojske in posamezne kovinske najdbe
bakrene in bronaste dobe na Slovenskem. Hoards and
Individua! Metal Finds from the Eneolithic and Bronze
Ages in Slovenia /-//, Katalogi in monografije 29,
Ljubljana 1996:Narodni muzej.
Teran B. 1996b, Sklepna beseda, in: Depojske in
posamezne kovinske najdbe bakrene in bronaste dobe na
Slovenskem II (B. Teran ed.), Katalogi in monografije
29-30, Ljubljana: Narodni muzej, 243-258.
Teran B. 1999, An Outline of the Urnfield Culture Period
in Slovenia, AV 50, Ljubljana , 97-143.
Teran B. 2003, Bronasta aga. Prispevek k prazgodovini
rokodelskega orodja, OA27, Zagreb, 187-197.
Teak-Gregl T. 2007, Glaana kamena orua, in:
148
Minichreiter K. Slavonski Brod Galovo, MIA, Zagreb

160-174.
Tiefengraber G. 2007, Zum Stand der Erforschung der
Mittel- und Sptbronzezeit in der Steiermark, in:
Studien zur Mittel- und Sptbronzezeit am Rande der
Sdostalpen (Georg Tiefengraber hrsg.), UPA 148, Bonn
2007, 67-113.
Toik A., Paulik J., 1960. Vyskum Mohyly v ake v
Rokoch 1950-1951. SlovArch 8/1, Bratislava, 59-124.
Tomasovi M. 2003, Kasnobronanodobno koplje iz
Podace u gornjem Makarskom primorju, OA 27, Zagreb,
165-170.
Torbrgge W. 1985, ber Horte und Hortdeutung,
ArchKorrbl 15/1, Mainz, 17-23.
Trampu-Orel N. 1996, Spektrometrine raziskave
depojskih najdb pozne bronaste dobe, in: Depojske in
posamezne kovinske najdbe bakrene in bronaste dobe na
Slovenskem II (B. Teran ed.), Katalogi in monografije
29-30, Ljubljana: Narodni muzej, 165-242.
Trampu-Orel N. 1999, Archaeometallurgic Investigations
in Slovenia. A History of Research on Non-Ferrous
Metal, AV 50, Ljubljana , 407-429.
Trahelka C. 1893, Ein Depotfund der Bronzezeit aus
umetac bei Podzvizd, WMBH I, Wien, 35-38.
Truhelka C. 1904, Der vorgeschichtliche Pfahlbau im
Savebette bei Donja Dolina (bezirk Bosnisch-Gradika).
Bericht ber die Ausgrabungen bis 1904., WMBH IX,
Wien, 1-170.
Truhelka C. 1992, Uspomene jednog pionira, Zagreb: Mala
Azurova povjesnica ( with epilogue of Nives MajnariPandi)
Trk P. 1996, Datacija poznobronastodobnih depojev,
in: Depojske in posamezne kovinske najdbe bakrene
in bronaste dobe na Slovenskem II ( B.Teran ed..),
Katalogi in monografije 29-30, Ljubjana: Narodni muzej.
TylecoteR.F. 1976, A History ofmetallurgy, London:Metals
Society.
Uckelmann M. 2004-2005, Schutz, Prunk und Kult - Zur
Funktion bronzezeitlicher Schilde, Anodos. Studies of
the Ancient World 4-5, Trnava, 243-249.
Uckelmann M. 2005, Die Schilde von Herzsprung:
Bemerkungen zu Herstellung, Funktion und Deutung,
Jahresschrift fr mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte 89, 159188.
Vasi R. 1994, Die Sicheln im Zentral Balkan, PBF XVIII/5,
Stuttgart 1994.
Vasi R. 2003, Die Nadeln im Zentralbalkan, PBF XIII/11,
Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Vidovi J. 1988-1989, Bronano doba Meimurja, AV 3940, Ljubljana, 453-459.
Vinski Z. 1955, Prethodni izvjetaj o iskapanju nekropole
na Lijevoj Bari u Vukovaru 1951., 1952. i 1953. godine,
Ljetopis JAZU 60, Zagreb, 231-255.
Vinski Z. 1959., Ausgrabungen in Vukovar, Archaeologia
Jugoslavica 3, Beograd 1959, 99-109.
Vinski Z., Vinski-Gasparini K. 1956, Prolegomena k
statistici i kronologiji prethistorijskih ostava u Hrvatskoj
Literature
i u vojvoanskom podruju Srijema, OA 1, Zagreb, 57109.

Vinski Z., Vinski-Gasparini K. 1962, O utjecajima
istono-alpske haltatske kulture i balkanske ilirske na
slavonsko-srijemsko Podunavlje, Arheoloki radovi i
rasprave 2, Zagreb, 263-293.
Vinski-Gasparini K. 1968, Najstarija bronana vedra
jugoslavenskog Podunavlja, VAMZ 3.s. III, Zagreb
1968, 1-27.
Vinski-Gasparini K. 1973, Kultura polja sa arama u
sjevernoj Hrvatskoj, Zadar 1973: Radovi Filozofskog
fakulteta.
Vinski-Gasparini K. 1979-1980, Ostava kasnog bronanog
doba iz Punitovaca kod akova, VAMZ 3.s. XII/XIII,
Zagreb, 87-103.
Vinski-Gasparini K. 1983, Kultura polja sa arama sa
svojim grupama, in: Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja.
Bronzano doba. Vol. IV(Alojz Benac ed.), Sarajevo, 547667.
Vrdoljak S. 1992, Nalazi kalupa s lokaliteta Kalnik-Igrie
kao primjer metalurke djelatnosti u sjeverozapadnoj
Hrvatskoj, OA 16, Zagreb, 75-87.
Vrdoljak
S.
1994,
Tipoloka
klasifikacija
kasnobronanodobne keramike iz naselja Kalnik-Igrie
(SZ Hrvatska) OA 18, Zagreb, 7-83.
149
Vrdoljak S. 1996, Prapovijesno naselje na Kosovcu kod

Bregane (Samobor), OA20, Zagreb, 179-184.
Vrdoljak S. 1997, Pokusno sondiranje nalazita MakovacCrianj, Obavijesti HAD-a XXIX/3, Zagreb, 61-64.
Vrdoljak S. & Forenbaher S. 1995, Bronze-casting and
organization of production at Kalnik-Igrie (Croatia),
Antiquity 69, London, 577-82.
Vrdoljak S. & Mihaljevi M. 2000, Istraivanje
prapovijesnog naselja Makovac-Crianj (1997-1998),
Obavijesti HAD-a XXXII/1, Zagreb 2000, 38-43.
eravica Z. 1993, xte und Beile aus Dalmatien und
andere Teilen Kroatiens, Montenegro, Bosnien und
Herzegowina, PBF IX/18, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner
Verlag.
Wanzek B. 1989, Die Gumodel fr Tllenbeile im
sdstlichen Europa, UPA 2, Bonn: Rudolf Habelt
GMBH.
Wanzek B. 2002, Zur Syntax der Muster auf
Griffzungensicheln im bronzezeitlichen Sdosteuropa,
in EA-online, Feb, (www.archaeology.ro/bwan.htm)
Weber C. 1996, Die Rasiermesser in Sdosteuropa, PBF
VIII/5, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Wels-Weyrauch U. 1991, Die Anhnger in Sdbayern, PBF
XI-5, Stuttgart:Franz Steiner Verlag.
PLATES
Plates
10
PI. 1 Pottery from Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement site

153
154
Plates
155
156
Plates
157
PI. 6 Pots from Kalnik-Igrisce
158
II settlement
site
Plates
159
II settlement
site
160
II settlement
site
Plates
161
PI. 10 Undecorated
conical
bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce
162
II settlement
site
Plates
PI. 11 Undecorated conical bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
163
PI. 12 Undecorated conical bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
164
Plates
165
PI. 14 Undecorated bowls with inverted rim from Kaltiik-Igrisce II settlement site
166
Plates
167
Croatia \
168
Plates
PI. 17 Undecorated
bowls with inverted
rim from Kalnik-Igrisce
169
II settlement
site
Croatia \
PL 18 Undecorated bowls with inverted rim from Kalnik-Igrisce
170
II settlement site
Plates
0
0
171
PI. 20 Fragments of undecorated and turban " shaped bowls with inverted run from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
172
Plates
PI. 21 Fragments of bowls with turban " shaped rim from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
173
PI. 22 Fragments
of bowls with turban " shaped
174
rim from Kalnik-Igrisce
II settlement
site
Plates
175
PL 24 Fragments
of bowls and pots from Kalnik-Igrisce
176
II settlement
site
177
1i
21
3i
5'
0
PI. 26 Fragments
ofpots
from Kalnik-Igrisce
178
II settlement
1 2
site
Plates
PI. 2 7 Fragments
of bowls from Kalnik-igrisce
179
II settlement
site
PI. 28 Pottery fragments from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
180
Plates
Pl. 29 Base fragments
from Kalnik-Igrisce
181
II settlement
site
182
Plates
Pl. 31 Pottery fragments decorated by grooving, incision, fluting and so called pseudoschnur decoration from Kalnik-Igrisce II
settlement site
183
PI. 32 Fragments
ofpottery
decorated
with plastic
ribbons
184
and ribs from Kalnik-Igrisce
II settlement
site
Plates
PL 33 Fragments of so calledfunctional- decorativ elements from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
185
186
Plates
187
3
2
!
?
S I
mW
s> i*
PL 36 Fragments
of handles from Kalnik-Igrisce
188
II settlement
site
Plates
PI. 37 Fragments of handles with triangle cross section from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
189
PI. 38 1. Bowl offinefabric decorated with incised triangles and white incrustation 2. Bowl offine fabric decorated with white
incrustation 3. Fragment of bowl decorated with pseudoschnur decoration 4. Fragment of mobile hearth. All from Kalnik-igrisce II
settlement site
190
Plates
Pl. 39 Pottery fragments from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

191
Croatia
PI. 40 Pottery fragments from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
192
Plates
PL 41 Fragments of spindle whorls from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
193
PI. 42 Fragments of spindle whorls and loom weights from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
194
Plates
195
PI. 44 Fragments
of spindle
whorls
and loom weights from Kalnik-igrisce
196
II settlement
site
Plates
198
Plates
PI. 49 Fragments of stone tools from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site
199
Croatia
200
Plates
201
202
Plates
203
204
Plates
205
206
207
Croatia
Pi. 56 Velika Gorica cemetery: grave E/1910
208
Pl. 57 Velika Gorica cemetery: grave E/1910
709
Croatia
PI. 58 Velika Gorica cemetery: grave F/1910

71 n
Plates
Pl. 59 Velika Gorica cemetery: grave 4/1911
Croatia
Plates
Plates
PI. 64 Velika Gorica cemetery: 1. grave 3/1911, 2. grave 8/1911, 3. grave 7/1911, 4. from destroyed graves
Plates
Plates
- O
Plates
PI. 71 Velika Gorica cemetery: accidental finds from destroyed graves
PI. 72 Velika Gorica cemetery: accidentalfindsfrom destroyed graves
Plates
1a
3_"0
c
If.1 !i
1 <KS
W * J-T'LI
M^iii:- ,f ';'.- 1
.II
U-//77J
LLPJ!!
a
(7777<7i
Ui-.y^
.if
f\
i
3 : 0
D:O
PI. 74 Velika Gorica cemetery: accidentalfinds from destroyed graves
Plates
JJM[T
IT7
lllllll,
MIL
1a
"TTIhTi
7a
Plates
Plates
PI. 80 Velika Gorica cemetery: accidentalfinds from destroyed graves
Plates

Snježana Karavanić - The Urnfield Culture in Continental Croatia (2009)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Snježana Karavanić - The Urnfield Culture in Continental Croatia (2009)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

This title published by

The Urnfield Culture in Continental Croatia

Archaeopress and S Karavanic 2009

ISBN 978 1 4073 0613 1

Printed in England by Blenheim Colour Ltd

All BAR titles are available from:

2. Urnfield Culture Settlements in Croatia

3. Cemeteries of the Urnfield Culture in Continental Croatia

4. Metal Industry of the Urnfield Culture in Croatia

4.4 Typological and Statistical Analysis of Metal Items in the Hoards

Fig. 3 Clusters of pottery found in trench from 2001 at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site

Fig. 4 Cluster of ceramic vessels in situ (trench 1998/1) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi

Fig. 6 Cross-section of hearth 1 (SU 006) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (drawing by M. Perkic)

Fig. 7 Hearth (SU 019) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (photo by S. Karavanic)

Fig. 8 Drawing of a hearth (SU 028) at Mackovac-Crisnjevi site (drawing by K. Jelincic)

Fig. 9 Pottery types from the Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement (after H. Kalafatic

Fig. 10 Cadastral map of the settlement Mackovac-Crisnjevi with the position

Fig. 11 Hoard Mackovac II or Mackovac-Crisnjevi (photo by M. Mihaljevic)

Fig. 15 Pins from the Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement (drawing by M. Perkic)

Fig. 17 Aerial photo of Kalnik and surrounding area (modified by A. Kudelic)

Fig. 18 Ground plan of the excavated area at Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after

Fig. 20 Table of cup and jar types at Kalnik-Igrisce I

Fig. 21 Examples of vessels of type C5a from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement

Fig. 23 Vessels from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after Vrdoljak 1994)

Fig. 24 Metal items from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after Majnaric-Pandzic 1998a)

Fig. 25 Metal items from Kalnik-Igrisce I settlement (after Majnaric-Pandzic 1998a)

Fig. 28 Ground plan of Kalnik-Igrisce II site with SU 014 containing finds of

Fig. 29 Photograph of SU 065 showing a post hole with stones at Kalnik-Igrisce

Fig. 30 Remains of carbonized wheat grains at Kalnik-Igrisce II site

Fig. 31 Photo of SU 038 showing fragments of a mobile hearth at Kalnik-Igrisce

Fig. 32 Map of the Urnfield culture cemetery sites in continental Croatia

Fig. 35 Graves from Drljanovac cemetery

Fig. 39 Analysis of plano-convex ingots from the Pustakovec hoard

Fig. 40 Analysis of plano-convex ingots from the Zagreb-Dezmanov Prolaz hoard

Fig. 42 Bronze casting moulds from continental Croatia

Fig. 43 Bronze casting moulds from continental Croatia

Fig. 44 Bronze-casting moulds from Kalnik-igrisce I settlement (after Vrdoljak 1992)

Fig. 45 "Channelled stones"

Fig. 46 Bronze casting moulds

Fig. 52 Major hoard find sites in continental Croatia

Fig. 53 Hoards according to horizons

Fig. 56 A reconstruction of the Nyirtura type of shield, based on Patay 1968

Fig. 57 A reconstruction of the Veliko Nabrde helmet (after Skoberne 2001)

Fig. 58 Finds of greaves from continental Croatia

Fig. 60 Examples of pendants from hoards in Croatia

Fig. 61 Belts from the hoards in continental Croatia

Fig. 62 Belts of early Urnfield culture

Fig. 66 Vessels (buckets) of the Kurd type from Croatia

Fig. 69 Legrad hoard (after Vinski-Gasparini 1973)

PL 2 Pottery from Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement site

PL 3 Pottery from Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement site

PL 4 Pottery from Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement site

PL 5 Pottery from Mackovac-Crisnjevi settlement site

PL 6 Pots from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 7 Pots from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 8 Pots from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 9 Pots from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 10 Undecorated conical bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 11 Undecorated conical bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 12 Undecorated conical bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 13 Undecorated S-profilcd bowls from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 14 Undecorated bowls with inverted rim from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 15 Undecorated bowls with inverted rim from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site

PL 16 Undecorated bowls with inverted rim from Kalnik-Igrisce II settlement site