You are on page 1of 80

VENTASIS RATAS

SENOJO IR NAUJOJO STATYMO arba TESTAMENTO


su Vulgatos tekstu
Vert ir komentori pridjo
Kauno Arkivyskupas-Metropolitas Juozapas Skvireckas
TURINYS

Senojo
Testameto
knygos:

Naujojo
Testamento
knygos:

GROMATA
RYMIEIUS

Pradios

Mato

Ijimo

Morkaus

1 perskyrimas

Kunig

Luko

2 perskyrimas

Skaitli

Jono

3 perskyrimas

Atkartoto statymo

Apatal darbai

4 perskyrimas

Jozus

Rymieiams

5 perskyrimas

Teisj

1 Korintieiams

6 perskyrimas

Rutos

2 Korintieiams

7 perskyrimas

1 Samulio
1 Karali *
2 Samulio
2 Karali *
1 Karali
3 Karali *
2 Karali
4 Karali *
1 Kronik

Galatams

8 perskyrimas

Efezieiams

9 perskyrimas

Pilypieiams

10 perskyrimas

Kolosieiams

11 perskyrimas

1 Tesalonikieiams

12 perskyrimas

2 Tesalonikieiams

13 perskyrimas

1 Timotiejui

14 perskyrimas

2 Timotiejui

15 perskyrimas

Titui

16 perskyrimas

2 Kronik
Ezdro
Neemijo
Tobijo
Juditos
Esteros
1 Makabiej
2 Makabiej
Jobo
Psalmi
Patarli
Pamokslininkas
Giesmi giesm

Filemonui
ydams
Jokubo
1 Petro
2 Petro
1 Jono
2 Jono
3 Jono
Judo
Apreikimas

Iminties
Ekleziastikas
Izaijo
Jeremijo
Raudos
Baruko
Ezekilio
Danilio
Ozjo
Jolio
Amoso
Abdijo
Jonos
Mikjo
Naumo
Abakuko
Sofonijo
Agjo
Zakarijo
Malakijo

* Taip ios knygos vadinamos


1921 met leidime

vedimas

2;97/=/

W ; ? 7 3 1 U 3 > <
P ? > C  G ;  M )
VT) ;ha] N) J IN C C I _jge YlYk
Yh kc jalYa) ,) qea na]l lYjh
HYmbgbg klYlqeg cfbW_ maeY n)
Jgnadg _jgeYlgk) n) JgnadYk'cmjk
lmjdabg \Yj calq\acnYj\' MYm(
damk'hajekYngYlkan]jlaeg Zmng\a(
\aYmkam EjaklYmk egckdg hja]m
aj V%ajebcjacagfah]jk]caglgbm)
JYjara]blnkfk'aYmcdlYkfmg
hYl eY]fk hYjara]b \nYkagb] aj
\a\aYe] hjakajaae] hja] q\ la(
cbaeg' cYahg \a\aYmka kYm _YjZ
dYac _afla l lacbae fmg nakg'
cYk jg\ka bYe hja]af_Y) Ml]Zmc(
daf_m Zm\m Yfl c]dag  >YeYkc
hYla]k EjaklYmk Yln]jklYk aj hYnY(
\aflYk a YhYlYdmk' hYafk la]k'
km f]eY]kfam mgdmem eka b
hdYlafla' f]ka_Yad\YeYk f]a dYacg'
f]a nYj_g' f]a f]l kYng _qnqZk)
?a\YeYk a ea]klg a ea]kl'ana](
fgcjYlgcalYf' na]fkme]ad]hja(
aeYeYk' cal h]jk]cagbYeYk' YhkY(
cgbg _qnm g\am C_Yfqlgbg?nYf(
_]dab' Yln]jl b EjaklYmk lacbae

\Ym_qZ q\' g \Yj \Ym_aYmk hY(


_gfa aj cj hg nakYk lmge]l a(
fgeghYkYmdagYdakkcYaldaf_Yk ZY(
fqaYk) ?mhaf\Yegk kYng cmjlg(
eak ZYfqageak' ljgc\YeYk' cY\
bgk lYjhlm aj fmgdYl klahjaflmk
lacbae] aj e]adb]' dYfc bYk f](
cYjl hYlkYa6 f]_Yd\YeYkhYlkYl(
nqcla' kak\Yng kYng egcqlafamk aj
hY_YdZafafcmk6 _Ydgh >a]ng cnh(
lYk jYq\Yng bgek _jgeYlYk) N
n' Jgnadg hYjYql _jgeYl' cm(
jagk mkadacg aca emk\a]faj cY(
lYdac <Yfqagb] hYkcYalqlgk qjY
lYjh n]flgbg LYlgcfq_' qjY a(
nakg c]lmjagdacY) JYjY bYk n)
JgnadYk lYjh 0.~12 e]l hg Ej)
PakmYfckaYmkaYa hYjYqla \Ua _jg(
eYla N]kYdgfaca]amk' nakmhYkcaYm(
kaYa Yfljgba _jgeYlY  Naegla]b)
NYa_a'f] hY_Yd hYjYqeg dYackm(
klYlqlgk bgk qjY <aZdabgb]' Z]l hY(
_Yd ZYfqa \a\me' cmjagek Zm(
ng kaklgk' aj hY_Yd lmjafag knYj(
Zme' aj lYa lYah'bg_ hajeY hY\(

LYlYk' PC)

Turinys

:VVA?5E5%

lgk _jgeYlgk a ZYfqaYk' ghYkcma


 YlkcajYk qhYlYk) Pakm _Yd] hY(
\lY qjY _jgeYlY a q\mk \dlg'
cY\ ba hYkcaYmkaYa qjY hjaaelY a
cYfgf PYcYjm <Yfqagb])
-) <]n]ac nakYk EjaklYmk egc(
kdYk' cYah kYcgn) NgeYk ;cnafa](
lak' jYf\Yka a\klqlYk lgk] n) Jg(
nadg _jgeYlgk]6 Z]l km \a\]kfam
jh]kam cgf] nakgk] _jgeYlgk]
;hYlYdYk egcg' bg_ a_YfqeYk'
EjaklYmk Ylf]lYk' hja]afYeYk qjY
naka]ekegfek'ajhYjg\g'bg__q(
nYkDr EjakllacbaeYkaj?nYf(
_]dabYqjYna]fYlafaklga_Yfqegc](
daYk)NmgdYZaYmkZmnghjan]jklYkn)
JgnadYkYacaflalegckd'bg_]acYa(
cmja] f]lacja egcqlgbYa kl]f_ka b
acj]ahla'fgj\Yeahjae]klanaka]ek
cjacagfaekZ]fl \Yda bYmfmklgbm(
ka kYng n]jlk M]fgbg klYlqeg
Yh]a_' hYnbWr\af' YhahbYmklqe)
.) Pakgk n) Jgnadg _jgeYlgk
Zmng hYjYqlgk _jYac cYdZY' cmja
lmge]l dYZaYmkaYa Zmng hjYkahdYla(
fmka Lqeg na]hYlqklb]) ;hYlYdg
nYjlgbYeY cYdZY qjY _YfY lYakb\[(
dacY' fgjk jYf\Yka bgb] na]lgeak
aj f]hYhjYkla akaj]acaeYa' cmja]
YhkmfcafY kmhjYlae) H]kajhafg
n) JgnadYk Yha] klqbaYmk a\Yadafa(
e aj hYhmgae' maelYkna]ffg(
jm cmghadfaYaakaYaaj]aclakYngeaf(
la6 Z]l cY\Yf_a bak a hja_aeaeg
Zmng dYZYa acYdZaf_Yk' lg\d aj
nakgk] bg _jgeYlgk] lYk acYdZaf(
_meYk _qnYa Yhkaj]acaY' hY_YmfY
aj ljYmcaY hja] kYnk ca]cna]fg
kcYalqlgbg aj\)
/) <]n]ac nakgk _jgeYlgk k]fg(
Zafam hYhjgam qjY hjY\]\YegkhY(
qebaem jYqlgbgajkcYalqlgbnYj(
\g' hja] cmjag hja\]\YeYk qjY ad(
_]kfakYj ljmeh]kfakhYkn]acafaeYk'
aj mZYa_aYegk lYahg_a hYkn]acafa(
eYak aj YhYlYdacm hYdYaeafaem)
LYq\Yng bYk ;hYlYdYkf]kYng
jYfcY' Z]l \aclmg\Yng jYlafafcma6

hYlk _a lYfcaYa hja\\Yng _Yd] kY(


ng jYfcY lac c]d]l g\a' cY\
cjacagfk _]jaYmk _Ydlm hYafla'
bg_ lYa lacjYa Jgnadg _jgeYlY)

R`][ObOWEe[WSyWca&0)Lqeg
ZYfqaY' Yfgl n) ln hYdam\a(
baeg' Zmng cmjlY YhYlYd cmfa(
_Yacag' n) J]ljg) <]l \Yj
haje bg Ylc]daYnaeg LqeYf _](
jY EjaklYmk HYmba]fY _Ydbg bYm
Zla a]c la]c afgeYlYe] ea]kl])
NYjh Y l b f  j q e a ] a 
$;h\) -$ ,+%' \jYm_ km calYak Zm(
nmka D]jgrgdaeg] dam\qlgbYak n)
>nYkagk fm]f_aeg Yfl YhYlYd'
_Ydbg jYkla]k na]fYk calYk' cmjk'
lacbk  Ejakl dYac] hajegbg n)
J]ljg hYegckdg' hYjkaf] km kY(
nae l lacbae fYegf) Eadmkak'
hg n) Ml]hgfg fmcYfcafaegcjac(
agfa h]jk]cagbaeYk Dm\bgb] _Y(
dbg lYahg_a f] na]f cjacagf'
Z_Yfl fmg hYngbYmk' fmnqla da_
Lqema) NYa_a' n) J]ljYk' Ylnqck
/- e]lYak  na]hYlqklk kgklaf'
_Ydbg aY bYm jYkla hajemlafamk
cjac)agfqklk \a]_mk) Dak'Z] YZ](
bgfk' cj]ahka km EjaklYmk g\am
nakmhajeY  kYng na]flYmamk' q(
\mk' cmja Lqe] lmge]l Zmng _Y(
fY \Ym_' aj a Yln]jklb kmlYak
haje cjacagfa \jYm_ab) <]l
lYjh q\ Zmng f]eY hjgr]dal
YjZY fYmbYlaca' l) q) hjaemka
q\ lacbae hY_gfa) Na] fYm(
bYlacaYa nakmj _j]aaYmk m lacjmg(
kamk bW\mk hjaae\Yng ?nYf_]dab6
_YdaeY lYl lacla]k' bg_ aj Lqe]
f]eYYk b kcYaldamk hjacdYmk bYm
hja] hajegkagk cjacagfa \jYm_a(
bgk) JYkcfa' cY\Y' hYda]hmk [a]kg(
jama EdYm\abma' q\Ya' g km bYak aj
cjacagfk' Ylkan]jlmka]ba a q\'
Zmng anYjqla a Lqeg' hYkadacg
aY lY Lqeg ZYfqagk \Ydak' cmja
Zmng kmjafclY a hjgr]dal' hja]

Turinys

t 9H?;9o;F]%

cmjam Z] YZ]bg Zmng hjaka\b aj


Ylkan]jlmka]ba hY_gfak) Dm kcYal(
damk qeaYa hYka\Ym_afg' cY\Y n)
J]ljYk' hg YhYlYd Mmkajafcaeg
D]jmrYdb] 0, e)' km_jg EqeYf
aj' eYYZ]jY\k q\' cj]ahka km
?nYf_]dabgk YhkYcgbaem a hY_gfak)
Ngcamg Zm\m lmg dYacm' cY\Y n)
JgnadYk jY ?qeg ZYfqaYa kYng
_jgeYl' \Ym_meY Lqeg cjacag(
fa Zmng Ylkan]jl hY_gfak)
1) n) JgnadYk' ad_ bYm dYac
hdYlafk EjaklYmk egckd Lqeg
na]hYlabgk Lqlmgk]' fmlYj h]jka(
c]dla  bgkPYcYjmgk]]kYfa CkhY(
fab6 hYc]db] meYf YhkadYfcqla
Lqe]' cY\aj Lqea]aYek kml]aclm
a]cla]c\ n Y k a c g k  e Y d g f k ) 
H]fgj\YeYk ad_Ya hYk bmgk hYka(
dacla' kcYal j]acYdaf_m \Yaclm hja(
j]f_la Lqea]amkhja] lg YhkadYfcq(
eg h]j _jgeYl'a\klb\YeYk bg(
b] knYjZaYmkamk kYng YhkYcgbaeg
\Ydqcmk' cY\ aj lYk ljmehYk Yhka(
dYfcqeYkf]hYkadaclmZ]_]jnYaka)
/& AjgeYlgb]  Lqea]amk' Z]
Yf_gk $,' , ~ ,0% aj mZYa_gk'
$),0' C C ~ ,1' -2% _YdaeY Ylkcaj(
la \na \Yda) Jajegb]6( \g_eYlacgb]
\Ydqb]' n) JgnadYk ajg\afbY' bg_
na]fYlafam a_Yfqegc]damqjY?nYf(
_]dabgk egckdYk' hjaaelYk km _qnm
lacbaem' aj lYa naka]ek' Z] bgcag
kcajlmeg lYjh q\ aj hY_gfa) Ng
\d]a ;hYlYdYk hYjg\g nakmhajeY
$,' ,1~/' -0%' bg_ Z] EjaklYmk
eYdgfk' Yhj]aclgk ?nYf_]dabgb]'
f]a _aelYk la]kgk hYafaeYk hY(
_gfaek' f]a YhahbYmklqeYk aj klY(
lqeYk q\Yek f]aca]cf]hY\bgdYa(
ela a_Yfqe6 lgd]kfaYa $0' ,~3'
.4% bak YhjYg ?nYf_]daagk _YdqZ'
akcYalq\YeYk nYakamk aj qhYlqZ]k
fml]akafaeg h]j lacbae' aj _Ydgh
$4' ,~ ,,' .1% Yh_afY egckdYha]
fml]akafae fmg me]lafbae' a(
j\q\YeYk' bg_ bak nakYa kmlafcYkm
]f) klYlqe] \mglYak ajafclYbYa

lYmlYa hYY\baeYak) ;fljgb] _a'


egjYdacgb] \Ydqb] $,-' ,~,0',.%'
jY_afY ;hYlYdYk nakmk \Yjqda a
lacbaeg hY]afYfamk \YjZmk)
3) AjgeYlY hYjYqlYZmng_jYa(
c cYdZY Egjafl]' c _YdaeY fm(
eYfqla a lg' cY\ b ;hYlYdYk a(
kamfl LqeYf h]j @Z' _qn]fmka
Egjaflg mgkd]' E]f[dajmgk] $,1' ,%'
aj cY\ hja\bg hYkn]acafae cgjaf(
la]ag' EYbYmk' hYk cmj bak lmg
e]lm _qn]fg $,1' -.%) JYjY b
n) JgnadYk lmg dYacm' cY\Y j]f_(
ka fmf]la D]jmrYdf YdemfYk' km(
jafclYk GYc]\gfabgb] aj ;[`Ybgb]
$,0' -0) -1%6 Zmng _a lYa hYZYa(
_gb] lj]agkagk bg YhYlYdacgk c](
dagfk' lg\d ZYa_aYflak 03 YjZY)
hjYka\]\Yfl 04 e]lYek hg Ejak(
lYmk m_aeaeg)
4) Hgjk hja] -) aele]ag _Y(
d fa]cmj hYk n) lnmkf]jYf\Ye]
_jgeYlgk  Lqea]amk hYnY\aflgk
YacaYa n) Jgnadg n]acYdm aj n)
LYlg \Ydaea' Z]l' YmlgjaYmk f]a(
nYj\abYfl' ba nYjlgbYeY qjYbYm n)
Ed]e]fkg Lqe)' n) C_fY[g E)'
n) JgdacYjhg aj cal) JjY\]\Yfl
_a fmg N]gdadag ;flagc) $Yha] ,2+%'
ba nakmj aj nak nY\afYeY qjYklY(
aYa n) Jgnadg jYlm aj jYf\YeY
nakmgk] n) cfq_ jafcafamgk]) Ng(
\d Yha] bgk Yml]flacme fa]cYk
aj f]YZ]bgbY'~ Nac \m hYkcmlafam
h]jkcqjaem cYacmja] fgja Ylkcajla
fmg lgk _jgeYlgk' kYcq\Yea' cY\
ba]\m ]k  aY h]jc]dla a cgcag
fgjkcalgn) Jgnadgn]acYdg6Z]l\Yjg
lYa Z] hYeYlg'f]k aj b lmjafb(k a(
lacjbnakYafjY hja]af_Ykcalgek
_jgeYlgk \Ydaek' g anYj\abYegk aj
kn]acafYegkbmgk] qhYlgk lacjYa_Y(
dbg Zla hYklYegk n) Jgnadma'
cY\ aj f]ZmnmkaYe aca lYe dYa(
cma Lqe]' Z]l _YdbmkaYe kmkalacla
km bgeak calmgk] c)jYlmgk])

Turinys

1KFMNJGA NANF :AOGF >KJMNJGF

/LCINJ :JDFGJ FKATGAFJ ELJFOANA

;`][Ob]a ~wO\UO2 O\b`OuOa =` R|Y]XW[Oa&


7O^cbC) JYmdmk' k]jnmk D]km
I`jakla' ng[Ylmk 5N8Cab]Zca$ k](
_j]_Ylmk af ?nYf_]dame >]aW
W img\Yfl]hjgeak]jYlW]j hjg(
h`]lYkkmgk af M[jahlmjak kYf[(
lak {
 \] @adag kmg' ima ^Y[lmk
]kl ]a ]p k]eaf] >Yna\ k][mf(
\me [Yjf]e' W ima hjY]\]klafY(
lmk ]kl @adamk >]a af najlml]
k][mf\me khajalme kYf[la^a[Y(
lagfak ]p j]kmjj][lagf] egjlmg(
jme D]kmI`jakla>geafafgklja5
W h]j im]e Y[[]haemk _jYlaYe'
]l ;hgklgdYlme Y\ gZ]\a]f\me
^a\]a af gefaZmk _]flaZmk hjg

)& DS`aYe`W[Oa& WJgnadYk' D (


rYmk EjaklYmk lYjfYk' hYnY\af(
lYkak ;hYlYdYkW bYkcajlYk >a]ng
?nYf_]dabYa' Wcmja hajeY Zmng
hYY\bk h]j kYng# JjYfYmk
n]flmgk] LYlmgk] {
Ybba] kYng
Mmfm' cmjk bYe hY\YjqlYk qjY
a >gna\g _aeafk hY_Yd cmf'#W
cmjk hajehYkcajlYk qjY cYahg
>a]ng Mfk km _YdqZ] hY_Yd
hYn]flaeg \nYka h]j fmeajm(
kaabbi bjakacdae'Yha]DrEja(
kl'emkmPa]hYla'Wh]jcmja_Y(
nge]eYdgfajYhYlYdqkl' cY\
hY\Yjqlmee nakYk lYmlYk hY(

,~2) AjgeYlgk Y f l j Y Y k '  cmjaYe]


hYhjYklYa ]kla hYqeaeY' cYk _jgeYl
jYg aj b c b  jYg' aY qjY dYZYa acad(
eaf_Yk aj _YfY ad_Yk) Dak qjY hjalYacq(
lYk  YhdafcqZ]kW cmjagk] _jgeYlY Zmng
hYjYqlY) ;hYlYdYk jY ZYfqaYa' cm(
ja  f] hYlk Zmng cjk' f]a h]j kYng
egcqlafamk' ajcmjagb] bak_Ydbg Zla \Ym(
_]dama nakYa f]afgeYk6 lg\d a hYl hjY(
\agkbakfgjbg hYYacafla' cg\d lYah \j(
k aY a jY g 6 Zl]fl' bg_]a bak qjY nakm lYm(
l ;hYlYdYk' lg\d aj Lqea]a)
$,% >a]ng l Y j f g  nYj\Yk ]f) klYlq(
e] Zmng \mg\YeYk naka]ek lacjgbg >a]ng
_YjZaflgbYek' Z]l dYZaYmkaYa la]ek' cmja]
_Ym\Yng fmg >a]ng qhYlaf_Yk hYj]a_Yk'
cYah Ggr' hjYfYYa) NYah(hYlaj H) klY(
lqe]) JgnadYk nY\afYaY kYn] l Y j f m ' 
\dlg cY\ bYe Zmng DrYmk EjaklYmk \mg(
lgk qhYlaf_gk hYj]a_gk6 Zl]fl' bak Zmng
hYnY\aflYk Zla Y h Y l Y d m '  l) o) E jak(
lYmk hYkamflafam' aj cYahg lgckYa aakZmng
YlkcajlYk fmg cal aj fWia_hjWi ?nYf_](
dabgk YhkYcgbaema)~$-% ;kle fWWZ`i)))

?nYf_]dabgk YhkYcgbaeYk bYm n) LYl]


M) ) Zmng >a]ng hYY\lYk nakgek lYm(
lgek)~$.% : f _[ iWle Lkd__))) ;hYlYdYk
YhjYg \n]bgh C_Yfqlgbg klgn5 fm]ea(
fae' f]k lYhg eg_mea' m_ae\YeYk
a >gna\g _aeafk' aj aYm_lafae' f]k
hjaek eg_Ymk hja_ael Zmng Yhj]ac(
lYk cYahg >a]ng Mfk)~IWZWhojWi ohW'
l) q) m_ae) ~$/% Lk ]WboX[5 lmjaflak
\a]nac _YdqZ)~J Y_ YdfWl[dj_ce ZlW(
i_5 hY_Yd kYng \a]nac hja_ael)~I[h
dkc_hki__+k fh_i_b[b_c) Hmeajmkab
hjakacdaeYk qjY lacjaYmkam hjahYjg\qem'
bg_ Drmk Ejaklmk' hajeYkak hjakacdmkak'
Zmng >a]nYk)~$0% I[h akh))) Hgjk n)
JgnadYk nYjlgbY aY \Yaa_kcYald5 ]Wlec['
na]fgc cYdZY lac Yha] kYn] na]f)~F W(
bed))) l) q) fa]cmgf]mlYjfYml eYdgf
had\qla _YjZaf_Yk YhYlYdg hYj]a_Yk)~O _(
iWi jWkjWi)) H] lac q\Ya' Z]l nakgk lYm(
lgk Zmng hYnY\aflgk  lacbae) JgnadYk
Zmng >a]ng hYkcajlYk hjYhdYlafla ?nYf_](
dab lYjh hY_gfa aj Yln]kla bmgk hYcdmk(
fme n) lacbaema)~=b[_`e  lWhZe5 \d

Turinys

LRG) ,' 1~,-)

0)

fgeaf] ]bmk' { af imaZmk ]klak


]l ngk ng[Yla D]km Ajakla6 ge(
faZmk ima kmfl EgeY]' \ad][lak
>]a' ng[Ylak kYf[lak) AjYlaY ng(
Zak' ]l hYp Y >]g JYlj]fgkljg'
]l >geafg D]km =`jaklg)

cdmkfageak lacbaema \d]a bg


nYj\g' wlYjh cmjam ]kYl] aj bmk'
hYnY\afla]ba DrYmk EjaklYmk'
naka]ek) Lqe]]kYfla]ek) >a]ng
fmeqdla]ek'hYnY\afla]ekn]f(
la]ka]ek) GYdgf bmek ajjYeq(
Z fmg >a]ng' emla Nng' aj
Pa]hYla]k' DrYmk EjaklYmk)

{
 Jjaeme ima\]e _jYlaYkY_g
>]g e]g h]j D]kme =`jaklme
hjg gefaZmk ngZak5 imaY ^a\]k
n]kljY YffmflaYlmj af mfan]jkg
emf\g) {
 N]klak]fae ea`a ]kl
>]mk' [ma k]jnag khajalm e]g af
?nYf_]dag ?adaa ]bmk' img\ kaf]
afl]jeakkagf] e]egjaYe n]klja
^Y[ag k]eh]j af gjYlagfaZmk
jY]ak5 gZk][jYfk' ka imgeg\g
lYf\]e YdaimYf\g hjgkh]jme
al]j `YZ]Ye af ngdmflYl] >]a
n]fa]f\a Y\ ngk)  >]ka\]jg
]fae na\]j] ngk5 ml Ydaima\ ae(
V>]jlaYj ngZak _jYlaY] khajalmYdak
Y\ [gf^ajeYf\gk ngk5 a\ ]kl)

{PakmhajeY \cgbm eYfg >a](


nma h]j Dr Ejakl m bmkna(
kmk' \dlg cY\ bmkla lacbaeYk
_YjkafYeYk qjY h9g nak -.YkYmda)
{ Ek dam\qlgbYk eYf qjY >a](
nYk' cmjaYe lYjfYmbm kYng \nY(
kagb] h]j bg MllfYmk ?nYf_]dab'
bg_ Z] h9Ydagngk Ylkae]fm Yha]
bmk nakmge]l eYfg eYd\gk]'
eYd\Ym\YeYk' b]acYab% fgjk _Ydm
_Yd] dYaeaf_Ya eYf bWk(kak]clm
h]j >a]ng nYda Yl]ala hYk bmk)
EkYljgclmbmk j]_la' cY\
bmek kml]acaYm a]c(la]c \nY(
kacgk eYdgfk bmkm VlYlnajlafa(
ema' lYa qjY' cY\ \jYll_ kmbll(

\a\]kfk _YjZk >a]ng nYj\g)~" . # NYjh


lYml' cmjagek n) JgnadYk lmjbg YhkY(
cgla ?nYf_]dab' Zmng Lqea]aYa) ~$2%
M]fgZk hYhjgam ;hYlYdYk' hjY\bk
_jgeYl fmg hYqebaeg kYng nYj\g' hY(
qea lYahg_a lmgk' cmja]ek _jgeYl kca(
jaY5 Iel_bWi))) l_i_[ci' ;oc[ [iWdj_[ci)
u IWlWZ_dj_[ci l[dj_[i_[ci5 cmja] hYnY(
\afla qjY'cY\Zmlm n]flYak'ajcmja] akY(
ng hYYmcaegqjYn]fla) ~FWbed`kci)))
JYkn]acafaeg g\amk' k]fgZk jYqlgb
\]\Yemk na]fYe] kYcafqb] km nYj\m' Jg(
nadYk \]\Y  Ylkcaj kYcaf $hd_) =a[]jg
;lla[g kYdml]e%' dafc\YeYk bmgk] kcYa(
lqlgbYek \nYkac \gnYf5 e Y d g f k ' 
l) q) \gnYfYa kml]acaYe >a]ng _]jY\Yjqk(
a' n]\Yfa  a_Yfqe' cmja nYakamea
qjY bYm aY Yfl]ek j Y e q Z )
3~,0) ;fljgba Yf_gk \Ydak' \ c g (
b a e Y k )  JgnadYk \cgbY >a]nma m eY(
dgf]k' Lqea]aYek kml]aclYk' Zl]fl' m
b \a\ lacbae) Hgj\YeYk hYljYmcla
kcYalqlgb aj\ak hja] kYng g\ag hjaea(
eg' bak aj]acaY Lqea]aYek kYng hja](
dYfcme' cmjk hYkajg\ lYe]' bg_ bakna(
kmge]l m bmgk e]d\ka' bg_ bYm k]faYa
fgja bmgk YhdYfcqla' Z]l nak Zmng kmljmc(

\qlYk' aj bg_' cYahg naklYml ;hYlYdYk'


bak bYmaYka Lqea]a kcgdafafcm)
$3% PakYe] hYkYmdqb]' cYe] lac Zmng
cjacagfa ZYfqagk) Lqea]aYa Zmng
_ajaYea m lYl' cY\ Zmng fgjaYa hjae)
EjaklYmk lacbae aj lnajlYa bg dYacka
$Nge) ;cn)%)~$U% EYahlYfcaYacalmj' c Y(
\Y qjY cYdZYeY Yha] aj\a]k bYmkemk'
Yha] cmjamgk egfk f]_YdahYdam\qla' lYah
aj aY n) JgnadYk aeY cYahgdam\qlgb f]
cgc fgjk eg_' Z]l hYl >a]n' cmjk
aj\ak lqjafbY $;mck)%)~MWhdWk`k' cYah
eYlgka a _jYac) g\ag QYjhkmma' j]a(
caY5 Yla\mg\mj]da_abafa hY_YjZafae) AYj(
ZafY _a >a]n n) bJgnaaYk h]j YhkYcgbae
?nYf_]dabgk Yha] bg Mf' kacfabmk aj
hY_YjZafl) AYjZafY f] lac dmhgeak' Z]l
iWle ZlWi_e`[)' l) q) nakYkYng \mkaY)~$,+%
I[h =_[le lWb_' b]a >a]nYk lYah hYfg(
jk)~$,,% G[i jhebYbk))) EYahg lYjfYk
lg' fmg cmjag nakY _Yng) ;hYlYdYk fgja
j]_laLqea]amk f] \d cg calg' Z]l lac
\dlg' cY\ hYka\Ydaflm km bYak lgeak kYm
>a]ng\mglgeak \gnYmgeak)~Dfka fWjl_h(
j_d_c k_'~lacbae])~$,-%IWi_b_daic_djk(
cc))) ;hYlYdYk Zmk hYdafckeaflYk' cY\
eYlqk hYka\a\afYfl lacbae cjacagfa

Turinys

*.

=H%?% '% ')f'-

kaemd [gfkgdYja af ngZak h]j


]Ye' imY] afna[]e ]kl' ^a\]e
n]kljYe' Ylim] e]Ye) Hgdg
Yml]e ngk a_fgjYj]^jYlj]k6 imaY
kY]ba] hjghgkma n]faj] Y\ ngkW
$]l hjg`aZalmkkmeca_cSY\`m[%
m l Ydaim]e ^jm[lme `YZ]Ye ]l
af ngZak' ka[ml ]laf []l]jak_]f(
laZmk)
AjY][ak' Y[ <YjZYjak'
kYha]flaZmk' ]l afkaha]flaZmk\](
Zalgj kme5 alY $img\ af e]%
b>jgehlme ]kl ]lngZak' ima Lg(
eY] ]klak' ]nYf_]darYj])

afak hYkadafckeaflmee h]j l


lacbae' cmjk qjYZ]f\jYk'bmkm
aj eYfg) H]fgjam _a' ZjgdaYa'
cY\bmk f]afglmel'bg_Y lYf(
caYa meYfq\YnYm Yl]alahYkbmk
$aj \Yj da_ agd]a kmljmc\qlYk
]km%' a\Yfl aj lYjhbmkmlmjaYm
cgca fgjk nYakam' cYah aj lYjh
calm hY_gfam) AjYacYek ajZYj(
ZYjYek' aeaflaf_a]ek aj f]a(
eaflaf_a]ek Y ]km kcgdafafcYk)
NYah $ca]cfmgeYfkhjacdYm(
kg%Y]kmhYkajqkajbmek'cmjag
Lqe]]kYl]'YhkYcgla?nYf_]dab)

=& )& O# DOU]\Wa ^S` abOP[SZReab{ =` \caWR|XW[ca cwb`OcY| O\b
aOd{a 8WSd] `abeP{&
WHgf ]fae ]jmZ]k[g ?nYf(
_]dame) Pajlmk ]fae >]a kl af
kYdml]e gefa [j]\]fla' Dm\Y]g
hjaeme' ]l AjY][g) DmklalaY
]fae >]a af ]g j]n]dYlmj ]p

H]k Y f]ka_\am ?nYf_](


dabgk6 f]k ba qjY >a]ng _YdqZ
a_YfbWema ca]cna]fg lacafag'
q\g hajeaYmk aj _jYacg) H]k
>a]ng l]akqZ bgbg Yhkaj]acaY

aj kYng hYla]kaj\qk])~$,.% LkjhkaZojWi


\Ym_qZ] \YjZ' cmjamgk lmjbg Yldacla
Lqlmgk])~Deb[_ dehi lW_i_k) ;hYlYdYk
hjadq_afY kYn] ]e\ajZama5 bak dYaklqk l
\ajn'cmja n) J]ljYkZmng Yhkbyk)~$,/%
JgnadYk \YdafY nak egfab a Ylnad_ag
cYdZ5_jYacm#'k'l) q) cYdZYfamk_jYa(
cacYa'ajZYjZYjmk' f]cYdZYfamk _jYa(
cacYa' aj a Ylnad_ag egckd5  egcqlmk
aj f]egcqlmk' aj ahYklY' bg_ bak Yj ag(
ca]ek' Yj lgca]ek lmja YhkYcgla ?nYf_](
dab' f]k a EjaklYmk nYdagk qjY nak
kcgdafafcYk) ~$,0% Ngb] ]ad) aj]aclYk
an]\aeYk a lg' cYk hYkYcqlY Ym_)
,/) ])

b km lacbaem hjaaeY)~oZe ``_hc_W__i )


aY egfabY hY\YdaflY nd  \na \Yda5 q(
\mk aj f]q\mk)~I_hc_Wki() lYk g\ak hY(
nYjlglYk f] la]c dYacg hYqebaema' ca]c
aj]acaema qhYlaf_gk l]akk' cmja lmjbg
q\Ya6 ba]ek ?nYf_]dabY Zmng YhkYcgbYeY
f] lac a ea]dYaj\qklk' cYah calgek lYm(
lgek' Z]l aj cYahg ahad\qeYk >a]ng \mg(
lb h]j hjYfYmk hYY\bae)~$,2%
=_[le j[_ioX' l) q) l]akqZ' cmjagk \Y(
nbYk qjY >a]nYk' h]j cmja e]k l]akaYak
lYehYe] >a]ng YcqnYar\gb]6ba qjY _j_a(
`_ce' YjZY h]j lacbae' cmjk hYlk na]fYk'
la]kY' f]_Yda eg_Ymk fml]akafla' Z]l qjY
ZlafYa j]acYdaf_Y kdq_Y) ;ha] l l]a(
kqZ e]k hYlajaYe] a ?nYf_]dabgk)~ 
j_a`_c() ~  nakmk lacafamk' l) q) l]akq(
Z' Yha] cmja najaYmk cYdZlY' qjY km(
l]acaYeY naka]ek lacafla]ek' f]Ylkan]d(
_aYfl  lYa' Yj ba] Zmlm Zmn q\Ya' YjhY(
_gfak)~
fWhWojWohW)Jgnadg hY\mg(
lYkak egckdYk Yha] l]akqZa lacbaeg fjY
daYmbYk' f]k Yha] b bYm cYdZbg M) ) hjY(
fYYk ;ZYcmcYk -' /)
NjmehYa hYqebk $,1~,2%'#)bg_?nYf(
_]dabgk egckdYk' hjaaelYk km lacbaem' _Y(
da naka]ek kml]acla fml]akafae' n) Jgna(
dYk h]j]afY hja] hjahYjg\qeg l kYng
g\a l]akaf_meg aj \Yjg lYa nakgb] \g(

,1~,2) JYZYa_k _jgeYlgk Yf_' n)


JgnadYk h]j]afY hja]a_md\qegkYngegck(
dg aj ahjY\agk b aj]acaY ljmehYak
g\aYak)
$,1% G[i W))) ;hkYcgla ?nYf_]dab' Zm(
ng lYa cYdZla Yha] hjacYdlb  cjqa
Dr6 lgck \YdqcYk f]lacg cfaca]ek hY(
_gfaek $Egj) ,' ,3))%' aj ba] nY\afg b
hYacqZ]6l]aYmk JgnadYk a]ka_\aY bg Yh(
kYcgla f] lac eYmgk] ea]klmgk]' Z]l aj
_YjkaYe] Lqe]' f]k afg' bg_ ala]kau
?nYf_]dabY qjY lYa =_[le ]WboX''h]jcm(
ja _Yaa _Ymla a_Yfqe ca]cna]fYk' cmjk

Turinys

? I C ) ,' ,3(-.)

^a\] af ^a\]e5 ka[ml k[jahlme


]kl5 Dmklmk Yml]e ]p^a\]nanal)
L]n]dYlmj ]fae ajY >]a \]
[g]dg kmh]j gef]eaeha]lYl]e'
]l afbmklalaYe `geafme ]gjme'
ima n]jalYl]e >]a af afbmklalaY
\]laf]fl5 W{imaY ifg\ fglfe
]kl >]a' eYfa^]klme]kl afaddak)
>]mk ]fae addak eYfa^]klYnal)
CfnakaZadaY ]fae ahkamk' Y [j]Y(
lmjY emf\a'V.]j ]Y imY] ^Y[lY
kmfl' afl]dd][lY' [gfkha[amflmj5
k]ehal]jfY imgim] ]bmk najlmk'
]l \anafalYk5 alY m l kaflaf]p[m(
kYZad]k) KmaY [me [g_fgnak(
k]fl >]me' fgf ka[ml >]me
_dgja^a[Yn]jmfl' Yml _jYlaYk ]_](
jmfl5 k]\ ]nYfm]jmfl af[g_alY(
lagfaZmk kmakW ]l gZk[mjYlme])kl
afkaha]fk [gj ]gjme5 \a[]fl]k
]fae k] ]kk] kYha]fl]k' klmdla
^Y[la kmfl) ? lemlYn]jmfl_dg(

a lacbaeg a lacbae' cYah hY(


jYqlY qjY5 I l]akmkak a lacba(
eg _qnYk qjY)
W{H]k >a]ngjklqZ Yhkaj]a(
caY a \Yf_Ymk Yfl ca]cna]fgk
Z]\a]nqklkajf]l]akqZklm eg(
fa' cmja] >a]ngla]k dYacg f](
l]akqZb]6 W{f]k cYk qjY afgeY
Yha] >a]n' bmgk] Y-.j]aclYqjY'
\dlg cY\>a]nYk ba]ek Yhj]ac)
B]k cYk bYe] f]j]_aeY qjY'
\Yjgka j]_aeY fmg hYkYmdag km(
lnjaegh]jaeYfqe' cmja\mg(
\Y kmln]jla]ba \YdqcYa5 bg Yea(
fY _YdqZ aj \a]nqkl6 lYah bg_
f]al]akafYea qjY6 f]k6 hYaf
>a]n'f]_YjZafg bg' cYahg >a](
ng' ajf]\cgbg6 Z]l lmaYak lY(
hg kYng eaflqk]' aj bbf]aeaf(
laf_Y aj\ak Yhl]eg) L]kkYcu(
\Yea]k aeaflaf_a ]k' hYacYak
lYhg) W{Cj aeYaf f]_]f\Yfag(

C  eYlacgb !5

$,4% D Wi ohW _decW Wf_[ =_[l(' c


egfk _Yda kYng hjglm Z] Yhj]acaeg
aeYfqla Yha] >a]n' YjZYc >a]nYk \mg(
\Y egfek kmhjYkla h]j j]_aemk kmln(
jaemk)~Ckei[(' hY_gfa hjglmgk] aj aj(
\qk])~:fh[_a(' YacaYa hY\bg hja] a
Ycak)~$-+% Hgjk >a]ng ]kqZ f]j]_aeY
qjY egfa Ycaek' na]fgc ba \Yjgka j]_a(
eY hjglma h]j lmgk j]_aemk \Yaclmk'
cmjamgk >a]nYk qjY hY\Yjk) GYlq\Yea
j]_aemk kmlnjaemk' cmja] fmgdYl eYafg(
ka aj eYafq\Yea]k mdYacg hYqelba]ek
lnYjc' egfk kYng hjglm lmja kmhjYkla'
ag_ qjY naj]kf ]WboX' cmja nak lYa hY(
\Yj' aj Z_[loij' cmja nak lYa nYd\g)
$-,% C l ;hYlYdg g\a hYkajg\g' bg_
haje klYZe]d\qklk YlkajY\aeg' egfabYa
Zmng afgeYk na]fYk lacjYk >a]nYk' bg_
egfk dagnka Yla\Ynafb hja\]jYfaY
bYe' cYahg Pa]hYama' _YjZ' bYe lYjfY(
n aj \cgb' cYahg eYdgfaf_Ye Nnma'
aj lYah hjabg hja] klYZ_YjZafaeg NYa(
_a'klYZe]d\qkl fjY dYahkfam  egfglar(
cW')uMk_W_i jWfe))) fmklgb la]kgk' hjY(
\bg kYfhjglYmla f]aeaflaf_YaajcdYa\af(
_Ya)~]_hZ_i j]acaYaYhjgl)~$--% I W_(
a_W_i jWfe) ;fgl _jYac) l)6 f]hjglaf_a]ek
_qnmdaYek hYfYaYak lYhg) ~$-.% =_[le
]WhX5 ;eafgbg >a]ng \a\]fqZ' lgZm(
dqZ]k) JY_gfk' hYdagn _YjZafla lacjb

\Ydqb] $,' ,3~,,' 31%)


NY hajegba \Ydak _Yda Zla hY\YdaflY 
ljak kcqjamk' cmja hajeYelk' cYdZYeY
Yha] fml]akafae h]j lacbael Z] haje
hY\Yjql fmgh]df' YfljYe] qjY akcYa(
lqla lg fml]akafaeg nYakaYa' g lj]aYe]
egckdYk Yha] fml]akafae Yh_aflYk fmg
maf]lafbae
J a j e Y e ]  kcqjamb] $,' ,3~/' 0-%6
cYdZ\YeYk Yha] fml]akafae h]j lacba(
e' n) JgnadYk hYjg\g nakmhajeY $, ,3
~.-%' bg_ hY_gfak kYng hYka]d_aem mka(
h]df laclYa >a]ng jklqZ)
$,3% =_[le hijoX j]acaY >a]ng l]a(
kqZ' cmja ca]lgeak ZYmkeeak YlalYakg
kmYj\ql egfa fmka\baeYak lnYjc) NY
jklqZ Wfi_h[_a_W YlkajY\ae] f]\gjqZa
aj f]l]akqZa'  cmjaYk Zmng hmgd hY_g(
fbk $]) -/) -1%' cY\Y >a]nYk' Ylek kY(
ng eYdgf' hYdacg bmgk b _]a\mdaYek)
;hkaj]acaY _ ZWd]Wki' cYe] >a]nYk
q%%Ylaf_m Zm\m lmjakYngkgkl)~: d jBY_[bY(
l_[dei X[Z_[loiji) Ea]cna]fkak fmka\ba(
eYk qjY Z]\a]nqkl'cY\Y bak qjY hYfa](
cafaem >a]ng nYdagk' g f]l]akqZ' cY\Y
hY]a\aY >a]ng lYakql lnYjc)~=_[le
j_[ij_' cmja kYnYaea egfek Yhkaj]acaY'
hY_gfk bW_ae d[j[_ioX`[' dq_(cY\ km_Ym(
l hjakd]_aY aj f]d]a\aY bYa hYjg\qla kY(
ng _YdqZk aj Ylcj]ahla aj\a  _]jme)

Turinys

LRG) ,) -/~-4)

jaYe af[gjjmhlaZadak# >]a af ka(


eadalm\af]e aeY_afak [gjjmhla(
Zadak `geafak' ]l ngdm[jme' ]l
imY\jmh]\mYf' ]l k]jh]flame)
WJjghl]j img\ ljY\a\al addgk
>]mk af \]ka\]jaY[gj\ak ]gjme'
af aeemf\alaYe5 m l [gflme](
daak Y^^a[aYfl [gjhgjY kmY af k](
e]lahkak5 ima [geemlYn]jmfl
n]jalYl]e >]a af e]f\Y[ame5
]l [gdm]jmfl' ]l k]jna]jmfl [j](
YlmjY] hglamk imYe =j]Ylgja'
ima ]kl Z]f]\a[lmk af kY][mdY)
;jf]f) W{Jjghl]j]Y ljY\a\al ad(
dgk >]mk af hYkkagf]k a_fgea(
faY]) HYe ^]eafY] ]gjme ae(
emlYn]jmfl fYlmjYd]e mkme af
]me mkme' ima ]kl [gfljY fY(
lmjYe)
Maeadal]j Yml]e ]l
eYk[mda' j]da[lg fYlmjYda mkm
^]eafY]' ]pYjk]jmfl af \]ka\](
jaak kmak af afna[]e' eYk[mda af
eYk[mdgk lmjhalm\af]e gh]jYf(
l]k' ]l e]j[]\]e' imYe ghgj(
laml' ]jjgjak kma af k]e]lahkak
j][aha]fl]k) ? l ka[ml fgfhjg(
ZYn]jmfl >]me `YZ]j] af fg(
lalaY5 ljY\a\al addgk >]mk af j](

bg >a]ng _YjZ Yfl hYfYmeg


hYn]ackdg _]f\Yfag eg_Ymk'
ajhYmcaa'ajc]lmjcgb'aj kd]f(
cagbYfa _qnaab)
Ng\d]a >a]nYkbmgk hY\Yn
 baa aj\a]k hY_]a\aemk' akmkal](
hae' cY\ Yh\]j_lm kYng cmfmk)
lYjh kYnk' lmgk' cmja] aeYa(
f >a]ng la]k Yfl e]dg' aj_](
jaYmk _YjZafg aj lYjfYng kmln(
jaema' f]cYah Mmln]jlgbma' cmjk
qjY hYdgnaflYk  Yeamk) ;e]f)
Ng\d >a]nYk bmgk hY\Yn a
Z]_\acmk _]a\mdamk) H]k DN
egl]jakh]jeYafhja_aelbnYj(
lgbae Yfl lg nYjlgbaeg' cmjk
qjY hja_aeaYa hja]af_Yk) I#
lYah(hYl aj nqjYa' hYe]l hja(
_ael egl]jk nYjlgbae'mka\](
_ kYng hY_]a\aemgk] calk c a(
l' nqjYa km nqjYak \Yjq\Yea
Z]_\qkl aj kYng hYcdq\aeg
megc]kf' cmjkYa hja_mdbg'hY(
lkYflkYnkYlkaae\Yea)W{CjcYah
ba] f]fgjbg lamla >a]ng hYa(
faeg' >a]nYkbmgkhY\Ynh]ac(
laf aeYfqe' lYah cY\ ba]\Y(
jglYa' cYkf]hja\]jY6 hjahad\q(

>a]n' hjabg hja] _Ydmlafgk hYacqZk)


Ra]lgb] >a]nma ba] Yla\mg\Yng \a]nac
_YjZ bYm f]Z] egfek' hYmcaYek aj
,),)' l) q) >a]ng kmlnjaeYek' Z]l l km(
lnjae hYn]ackdYek' klYZYek' l) q) kYng
hYa jYfc hY\YjYek'
-/~.-) Nacjgbg >a]ng _YjZafaeg a(
kaY\baeg hYk]ce Zmng hYk hY_gfak
hjglg Yhl]eaeYk6 g cYahg lgd]kfagba >a](
ng d]aklY Yfl b ZYmke] Zmng Z]_Ydafak
\gjacYk alnajcaeYk' cmj aY ;hYlYdYk
aj YhjYg)
$-/(% EYah eg_mk aeYaf _YjZ' >a](
nma hja\]jYfa' Yfl _qnmda' lYah >a]nYk
hY\Yn lYa' cYk eg_mb] qjY \a]nacY'
hjgl'  nYd\a lg' cYk eg_mb] qjY _q(
nmdacY' l)q) cfacmkhY_]a\aemk $Nge)
;cn)%) uIWZWl >a]nYk' Ylae\YeYk a
hY_gfa kYngeYdgf]k $;m_)%)D WZWfZ[h](
jk))) cY\ had\qlm hYd]aklmnqklk fmka\ba(
emk' hja]af_mk hja_aeaYa' lYjh qhYl
na]fgk dqla]k) u=_[le j_[i' l) q' na]f
lacjb >a]n6 c[bk nY\afYka hY_gfa\a](

nYaaYa' f]k a] fjY lmgea'cmgqjY kcYa(


lgea)uB h ][h_Wki ]WhX_de5 n]dabg lYjfYm(
la kmlnjaema' hYdac Mmln]jlgb)uDkhi
ohWfWbel_djWi))) ;hYlYdYk' dq_ Yldq_af(
\YeYk >a]nma m hY_gfa fmka\baemk'
Yla\mg\Y ljmehYak g\aYak bYe _YjZ
$-1% ;Za]b dqa na]fg\Yk Zmng alnajca(
eYk' Z]l ;hYlYdYk hjY\]\Y fmg egl]j'
f]k bgk] la] hja_aeaYa hja]af_a fmka\ba(
eYa ajg\g \Yj ZbYmj]kfaYak \d]a hYhjYk(
lgk egl]j dqaYa \a\]kfk \jgnYkla]k)
;hd]a\>a]n' hY_gfak cj]ahka hja] km(
lnjae5 l]akaf_Y lYl Zmng Yfl b  >a]ng
d]aklY ZYmke' bg_ \a\]kfaYe kYng m_(
\afaema ba] acj]ah aj hja_aela]k lnYjc)
$-3% AYd\Yea cYk cYjl _]jaYmk hYafla
>a]n h]j alacae bYe lYjfYnae' hY_g(
fak f]kajhafg lYa hY\Yjqla6 \dlg aj hY(
cdq\g kYng eaflqk]ajZmng >a]ng hY\mgla
 f[_bYj_d _cWdoc' kmda_ cmjag' cYah
YacafY n) NgeYk ;cn)' eg_mk \Yjg(
h]aclaf aj Yle]klaf fmlYjae Yha] lYa'
c lmja n]acla)~$-4% ;hYlYdYk akcYalg

Turinys

EKA& )$ +(m+*&

1&

hjgZme k]fkme5 ml ^Y[aYfl ]Y'


imY] fgf [gfn]famfl' W{j]hd](
lg^9 gefa afaimalYl]' eYdalaY'
^gjfa[Ylagf]' YnYjalaY' f]imalaY'
hd]fgk afna\aY' `gea[a\ag' [gf(
l]flagf]' \gdg' eYda_falYl]' km(
kmjjgf]k)
\]ljY[lgj]k' >]g
g\aZad]k' [gflme]dagkgk' kmh]j(
Zgk' ]dYlgk' afn]flgj]keYdgjme'
hYj]flaZmkfgfgZ]\a]fl]k' af(
kaha]fl]k' af[gehgkalgk' kaf] Y^(
^][lagf]' YZkim] ^g]\]j]' kaf]
eak]ja[gj\aY) Kma [me bmkla(
laYe >]a [g_fgnakk]fl' fgf af(
l]dd]p]jmfl imgfaYe iaaa lYdaY
Y_mfl' \a_fa kmfl egjl]5 ]lfgf
kgdme ima ]Y ^Y[amfl'k]\]laYe
ima [gfk]flamfl ^Y[a]flaZmk)

la nakgcaY f]l]akqZ]' haclqZ]'


hYd]aklmnqkl]' _g\mdqkl]' f]\g(
jqZ]' hadfamnq\baeg'eg_m(
\qklk' ZYjfam' nqdaYmk' f]dYZm(
eg6hjafaZ\lgbYa' dgnkhd(
acYa' >a]ngf]Yhc]faYea'afa](
caflgbYa' hmacmk' hYkahl'haclg
ajY\bYa'_ae\qlgbYekf]hYcdmk(
fmk' Z]hjgaYa' f]alacaea' Z]
e]adk' f]kYf\gjaf_a' Z] _YadaY(
aj\qklk) Da]' fgjk >a]ng l]a(
kqZ hYafg' f]kmhjYlg'bg_'cm(
ja] lgcamgk \Yaclmk \Yag' n]jla
qjY eajla]k6 aj f] lac cmja] lYa
\Yjg' Z]l lYahg_a cmja] \YjYf(
la]ek hjalYjaY)

ad_' ]ada' eaka\bae'  cmjamgk hmgd


hY_gfk Ylkalgdaf fmg >a]ng) AYdaeY
bmgk nakmk hY\Ydafla  c]lmjak kcqjamk)
JajeYe] kcqjamb] akcYalqla c]lmja Yh(
kcjala fmka\bae nYj\Ya6 fWb[_ijkloij _a'
cmja qjY h]fclmgbm nYj\m' fjY hYeaflY
_jYac) l]ckl]) JYagb] hjY\agb] hY\lYk
YhkcjaaYmkak fmka\bae nYj\Yk6 d[j[_io(
X' \dlg cY\' cYah kYcg n) NgeYk ;cn)'
ca]cna]fYk fmka\baeYk' cYahg hja]af_Yk
)>a]ng klYlqema' lmja kYnqb] f]l]akqZ)
;fljYe] kcqjamb] jYf\Yka h]fca bYmkeYak
hY\Yjgea fmka\baeYa' hY]a\aYflk Yjla(
e') Nj]agbg aj c]lnajlgbg kcqjaYmk fm(
ka\baeYa fmjg\g km_Y\afl' aj hacl hY(
_gfa Z\' aj lYk qjY kcajlmeYk lYjh
k]hlqfa lj]agbg kcqjaYmk fmka\bae aj
]a c]lnajlgbg'bg_ hajea]ba hYqea ]kYf(
a Zm\g q\' Yflja]ba _a fmjg\g j]acYdaf(
_gk \gjqZk klgcl) Emg kcajaYkad[Zeho(
X fmg haclqZk' fjY nakYa Yacm) AYda(
eY kmhjYkla lYah) bg_ f_ajoX j]acaY fg(
j c]fcla cala]ek' f]\gjqZ _a~eg_Ymk
\nYkagk acjqhae aj hYdafcae hja] nakg(
cag haclmeg)~-maI$*aa|\*k^k' l)q) ljgca(
eg m\qla calmk' aYmjmeg)uG[bWX_cWi
qjY lYa q\Y' cmjaYa hYka\Ynk eg_mk na(
kmj j]_a haclY aj nakc haclm hYn]jaY)
Ih_d_XZje`W_' cmja] hYlqdgeak aj kdYh(
aY YhcYdZY ~$.+% =_[le d[Wfa[d_Wc_
Aj) g\ak M(?IANm(^kN j]acaY _j]aaYmk

lmgk' cmja] >a]ng f]Yhc]faY) ~Ngd]kfa


ljk nYj\Ya hYqea nYajam:hmacqZk Yhka(
j]acaemk5 _d_[a_dje`W_ qjY la]' cmja]
calmk a hmacqZk hY]eafY aj afa]cafY6
f(k_bci' cmja] Z] lacjm fmgh]dffgjaZ(
la hYkcYalqla _]j]kfaYak' naj]kfaYak mca(
lmk6 fWi_fj' cmja] h]j\Ym_ kYnaea _a(
jaYka) I _aje _hWZ`W_ qjY la]' cmja]ek
f]_YfY afge haclqZa' cmja] kl]f_aYka
ajYkla fYmbmk Zm\mk haclYa \Yjqla)~$.,%
;[fhe_W_ agfYa j]acaY5 Z]\a]naYa6 f]k
]Zj) g\ak fYZYd lYfcaYa lgb] hjYk(
eb]qjYnYjlgbYeYk)Jd_)Jk),.',)~G[_(
j_a_c_'cmja] f]kadYacg hY\Yjqlgk kcYdZgk)
u;[ c[_bi)))Njk k]cYfla]ba nYj\YahYq(
eaklgce]adk5c[_bi_]flak'hja]l]dacm(
egaYjlaemkajoW_b_W_hZoiji  Z]lmjamk)
~$.-% G[ikfhWje' f]cdYmk kYng kafk
ZYdkg'h]jk]j_afagYha]l]akaf_>a]ngZYm(
ke)Aj) l) lY ]ad) ljmhml calYah kcYeZY6
Emja]' fgjkaj hYafg >a]ng l]akqZ $Yj(
ZY5 l]akaf_ >a]ng fmlYjae%' bg_ cmja]
lgcamgk \Yaclmk \Yjg' n]jla qjY eajla]k'
f] lac hYlk lYa \Yjg' Z]l aj hjalYjaY \Y(
jYfla]ek) NYa_a' hY_Yd _j' l)lmg \a\]kf
qjY hY_gfa cYdlqZ' cY\ ba] kmhjYk\Yea
ZYmke' dYmcaYfa m fmka\baemk' f]
lac hYlk bmgk \Yj) Z]l \Yj hjalYj\Yng
cala]ek lYah hYka]d_aYfla]ek' lYjka _j(
\Yea]k haclqZ])

Turinys

,+)

?RG) -' , ( 0 )

P# =` weROW cw aO`] \caWR|XW[ca YOZbW e`O 8WSd] OYedOWfR]XS
W` dS`bWX] `abeP|a&
7O^cb CC) W Jjghl]jimg\ af(
]p[mkYZadak ]k g `geg gefak'
ima bm\a[Yk) Cf img ]fae bm\a(
[Yk Ydl]jmeW l]ahkme [gf\]e(
fYk5 ]Y\]e ]fae Y_ak imY] bm(
\a[Yk) W M[aemk ]fae imgfaYe
bm\a[ame >]a ]kl k][mf\me
n]jalYl]e af ]gk' ima lYdaY
Y_mfl) {
?paklaeYk Yml]e `g[ g
`gegW ima bm\a[Yk ]gk' ima lY(
daY Y_mfl' ]l ^Y[ak ]Y' imaY lm
]^^m_a]k bm\a[ame >]a: #;f \a(
nalaYk ZgfalYlak ]bmk' ]l hYla]f(
laY]' ]ldgf_YfaealYlak [gfl]e(
fak: C_fgjYk imgfaYe Z]fa(
_falYk >]a Y\ hg]fal]flaYe
l] Y\\m[al: wM][mf\me Yml]e
\mjalaYe lmYe' ]l aehg]fal]fk
[gj' l`]kYmjarYk laZa ajYeaf\a]

*& DS`aYe`W[Oa&& Ng\d f]a(


l]akafYeYk ]ka' g eg_Ym ca]c(
na]fYk' cmjk l]aka6 f]k' cal Z](
l]ak\YeYk' hYlk kYn] hYke]jca'
cY\Yf_a l hYl \YjYa' clml]a(
ka) W H]k afge]' bg_]a >a]ng
l]akeYk qjY hY_Yd la]k b>aa]
lmgk' cmja]lgcamgk\Yaclmk\Yjg)
W ;j_a lYa kYaikjglYmba' g eg(
_Ym' cmjk l]aka lmgk' cmja] \Yjg
lgcamgk \Yaclmk' aj hYlkbmgk \Y(
jYa' bg_ lm an]f_ka >a]ng l]ak(
eg:W;j lm  hYfa]cafa bg _]jm(
eg' aj cYfljmeg' aj f]kcmZmeg
lmjlmk: Yj lm f]afYa'bg_ >a]ng
_]jmeYk n]\Y lYn] a hYcml:
{ JY_Yd _a lYng mca]lbae aj
f]b%YcmlYngbYfa aj\ \Ym_afa
kYm jklqZ \a]fYa jmklbjZk aj

n) JgnadYk' hYjg\k' bg_ hY_gfak h]j


klYZe]d\qkl aj fmka\baemk Zmng mljYm(
c Yfl kYnk >a]ng faklb#Z' ajg\afbY
lgdaYmk $-' ,~.' 3%' bg_ aj Yfl q\ cY(
ZY lY hYla jklqZ' cY\Yf_a aj b hYka]d(
_aeYk f]Zmng _]j]kfak) N ajg\afbafa
bak hjY\]\Y fmg Yhkcjalg hYkYcqeg' bg_
>a]nYk l]ak hY_Yd bm  \YjZmk $-) a ~ 3%)
" -$ ,# MeZb))) EY\Yf_a >a]ng ZYmk(
e cYZY Yfl YhYcmka aj h]j lYlYa
fmka\baemgk] hYkc]f\mka hY_gfa' lg\d
j]acaY bgk Zagla]k ca]cna]fYe' cmjk lYah(
hYl \Yjg)~D_[al_[dWi5 f] lac hY_gfak'
Z]l aj q\Ya)u DkhiW_ b[_i_(' cmjkYa h]a(
caY aj haclYak jYf\Y calm \YjZmk' lmg hY(
am hYjg\g' bg_ bYe f]nYdaY \Yjqla l
\YjZ6 Yh_YjkafY _a kYn] ZYmkek n]jlm'
b]a lYah(hYl \Yjqlm)u DWZWd]_ j fWj)))
_j) l) qjY5 EY\Yf_a lm l hYl \YjYa' g
l]akbYm~$-% =_[le j[_icWi' l) q) hY(
ke]jcaeYk'u IW]Wbj_[i'lYah cYah j]acY(
dYmbY la]kY aj l]akqZ)uD kh_[ jea_kei
ZW_ajki ZWhe(' lgcamgk fmka\baemk' cYah
hY_gfa $,' -4))%)~$.% Nmg cdYmkaem n)
JgnadYk hYjg\g cdYa\af_me \Ym_]dag q(
\ fmgegfk' Zmc ba]' f]n]argafl  kYng
fmka\baemk' dq_amk hYke]jcla]ka]ek hY(

_gfa fmka\baeYek' Zmkana]f \dlg a(


_Yfqla) bg_ qjY q\Yak) Ngck b kYfhjg(
lYnaeYk qjY hja]af_Yk lacjYenakgk eg(
fabgk kalacjafaema Yha] >a]ng l]akaf_m(
e)~$/% Mkhjki' l) q) _Ymkme) Nmg
g\am aYqelYk \a\meYk >a]ng ea]dY(
aj\qklk a fmka\bdamk)u : h  jk  d[_dW_)
Aj) l) qjY5 f]afg\YeYk) Pa]fa a q\
cdq\g kYfhjglYaa\Yea' Zmc ba] an]f_ka
>a]ng l]akeg6 cdqklY \Yj dYZaYmk cala'
cmja]' afg\Yea Yha] >a]ng l]akaf_me'
Z]l eYlq\Yea bg ea]dYaj\af_me' f]hY(
e]lY kYng fmka\bae) NYah ]d_\Yea]k'
ba] h Y f a] c af Y  l _YadaYaj\qkl' f]k f]_Y(
da f]afgla' bg_ >a]nYk f]ZYm\aY lmgaYm
aj cYfljaYa dYmcaY \dlg' cY\ fgja' a\Yfl
fmka\bdak f]hjYlm' Z]l h]j hYcml
hYkalYakqlm)~^0% Oca]lbaeYk qjYlYa klg(
nak aj\a]k' cmja hja]afYka >a]ng eYdgf]a
aj f]hYka\mg\Y bgk cnhaeYek) Lklq(
Zk aj l]akaf_g >a]ng l]akeg Yhkaj]acaeg
\a]fgb] hYafk fmka\bdak' ca]c bak qjY
kYm kmcjgnk jklqZk) >YZYjna]hYlYmbY
_YadaYaj\qkl' g l]akqZ dq_(cY\ kd]haYka6
Z]l ba naka]ek Yhkaj]ac baYkcmlafag l]akeg
\a]fgb]' cY\Y' cYah kYcg n) JgnadYkJkYd(
eaklg g\aYak' >a]nYkWj_Zkeia_[al_[dWc

Turinys

LRG) -' 1~,.)

,,)

ajY]' ]l j]n]dYlagfak bmkla bm\a(


[aa >]a' ima j]\\]l mfa[maim]
k][mf\me gh]jY ]bmk5 aak ima(
\]e' ima k][mf\me hYla]flaYe
Zgfa gh]jak' _\gjaYe' ]l `gfg(
j]e' ]l af[gaNmhlagf]e imY](
jmfl' nalYe Y]l]jfYe6 aak Ym(
l]e' ima kmfl ]p [gfl]flagf]'
]l ima fgf Y[ima]k[mfl n]jalY(
la' [j]\mflYml]eafaimalYla'ajY'
]l af\a_fYlag)
 NjaZmdYlag' ]l Yf_mklaY af
gef]e YfaeYe `geafak gh](
jYflak eYdme' Dm\Y]a V.jaeme'
]l AjY][a5 _dgjaY Yml]e' ]l
`gfgj' ]l hYpgefa gh]jYflaZg(
fme' Dm\Y]g hjaeme' ]l AjY](
[g5 fgf]fae]kl Y[[]hlagh]j(
kgfYjme Yhm\ >]me)
Kma(
[meim] ]fae kaf] d]_] h][[Y(
n]jmfl' kaf] d]_] h]jaZmfl6 ]l
ima[meim] afd]_]h][[Yn]jmfl'
h]j d]_]e bm\a[YZmflmj) Hgf

Yhj]acaeg l]akaf_g l]akeg >a](


ng' { cmjk Yla\mgk ca]cna]fYe
hY_Yd bg \YjZmk6 WZl]fl' la]ek'
cmja] h]jcYfljme_]jmgk] \Yj(
Zmgk] ba]cg _YjZk'ajdgnk' aj
f]eajlaf_meg'Yeaf_ qn]fae6
gla]ek'cmja]qjYZYeaf_aajf](
hYka\mg\Yla]kYa'cdYmkg_af]l]a(
kqZk'jklqZ ajfajlaeYk)
;WYj_Yk aj kmkhYm\aeYk Yfl
ca]cna]fgk \mkagk eg_Ymk' \Y(
jYfag haclY' q\g hajeaYmk aj
_jYacg6 _Yjda _a' aj dgn' aj
jYeqZ ca]cna]fYe \YjYfaYe
_]jY' q\ma haeaaYmk aj _jYacma)
 H]k b9Yk >a]n fjY Ylkan]d(
_aeg  biaYlYk) H]knaka' cmja]
Z] klYlqeg fmka\bg' hjYmk
Z] klYlbWeg6 ajnaka' cmja] fmka(
\bg klYlqe]' Zmk l]akla h]j
klYlqe) H]k f] klYlqeg
hYk >a](
cdYmkqlgbYa l]akmk
n' Z]l klYlqeghad\qlgbYa Zmk

fWY`Wb`e ZWhXki $hd_) Jk) 1,' ,.%)~$2%


D kh_[ f[h aWdjhkc6 cmja] cYfljaYa' l)
o) f]hYdaYm\Yea \Yjg _]jmk \YjZmk' j]a(
cYdaf_mk n]flYe_qn]faema)~C_[bYe]Wh(
Xi))) Clnjaeg _]jmgk] \YjZmgk] lackdYk
qjY dYaela \Yf_acYk _jqZ]k6 n]flb
_YjZ aj dgn aj f]eajlaf_me) A]ja]ek
>a]nYk \mgk Wc_d ]ol[d_c' cmjk Yha(
eY nakYk \Yf_acYk _jqZ]k)~$3% Dkh_[
ohW ^Whd_d]_' cmjamgk] qjY f]kmlacaeg'
_afabgegka \nYkaY6 cmja]' ba]cg\Yea lac
cYk ba]ek lafcY''hja]afYka>a]nma)~D bWk(
ie ]_ d[j[_ioXi))) ;hYlYdYk hYqea aY
lmgk' Yha] cmjamgk Ym_gaYmk kYc $,',3%'
bg_ =_[le j_[i bW_ae d[j[_ioX`[) N]fYa'
la]kY' cYdZbg na]f Yha] hY_gfak' \YZYj_a
kYcg Yha] nakmk' Yj ba] Zmlm hY_gfk' Yj
q\Ya' f]k nak f]l]akaf_b j[_ice Z_[(
de`[ dYmcaY hijoX _h d_hj_cWi)
4 ~,1) JYkYck YhkcjalYa' bg_ >a]nYk
l]ak nakmk l]akaf_Ya hY_Yd b \YjZmk' lg(
daYmk n) JgnadYk \Yjg lghYkYcqeg hjalYa(
cqe aj hYqea' cY\ aj q\Ya f]Zmk hY(
damgkmgla fmg lg l]akeg' Z]l _Ymk meg(
c]kfYjZYZYmke' lYah(hYl cYah hY_gfk'
n]ar\afl  lYa' cgca] Zmk b \YjZYa)
$4% OWh]Wi _h ikifWk$Z_cWi j]acaY
\a\aYmka f]dYae' f]k hYke]jcaeg cYf(
aYk)~oZe f_hc_Wki))) EYah Ym_aYmk

$,' ,1% lYah aj aY q\YahYeaflaqjYhaj(


eaYmk' f]k ba]' cYahg kfYjaYa ajafclgkagk
lYlalgk' cmja Zmng >a]ng Yh\gnYfglY \a(
\]kfeak _]jY\Yjqkleak' lmja dq_(cY\\a(
\]kf l]ak' hajeb na]l' eae] ZYmk(
ek m hacl l _]jY\Yjqka kmnYjlgba(
e)~$,+% B h  hWcoX))) Nac lmge]l qjY
aj\qb] hadfY jYeqZ' cY\Y eg_mk f]Z](
j]acYdYmbY Zabgla]k fmklgla l_jqZa' cm(
jaYk lmja $Nge)%)~$,,% G[i =_[lWi) Fq(
_ naka]ek l]ake ;hYlYdYk hYlnajlafY
g\aYak lYmcaYa YlcYjlglYak M) kl) $hd_)
0 Ggr) ,+' ,2) - Ejgf) ,4' 2) DgZ) ./'
,4) Ce) 1' 3 aj cal)%)~$,-% D kh_[ X[
ijWjoce))) l) q) hY_gfk' cmja] f]lmjbg
Ggrk klYlqeg6 f]Zmng ba] na]fgc nakYa
Z] klYlqeg' cYah lmgbYm Zmk hYkYcqlY
$]) ,/% aj cYah _YdaeY fmeYfqla a lg'
bg_ aj ba] lmjbg n]acYdafamk $Y[lmYdaY
h][[YlY% fmka\baemk' cmja] bmc aj qjY
cgcag fgjk afgeg klYlqeg h]j]f_aem)
~IhW_ki) Aj)l)aj hjYmk' l)q) ZmkhY(
ke]jcla m]m Ggrk klYlqeg f]had\qe)
D kh_[ dki_Z`eijWjoc['l'q) q\Ya' lmj(
bmka]ba Ggrk klYlqe)~;ki j[_ij_ f[h
ijWjock'' j)q) hY_YdklYlqe aj hY_Yd b
hYke]jcla)~$,.% EYah ZYmkek lYah aj
megc]kfag hYkcqjae] >a]nYk f]Ylkan]d(
_aY  qhYlYk)~ijWjoce abWkioje`W_' l)q)

Turinys

%&#

1 H #  &# %(Q &$#

]fae Ym\algj]k d]_ak bmkla kpafl


Yhm\ >]me' k]\ ^Y[lgj]k d]_ak
bmkla^a[YZmflmj) =me]fae_]f(
l]k' imY] d]_]e fgf `YZ]fl'
fYlmjYdal]j ]Y' imY] d]_ak kmfl'
^Y[amfl' ]bmkeg\a d]_]e fgf
`YZ]fl]k' ahka kaZa kmfl d]p5
ima gkl]f\mfl ghmk d]_ak k[jah(
lme af [gj\aZmk kmak' l]klaeg(
fame j]\\]fl] addak [gfk[a]flaY
adWkgjme' ]l afl]j k] afna[]e
[g_alYlagfaZmk Y[[mkYflaZmk'Yml
]laYe \]^]f\]flaZmk' # af \a]'
[me bm\a[YZal>]mk g[[mdlY `g(
eafme' k][mf\me ?nYf_]dame
e]me h]j D]kme =`jaklme)
M a  Yml]e lm  Dm\Y]mk [g_(
fgeafYjak' ]l j]ima]k[ak afd]_y'
]l _dgjaYjak af >]g' ]l fgkla
ngdmflYl]e ]bmk' ]l hjgZYk mla(
dagjY' afkljm[lmk h]j d]_]e'
[gf^a\ak l]ahkmaf ]kk] \m[]e

al]akafla) H]k cY\Y b>Y_gfak'


cmja] f]lma#a DklYlqeg' a hja(
_aeaeg lYa' cYk qjY klYlqeg'
\Yjg' lgca]' klYlqeg f]lmj\Y(
ea' hYlk qjY kYm klYlqem6
ba] hYjg\g klYlqeg \YjZ' m(
jYql bf aj\qk]' ba]ek bm k(
af]ahYdam\abYfl'ajeaflaeklYjh
kYnk na]fYa cal Yhkcmf\aYfl
YjZY aj Yba_afYfl' \a]fgb]' cY(
\Y >a]nYk l]ak hYkdhlmk eg(
fala \Ydqcmk hY_Yd eYfg ?nYf(
_]dab b%]j Dr Ejakl)
I  b]a lm  nY\afa]ka q\m' aj
jYf\a Yladk klYlqe]' aj _aja]ka
> a ] n m ' a j  afYa bg nYda' aj9Y(
egcbDYk h]j klYlqe  Ylkcaja'
cYk qjY _]jaYmk' hYkalaca' bg_
lm  ]kaYcdbnY\gnYk' na]kYlm'
cmja] qjY lYekqZk]' Ymcdlg(
bYk f]aeYfYfab' egcqlgbYk
cm\ad\m' lmjaflak klYlqe ] a(

q\Ya' cmja] mka_Yf\af\Yng na]f lmjba(


em klYlqeg' cmj _aj\\Yng kcYalge ka(
fY_g_gk])~ijWjoce f_bY^`je`W_ Xki _j[_(
i_dj_V Yj 'a] Zmlm q\Ya Yj hY_gfak)~$,/%
G[i))) Hgjk hY_gfk fjY cdYmkqlgbYak
Ggrk klYlqeg' fjY ba] na]fgc nakYa Z]
klYlqeg) H]lmj\Yea \mglg h]j >a]ng
Yhj]acae klYlqeg' ba] hYlk kYm qjY (
klYlqem' l) q) ba] lmja kYng aeaflaf_gb]
hja_aelqb] aj kafb] egcqlgb' cmjk
la]ek Yhj]acaY klYlqeg kYcqemk)~
B f h_]_c_ce'l)q)h]jhja_aela]k klYlqe'
hYjg\Yfl hY_gfaek' cYk ba]ek j]acaY \Y(
jqla) Ng\d lmg g\am fjY hjYYdaflYk
j]acYdaf_meYk >a]ng eYdgfk' cmja hYY(
\aflm b nYda _]jYa \Yjqla $Nge)%)~$,0%
C_[ fWheZe) A]jmem kYng hYka]d_aeg'
cmjk nakYa kmlafcY km egjYdacYak $Ggrk
klYlqeg kYcqeYak' hY_gfkhYjg\g'bg_
ba] lmja \agb] lYa' cYk ba]ek da]haY lYah
g f] calYah \Yjqla)~IWb_kZ_`Wdj) Aj) l)
qjY5 \jYm_hYdam\abYfl'l) q)\jYm_km _](
jm hYka]d_aem' cmj kaf hY_ajaY)~Bh 
c_dj_ci) Gamlk qjY kafk Yhkaj]aca(
eYak6 bgk' dq_(cY\ lYjh kYnk cgng\Yegk'
h]acaY Zdg_mk eg_Ymk\YjZmk' cmja] hja](
af_aqjYkaf]a' aj _ajaY _]jmgkamk)~$,1%
=_[de`[) JYkcmlafag l]akeg \a]fgb]nakY'
c kYc kaf' hjakaeafk ajZ]calgkcmf(
\bg \mgk hYdam\abae >a]ng kgklg Ycq(
nYar\gb]) >a]nYk hYjg\qkhY_gfaekb k(

af aj hY_Yd b bmgk l]ak)~IW]Wb cWde


>lWd][b_`' l)q hY_YdeYfg YhkYcgbae'
YjZY cYah Y egcaYm' bg_ >a]nYk l]ak aj
hYkdhaYmkamk eg_Ymk \YjZmk aj eaflak
aj l l]ake \Yjqk h]j Dr) Ejakl)
,2~-/ ]ad) ahYjg\gn)^ gnadYk'bg_q(
\Ya f] lac f] eYaYmk' Z]l \Yj \Ym_aYmk
qjY cYdla' f]_m hY_gfak' aj lg\d n]jla
>a]ng jklqZk' f]k ba]' fgjk aj lmja >a](
ng \mgl klYlqe aj bmg _ajaYka' Z]l na(
kYa f]kajhafY bg ahad\qla) NYk ahYjg\q(
eYk aj]aclYk Z]n]ac na]fm ad_m kYcafam'
cmjk an]ar\a dq_ f] nakYa mZYa_lYk' \d(
lg cY\ qjY bYe] lYah nY\afYeY hjglYrak'
fjY _a Yhg\gra]k
$,2% I `[ _ jk))) Jajem q\ _YjZk
Ydlafam qjY dgnaf_Yk b nYj\Yk' f]k bak
hY]afY fmg hYljaYjcg Dm\g' cmjaYe Zm(
ng \mgla hYY\baeYa Yha]G]kab)~D:Y}(
Z_ Wj_bi_) klYlqeYk Zmng q\Yek\a\aYm(
ka _]jY\Yjqkl' cmja _Ydbg ba]ek \mgla
lacj \nYkagk Yladk' f]k Z] nYj_g aj knq(
jYnaeg afgbg a bg' cYk j]acaY \Yjqla)
B h  ]_h_[i_ =_[lk' cYahg ajafclgba bg lYm(
lY)~,,4% IWi_j_a_))) Aaj\Yea]k hYafaem
lacjgbg >a]ng aj bg \mglg klYlqeg' q\Ya
hYkakYnaf\Yng nYajamk dgnaf_mk nYj\mk5
nY\gng' na]kgk' Ymcdlgbg' egcqlgbg6 hY(
_gfak _a nY\af\Yng YcdYak' ]kYfaYak lYe(
kqZk]' f]aeYfYfaYak' c\acaYak)~$-+%
_de`_ce _hj_[ieifWl[_aib' l)q) lacjaYm(

Turinys

LRG) -' -,~-3)

,.)

[Y][gjme' dme]f ]gjme' ima af


l]f]Zjak kmfl' ]jm\algj]e af(
kab>a]flame' eY_akljme af^Yfla(
me'daYZ]fl]e^gjeYek[a]flaY]'
]l n]jalYlak af d]_]) Kma ]j_g
Ydame \g[]k' l]ahkmefgf\g[]k5
ima hjY]\a[Yk fgf ^mjYf\me'
^mjYjak5 ima \a[ak fgf eg](
[djYf\mfa' eg][daYjak5 ima YZg(
eafYjak a\gdY' kY[jad]_ame^Y[ak)
Kma af d]_]_dgjaYjak'h]jhjY](
nYja[Ylagf]e d]_ak >]me af(
dag5YgjYk) $#aMNge]f]fae>]ah]j
ngk ZdYkblZ]eYlmj afl]j _]fl]k'
ka[ml k[jahlme ]kl)%
=aj[me[akagima\]ehjg\]kl'
ka d]_]e gZk]jn]k5 ka Yml]e
hjY]nYja[Ylgj d]_ak kak' [aj[me(
[akag lmY hjY]hmlame ^Y[lY ]kl)
W#Ma a_almj -.jY]hmlamaf bmklalaYk
d]_ak [mklg\aYl5 fgff] V>a#x9#]hm(
lame addamk af [aj[me[akagf]e
j]hmlYZalmj: W#W?l bm\a[YZal a\'
img\ ]p fYlmjY]kl hjY]hmlame'
d]_]e [gfkmeYfk' l]' ima h]j
dall]jYe']l[aj[me[akagf]ebhjY](

da]baegaj la]kgkaaYn]ackd6 cmjk


lY l cal egcYa' hYlk kYnk f](
egcYa6 cmjk kc]dZa' bg_f]j]acaY
ng_la' aj nY_a6 cmjk kYcYa' bg_
f]j]acaY kn]legl]jaYmla' g kn]l(
egl]jaYmba6 cmjk ZbYmja]ka \a](
nYaam klYZYak' g \YjYa n]flnY(
_qkl6 cmjk _aja]ka klYlqem'
a]j klYlqeg a]j]f_ae \YjYa
f]dgn>a]nma)WWH#]k>a]ngnYj(
\ma qjY \d]a bmkm aaclg\aYm(
bYeY lYaia aY_gfam' cYa qaYaY(
jYqlY)
;baahbYmklqeYk' la]kY' qjY
fYm\af_Yk'b]amdYacYaklYlqe6
g b]a ]ka klYlqegh]j]f_bYk'
lYng YaahbYmklqeYk lYag f]Yaa(
abYmklqem) D]a lY lf]YhiabYmk(
lqlYkak mdYacbjlm klYlqeg l]a(
kqZ]k' Yj_a bg f]YhahbYmklqeYk
f]ZmkhYkcYalqlYkYhabYmklqem:
C j  Yj lYk' cmjk @G9  a hja_a(
eaeg f]YhaabYmklqlYk' cmjk had(
\g klYlqe' f]l]ak lYnk' cmj(
kYa km LYlm aj YhaVabYmklqem
]ka klYlqegh]j]f_bYk: L]k

kag ramgbaeg lYakqcd]k)~$-,% D khi jWj)))


PakYk q\ hYka]d_aeYk hja]lYjYmbY klY(
lqema6 ba] _qn]fY' cYah(cY\ ba]ek klYlq(
eYk Zmlm \mglYk lac cal hYegcqema)
uB h  lW]_5 PY_qkl j]acaY agfYa nakgca
f]l]akqZ aj kcjaYm\' lYah cYah lgdaYmk
kn]legl]jqkl ca]cna]f fmka\bae hja]
]lb kYcqe) ~$--% =WhW_ l[djlW(
]oij) Aj) g\ak OhggmQ]Nn j]acaY hY(
hjYklYa Yhahdla ZYfqa) Egca Zmng q(
\ n]flnY_qkl' lacjYa f]afaY) EYacm(
j)a] $;mck)% YacafY' bg_ q\Ya Yhahd\Y(
ng hY_gfa n]flqcdYk' fgjk lYaba]ekca](
lYa m_aflY ;dgrk klYlqem $;lc) 2' -0%)
$-/% D W_f ohWfWhWojW' hYk Cr) 0-' 0
aj ?r]c) .1' -+) H]had\q\Yea klYlqeg'
q\Ya hYfa]caf\Yng bg \Ynb) >a]n' aj
\mg\Yng hjg_ cala]ek b fa]cafla' f]k
cYah klYlqeg hYjg\qeYk _]jYak \YjZYak
N]_afla]ek qjY hjg_Y dgnafla >a]n' lYah
klYlqeg h]j]f_aeYk haclYak \YjZYak qjY
ba]ek hjg_Y haclg\aYmla $Nge)%)
-0~-4) H]a_]dZk q\ fmg >a]ng
jklqZk aj YhahbYmklqeYk' f]k bak Z] k(
lYlqeg mdYacqeg qjY f]fYm\af_Yk) >a](
nYk j]acYdYmbY f] cfg' Z]l aj\a]k Yha(
hbYmklqeg)

$-0% Q hW  dWkZ_d]Wi' f]kacaEjaklmk


f]Zmng Ylbk' \Yj bak q\mk kfYjaYak
ajafclgkagk lYmlgk' d]a\ ba]ek \YdqnYmla
M) kl) hYY\baemgk]' Z]l lYahg_a m\(
\Yng hja]\]je had\qla klYlqe)~H`[ _
[i_) D]a fjY aj\a]k YhahbYmklqeg'gqjY
lac klYlqeg h]j]f_aeYk' lmge]l cfg
YhahbYmklqeYk nakYa fmklgbY kYng n]jlk'
aj YhahbYmklqlYkak lYehY dq_mk hY_gfama)
~$-1% D]a hY_gfak km >a]ng eYdgfk hY(
_YdZY mdYacqlm l]akaf_mk klYlqeg kY(
cqemk $Nge)%' bak Zmk hYkcYalqlYk dq_am
q\Yek'l)q) Zmk l kcYaldamb]' cmja]ek
\mgla qjY hYY\baeYa) H]YhahbYmklqeYk
f]Zmk bYe cdalaea dYaela a_Yfqe)
~$-2% Aaj) l) qjY f] cdYmkaeg' Z]l hY(
hjYklg lnajlafaeg kYcafqk) H]_YfYlg' cY\
lYk' cmjk _fh_]_c_ce ohW d[Wf_f`Wki(
jojWi' l)q) hY_gfam m_aek aj mYm_k'
had\q\YeYk lgZmdYa klYlqe'\Yjgkadq_am
q\ma'Z]l\Yj bakj[_i' l)q)' hYke]jck hYk(
cmlafagbg l]akeg \a]fgb] lacj q\' cmjk
lmj\YeYk KWj' l)q) ha_aYa hja]afYe
jYql klYlqe' aj Wf_f`Wkijoc' m\](
\Yfl Yfl bg lacjYk' YacaYk hja]\]je]k'
h]j]f_aY l klYlqe)~$-3% H]lYkhYk
>a]n qjY lacjm q\m' cmjk lgcamg heZei_

Turinys

,/'

9H?%# ) % ) 2 T$ * # + %
C

nYja[Ylgj d]_ak ]k: WCMNgra]fae


ifa af eYfa^]klg' Dm\Y]mk ]kl5
f]im] imY] af eYfa^]klg' af
[Yjf]' ]kl [aj[me[akag6 W k][dima
af YZk[gf\alg' Dm\Y]mk ]kl5 ]l
[aj[me[akag [gj\ak af khajalm'
fgf dall]jY5 [mbmk dYmk fgf ]p
dageafaZmk' k]\ ]p >]g ]kl)

f] lYk' cmjk a najYmk ag\gka'


qjY q\Yk6 f]a lYk' cmjk a naj(
Ymk Yflcfg \YjgeYk' qjYYha(
hbYmklqeYk6 W{Z]l cmjkYa na\mb]
qjY' lYk qjY q\Yk6 aj YhahbYmk(
lqeYkaj\a]k' \nYkagb]' f]hY_Yd
jYa\6 lgcag hY_qjaeYk f] a)
egfa_' Z]l a >a]ng)

7O^cb===& WKma\]j_gYehdamk
.) DS`aYe`W[Oa& W E _a lY l
Dm\Y]g ]kl: Yml imY] mladalYk najYmk lmja q\Yk: YjZY cgck
[aj[me[akagfak: W Gmdlme h]j qjYYhahbYmklqeg fYm\af_meYk:
gef]e eg\me) Jjaeme ima( W >Ym_ a ca]cna]fg Ylnad_ag)
\]e imaY [j]\alY kmfladdak ]dg( I hajeaYmkaYa' bg_]a ba]ek hYla(
imaY >]a5 Wima\ ]fae ka iraa( cla bmjY >a]ng g\aYa) {Ek aj
\Ye addgjme fgf [j]\a\]jmfl: b cYk _a' b]a cYacmja] abm  f]bla(
DNmeima\ af[j]\mdalYk addgjme a cbg: Yj_a bm  f]lacbaeYkhYfYa(
^a\]e>]a]nY[mYZal:;Zkal) #?kl cafk >a]ng alacaeme: PakYa
Yml]e >]mk n]jYp5 gefak Ym( f]) #I >a]nYk qjY lacjYk' ca]c(
ak l_hWki' l)q) lmja q\g nYj\'lmja Yha(
hbYmklqe aj hYfYamkanajafamk ]fcdmk)
NYah(hYl aj YhahbYmklqeYk)~$-4% O_Zk`['
h]j aj\a]k YhahbYmklqe)( aP] fW]WbhW_(
Z) Nacjm >a]nma lamcYfam YhahbYmklq(
em qjY aj\a]k YhahbYmklqeYk' cmjk b#jY
\YjgeYk h]j >nYka' hY\]\Yfa aj _q(
\Yfa km kYng eYdgfk hY_YdZY' g f]
na]f hY_Yd klYlqeg g\amk' cmja]YacaYa
hYda]haY lac anajaf caeg YhahbYmklqe)
~Mea_e' lacjg q\g' fW]oh_cWiqjY d[ _
ced_' cmja] f]eYlg' cYk na\mb]' aj\q(
b] \Yjgka' Z]l _ =_[le' cmjk l]akhYkdh(
lmgkamk eg_Ymk \Ydqcmk h]j Dr Ejak(
l $]) ,1%)
.' ,~3) ;m_aYmk n) JgnadYk kYc'
ag_ cYah hY_gfak fmka\bdaYa' lYah dq_aYa
aj q\Ya' klYlqeg f]had\Yflk' n]jla qjY
>a]ng jklqZk) Jja\bg \Yj' bg_ aj\a]k
YhahbYmklqeYk _YdahY_gfamamnY\mgla c(
fac q\ YhahbYmklqeY' aj bg_ hY_gfak'
had\Yflak klYlqe' l]ak q\' h]j]f_aYf(
la klYlqe) NYa_a'_Ydbg f]na]fYk hYkY(
cqla' bg_ aj M) klYlqe] f]Zmngbgcag h]d(
fg Zla q\m) ;lkYcq\YeYk  l dYmcaY(
e melafbae' ;hYlYdYkahYjg\g'bg_
M)klYlqe] Zmng fYm\af_YZlaq\Yak' na(
kmhajeY \dlg' cY\ ba]ekZmng >a]ng\mg(
la hYY\baeYa' aj hYYacafY' bg_' lnajlYak
hYkada]cYfl la]ek hYY\baeYek) >a]nYk
_Yda ZYmkla q\mk m b  fmka\baemk)
$.',% E M) )q\Ya lmjbg _]j]kfag
m hY_gfak:~$-% =_[le eZ_W_' nakYk
>a]ng \mglYkak M) ) Yhj]acaeYk' qhY

knYjZaYmkagba bg \Ydak5 hYY\baeYa Yha]


Yl]akaYfl G]kab)~$.% C[_ aW_akh_[ _
`k ) Aj) l) fjY g\a a b ) ;m_(
aYmk $]) -% n) JgnadYk hYkYcg' bg_ q\Ya
alacjb Zmng naj]kfa m hY_gfak' f]k
ba]ek Zmng \mgla _YjZaf_aYmka hYY\ba(
eYa Yha] G]kab) EY\Yf_a na]fgc q\Ya
lYak hYY\baeYak f]hYkafYm\gbg' d[iaW_(
akh_[' l)q) q\ \Ym_meY nakYaf]lacbg
 Ylbmk G]kab' Dr Ejakl' lg\d _Yda
cYk fgjk hYkYcqla' bg_ la] hYY\baeYa
f]Z]lmja q\Yek bgcagk n]jlk)  l
dYmcaYe melafbae aj YlkYcg n) Jg(
nadYk k]cYfam cdYmkaem' g hYkcma aj klY(
am m_afabaem)~: h] _`  d[j_a`_cWi)))
;j_a \d cYacmja q\ f]lacbaeg >a](
nYk f]Z]kadYacqk kYng hYY\bae' cm(
jamgk Zmng hY\Yjk Yha] G]kab)~O_iW_
d[6 lYah l]f]ZfY' YhkYm_gc >a]n])~$/%
+  =_[lWi))) Aj)l) + >a]nYk l]ZfY lac(
jYk)~D[a]*[ja]baYk ]_ce]ki) Jd_) Jk)
,,0' ,,) N g\a hjYke qjY a6 N](
_md cYkcYjl dYZaYmk hYkajg\g' bg_ >a]nYk
qjY lacjYk h]j fmgdYlaf kYng hYY\bae
had\bea' fgjk f] lac cYacmja] $]) .%' Z]l
aj naka egfkZmlm e]dY_aYak)( IWhWojW
ohW Jk) 0+' 1 hY_Yd FQQ l]ckl) >a]ng
alacaemeg hYlnajlafaema aeY n) JgnadYk
hkYdek g\amk' cmjaYak hYcml \YjYflak
>gna\Yk ahYklY' bg_ >a]nYk' f]n]ar\afl
, egfa fmka\baemk' ahad\g' c qjYY(
\bk) NYa_a' >gna\Yk dq_(cY\ kYcg5 C(
hYklm' bg_ fmka\bYm' a\Yfl lm' g >a]n]'
^k_jjc[_hWijWij[_iki iWle eZ_kei[' l)q'

Turinys

ERG) .) . ( 4 )

,0))

l]fa `geg e]f\Yp' ka[ml k[jaba( C na]fYk_aeg_mke]dY_ak'cYahhY(


lfe ]kl5 CDlbmkla^a[]jak af k]j( X jYqlYqjY5 C\YflZlme]ajYklYk
egfaZmk lmak6 ]l naf[Yk [me W  l]akmk aj h]j_Ydlme]a' cY\Y km
 I b]a emki f](
bm\a[Yjak) 8 Ma Yml]e afaimalYk lYnae l]akaYka) {
fgkljY bmklalaYe >]a [gee]f( l]akaf_meYk Yaclf ac]daY>a](
\Yl' ima\ \a[]emk: DMNmeima\ ng l]akqZ' c kYcqkae]: ;j_a
afaimmk ]kl >]mk' ima af^]jl f]l]akmk qjY >a]nYk' cmjk kcajaY
ajYe: $M][m\me `geaf]e \a( jklqZ: $egfa Zm\mcYdZm%)
[g)% ;Zkal5 Ydagimaf imgeg\g PakYa f]) H]k calYah' cYah _a
bm\a[YZal >]mk `mf[ emf\me: >a]nYk l]ak b baYkYmd: WH]k b]a
W Ma ]fae n]jalYk >]a af e]g >a]ng la]kY h]j eYfg e]dY_qk(
e]f\Y[ag YZmf\Ynal af _dgjaYe l baYka_Ymkafg bg _YjZ]a' cYe
ahkamk5 ima\ Y\`m[ ]l ]_g lYe( \Yj aj Y' cYahgfmka\bdak' ]km
 C j  Yj f]lmjlmee
imYeh][[Ylgjbm\a[gj: {
? lfgf l]akaYeYk: {
$ka[ml ZdYkh`]eYemj' ]l ka[ml \YjqlahaclY $cYah Yha] emkhacl(
Yamfl ima\Ye fgk \a[]j]% ^Y[aY( g\aYmbYeYajcYahcYacmja]cYdZY
emk eYdY mln]faYflZgfY5 img( emk kYcYfl%' a\Yfl a]alm _]jY:
D N hYke]jd\eYk qjY l]akaf_Yk)
jme \YefYlag bmklY ]kl)
Q# veROW W` ^OU]\Wa$ O\]b&ud& EOub]$ e`O \caWR|XW[c]aS&
wKma\]j_g:hjY][]ddaemk]gk: X EYah _a lYl: Yj ]kYe] naj]k(
H]imYimYe) =YmkYla ]fae km( t fa m bmgk: PakYa f]) H]k a(
cY\ Zmlme nak hYaflYk cYahg l]akmk aj
alacaeYk nakmgk] kYng hYkYcqemgk] aj
hYY\baemgk]' cY\Yf_a aj a eYfk' fm(
ka\bdag' f]Ylaea eYf hY\Yjqlm hjaY\'
aj _#Z)djf[h]Wbjkc[_' b5WZW ikjWl_cj[_(
i_Wi_' l)q) a\Yfl aj la]' cmja] \jklY l]akla
lYng \YjZmk' ahYaflm lYn] ]kYfl l]akaj
alacae' eYlq\Yea' bg_ lm had\Ya kYng
hYY\baemkf]lajla]ek'cmja]lYn]kmfcaYa
mjmklafg)~$0% I `[_))( HYmbYk mela(
fbaeYk' cmjk dq_(cY\ cadklY a Ym_aYmk
hYkYcqlg6 D]a h]j emk f]lacbae' _Yda
hYkYcqla q\Ya' kcYakl]kf \Yjgka >a]ng
l]akqn' lYa e]k f]mkah]dfe ZYmkek)
u : h] _d[j[_iki)))l)q)_Yd>a]nYkqjYf]l]a(
kmk' cY\ bak' a lYa f]n]ar\\YeYk' ZYm\aY
u#\ fmka\bda)~$1% Rced___ ^kZk) l)q)
lYah cYah cYdZY egfk' f]aeYfYflak\a](
nac \Ydqca)~H ]k a_jW_f' Zl]fl' b]a
>a]nYk f]_Ydlm fmZYmkla' f]\Yjq\YeYk
f]l]akqZk' q\ fmka\bda' cmja fmka(
\baeYak hY\a\aflY qjY bg _YaZ)~Ma f W (
iWkb_' fmka\baemgk] hYkc]f\mk >a]nma
hja]af_ hYkYmd) EYah(_a >a]nYk_Ydlm
hYke]jcla nakmk hYkYmdag fmka\bdamk' c
na]fgc hjahYklY ajhYlkq\Ya)~$2% =_[(
le j_[iW' lacjYk >a]ng hYafaeYk)~aZ^]aY(
]o)ij) hY_gfa klYZe]d\qkl)~D Wc  ZWh
_h W) D]a >a]nYk f]ZYmklmq\ mb fm(
ka\bae' lYa aj hY_gfak' _Ydlm kckla]k)

cYe a] qjY ZYm\aYea m fmka\baemk)


Da] _Ydlm hYkYcqla5 D]a lacjYk >a]ng
hYafaeYk h]j emk klYZe]d\qkl aj fm(
ka\baemk f]Zmng kmljmc\qlYk' Z]l \Yj
kcYakl]kfam hYkajg\'lYah(hYl cYah h]jq(
\ f]lacbae Yaclf acadg >a]ngalaca(
famfaYk' lYa cYe(_a e]k]kYe] hYke]jcla'
cYahg fmka\bdaYa:~$3% B h  Wh))) C cdYa(
\af_g q\ kYmhjglYnaeg Ybaa] >a]ng l]a(
kqZ a]afY f]l nakYa cnYadYk aj Z]\a]na(
cYk an]\aeYk' bg_ fgjafl hY\Ym_afla>a](
ng_YjZ'_YdaeY \Yjqla haclY)~D W_fWf_[
cki) ;hYlYdg hja]afafcYa' f]lacbmka]ba
q\Ya' kck\Yngbf]l]akaf_Ya' Zmc bak lYah
aj egck)uC d  fWic[ha_cWi) JYqebk
Ym_aYmk' bg_\YjgeYkbYe me]lafbaeY)k
qjY haclg\aYnaem' kYcg' bg_ lgca hacl(
g\aYmlgb hYke]jcaeYk qjY l]akaf_Yk'
dq_aYa cYah#aj l' cmja] \Yjqlm haclY'cY\
a]alm _]jY)
.' 4(-+) ;hjYk hY_gfa aj q\hY(
cdq\aemk n) JgnadYk ml]clafYahYjg\'bg_
na]fa aj cala n]jla qjY >a]ng jklqZk aj
fa]cg f]lmja' cmg _Ydlm hjaka\]f_la fmg
>a]ng ZYmkek) NgdaYmk ;hYlYdYk hY(
lnajlafY kYng hYkYcqe YacaYak n) LYlg
g\aYak)
$4% ;m_aYmk $,~3% n) JgnadYk' la](
kY' hjahYafg' bg_ q\Ya Zmng _Yn fmg

Turinys

,1)

?RDD) .) ,+~-+)

emk Dm\Y]gkW ]l AjY][gk ge(


f]k kmZ h][[Ylg ]kk]' ka[ml
k[jabalme ]kl5 KmaYfgf ]kl bmk(
lmk imak[bmYe5  fgf ]kl afl]d(
da_]fk' fgf ]klj]imaj]fk>]me)
Ief]k \][dafYn]jmfl' kaemd
afmlad]k ^Y[la kmfl' fgf ]kl ima
^Y[aYl Zgfme' fgf ]kl mkim]
Y\ mfme) W##M]hmd[jme hYl]fk
]kl _mllmj ]gjme' daf_mak kmak
\gdgk] Y_]ZYfl5 n]f]fme Ykha(
\me kmZ dYZaak ]gjme6 img(
jme gk eYd]\a[lagf]' ]l YeYa(a
lm\af] hd]fme ]kl6 n]dg[]k
h]\]k ]gjme Y\ ]^^mf\]f\me
kYf_maf]e5 [gfljalag' ]l af(
^]da[alYk af naak ]gjme6 ]l na(
Ye hY[ak fgf [g_fgn]jmfl5
fgf ]kl laegj >]a Yfl] g[mdgk
]gjme) M[aemk Yml]e img(
faYe imY][meim] d]p dgimalmj'
aak' ima af d]_] kmfl' dgimalmj5

hYjg\e]'b g_b#\Yaaj_ jYacYaqjY


naka hg fmka\baem' cYa hYjY(
qlY qjY5 HjY f]ana]fg l]a(
kaf_g) HjY aeYfYfag' fjY
ba]cYfag >a]n) Pakafmcaqhg)
\jYm_ f]fYm\af_Yak lYhg' fjY
cmjk \Yjqlm _]jY' fjY aca na](
fYe) Dm  _]jcd @G9$ YlnajYk
_jYZYk' kYng da]mnaYak ba] \Yj
nqdam) AqnYaab fmg\Ya hg bf
dmhm) Dm ZmaeYhadfYqjYc]ack(
eg aj cYjlmeg) Df cgbgk_j]a(
lgk qjY ada]la cjYmb6 _jam(
nkaYa aj f]dYae bm c]damgk]' 
aj jYeqZk c]dag ba] f]hYklY)
HjY >a]ng ZYaek bm Ycqk])
 + afge]' bg_ c fgjk kYcg
klYlqeYk'la]ekkYcg' cmja]qjY
hg klYlqem6 a\Yfl ca]cna]fY
ZmjfY Zmlm mcaelY' aj nakYk
hYkYmdak Zmlm >a]nma hY\mglYk6
f]k a klYlqeg \YjZm f]Zmk

>a]ng \a\]kf]k \gnYfYk' f]_mb%Y_gfk'Z]l


\jYm_ a%YkYc' cY\ lgk \gnYfgk f]a_]dZk
a fmg l]akaf_g >a]ng l]akeg ajhYke]jca(
eg m fmka\baemk) >YZYj' mZYa_\YeYk
hYdq_afae' ljmehYa cdYmkaY' Yj qjY naj(
]kfa q\Ya m hY_gfakfml]akafaeg \Ydqc]'
cmjk na]fYk _Yda adamgkmgla fmg hYke]jca(
eg'ajYlkYcg'bg_nakYa f])~G[i _fWheZ(
c[))) ;hkcmf\e] hY_gfak ,' ,3~.-' q(
\mk _a -' ,~-/)~Ie dki_Z`_ck5 ZYakag(
b] fmka\baeg nYd\agb]' f]k fa]cg f]lmj(
bg' cmg akakYm_glm fmg nak fmka\bae
YjZY fmg hY\Yjqlabb bYmaka_]dZlm)~$,+%
D W_f fWhWojW))) JkYdek] aj hYk CrYab
hjYfY) n) LYlg g\amk ;hYlYdYkaY
hY\mg\Y damgkYa aj lYfcaYa hY_Yd FQQ
l]ckl)~,+~,- ]ad) fmjg\qlYk qjY Yh(
kcjalYa egfabgk km_]\aeYk) NgdaYmk lYa
hYlnajlaflYYlkd\jYakhYnqr\aYak)~$,.%Jd_)
Jk) 0' ,,) @[hab hYnY\aflY Yll\jm _jY(
Zm' f]k a bgk a]afYf]lacmkacYdZkeYj(
n)~> Yj lob_k' hYljYmc\Yea e]dY_af_g(
eak cYdZgeak  haclY)~ @olWLcdkeZW_)))
Jk) ,.4' /) NYak g\aYak aj]aclYk n]a\(
eYafaf_Yk hYka]d_aeYk l egfa' cmja]
kYd\aYak' cYah e]\mk' g\aYak kmfcaY 
calmk kYng aj\qk] hYkdhlmkfmg\mk)~$B %
Jk) ,+' 2) ;hYlYdYk'anYj\abk nakmkcYd(
Zbaema lYjfYmbYfamk kfYjamk5_]jcd'da](
mna' dmhYk' mZYa_aY ZmjfY' aj\q\YeYk)

bg_ naka la] kfYjaYa Zmng \Ym_]dag fmka(


\bae jYfcaYak) ~DWhjkce' cmj hY\Y(
jg C\la]ek YhcYdZbaeg g\aYa)~$,0~,2%
JYdq_) Cr) 14' 2) 3) Jg f]cgk fmka\ba(
e akcYalqla ljk \YjZm hY\Yjgea fmka\(
baeYa5 _j]almeYk \d e]fcgk hja]Ykla]k
hja] eg_m\qklk' nYajaab kcjaYm\ ajf](
dYaea \YjqeYk Yjlaema ajfmgdYlafaYa lYjh
kYnk f]kmlacaeYa' ZYjfk' cgngk) ~$,3%
Jk) .0' -) >a]ng ZYaek klgcY qjY lYa
Ycfak' a cmjagk a\q_klY nakanajaYmk hY(
eafla fmka\baeYa) EYk >a]ng ZYaek
f]Z]lmja' b%a_aYa bbYka\mgk nakgd\YahaclqZ]a)
~$,4% EY\ q\Ya f]kYcqlm' bg_Ym_aYmk
[almgla g\aYa hYda]aY lachY_gfak' n) Jg(
nadYk hYjg\g' bg_ba] nakmhajeY hYda]aY q(
\mk' f]k ba]ekZmng\mglYkklYlqeYk) klY(
lqeYk aY qjY hYnYjlglYk \n]bghgb] hjY(
keb]5 hajegb] na]lgb] j]acaY nak M]fgbg
klYlqeg n) LYl' Yfljgb] _a lac Ggrk
cfq_Yk$N`gjY`%)~B h l_iWifWiWkb_i)))EY\
naka egfk hjakahYaflm ]k cYdla' f]k _j)
g\ak malggaq(g $Pmd_) kmZ\almk% j]a(
caY l' cmjk hjYdg kYng Zqd l]ake]' aj
cYahg cYdlYk lmja hjaaela hYkcajlZYmke)
~$-+% G[_l_[dWi BYkdWi) Paka' q\Ya aj
hY_gfk Zmng cYdla >a]ngYcqnYar\gb]' f]k
naka Zmng fmka\b' g f]lmjbg cmg fmka(
l]akaflm) D]a ba] c aj lmjlm' Zmlm lYa
klYlqeg \YjZYa6 Z]l klYlqeYk \mg\Y lac

Turinys

ERG) .' -,~-0)

,2)

ml gef] gk gZkljmYlmj' ]lkmZ( bg YcqnYar\gb] fml]akaflYk f]a(


\almk ^aYl gefak emf\mk >]g5 na]fYk cfYk' cY\Yf_a h]jklY(
imaY ]p gh]jaZmk d]_ak fgf lqe qjY fmka\baeg hYafaeYk)
bmkla^a[YZalmj gefak [Yjg [gjYe
addg) J]j d]_]e ]fae [g_falag
h][[Yla)
R# GWY`Oa bSWaW\Uc[Oa e`O ^S` bWY|XW[z X 0VMW ?`Wab W` e`O
bWYW\bWS[a acbSWYWO[Oa dSZbcW&o
Hmf[ Yml]e kaf] d]_] bmk(
lalaY >]a eYfa^]klYlY ]kl5 l]kla(
^a[YlY Yd]_] ]lhjgh`]lak) Dm (
klalaY Yml]e >]a h]j ^a\]e D](
km =`jakla af gef]k' ]l kmh]j
ge)f]k' ima [j]\mflaf]me5 fgf
]fae ]kl \aklaf[lag)
Ief]k
]fae h][[Yn]jmfl' ]l]_]fl_dg(
jaY >]a) Dmkla^a[Yla _jYlak h]j
_jYlaYe ahkamk' h]j j]\]ehlag(
f]e' imY] ]kl af =`jaklg D]km'

>YZYj _a >a]ng l]akqZ Z]


klYlqegYhj]aclYqjY' Yha]cm(
ja dam\abY klYlqeYk aj JjYfY(
Ya6
g >a]ng l]akqZ h]j la(
cbae a Dr Ejaklnaka]ekaj
Yfl nakm' cmja] balaca6 f]k f(
jY kcajlmeg6 f]k naka fmka\(
bg aj j]acYdYmbY >a]ng_YjZk'
fml]akafYea \gnYfYa h]j bg eY(
dgf' h]j Ylhajcae' ]kYfl D(
rmb] Ejaklmb]' cmja>a]nYkhY(

fmka\baeg hYafae' g f] fml]akafae')

l]akafaeg eYdgf)~$-/% Hml]akafaeYk \Y(


jgkaf]laca najYmk' f]k f]laclgcaYak]kY(
e] kcYalgea' Z]l aj a na\Ymk h]j lacj
fmka\baeYld]a\ae' h]j hYn]flaeajYl(
fYmbafaena\mbafageg_Ymk' lYahbg_af](
hja]l]dalYehYe]>a]nghja]l]daYakajnadlbb]
lnYafaYakYeafgbg_qn]faeg)NYkfml]akafa(
eYk kml]acaYeYk qjY ZelWdW_' cYahg f]m(
h]ZaqlY>a]ngeYdgf)H]cY\eg_mkfa]cg
hajebgf]lmjlm\Yjqla' f]kblmja hjYfgcla
lacbaeYk  Dr Ejakl $]) --%' g alac(
baeg jYf\Yka aj cala \agk YclYa' b]aeg(
_mk f]\Yjg cdaa' cmja] \a lgdaYmk
hjaj]f_aY' cYah lYa' >a]ng l]akqZk ZYae
m emk fmka\baemk' nadlak' e]ad' _Yad]k(
lak' hYkac]lafaeYk aj cala) Pa]fgc  lmgk
Yclmk f]n]ar\afl' fml]akafaeYk hYkada]cY
lacjYa \gnYfYa kml]aclm' f]k aj la] hYlk
YclYa qjY lYahg_a >a]ng \gnYfY Z] emkab
fmgh]df' aj ba] \Yjf]hY\Yjg fml]akafaeg'
f]a b fmh]dfg) Hml]akafaeYk qjY lYl dq_
cY\ hadaYeY  emk >a]ng \gnYfYZ] em(
k fmgh]df' gh]jfmgh]dfmkDrYmkEjak(
lYmk $hd_) Nja\) Jgk)1)h)1)2)3)%)(($-0%
Hml]akafae emek fmh]dfDrmkEjaklmk'
\mg\YeYk >a]nma cYahg megc]kf kYng
cYfaYk aj eajl) D' ada]bYfl kYng cjYm(
b' >a]nYk hYklYl YacaYa j]_ae' cYahg
h]jeYd\Ynaeg Ymc' cmjagk nYakaYa qjY
emek hjalYacgea f[h j_a`_c'l6q) emek
lacafl) >a]nYk'hYkcaj\YeYk fmg Yea lg )
c Ylhajcaeg Z\' lmjbg lackd hYjg\ql

PakY egfa _aeaf Zmng n]jlY >a]ng


jklqZk aj fa]cg f]lmjbg' cmg fmg bgk
akadamgkmglm $,' ,3~.'-+%) CdamgkYnae
Ylf] Drmk Ejaklmk5 lacjYk fml]akafaeYk
qjY h]j lacbae  Dr Ejakl' bak qjY
hja]afYeYk naka]ek' q\Yekdq_aYaajhY_g(
faek' aj qjYkml]acaYeYkn]dlma$.'-,~.+%)
$-,% =WXWh ]_5 HYmbYe] klYlqe]'
Ylbmk Drma Ejaklma)~=_[le j[_ioX5 Hm(
l]akafaeYk' cmj >a]nYk egfek kml]acaY
Z] klYlqeg hY_YdZgk) NYk fYmbYk fml]a(
kafaeg Zm\Yk fjY nakYa fYmbYk' f]k Yha]
b bYmb_kZ_`WijWjocWi _hIhWdWW_' l) q)
nakYk n) EYlYk) JdYl]kf l g\a hY(
lnajlafae jYf\Ye]]eaYmk$.'.,~/'-0%)
$--% Hml]akafaeYk' cmj >a]nYk kml]acaY'
aj h]j cmj e]k l]akaYak lYehYe] >a]ng
YcqnYar\gb] qjY f[hj_a`_c' f] cY\ lYk
lacbaeYk hY]alm a emk hYa' aj e]k
h]j b fmh]dfqlmee l]akme' Z]l bg_]a
fml]akafae] hajeYkhjakaYjlafaeYkhja]>a](
ng nqcklY h]j lacbae) NacbaeYk _a
hYlk lYahg_a qjY a >a]ng$Nge)%)~D j Wdj
l_ik) N g\a fjY cYacmjamgk] jYfc(
jYamgk] _jYac) l]cklg aj n]jlae'lYahg_a
aj g\a5 _ ` _ ) uG[idhW ia_hjkce6 km(
hjYkc5 lYjh q\ aj hY_gfa)~$-.% =_[(
le ]WhXi' g\ _YjZk f] nakana]fYah
kmhjYflY6 na]fa kYcg' bg_ bak j]acaYYea(
f _YjZ \Yf_mb]' jala _a' bg_ hYa fm(

&

Turinys

%,#

EKA& +$ *.m0(&

im]e hjgaagkmal >]mk hjgha( $ klYl cYahg h]jeYd\Ynae b>]j


laYlagf]e h]j la\]e aaa kYf_ma(  lacbae bg cjYmbmb]' kYng l]a(
f] ahkamk' Y\ gkl]fkagf]e bmk( C kqZk hYjg\qema' \dYld]a\aeg
lalaY] kmY] hjg-.l]jj]eakkagf]e # hajeaYmkhY\Yjqlmfmka\baem'
V.jY][]\]flame\]da[lgjme) Cm a >a]ng cYfljme]' haYjg\qema kY(
kmkl]flYlagf] >]a' Y\ gkl]fkag( C ng l]akqZk aYe] dYac]' a\Yfl
f]e bmklalaY] ]bmk af `g[ l]e( b bakZmlml]akmkajfml]akafYflakl'
C%gj]5 ml kal ahk] bmklmk' ]l bmk( cmjk qjY a lacbaegDrEja(
la^a[Yfk ]me' ima ]kl ]p ^a\] kl)
EYe] _a lY l qjY lYng
D]km =`jakla)
OZa ]kl ]j_g b>Yka_qjaeYk: JjYYdaflYk qjY)
_dgjaYlag lmY: D?p[dmkY ]kl) J]j Egcamg klYlbmfm: \YjZm: E]'
imYe d]_]e: @Y[lgjme: Ogf5 Z]l h]j lacbaeg klYlqe)
k]\ h]j d]_]e ^a\]a) ;jZaljY( Ek e]k eYfge]'bg_]aeg_mk
emj ]fae bmkla^a[Yja `geaf]e fml]akafYeYk qjY h]j lacbae
h]j ^a\]e kaf] gha]jaZmk d]_ak) Z] klYlqeg \YjZm)
;j >a](
;f Dm\Y]gjme>]mklYflme: nYk q jY laclYa q\m: Yj_a aj f]
fgff] ]l _]flame: Ceeg ]l aY_gfam: NYah' aj hY_gfam)
_]flame)
KmgfaYe ima\]e EY\Yf_a na]fYkqjY>a]nYk'cmjk
mfmk ]kl >]mk'imabmkla^a[Yl[aj( fml]akafYYhahbYmklqlb a lacba(
[me[akagf]e ]p ^a\]' ]l WWjY]( C eg aj  f]YhahbYmklqlb h]jlac(
hmlame h]j ^a\]e)
3
kYng Z]_Ydaf l]akqZ6 bak j]acYdYng YjZY
lYe lacjgk ZYmkek m egfabgkfmka\ba(
emk'YjZY l]akaf_g Yldq_afaeg'cmj _Ydbg
kml]acla laclYa fmgh]dfYa >a]ng(Seg_Ymk)
$-1% Gki_Z`_ck =_[le ^Wdjhkc[' l) q)
egfabgk fmka\bae' hY\Yjql haje D(
rYmk EaaklYmk Ylbaeg' m cmjamgk >a]nYk
fmZYm\ lYah' cYah ba] Zmng n]jla' Z]l
c]fl bmgk km Z]_Ydaf] cYfljqZ]) O lmgk
lYa fmka\baemk e >a]nYk' hg ad_g dYm(
caeg' _Wc[ bW_a[' Yldq_afae' aYm_laf(
\YeYk Yfl cjqaYmk kYngMf'cYahgh]j(
eYd\Ynaeg Ymc' aj lmghYjg\q\YeYk \a\
kYng l]akaf_me)~BZWdj`_i ^kjk))) >n](
bgh lackd lmjbg >a]nYk'Ymcg\YeYkkYng
Mf6 bak fgjbg hYjg\qla kYng l]akqZ aj
n]flme' f]k f]Yhc]faY fmka\bae aj
ZYm\aY m bmgk' glYahg_a kYng ea]dYad(
\af_me ajeYdgfaf_me' f]kkml]accjm(
nafgk Ymcgk nYakamk naka]ek' cmja] laca 
Dr Ejakl' \mg\YeYk ba]ekfml]akafae)
$-2% DWc[ ]_ jW j ohW jWle))) Aj) l)
fjY g\a bNY lYng) EY\Yf_a fml]a(
kafaeYk' fmh]dfqlYk cjmnafYEjaklYmkeaj(
laea' qjY kml]acaYeYkegfek n]dlma' lg(
\d q\Ya f]lmja cg \a\amgla]k aj _aj(

la]k6 b  _qjamk ohW'fhWWb_djWi' l) q)f]Z](


lmja na]lgk) JjYYdaflYk qjY q\ hYka_q(
jaeYkf]GgrkklYlqem'kYcYfam\YjZmk'
f]kml]acaYfam j]acYdaf_gk b  ahad\qema
hYYdhgk' Z]l j_a`_ce klYlqem' cmjk da](
haY emek Yjlafla]k hja] EjaklYmk h]j la(
cbae' cY\ _Ymlmee aj fmkal]akafae'
cmjk Zmlm lacjYk >a]ng YcqnYar\gb]' aj
>a]ng eYdgf' cmjaY km]dhla _Ydlmee
ahad\qla >a]ng nYda)~$-3% Ce][_ ce(
]ki5 ca]cna]fYk eg_mk' Yj bak Zmlm q(
\Yk Yj hY_gfak)~$-4% JYlnajlaf\YeYk kY(
ng hYkYcqe' bg_]a fml]akafaeYk qjY h]j
lacbae Z] Ggrk klYlqeg \YjZ' n)
JgnadYk fmjg\g' bg_calYah aj f]_Yda Zla6
f]k b]a fml]akafae >a]nYk kml]aclm h]j
klYlqeg \YjZmk' bak j]_lmk ]kk laclYa
q\ >a]nm' cY\Yf_a Ylklmelm fmg a_Y(
fqeg nakmk hY_gfak' cmja]ek klYlqeYk
f]Zmng \mglYk) NYah _a fjY) >a]nYk qjY
nak na]fYk' fgja a_Yfqeg nak aj nakmk
bak na]fg\Ya fml]akafY)~$.+% :f_f`Wkijo(
l( q) q\6 d[Wf_f`Wkijoj` ~ hY(
_gf) B  j_a`_ce aj f[h j_a`_c j]acaY
l hYl6 hYkYcqlY _a f] na]fYah \d cYdZgk
nYajmeg)

Turinys

LRG) .'.,~/' 0)

%-#

]% >]USZ WWWWbSZaWcW[Oa e`O ^S` bWY|XW[z$ ^OZWcRWXO FS\OaWa


~abObe[Oa&
F]_]fa ]j_g \]kljmaemkh]j
^a\]e: ;Zkal5 k]\ d]_]e klYlma(
emk)
7O^cbCP) , Kma\]j_g\a[]emk
afn]fakk] ;ZjYZYe hYlj]e fg(
kljme k][mf\me [Yjf]e: N Ma
]fae ;ZjYZYe ]p gh]jaZmkbmk(
la^a[Ylmk ]kl' ZYZ]l_dgjaYe'k]\
fgf Yhm\ >]me) {
 Kma\ ]fae
\a[al M[jahlmjY: =j]\a\al ;ZjY(
ZYe >]g5 ]l j]hmlYlme ]kl adda
Y\ bmklalaYe) W?a Yml]e' ima
gh]jYlmj' e]j[]kfgf aehmlYlmj
k][mf\me _jYlaYe' k]\ k][mf(
\me \]Zalme )#?a n]jg' imafgf
gh]jYlmj' [j]\]fla Yml]e af
]m)e' ima bmkla^a[Yl aehame' j](
hmlYlmj ^a\]k ]bmk Y\ bmklalaYe

;jlYle]k_jaYmfYe]klYlq(
e h]j lacbae: PakYa f] Z]l
klYlqe  \Yj baYlnajlafYe])
,& DS`aYe`W[Oa& a E lYl'kY(
cqkae]' jY\g emkm lnYk
hY_Yd cf' ;ZjYgeYk: N Dn^]k
b]a ;ZjYgeYk a \YjZm qjY fm(
l]akaflYk'baklmja_YjZ'Z]lf]hYk
>a]n) {
 Ek c kYcg EYlYk:
;ZjYgeYk lacbg >a]nma' ajhY(
kcYalqlY bYe a l]akqZ) W NYe
_a' cmjk \ajZY' Yd_Y f] aeYdg(
fk' Z]l hY_Yd hja_mdbae hY(
kcYalgeY qjY) W I lYe' cmjk
f]\ajZY' Z]l lacafaYe a lb'
cmjkYa fml]akafY Z]\a]na' bg la(
cbaeYk hYkcYalgeYk qjY hY_Yd
>a]ng eYdgfk fmlYjae a l]a(

;m_aYmk n) JgnadYk lac hYeaaahbg' bg_


Yha] fml]akafae Z] klYlqeg \YjZ dam\a(
bY hYlk ijWjocWi _h IhWdWW_ $.' -,%6
\YZYj _a hjahYjg\g' ae\YeYk dYZaYmkaYa
cYahg hYnqr\ ;ZjYge' cmjk' cYah hY(
lk q\Ya hjahYklY' lacjYa Zmng l]akmk)
C ;ZjYgeg _a fml]akafaeg nakmhajeY $.'
.,~/' 3% hYkajg\g' bg_ l]akaf_meYk qjY
n]dlma kml]acaYeYk h]jlacbae' g f]mlYj(
fYmlYk \YjZYak' c aj JkYdeaklg g\aYa
hYlnajlafY)
$.,% EY\Yf_a ljY lac na]fYk fml]akafa(
eg c]daYk' Zl]fl' h]j lacbae Z] hY_Yd(
Zgk Ggrk klYlb(eg \YjZ' _Ydbg cYe
j]_la]M6bg_kYngegckdmYha] lacbae n)
JgnadYk a_jaYmfY' l) q) \Yjg nakYa f]fYm(
\af_m ]f) klYlqe6lg\d ;hYlYdYkYlkY(
cg' bg_ lYah fjY' bg_ bak b \Yj hYlnaj(
lafY)
$/' ,% g\ak jW j aj]acaY jq km
lmg' cYk Ym_aYmk hYkYcqlY5 EY\Yf_ae]k
hYkYce]'bg_f]_jaYmfYe]klYlqeg'egcq(
\Yea fml]akafae]kYflh]jlacbaeZ] k(
lYlqeg\YjZ' cgclYlfml]akafae' kYcqka(
e]' _Yng ;ZjYgeYk' afmka hjglnak' Yjl'
cmjagdYmcaYq\Ya' cYahgl]akaf_gmfagc]k(
fagmklYlqeg\YjZmk'YjZYl'cmjkqjYh]j
lacbae aj ]kla kml]acaYeYk >a]ng' cYahg
f]mh]dfqlY \gnYfY lacafla]ek)~$-% Mkh_

]WhX( lmja cmg _ajla]k hja]calmkegf]k'


eYaYmk m kYn] lgZmdmk' Z]l f]lmja \Yj
cmg _ajla]k >a]ng YcqnYar\gb]'f]kn)LY(
lYk $JjY\) ,0' 1% kYcg' ag_ lacbaeYk hY(
kcYalqlYk bYe  l]akqZ)~j_a`e =_[lk_'
Y\YfaYe kcYaldaf_mk Yafamk' fgjk hja(
_aelm Zm\m lg f]_Ydbg dYmcla) I f] lac
lYe >a]ng hYY\baema lacbg ;ZjYgeYk'
Z]l bak Zmng hYkajqk hjaaela kmlacbaem
nakmk >a]ng Yhj]acaemk) OlYl lYk lac(
baeYk aj lmjbg lYah \a\aYk hYk]ce]k)
B h  fWiaW_jojW `Wc))) l) o) lacbaeYk' cmjk
hYlk fjY fml]akafaem aj f]\Yjg fml]aka(
faeg' Zmng >a]ng eYdgfaYa hjaaelYk' aj a
Ylnad_ag  b Zmng kml]aclY \a\]kf \gnY(
fY' fml]akafaeYk) Na] g\aYa [almgla qjY
a JjY\) ,0' 1 hY_Yd FQQ l]ckl)~$/) 0%
aY hYYacaflY hYnqr\am' bg_ ;ZjYgeg
fml]akafaeYk lacjYa f]Zmng megc]kfala'
bYe hjacdYmkYfam m bg \YjZmk' f]k m(
egc]kfak qjY \mg\YeYk hY_Ydhja_mdbae'
Z]l Zmng n]dlma kml]aclYk' cYahg f]mh]d(
f blY \gnYfY >a]ng' cmjaYe bak lacbg)
uDchid[Z_hXW'X[jj_a_d_W_d' l) q) cmjk
f]lmja hja_aelgeak khcgeakhY\Yjql\Yj(
Z aj bYak f]kalaca _Ymla fml]akafae fmg
>a]ng' fml]akafYfag X[Z_[l' l)q) eg_
YhkcjalYa ]kYfl hg fmka\baem) NgcaYe
lacafaYe' cY\Yf_a bak f]lmja \5ajZ )

Turinys

)' !

9H?% + # 0 j  X %

k][mf\me hjghgkalme _jYlaY]


>]a) Ma[ml ]l >Yna\ \a[alZ]Y(
lalm\af]e `geafak' [ma >]mk
Y[[]hlg ^]jl bmklalaYe  kaf]gb%](
jaZmk5 Q<]Yla imgjme j]eakkY]
kmfl afaimalYl]k' ]limgjmel][(
lY kmfl bb][[YlY) { <]Ylmk naj'
[ma fgfaehmlYnal>geafmkh][(
[Ylme)
{<]Ylalm\g ]j_g `Y][ af [aj(
[me[akagf] lYflme eYf]l' Yf
]laYe af hjY]aWmlag: >a[aemk
]fae imaY j]hmlYlY]kl;ZjY`Y]
^a\]k Y\ bmklalaYe) Kmgeg\g
]j_g j]hmlYlY ]kl: af [aj[me(
[akagf]' Yf af hjY]aWmlag: Hgf
af [aj[me[akagf]' k]\ af hjY](
hmlag) ? l ka_fme Y[[]hal [aj(
[me[akagfak' ka_fY[mdme bmkla(
laY] ^a\]a' imY] ]kl af hjY]hm(
lag5 ml kal hYl]j gefame [j](
\]flame h]j hjY]hmlame' mlj](
hml]lmj ]l addak Y\ bmklalaYe6
fml]akafaeYk fjY megc]kmam a hja_md(
baeg' Z]l a >a]ng egdgfk) g\a5 f W (
]Wb =_[le cWbedi dkjWh_c' fjY _j)
l]ckl]' Z]l ba] _]jYa hYYad\fY n) Jgnadg
eafl' hYqelg\am5fWiaW_jecWi)u$1%
MYng egckd n) JgnadYk hYlnajlafYlYahg_a
g\aYak >gna\g' cmjk f]\Ym_ cmg eY]k(
fb] _YjZb] Zmng a%Yk q\mk' cYah ;ZjY(
geYk6 aeY bmgk ;hYlYdYk aJk) .,' ,) -'
cmja >gna\Yk km\bg' cY\Y HYlYfg hjY(
fYg h]jk]j_lYk \Yj aaYcml m \n]bgh
kYng fmka\bae aj _Yng Yld]a\ae)~; h(
kYdlg bW_c ce]Wki' l)q) Yh_YjkafY dYa(
eaf_ ]kYfl l eg_)))~$2% Q hWkZ[d](
j_) O\]f_la fmka\bae YjZY f]hYkcYa(
lqla $3 ])% >a]ng YcqnYar\gb] j]acaY l
hYl' c aj Yld]akla) ;fgl n) Ngeg ;cn)
egckdg' ljak \Ydqcmk_YdaeY Ylkcajla fmka(
\6bae]5 > a ] n g  mjmklafae' cmjk
j]acYdYmbY Y l d ] a \ a e g '  \gnYfgbaeg5 hY(
l >a]ng nYdaYa hja]af_ hYka]d_ae $afgj(
\afYlme Y[lme%' cmjk kqcnqck f]Z]_Y(
da lYhla f]nqcmkam' lg\dhjanYdgZlam(
\ ] f _ l Y k  >a]ng ea]dYaj\qklk jYfcY'
aj ZYmkek k l g n  $j]Ylme hY]fY]%'
a Ylnad_ag  cmj kYcgeY' bg_ fmka\ba(
eYk fjY hYkcYalqlYk' l)q)  ZYmke) >g(
na\Yk eaflmgk] g\amgk] cYdZY lac Yha]
fmka\bae Yld]a\ae' Z]lcY\Yf_a lYa nq(

kqZ)  EY. aj >gna\Yk YhkYcg


dYae eg_Ymk' cmjaYe >a]nYk
hYkcYalg l]akqZZ]\YjZm5 JY(
dYaeafla'cmjamf]l]ak O##ZkYld]ak(
lgk qjY' aj cmjam fmka\baeYa
qjYm\]f_la{JYdYaeaflYknqjYk'
cmjaYe >a]nYk f]hYkcYal fmka(
\baeg
NYk lY l hYdYaeafaeYk Yj lac
YhahbYmklqla]ek bkYkada]cY'YjlYa(
hg_a aj f]YhahbYmklqla]ek: H]k
kYcge]' bg_ ;ZjYgema hYkcYa(
lqlYk qjY lacbaYfYk l]akqZ' dg
EYab> lY l hYkcYalqlYk qjY: Yha(
hbYmklqe]' Yj f]YhahbYmklqe]:
;hahbYmklqe] fg' Z]l f]Yha(
hbYmklqe]) ,, Cj YhahbYmklqeg
]fcdbak_Yng'cYi.+hYqebae
l]akqZk h]j lacbae' cmj lm (
jbg' Z\YeYk f]YhahbYmklqlYk6
a\Yflbak Zmlm lnYk nakm' cmja]
laca' f]Z\Yea YhahbYmklqla'cY\
cklY lac h]j eYdgfk kml]acae' lg\dfm(
ka\baaeb Yld]a\aeYk qjY fml]akafaem) NYk
_a fml]akafaeYk Zmng >gna\ma kml]aclYk
n]dlma' Z] \YjZ)
4~,1) JkYdeaklg g\aYa aj ;ZjYgeg
hYWNr\ak hYegcg lYahg_a' bg_ fml]akafa(
eYk h]j lacbae qjY hYka]caYeYk f] lac
q\Yek'Z]l ajf]YhaVabYmklqla]ekhY_gfaek'
f]k ;ZjYgeYk b _Yng hajekYngYhahbYmk(
lqeg)
$4% Aj) l) JYdYaeafaeg Yal_YjkafaeYk)
g\a lac aj hYkada]cY $_]jaYmk5 l]f(
cY YjZY qjY% fjY _j) l]ckl]5 hja\la ba]
\d Yacmeg) C >gna\g g\a a]afY'
bg_ fml]akafaeYk h]j lacbae qjY nakmgla(
fak' l)q) hja]afYeYk f] lac q\Yek' Z]l
aj hY_gfae k' f]k >gna\Yk cYdZY f] Yha]
q\' Z]l Yha] eg_YhkcjalYa) N eaf(
l n) JgnadYk aj]acaY cdYmkaeg ^gjegb]'
Z]l lYk cdYmkaeYk lmja kYnqb] aj YlkYcq(
e' f]k bak aY na]fYk l]_Yda Zla) Hm(
l]akafaeg nakmglafme hYlnajlafYaj ;ZjYg(
eg hYnqr\ak' f]k bak Zmng fml]akaflYk h]j
lacbae' cY\Y \Yj f]Zmng YhahbYmklqlYk)
($, , % EY\ cYk f]eYfqlm' bg_ ;ZjYgeg
YhabbbYmklqeYk Zmng Z]j]acYdaf_Yk aj f]lm(
ja bgcag jqag km fml]akafaem' ;hYlYdYk
hYYacafY' bg_ YhahbYmklqeYk Zmng hYq(
ebaem hajeaYmk kml]aclgk ;ZjYgema l]a(

Turinys

EKA& ,$ )*m).&

-,)

,- ]l kalhYl]j[aj[me[akagfakfgf aj ba]ek Zmlm baYkcYalqlY a l]a(


aak lYflme' ima kmfl ]p[aj[me( kqZ' MNaj JY\bakZmlmlnYkYha(
[akagf]' k]\ ]l aak' ima k][lYf( hbYmklqlgbi' f] lac lm' cmja]
lmj n]kla_aY ^a\]a' imY] ]kl af qjY a YhahbYmklqeg' Z]l aj lm'
hjY]hmlag hYljakfgklja;ZjY`Y]) cmja] k]cagbY h\kYcYklacbaeg'
Hgf ]fae h]j d]_]e hjgeak( cmj lmjbg emkm lnYk' ;ZjYg(
kag ;ZjY`Y]' Yml k]eafa ]bmk eYk' Z\YeYk f]YhahbYmklqlYk)
ml Da]j]k ]kk]l emf\a5 k]\ h]j
H]k fg h]j klYlqe hYY(
bmklalaYe ^a\]a) Ma ]fae ima \baeYk ;ZjYgema YjZY bg nYa(
]p d]_]' `]j]\]k kmfl5]pafYfalY cYek' bg_ ZmkhYkYmdag lnYafak'
]kl ^a\]k' YZgdalY ]kl bajgeakkag) Z]l h]j l]akqZ a lacbaeg)
F]p ]fae ajYe gh]jYlmj) OZa H]k b]a la]' cmja] a klYlqeg'
]fae fgf ]kl d]p5 f][hjY]nYja( q jY  lnYafaYa' lmaYk lYhg la(
[Ylag) C\]g ]p ^a\]' m l k][mf( cbaeYk' hYY\baeYk fa]cm V>Y(
\me _jYlaYe ^ajeY kal hjgeak( najlg)  H]kklYlqeYk [dYaI j(
kag gefa k]eafa' fgf ]a' ima klqZ6 \dlgcY\ cYe]fjYklY(
]p )F]_] ]kl kgdme' k]\]l ]a ima lqeg' fjY f]a h]j]f_aeg)
kqZhk' g lYahg_a kYf\gjgk' hY\Yjqlgk lYjh
>a]ng aj ;dajYgaaag) EY\Yf_a ;ZjYgeYk
lmjbg fml]akafae haje YhahbYmklqeg' lg(
\d bak qjY lnm nak l' cmja] laca' Yj
laaa Zmlm q\Ya' Yj hY_gfak) C lg a]afY'
bg_ nakY egfabY' cYahYm_aYmkhYkYcqlY'
Z] lYml kcajlmeg' lmja Zla a_YfqlY h]j
ladnbae)~D WZ _h`_[ci))) EY\ aj hY_g(
fa lacbaeYk d%mlaa ba]ek hYkcYalqlYk 
l]akqZ)~$,-% NY ,-) ]ac \Ym_ Yac]kf
_jYac) l]ckl]5 Cj cY\ bak Zmlm lnm Yha(
V%bYmklqlaab' l' cmja] qjY f] lac a Yha(
VabYmklneg' Z]l ajk]cagbY h\kYcYkYfgem(
k lng' ;ZjYgeg' lacbaeg' cmj bak lm(
jbg Z\YeYkf]YhahbYmklqlYk&#) NYa_a'hjY(
ke qjY a5 ;ZjYgeYk cYahg YbmhbYmklq(
lYkqjYYbaahbYmklqlblnYk5Z]l'cY\ba]Zm(
lm bg kfmeak hY_Yd YhahbYmklqe'f]_YfY
lmjla na]f YhahbYmklqe' j]acaY \Yj
lmjla l ;ZjYgeg lacbae' cmjbak lmj(
bg bYm haje kYng YhahbYmklqeg) Fglqfa(
cYk l]cklYk' fgjk m] lYah YacaYa' Z]l l
hYl aj]acaY)~$,.% ;m_aYmk Zmng hYkY(
cqlY'bg_ fgjaflZla;ZjYgeg kmfmea j]a(
caY lmjla bg lacbae' \YZYj _a ;hYlYdYk
ahYjg\g'bg_ajlnYaaaqkl' ;ZjYgema hYY(
\l' _YdaeY_Ymla f]h]j klYlqeg\YjZmk'
Z]l lYahg_a V%]j j_a`_c6)u?WWZ`_cWi'
hY\YjqlYk ;ZjYgema' bg_ lmjk kf' g a
lg kmfYmk kcYaldaf_mk Yafamk' bg_ ba]ek
Zmk \mglY Y\lgba ]e' JYd]klafY' bg_
a bg Yafa m_aek G]kabYk' cmjaYe] Zmk
hYdYaeaflY nakY egfabY' ajh]j cmj nakYk
hYkYmdakhjacdYmkqk lacja]ek ;ZjYgeg nYa(
cYek6 lYk lYa hYY\baeYk \mglYk bYe f]
h]j klYlqe' cmjkhYkcaYmk YlkajY\g' Z]l
h]jl]akqZ' bYe kml]adjl a Ylnad_ag  la(

cbae) Ng\dla] hYY\baeYaf]hjacdYmkg


fmg klYlqeg aj lmja l]cla f] lac la]ek'
cmja] _Yng klYlqe' Z]l lYahg_a ajla]ek'
cmja] h]j lacbae lYhg ;ZjYgegnYacYak)
~$,/% D kh_[ _ ijWjoce' l) q) W\Ya)
D]a lYl laclYa q\Ya Zmlm h]j klYl)eg
\YjZmk ;ZjYgema hY\Yjql hYY\#bae
lnYamaYak' lYa lnYafqkl hjacdYmkqlm
ba]ek cYahg megc]kfak hY_Yd l]akqZ' aj
j_a`_cWi' cmjaYe bmc Zmng hY\Yjqla la]
hYY\baeYa' Zmlm jk_Wi' l) q) fa]cg a
lnYafqklk f]Z]\mg\k' aj hYlk fWbWZ`_(
cWi d_[akfWl_hijk' l)q) ZglmZ]j]acYdaf(
_Yk' f]k cYk Zmng lYY\lY a eYdgfk'
lYa Zmlm kml]acaYeY m klYlqeg \YjZmk)
~$,0% klYlqeYk d]a\aY hYafla' cYk qjY
fmka\baem aj cYk f]) Z]l f]\mg\Y _Ydk
bg an]f_la' \Yj(_a hY\a\afY hY_]a\ae' g
h]j lYl \mg\Y hjg_ fmka\baema) D]a lYl
hYY\lgba lnYafqkl hjacdYmkqlm fmg (
klYlqeg' lYakmdYadjqlm>a]n fmg bgkkml]a(
caeg aj dq_(cY\ n]jklm b lgk lnYafqklk
nakYa f]\mgla)~=bje aWZ aWc[ dhW)))
l) q) hYY\bae]' cma(k f]ha#acdYmkg fmg
klYlqeg' f]_Yda Zla h]j]f_aeg' lg\d
ajfjY'cYk >a]n kmdYacqlm fmg lnYafqk(
lk \Ynaeg)~$,1% MeZb lnYafqkl bNY _
j_a`_ce' cY\ ba YacaYa hYkajg\qlm ]kYfla
>a]ng _jqZk \gnYfY'ajcY\ fWWZ`_cWi
lnajlYk hYkadaclm naka]ek' cmja]' Z\Yea
hYfYmk ;ZjYgema h]j lacbae' qjY bg
YafaYak' Yj ba] Zmlm q\Ya' Yj hY_gfk)
,1 Z~-0) MYcafag f]h]jljYmc\YeYk
n) JgnadYk h]j]afYhja]ahYjg\qeg' )cgck
Zmng ;ZjYgeg lacbaeYk' cmjk bYe Zmng
hYkcYalqlYk  l]akqZ' aj h]j cmaa naka _Y(
daajhjanYdghYka]cla fml]akafae hYk>a]n'

Turinys

&&!

HKA& ,$ ).m*,&

]p ^a\] ]kl ;ZjYdaY]' ima hYl]j


]kl gefamjY fgklame
$ka[ml
k[jahlme ]kl6 KmaY hYlj]eemd(
lYjme _]flame hgkma l]% Yfl]
>]me' [ma [j]\a\al' ima nana^a(
[Yl egjlmgk' ]l ng[Yl ]Y imY]
fgfkmfl'lYeimYe]YimY]kmfl5
ima [gfljY k^9]e afkh]e[j](
\a\al' ml ^a]j]l hYl]j emdlYjme
_]flame k][mf\me img\ \a[(
lme ]kl ]a5 Ma[ ]jal k]e]f lm (
me) ? l fgf af^ajeYlmk ]kl
^a\]' f][ [gfka\]jYnal [gjhmk
kmme ]egjlmme' [mebYe ^]j]
[]flme ]kk]lYffgjme5 ]l]egj(
lmYe nmdnYe MYjY]) af  j](
hjgeakkagf] ]laYe >]afgf`Y](
kalYnal \a^^a\]flaY'k]\ [gf^gjlY(
lmk ]kl ^a\]' \Yfk _dgjaYe >]g5
-, hd]fakkae] k[a]fk imaY imY](
[meim] hjgeakal' hgl]fk ]kl ]l
^Y[]j]) NNC\]g ]l j]hmlYlme]kl
adda Y\ bmklalaYe) NO6Wgf ]kl Ym(
l]e k[jahlme lYflme hjghl]j
ahkme imaY j]hmlYlme ]kl adda
Y\ bmklalaYe5 NPk]\ ]l hjghl]j
fgk' imaZmk j]hmlYZalmj [j]\]f(
laZmk af ]me' ima kmk[alYnalD](
kme =`jaklme >geafme fg(
kljme Y egjlmak'NQ ima ljY\almk

Ng\d a lacbaeg' a\Yfl lnajlYk


Zmlm hYY\baeYk a eYdgfk
naka]ek YafaYek' f]laclYala]ek'
cmja] qjY na]f a klYlqeg' Z]l
aj la]ek' cmja] qaY a ;ZjYgeg
lacbaeg' cmjk qjY nakm emkm
lnYk' MM $cYahb>YjYqlY qjY5 JY(
\bYm lYn] \Ym_]daglYmlmlnm%
hja]>a]n' cmjaYelacbg'cmjk
Yl_YanafY fmeajmkamk aj YmcaY
f]]kYfamk'cYab% cY\aj]kYfamk)
M{
 Dak hja] nadla lacbg nadaYa'
bg_ bak lYhk \Ym_]dag lYmlm l (
nm kmda_ lg' cYk bYe hYkYcqlY
qjY5 NYah Zmk lYng YafaYa' a{Cj
f]kmkadhfbg lacbae] aj f]n]ar(
\bg  kYng Yheajmk cf' cY(
\Yf_a Zmng Z]n]ac aelg e]lm'
f]a  Yheajmka MYjgk qka) NL
C j  bak f]YZ]bgbg Ybba] >a]ng hY(
Y\bae h]j f]lacbae' Z]l
kmkaklahjafg lacbae]' \mg\YeYk
>a]nma _YjZ' NMhadfaYmkaYaafg(
\YeYk' bg_ c fgjk hYY\bg'
_Yda aj hY\Yjqla) NN Ng\d ajhY(
kcYalqlY bYe l]akqZ) NO H]hY(
jYqlY _a lac \d]a bg' bg_ hY(
kcYalqlY bYe  l]akqZ' NMZ]l aj
\d]a emkm' cmja]ekZmkhYkcYa(
lqlY' b]a lackae] l'cmjk hja(

~Q hW l_ik ckik jlWi h]j lacbaeg _a(


eafqkl $;mck)%)&~$,2% IWhWojW ohW(
JjY\) ,2' 0) NYa_a' egfa YcqjYar\gb]
;ZjYgeYk qjY lnm l _aeafa'cmjagk jY(
\gka a bg nYaca' Z]l fh_[ =_[l' l) q)
a >a]ng fmlYjae g bak qjY nak lacafab
lnYk) N]aYmk aj lY \nYkacY lnqkl j](
eaYka Yfl caeacgk5 cY\Yf_a ;ZjYgeYk
qjY hY_Yd cf EjaklYmk lnYk' lg\d bak
qjY \jYm_ lnYk nak l' cmja] qjY Ejak(
lYmk' l) q) l' cmja] h]j _qn lacbae)
kmna]fqla qjY km Ejaklmea' kYng _YdnY'
cYahg kfYjaYa  na]f \nYkac cf)~
$,3% N  lacbae' h]j cmj ;ZjYgeYk lY (
hg fml]akaflYk) ;hYlYdYk Yacafmk YhjYg'
fgj\YeYk hYY\afla nakmk  bg k]cae'
lg\d hYjg\g' cgcamg Zm\m aj cYah lnajlYa
;ZjYgeYk lacbg) Daklacbg fh_[ l_bj'
f]k hYhjYklm egfa Zf\m f]_Ydbg dYmc(
la a kYng hYk]fmkagk egl]jk' MYjgk' kcYal(

daf_ Yafa' Z]l lacbg km nadlaea' cmja


e a nakY_Ydafagbg >a]ng hYY\baeg)
D Wi`W c fWiWaojWohW()JjY\) ,0' 0)~$,4%
G[l[_pZ`e( EYacmjamgk] cg\]ckmgk] qjY
lYk g\ak Z] f]_Y[abgk5 n]ar\bg YjZY
YhknYjkl) JjYke na]fgc kYcafaghYkada](
cY lY hYla) H]Ylkan]d_ aj \dlg lacbg'
YjZY5 Ylkan]d_' na]fgc f]hYka\Yn YZ]bg(
f]a aj lacbg) JYdq_) JjY\) ,2' ,0 aj
lgd)~$-+% ;ZjYgeYk' hjaae\YeYk km lac(
baem >a]ng hYY\bae'Ylalgdaf\YeYk fmg
kYnk nakgca YZ]bgf' Yla\Yn lYah >a]nma
\a\aYmk hY_YjZafae)~$-/% I [j _h Zb[_
ckik) E Ggr n) >nYkagk cnhlYk hY(
jY Yha] ;ZjYgeg fml]akafae' qjY lYa
hYkYcqlY aj emk hYegcqema) Jjakan]a(
r\\Yeabglacbaema aj kl]Z\Yea]k a \g(
nYfgk' bYe \d]a lacbaeg >a]ngkml]aclgk'
lmjae] hYkaegcqla' cYk j]acaY aj emek
\Yjqla' aj ]kYe] hYjY_afla' cY\ lmg hYam

Turinys

L ^ G )  /' -0~0' /)

-.

]kl hp&+-.l]j \]da[lY fgkljY' ]l kacdakffeaaekaf'Drf Ejakl'


j]kaajj]pal hjghl]j bmkla^a[Ylag( fafk_ Pa]hYla' (. a\mglb
f]e fgkljYe)
\d emkm cYdlqZalb aj hja(
kacdmka \d emkm fml]akafaeg)
)& Y% DW`[Oa \cbSWaW\W[] dOWaWca2 BcbSWaW\bWSXW bc`W `O[eP{ ac
8WSdc W` UO`P|a dWZbW&
7O^cba% # Dmkla^a[Yla ]j_g]p
^a\]' hY[]e `YZ]YemkY\>]me
h]j >geafme fgkljme D]kme
=`jaklme5 >]jim]e ]l `YZ](
emk Y[[]kkmeb%]j ^a\]e af_jY(
laYe aklYe' af imY klYemkW ]l
_dgjaYemj am kh] _dgjaY] ^adag(
jme >]a) {
Egf kgdme Yml]e'
k]\ ]l _dgjaYemj af ljaZmdYlag(
faZmk5 k[a]fl]k img\ ljaZmdYlag
hYla]flaYe gh]jYlmj5 bhYla]f(

0) DS`aYe`W[Oa& & Eml]akafla


lY lh]jlacbae' lmjcae]jYeq(
Z km >a]nm h]j emkm Pa]hY(
la' Dr Eaaklm' N h]j cmj lm (
jae] aj hjabae km lacbaeg
hY_YdZY hja] lgk eYdgfk' cm(
jagb] klgnae] aj _ajaYek nadla(
ea >a]ng nYacm _YjZk) & + f]
laclYa lmg' Z]l_ajaYekhjakbYm(
\aeYak' afg\Yea' bg_ hjak>Ym(
\aeYk \Yjg cYfljme' # cYfljm(

C[]dam aj  l' hYl _Yd ]alfee aj laclm(


eek _Ymla l hYa\gnYf'f]k ajemek
lYah(hYl lacafla]ek lacbaeYk Zmk a >a]ng
eYdgfaf_g fmlYjaeg hYkcYalqlYk  l]akqZ)
;ZjYgeYk lacbg'bg_ nakY_Ydak>a]nYk'f](
n]ar\afl  bg egl]jk' MYjgk'Yheajmka c(
f \mgk bYe kcYaldaf_mk Yafamk6 e]k laca(
e]' bg_ lYk hYlk >a]nYk Dr Ejakl'
fmeajmk aj hYdYa\gl' hjacd a _jY(
Zg#) Ng\d lYa aj hYeaflYk qjY aY lac(
baeYk  Pa]hYla]k hjakacdae'f]kC_Yfq(
lgbg a fmeajmka hjakacdaeYk qjY emknb
lacbaeg hYeYlm' f]k h]j b Ejaklmk hYka(
jg\ YacaYmkaYa ]kk >a]ng hYkamflafam)
$-0% =b ckik dkj[_i_d_ce' cY\emk hY(
\Yjqlm \Ydafaf^[Yak l]akqZk' cmja emek
C_YfqlgbYk fmh]df kYng cYfaY aj eaj(
laea)

kafae \Yjgek a >a]ng f]hja]l]da bg


hja]l\aYak ajhjaaelabg eYdgff]Z]hjanY(
dge]Zabgla]kbgjfklqZk'lg\dajlmjae] jY(
eqZ) EYacmjamgk]cg\]ckmgk]na]lgb]5 lm(
jcae]' qjY5 lmjae])~$-% ?[h akh jkh_(
c[() _a' l) h Y5 _Ynge]) EYah hYla]k fm(
l]akafaeg' lYah aj h]j b _YmfYe \gnYf
lYjhafafcm qjY Drmk Ejaklmk)~I h_[ jei
cWbedi' h]j cmja kml]acaYeYk qjYemek
>a]ng hYafaeYk' h]j cmjaadamgkmglafmg
hYcdq\ae hYklYe] la]k' _Ydgh dYafa(
bYe] nakYk _jqZ]k' cmjagkemekkml]acaY(
egk qjY h]jcjacl$;mck)%)( =_[le lW_(
ak ]WhXi5 Aj) l) g\ag nYac fjY6
Z]l lYa f]h]jeYafg hjYkek' \dlg cY\
_YjZ' cmja >a]nYk \mg\Y fml]akafla]ek'
_Yda Zla lYahg_a hYnY\aflY >a]ng nYac
_YjZ]' f]k naka]ek >a]nghYkYnafla]eknYa(
cYek ba hjaj]f_lY qjY)~$.% @_h_Wcif h_(
ifWkZ_cW_i' cmjamgk e]k \d]a EjaklYmk
YjZY \d]a l]akqZk c]faYe]) JjakhYm\a(
eYa \mg\Y hjg_ hYjg\qla cYfljme Yj(
ZY alnje) EYfljmeYkhY\Yjg'cY\e]k
hYkajg\ge] alajlYak' aj emk lnajlmeYk
hYkajg\g alajlYk' cYah YmckYk m_fqb])
EYk \d]a \Yf_ac _jqZa hYkada]cYlnaj(
lYk ]eacgk] f]dYaek]' hYjg\g' bg_ bak
dYZafmk eqda lYk)\Yf_acYk _jqZ]k' cYah
]eackaYk$Nge)%)DHE EYkhYlqj'bg_ bg(
ca] hYkhYm\aeYa f]_Yda bg fmcj]ahla fmg
la]kgk aj \gjqZk c]dag' lg aj\qb] \a\afY(
ka nadlak \Yf_acgk _YjZk' bak nak Ylkae](
fY Pa]hYla]k hYY\baemk' bg_lmjk_Ym(
k megc]kf \Yf_mb] $GYl) 0' ,,) ,-%)

Cjg\k hajeYe]\g_eYlacgk\Yda]kkcq(
jamb]' bg_lacjYkeg_Ymkfml]akafaeYk _Ym(
fYeYk qjY laclYa h]j lacbaeDrEjak(
l' n) JgnadYkhYjg\g Y f l j Y e ]  kcqjam(
b] $1' ,~3' .4%lgfml]akafaeg hjanYdmemk
YjZY _]jaYmk kYcYflfYm\af_meajnYakamk'
cmja] qjY c]ln]jagha)
Jajemgbm nYakamea $0' ,~-,%'cYah eg(
cg ;hYlYdYk' qjY lYk' bg_ fml]akafla]ba
h]j ladlbae qjY damgka fmg >a]ng jklq(
Zk' lmja jYeqZ km >a]nm aj h]j Ejakl
_Yda lmjla nadl ZmkaYfagk _YjZk)
$0' ,%Mkha_c[hWcoXik=_[lk)Mmfm(
l]akafaemYjlaeaYmkaYajaYkajYeqZkm>a](
nm'YjZYaYlnad_ag  >a]n' f]kh]jfml]a(

Turinys

$#!

daRbG) 0) 0 ~ ,,

laY Yml]e hjgZYlagf]e' hjgZY(


lag n]jg kh]e' w kba]k Yml]e
fgf [gf^mf\al6 imaY [YjalYk >]a
\a^^mkY ]kl af [gj\aZmk fgkljak
ba]j Mhajalme kYf[lme' ima \Y(
lmk ]kl fgZak) Ol ima\ ]fae
=dajaklmk' [me Y\`m[ af^ajea]k(
k]emk k][mf\me l]ehmk hjg
aehaak egjlmmk ]kl:  Pap ]fae
hjg bmklg imak egjalmj5 fYehjg
Zgfg ^gjkalYf imakYm\]Yl egja)
{ =gee]f\Yl Yml]e [YjalYl]e
)kmYe >]mk af fgZak5 imgfaYe
[me Y\`m[ h][[Ylgj]k ]kk]emk'
k][mf\me l]ehmk' W =`jaklmk
dajg fgZak egjlmmk ]kl5 emdlg
a_almj eY_a)k fmf[ bmkla^a[Yla af
kYf_ma5f] ahkamk' kYdna]jaemk YZ
ajY h]j ahkme) Ma ]fae [me
afaea[a ]kk]emk'j][gf[adaYla km(
emk >]g h]j egjl]e ^adaa ]bmk5
emdlg eY_ak a][gf[adaYla' kYdna
]jaemk afnalYahkamk' Ogfkg(
dme Yml]e5 k]\ ]l _dgjaYemj
~$0% O_bj_i ]_ d[k]Z_dW'l)q) aa] n]dlma
nadaYek' f]k Zmk emek kml]aclY lYa' c
nadaYek _Ymla' b]a lac mYlak m]hYe]kae]
lgk nadla]k) >a]nYk kml]ack' c qjY hYY(
\bk' aj nadlak emk m]m_\afk' f]k >a](
nYk emk eqda aj \Yn emek n) >nYka)
~$1% >a]ng e]adk \a\meYk' Yfl cmjag
j]eaYka emk fml]akafaeYk aj lacjmeYk
Zmkaegk emk _YjZk' hYkajg\g dYZaYmkaYa
a lg' bg_ Drmk Ejaklmk' C9a]ngMfk'cY(
\Y egfk kadhfYak Zmng' l)q) f]lmj\Y(
eabgcagkhY_YdZgk'f]_Ydbgfa]cghY\Yjqla'
cYk Zmlmn]jlY a_Yfqeg'Z]l \YjZmng hY(
kc]f\ kmfcaYmkamgk] fmka\baemgk]' fm(
eaj \d]a b  a_Yfqeg)~$2% ;fgl cYa(
cmja Yacaflgb g\aYa l]akmk aj _](
jY k lmja aY na]fgca hjYke6 cala _a
YlkcajaYlYah6 l]akmk lYk eg_mk' cmjk _](
jYa had\g nakYk kYng hYj]a_Yk' g _]jYk'
cmjk \Ym_aYmk \Yjg'f]_m lmja hja]\]je)
~$3% g\a lYelacjYe] dYac] _j)l]c(
kl] aj k]fmgk] dglqfacmgk] cg\]ckmgk]
fjY) >a]nYk f]_Ydbg _]a\Ymk emekhY(
jg\qla kYng e]adk' cYah a\mg\YeYk eaj(
laf kYng na]fYlaf Mf) lmg dYZaYmk lmg(
e]l' cY\Y e]k nakYa Cenge] f]n]jla lgk
bg ea]dYaj\qklk)~$4% Ce ^hWk`k`[' l)q)
h]j bg cjYmb)~$,+% G[i))) HjY lYa Yl(

eYk _a alqjae' g alqjaeYk


nadla' W nadlak _a f]m_\afY'
f]k >a]ng e]ad ada]lY qjY
emkm aj\qk] h]jn]flb>nY(
ka' cmja emek qjY\mglY) CMN]k
cYe(_a Ejaklmk' emek \Yj kadh(
fa]ek l]Z]kYfl' lYe lacjYe]
dYac]fmeajm Z]\a]namk: #Ek
ngk m l]akm cYk fgjk eajlY6
\dlg cY\ m _]j _Yd cYk \j(
klmfmeajla) { >a]nYk_aahYjg\g
kYng e]ad aemk' f]k \Yjemek
l]Z]kYfl fmka\bdaYak lYelacjY(
e] dYac]  Ejaklmk m emk fm(
eaj6lmg lY l dYZaYmk \YZYj fm(
l]akafla bg cjYmbmb]' Zmkae] h]j
ba_]dZla fmgjklqZk) Ek
b]a f]hja]l]daYak Z\Yea kmlYa(
cqla lYhge] km >a]nm h]j bg
MmfYmk eajla' \Ym_ dYZaYmk km(
lYacqla a_]dZlYak Zmkae] bg
_qn]fae])  + f] laclYa la]c'
Z]l aj_ajaYek >a]nmb] h]jem(
km Pa]hYl' Dr Ejakl' h]j
cYjlgbaeYk lgk hYagk eafla]k' Z]lqjY bgk
hYYacafaeYk aj kmklahjafaeYk6 f]k f]hja](
l]dak \Ym_aYmkj]acaY'f]_m fmka\bdak' aj5
_][bXjW_i Xki_c[`e  ]ol[d_c[' \Ym_aYmk
f]_m'_][bXj_dke`e hijoXi)~Ce]ol[(
d_c[5 b]a Ejaklmk emk kmlYac km #Nnm
fmeaj\YeYk m emk' cY\Y e]k \Yj l]Z](
Zmnge] f]hja]l]daYakajn]jlYak >a]ngZYm(
kek' lmg dYZaYmk hY\Yjqk emk hYdYaeaf(
lYak hg kmlYacqeg' cY\Y bakna]hYlYm\Y(
eYk _YjZaf_Ye] _qn]fae] lmja kYng kgk(
l' cYahg emk mlYjqlgbYk hg >a]ng \](
afk)~$,,% @_h_Wci =_[lk`[) l)q) >a](
ng e]ad]' cmja emek fml]akafla]ek kml]a(
c bYm la]c _]jY\Yjqka' bg_ lmjae] lac(
j aj lnajl nadl dYaela emek hYY\l
ZmkaYfa _YjZ) I hYeYlm lgk nadla]k
qjY EjaklYmk fmgh]dfYa'h]j cmjfml]akaf(
la \YZYj bYm _Ynge] kmlYacqe'
,-~-,) JYYacaf\YeYk' c Ym_aYmk
hYkYc' n) JgnadYk blYdq_afY hajebeg(
_' ;\ge' km Drmea' cmjk qjY dq_(cY\
Yfljmgbm ;\gem egfabYa lgcamg Zm\m6
egfa _aeaf' hYaelY cYahg na]fYk gj(
_YfareYk a j]da_abafag Ylnad_ag' lmjbg
na]f V9g calg \m dYZYa nYajam Ylklgnm)
C ;\geg jY\gka emek f]dYae' f]k bak
n]\  hYkYmd h]j kYng f]hYcdmkfme

Turinys

33?7# 1 %&Q F 3#

&)#

af >]g h]j >geafme fgkljme cmja \YZYj _Ynge] kmlYacqe


D]kme=`jaklme' h]jim]efmf[
j][gf[adaYlagf]e Y[[]haemk)
Jjghl]j]Y ka[ml h]j mfme
`geaf]e h][[Ylme af `mf[
emf\me afljYnal' ]l h]j b%][(
[Ylme egjk' ]l alY af gef]k
`geaf]k egjk h]jljYfkaal' af
img gef]k h][[Yn]jmfl5 mk(
im] Y\ d]_]e ]fae h][[Ylme
]jYl af emf\g5h][[YlmeYml]e
fgf aehmlYZYlmj' [me d]p fgf
]kk]l)  M]\ j]_fYnal egjk YZ
;\Ye mkim] Y\ Ggqk]m ]laYe
af ]gk' ima fgf h][[Yn]jmfl af
kaeadalm\af]e hjY]nYja[Ylagfak

Ng\d cYah h]j na]f eg(


_ fmka\baeYk bg b
aj h]j fmka\baeeajlak' aj lYah
eajlak h]jbg Yfl nakm egfa'
cY\Yf_a naka bYe] fmka\bg)
H]k aca klYlqema fmka\baeYk
Zmng hYkYmdb#b]' Z]l fmka\baeYk
f]Zmng hYkcYalgeYk' f]kf]Zmng
klYlqeg) Pa]fgc eajlakna](
hYlYng fmg ;\geg aca Ggr]a
f]l aj Yfl lm' cmja] f]fmka\bg
hYfYaYa a h]j]f_ae p/)\geg'
cmjk qjY anYar\Y Yl]akaYfagbg)

fmka\bae aj nakYk bg ZYa)kaYk hYk]ce]k)


Jja]af_Ya' Ejaklmk a Ylnad_ag  emk Zm(
ng a_Yfqeg lYjhafafcm6 m kl]Zlaf hY(
cdmkfme baklYhgemek f]ak]fcYfam l]a(
kqZk aj n]flmeg Ydlafam)

Z`e) Mm ;\gem aj ;\ge] fmka\bg naka


egfk' f] cY\ naka egfk ZmlmhY\Yj
l fmka\bae kYng daaagkY nYdaY' Z]l ;\g(
eg nYdagb]'' ;\geYk lYah Zmng >a]ng hY(
\YjqlYk egfabgk _YdnY' bg_ bg fmka\ba(
eYk lacjYa Zmng egfa _aeafk fmka\(
baem' aj naka egfk lYhg ba]jb fmka\b(
daYak) >a\a'la]kY'hYkdYhlak qjY'cYah;\g(
eYk kYngf]hYc`akaamemnakmk'cmja]h]j_a(
eaefmgbg hY]afY'lYah mcjl fmka\(
baem' cY\ lYkYa lY%agca]cna]fYefmgkYnYk6
da]l f]eY]kf qjY hYkdYhlak' cYah YfljY(
kak ;\geYk' Ejaklmk' kYng hYcdmkfmem
nakmk' cmja] h]j b Yl_aeklY'lacjYal]akaYak
aY\Yjg' cY\ ba]ek l]akqZ Zmlm fmgkYnY)
$,.) ,/% C nYaja l _YfY f]Yaca ]a(
dma a_md\qe hY\mg\m aY na]f5 ;\g(
eYk Zmng fmZYmklYk eajlaea' f]k h]j]f(
_ >a]ng kYcqe' m cmjag f]had\qe
Zmng hYkcajlY eajlak5 fmg bg fmhmgdaeg
aca Ggrk klYlqema' m cmjag f]had\qe
lYdbag_a Zmng kcajaYeY eajlak' f]Zmng>a](
ng \mglY calg klYlqeg' cmjk eajla]kZYm(
ke kcajlm fmka\bdaYek6 lYa_a' egfk
Yfg dYacg' fgjk hja_aelb klYlqe kYng
aj\qk] mjYql lYfcaYa dYmq\Yng' \d]a
l kYng fmka\bae eajlaea f]Zmng ZYm(
\aYea'f]a_YdbgZlafmZYmkla)Ng\dZmng
Yfl b m\lYeajlakmccal'Zl]fl' m
lYa cY\ba];\ge] Zmng h]j]f_ >a]ng (
kYcqe' m cmjag h]j]f_aeeajlak Zmng
kcajaYeY) ~D kh_[d[dki_Z`e))) cmja] m]
cYah bakh]j]f_ klYlqe' m cmjag f](
had\qe _jYk eajla]k ZYmke' lYa_a'
naka egfk haje Ggrk klYlqeg' YjZY5
lYahg_a nYacYa' cmja] f]lmjbg bgca n]a(
cYdafa fmka\bae $Da]j)%) ~:j[_i_Wd(

$,-% MeZb) NYk g\ak kmjaY Yfljb


h]jkcb#jaeg \Yd km hajeb) Ngd]kfaYa
hjY\bk hYdq_afaeg\am *[Ya'n)Jg(
nadYk b hYda]cY f]mZYa_l' fgjk bg eaf(
lak qjY Yaca) NYa_a' l eafl _YdaeY a(
j]acla aYah6 EY\Yf_a h]j na]f Ejakl
lmjae] hjabae  fml]akafae aj hYa
l]akqZ' lYahg_a kmlYacqe aj jYeqZ km
>a]nm' \Yj _a aj lnajl nadl ZmkaYfagk
_YjZk' lg\d lgck hYl qjYYl_Ymlga_Yfq(
eg c]daYk' cYah Zmng hjYm\qlg6 cYah
h]j na]fg ;\geg f]hYcdmkfme h]jbg
fmka\baeYk aj eajlak Yfl nak' cmja]
hjacdYmkg ;\gema' lYahh]jna]mg EjaklYmk
hYcdmkfme hjYkahdYlafY l]akqZ aj _)#ng(
faeYk  nakmk' cmja] EjaklYa hjacdYmkg)
J ] j l_[d ce] dki_Z`_cWi) JjY\afak
aamka\bafaYk Ch][Ylme gja_afYd]% Ylbg
Yfl nak egfa' cmja] h]j _aeafa hY]a(
fY fmg ;\geg' Ylkcqjmk na]fngf) JY(
f]d) NYe] fmka\bae] Zmng kml]balYk aj
nakYk]eacYkhYkYmdak)~I[h dki_Z`_c
c_hj_i) Gajlak f] \nYkacY' ba]j cmja
\aY fmklgbY hYn]faYfagkeYdgfk' Z]l
^qracY' h]j cmja \aY YlkakcajaY fmg
cfg6 g \jYm_ km bY aj Yeafgba eajlak'
cmja kcajaYeY hYke]jcla]ka]ek)~B h jW_f5
kmda_ YjlYmk kjqag' cmjk qjY lYjh fmka(
\baeg aj eajla]k'aj\dlgcY\ eajlak' cYah
hYjg\g aklgjabY' ba]j ;\geg fmka\bae
bg  hYkYmd)~DWZWd]_ la _`W c [ dki_(

Turinys

-1)

LRG) 0' , 0 (, 3 )

;[aY]' ima ]kl ^gjeY ^mlmja)


M]\ fgf ka[ml \]da[lme' alY ]l
\gfme5 ka ]fae mfamk \]da[lg
emdla egjlma kmfl5 emdlg eY(
_ak _jYlaY >]a ]l \gfmeaf_jY(
laY mfamk `geafak D]km I`aakla
af hamj]k YZmf\Ynal) ? l fgf
ka[ml h]j mfme h][[Ylme' alY
]l \gfme5 fYe bm\a[ame ima(
\]e ]p mfg af [gf\]efYlag(
f]e5 _jYlaY Yml]e ]p emdlak
\]da[lak af bmkla^a[Ylagf]e' Ma
]fae mfamk \]da[lg egjk j]_fY(
nal b>]j mfme5 emdlg eY_ak
YZmf\YflaYe _jYlaY]' ]l \gfY(
lagfak' ]l bmklalaY] Y[[aha]fl]k'
af nalY j]_fYZmfl h]j mfme
D]kme =`jaklme' C_almjka[ml
h]j mfamk \]da[lme af gef]k
`geaf]k af [gf\]efYlagf]e5
ka[ ]l b>]j mfamk bmklalaYe af

,{ <]l f] cYah fmhmgdaeYk'lYah


aj \gnYfY6 f]k b]a h]j fmhmgda(
ena]fg' \Ym_]dakfmeaj' \Ym_
dYZaYmk>a]ng eYdgfaj \gnYfY
eYdgfb]na]fg eg_Ymk'DrYmk
zEjaklYmk' Yml \Ym_]dag _YmkaYa
akada]bg) &{Cj f] cYah h]j na]f
fmka\bae' lYah aj \gnYfY6 f]k
fml]akaeYk' la]kY' a na]fg 
hYke]jcae6 eYdgf _a a \Ym(
_]dag fmhmgdaem b fml]akafae)
H]k b]a h]j na]fg fmhmgdae
eajlak na]hYlYng h]j na]f'
\Ym_ dYZaYmk la]' cmja] Yhklme
eYdgfk' aj \gnYfgk' ajl]akqZk
_YmfY' na]hYlYmk _qn]fae]h]j
na]fDr Ejakl) 93NYa_a'cYah
h]j na]fg fmhmgdae a nakmk
egf]k Ylbg bbYke]jcaeYk'lYah
a j  h]j na]fg l]akme a nakmk
egf]k Yl]afY _b#n]faeg fml]a(

e_e`e' l) q) Yfljgbg ;\geg' DrYmk Eja(


klYmk)~$,0% Hgjk ;\geYk uNY anYar\Y'
DrYmk' na]fgc f] nakYe] qjYlYjhb\na](
b  hYfYmeYk)~;Wd][b_i' cYah ajlYfcaYa
hY_Yd _jYac cYdZgk Z\' j]acaY lgb]
]admlb] nakmk)~Gkc _h cfacY eajlaea'
km cmjaY bmf_aYkaaj\nYkacY)~>a[jg cW(
bed_' l) q) >a]ng eYdgfaf_meYk' h]j cm(
j e]k _YmfYe]nakYk_jqZ]k6ZelWdWqj)(a
nakY' c emek Ejaklmk fmh]df'qhY fm(
l]akafae]) Dg_]a a_Yfqegn]acdmeYk qjY
\Ym_ \a\]kfak' hYkajg\g a hYa g\a6
f]k a na]fgk hmkk6 fmhmgdaeYk na]fg'
a Yfljgk _a5 >a]ng eYdgfaj\gnYfY eY(
dgfb] na]fg eg_Ymk' DrYmk EjaklYmk
EYe] a_YfqeYk hYjg\g kYng Yhklaf_
n]acdme' hYYacafY \na k]cYfla ]admla'
,1 aj ,2)~$,1% Aj) l)qjY5 Cj f] cYah
h]j na]ffmka\]\Yfl\YnYfY) ~ H] la]c
hYl \Yjgka h]j na]f ;\geg fmka\bae
\Ym_]dqb]' ca]c h]j EjaklYmk eYdgfk \g(
nYf6 f]k _Ydaf_]kfk hja]Ykla]k _Ydaf(
_]kfak qjY hY\YjYk)~G[i dkj[_i_cWi)))
H]k >a]ng dkj[_i_cWi' hYkcajaYfaak ZYmk(
e' hY]afY a na]fg hajegbg _ae\qlgbg
fmka\baeg _ fWic[ha_c nak egfa'
cY\Yf_a bgfmka\bae] nakafmka\bg6 dcbe(
d _a' \mg\YeY h]j Ejakl' hY]afY a
ZWk][b_e dkfkeb_ck' j)o) f] lac a Yfg
hajegbg lng fmka\baeg' Z]l lYahg_a a
\Ym_]dag n]acYdafadkj[_i_d_c) NYa_a'

\gnYfY lmgea qjY _Ydaf_]kf m fmhmgda(


e' bg_ ba adamgkYng egf]k f] lac fmg
fmka\baeg' cmjk fmg ;\geg Yfl b 
h]jbg' aj fmg f]dYaek'  cmja' bYe
hmgaYfl' ba] Zmng \jYm_ hmgd' Z]l
lYahg_a aj fmg \Ym_]dag cal fmka\bae'
cmjamgk hY\Yj hYlk a kYng damgkgk nY(
dagk' aj fmg \Ym_]dag f]dYaea'  cmjaYk
hYdk a kYng fgjg Zmngfm_jaer\)~$,2%
D]a f]hYcdmkfmeYk na]fg eg_Ymk lYah
\Ym_ hY\Yj' Zl]fl eajl nak' lYa hY(
cdmkfmeYk na]fg DrYmkEjaklYmk lmja lmg
dYZaYmk \mgla _qn]fae) Aj) l) na]lgb]6
ZelWdei' _h j[_ioXi' qjY5 l]akmeg \gnY(
fgk'l)q)fml]akafaeg)~?_[fWjWj_i]ol[d_(
c[))H]hYkYcqlY'bg__qn]faeYkna]hYlYmk'
cYahYm_aYmk5 c_hj_i l_[fWjWle'f]k _q(
n]faeYkfa]cYefjYhjan]jklafYk'cYahZmng
eajlak6 bak' fgjk qjY \gnYfY' hjacdYmkg
fmg damgkg kYf\YjZafafcYnaeg ( $ , 3 % 
M W _] _)) EY\Yf_a l]aka]ba na]hYlYmk h]j
na]f Dr Ejakl' cYah eajlak na](
hYlYng h]j na]f ;\ge' jW_]_)))uI[h
l_[de j[_ikc) N]akmeYk j]acaY aY l]a(
kaf_ hY\Yjne' Zl]fl' hYcdmkfme $])
,4%)($,4%) $G[i aW_f))) );\geg lYlfmhmg(
daeYk Zmng lYa f]hYcdmkfmeYk'Yhkaj]ack
h]j]f_aem >a]ng kYcqeg6 aj m l
f]hYcdmkfme Zmng hYkcajlY bYe aj bg
YafaYek eajlak) N]akmeYk YjZY l]akaf_Yk
hY\YjqeYk Zmng lYa eajlak EjaklYmk' cmjk

Turinys

ERG) 0' , 4 (1 ' .)

gef]k `geaf]k af bmkla^a[Ylag(


f]e nalY]) ,4 Ma[ml ]fae h]j
afgZ]\a]flaYe mfamk `geafak'
h][[Ylgj]k [gfklalmla kmfl emd(
la6 alY ]l h]j mfamk gZ]\alag(
f]e' bmkla [gfklalm]flmj emdla)
-+ F]p Yml]e kmZafljYnal ml
YZmf\Yj]l \]da[lme) OZa Yml]e
YZmf\Ynal \]da[lme' kmh]jYZmf(
\Ynal _jYlaY5 NMml ka[ml j]_fY(
nal h][[Ylme af egjl]e6 alY]l
_jYlaY j]_f]l h]j bmklalaYe af
nalYe Y]l]jfYe' h]j D]kme
=`jaklme >geafme fgkljme)

-2)

kafaeYk) ML CMN]k cYah h]j na]fg


eg_Ymkf]hYcdmkfme \Ym_]dak
lYhg fmka\bdaYak' lYah aj h]j
na]fg a>Ycdmkfme \Ym_]daklYhk
l]akaYak) NL klYlqeYk _a hYkcma
bg' a\Yfl hYka_Ymkaflm fmka\(
baeYk) I cYe] _Ymkamgka fmka(
\baeYk' \a\aYahYka_YmkafgeY(
dgf' NM a\Yfl cYah na]hYlYng
fmka\baeYk  eajl' lYah aj eY(
dgf na]hYlYmlm h]j l]akqZ 
Yeaf_qn]faeh]jDrEjak(
l' emkm Pa]hYl)

P# 5\b`Oa \cbSWaW\W[] dOWaWca2 BcbSWaW\bWSXW ZWc]aW e`OM \c] \c%


aWR|XW[] dS`Ueab|a&
7O^cbI=& MKma\]j_g \a[]emk:
.& DS`aYe`W[Oa& M E lY l
h]jeYf]Zaemk af h][[Ylg ml kYcqkae]: Yj hYkadackae] fmka(
_jYlaY YZmf\]l: N;Zkal) Kma \bae]' cY\ eYdgf hYka_Ymkaf(
]fae egjlma kmemk bg][[Ylg' lm: .PakYa f]) Ek cmja] fm(
imgeg\g Y\`m[nan]emkafaddg: eaje] fmka\baema' cYah \Yj
L;f a_fgjYlak imaY ima[meim] bYe]_qn]fkae]: N;j f]afgl]'
ZYhlarYla kmemk af =`jaklg D]( bg_ cmja] fgjk Yhcjaclqla ]kY(
km' af egjl] ahkamk ZYhlarYla  fa] Drmb] Ejaklmb]' Yhcjaclqla
lYhk hYcdmkfam aca eajaYa fmh]df kYm
aYm_laaaae' emek _a kmlYacqe' km
>a]nm aj _qn]fae')~$-+% ?kYfl bYm fm(
ka\baema' Zmng \mglYk Ggrk klYlqeYk'
Z]l bak f] lac f]a_jagn eajla]k aj fmka(
\baeg na]hYlYnaeg' Z]l \Yj hY\Ym_afg
fmka\baemk' cY\ lgcamg Zm\m eYdgfk'
cmjaqjY h]jDrEjakl'_YdqZ kcYakaYmk
aZlm) AYdmlafYk klYlqeg lackdYk Zmng
lYjfYmla _qn]faema' hjaj]f_la egf]khja]
EjaklYmk6 Z]l klYlqeYk' \mg\YeYk _](
fYmk hYafla >a]ng nYda'' Zmng hja]Ykla(
ea fmka\bae \d km_Y\afl eg_Ymk
hY_]a\ae) >a]nYk kYng aeaflqb] d]a\'
cY\ lYah Zmlm' a\Yfl fm]eaflYk eg_mk
hYaflm kYng kadhfme aj ba]cglm C_Y(
fqlgbg eYdgfk)uIWi_]Wki_de cWbed'
f]k ba f] laclYa adamgkYng fmg hYke]jca(
eg' Z]l \ad\g fmka\baemk' \mg\Y _qn]fa(
e aj calYk \gnYfYk)~ $-,% ;hYlYdYk
_jlY hja] kYng hYkYcqeg' cmj fgjbg
hjahYjg\qla lYe] h]jkcqjae] ajYlcYjlgbY'
bg_ emek kml]acaYeY qjYjYeqZ km>a](
nm aj ZmkaYfagk _YjZk nadlak h]j Dr
Ejakl)

1' ,~,/) ;fljmgbm fml]akafaeg nYa(


kamea $1' ,~-.% qjY adaaagkYnaeYk fmg
fmka\baegn]j_abgk'f]k kmeajlYfam Eja(
klmea fmeaj\Yeafmka\baema' fml]akafla](
bahjac]daYeaqjYfYmbl]akqZk_qn]fae)
$,% C lg' cY\ M) klYlqe] >a]nYk
d]a\ \Ym_afla]k fmka\baeYek' a\Yfl lmg
dYZaYmk Yhkaj]aclm bg eYdgfk _Ymkaf_m(
eYk'_Ydbg cYk fgjk kYfhjglYmla' bg_lYah(
hYlZmk ajlgdaYmk'lg\d ;hYlYdYkh]jk]j_a'
bg_f]lYahqjY'f]kcalgckqjY klgcak'cmjaY(
e] e]k \YZYj ]kYe]) Hmka\baeYk aY
hYeaflYk qjY lYa hjY\afak fmka\baeYk'
aj lYa kmda_ kYng \Yda]k' cmja Yhkaj]acaY
hY_]a\aem' hYkada]cYfam fml]akaflmgk])
Db n) JgnadYk nY\afY fmka\baem' f] cY\
lacjYa Yl_aemkamgk] bak Zmlm cYdlqZ]' Z]l
bg_]a qjY a fmka\baeg aj  fmka\bae
n]\Y) NYkYa _a eg_mk hYkada]cY lYe]
fmka\bae]' cmjk hYka\mg\Y hY_]a\aema'
cadklYfaYe a hajeb ln cYdlqZk)
~$-% g\ag d[i _j) l) fjY) Hmeajla
fmka\baema qjY lYa nakYa bg akaY\la6
nakYa _a bg akaY\bmk' f]nYdaY nd  b
_jla)~$.% >iWc[ Cik`[ Dh_ijk`[6 _j)

Turinys

-3)

C6RG) 1' /~,,)

kmemk: /Agfk]hmdla ]fae km( ]kYe] bg eajlqb]: a CMN]k \jYm_


emk [me addg Va]j ZYhlakemeam km bmgea hYdYa\gla ]kYe] h]j
egjl]e5 m l imgeg\g =`jaklmk cjacl  eajla' a\YflcYah Ejak(
kmjj]pal Y egjlmak
_\gjaYe lmk cdka afmeajmkam h]j N(
JYljak' alY ]l fgk af fgnalYl] ng _YjZ' lYah aj e]k ]d_lme(
nalY] YeZmd]emk)
Ma ]fae ek fYmbYe] _qn]fae]) Ek
[gehdYflYla ^Y[la kmemk kaea( b]a YjaYmkaYa kmna]fqla lYbbge]
dalm\afa egjlak ]bmk5 kaemd ]l km bmgea bg eajla]k hYfYme]'
j]kmjj][lagfak ]jaemk) Bg[ k[a( Zmkae] lYah(hYlkmna]fqlaajhja(
]fl]k' imaY n]lmk `geg fgkl]j kacdae]' lYa afg\Yea' bg_ k](
kaemd [jm[a^apmk ]kl'ml\]kljmY( fYkak emkm eg_mk \jYm_ hja(
lm j [gjhmk h][[Yla' ]lmdljYfgf cYdlYkqjY?cjqa'a\YflZmlmkm(
k]jnaYemk h][[Ylg) W Kma ]fae fYacaflYk fmka\baeg cfYk' aj
egjlmmk ]kl' bmkla^a[Ylmk ]kl Y a\Yfl e]k \Ym_aYmkf]Z]lYaeYm(
h][[Ylg' Ma Yfl]f egjlma km( b lmee fmka\baema' a Ek cYk
emk [me=`jaklg5[j]\aemkimaY  fmeaj' fml]akaflYk qjYfmgfm(
kaemd ]laYeen]ammk[me=`jak(
 ka\baeg) { <]l b]a e]kfmeaj(
lg5 4k[a]fl]k img\ =`jaklmk j]( e] km Ejaklmea' lacae]' bg_
kmj_]fk ]pegjlmak bYefgfeg( lYahg_a \jYm_ _qn]fkae] km
jalmj' egjk adda mdljY fgf \g( Ejaklmea' 4 afg\Yea' bg_ Eja(
eafYZalmj) 9+Kmg\ ]fae egj( klmk' hjakacdka fmeajmkam' bYm
lmmk ]kl h][[Ylg' egjlmmk ]kl f]Z]eajlY6 eajlak Yfl bg \Ym(
k]e]d5 img\ Yml]e enal' nanal _aYmkf]Z]na]hYlYmk) aWE]kcY\
>]g) ,, ClY  ]l ngk ]paklaeYl]' fmeaj fmka\baema' fmeajna](
ngk egjlmgk ima\]e ]kk] h][( f cYa#l6 cY\ _a _qnYk bmY)
[Ylg' nan]fl]k Yml]e >]g' af >a]nma _qnYk qjY) f NYah aj
l) qjY5 DrEjakl) NYak g\aYak hja(
e]fYn)JgnadYk Lqea]aYek afgeba]ek
la]k' bg_ h]j cjacl ba] lYhg hYnkla
Ejaklma aj Yla\mgla bYe kYnYklaf) ~* g 
c_hjo`[(' _j)l) qjY5  bg eajl) Mmkana]fq(
\Yea h]j cjacl km Ejaklmea' egfk
kmkana]fabY km bmg eajlYfam' lYah cY\'
\YdqnYm\Yea EjaklYmk eajlqb]' hYlk fm(
eajlY kmda_ lg' cmg k]faYmk Zmng' l) q)
kmda_ k]fgbg eg_Ymk'~$/% Di6 _j) l)
lYl_a)~J ]j2gf2jl5cjaclq\Yfaa]khYdYa(
\gla da]cYe]  EjaklYmk eajl))) EY\Y
e]k kYng _Ydn hYf]jaYe]  cjaclg nYf(
\]f' dq_  cgc _jYZ' k]fYkak eg_mk
da]cYhYdYa\glYkajnakYa hYf]jlYk6 hYkcaYmk
fmaek a nYf\]fk hYkac]daYfl' c]daYka
fYmbYk eg_mk) H]k cYah emek ha_m
hYkaf]jla aj hYkcma hYkac]dla' lYah >a]nma
f]kmfcm hYdYa\gla k]fb eg_aj Yhnadc(
la fYmbmgbm $;mck)%) u I[h Mle ]WhX()
h]j nak' cYe] >a]ng dgn Yhkaj]acaY5
h]j bg _YdqZ' aeafl' n]flme aj l) l)
>b]jkcci() hjakac]dlmee fYmbYe _q(
n]faema)~$0% Lkl_[doj_ jWfec[6 YaTb)#)hmNga
(6x(=nlpTb)xP' kmYm_ge] $ na]f Ym_e]f%) C

(Lkl_[doj__hfh_i_ab__c ) EYah km Eja(


klmea kmna]fqlahYfYaYa eajlYe]' lYah(hYl
Zmkae] kmna]fqla km Ejaklmea hjakac]daYf(
am aj \YdqnYmkae] bg hjakacdae]) ~$1%
L[__Wi_i ckik ce]ki(' km_Y\aflY h]j fm(
ka\bae eg_Ymk hja_aelak'YlkcajlafY fmg
fYmbgbg klgnag'  cmj emk aaYc]daY Eja(
klmk' cY\YYl_aeklYe]h]jcjacl)~G ki_(
Z`_ce adWi(' emk cfYk la]c' ca]c
bak hYka\Ynk qjY fmka\baegnYd\agf) Mm(
fYacafaeYk nqcka h]j YlkaljYa\jae ahg
lgk nYd\agk) ~ $2% G[i aWi))) Hmeaj(
dak bYm a]Z]fmka\]\Y) NYah(hYl aj hja(
emkak cjacl' cmjaYe] fmeaj k]fYkak
eg_mk' hjanYdg f]Z]_jla  k]fgbg eg(
_Ymk \YjZmk' l) q) fmka\baemk) ~ $3% C
eqklacg emk eajaeg \jYm_ km Ejaklm(
ea' ;hYlYdYk an]\Y emk hjakacdae aj
fYmb _qn]fae E jaklm a] )~ $4% G[X[(
l_[fWjWki6 _j) l) a]Z]na]hYlYmbY) EY(
\Yf_a Ejaklmk \Ym_aYmk f]Z]eajlY' lg\d
aj lYk emk fYmbYk _qn]faeYk qjY Yea(
fYk' b]a lac e]k a kYng hmkk hY\Yjqka(
e] lYa' cYk bg hYdYacqema j]acYdaf_Y)
~
 $,+% G[i aWZ))) Aj) l) cgeeY hY\lY

Turinys

LR(G) 1' , - (, 1 )

-4)

=`jaklg D]kf >geafg fgkljg)


,-C^gf ]j_g j]_f]l h][[Ylfe
af n]kljg egjlYda [gjhgj] fl
gZ][daYlak [gf[ft%ak[]flaak ]bmk)
,. M]\ f]im] ]p`aZ]Ylak e]e(
ZjY n]kljY YjeYafaimalYlak h][(
[Ylg6 k]\ ]p`aZ]l] ngk >]g'
lYeimYe ]p egjlmak nan]fl]k5
]l fa]faZjY n]kljY YjeY bmkla(
laY] >]g) a7J][[Ylme ]faeng(
Zak fgf \geafYZalmj5 fgf ]fae
kmZ d]_] ]klak' k]\ kmZ _jYlaY)

bmk dYacqcal] kYn] fmeajm(


kaYak fmka\baema' _qnYak _a
>a]nma Drmb] Ejaklmb]' emkm
Pa]hYlqb]) MN N]_md lY l fmka(
\baeYk f]na]hYlYmbY bmkmeaj(
laf_Ye] cf]' a\Yfl hYcdmkfmk
Zlmel bg _]a\mdaYek) a. + aj
kYng kfYjamk f]hY\mgcal fmka(
\baema' cYahg f]l]akqZk _afc(
dmk' Z]l hY\mgcal]kYn] >a]nma'
cYahg afmfaajmkam _qnYak lhm(
ka]ba' g kYng kfYjamk >a]nma'
cYahg l]akqZk _afcdmk' f Ek
fmka\baeYk f]na]hYlYmk Yfl
bmkm5 cY\Yf_a f]]kYl] hg fmka(
\baemW Z]l hg eYdgf])
,. Kma\]j_g:J][[YZaemk'[img( , E_alYl:fmka\kae]'bg_]a
faYe fgf kmemk kmZ d]_]' k]\ f]]kYe] hg klYlqem' Z]l hg
kmZ _jYlaY: ;Zkal' a{`d]k[alak eYdgf]: nakYa f]) e ;j f]afg(
[amgfaYe [ma ]p`aZ]lak ngk k]j( l]' bg_cYehYka\mg\Yl]n]j_Yak'
ngk Y\ gZ]\a]f\me' k]jna ]klak a\Yfl Zlmel hYcdmkfmk' ]kYl]
]bmk' [ma gZ]\alak' kan] h][[Yla n]j_Yak lg' cmjag cdYmkgl]' Yj
Y\ egjl]e' kan] gZ]\alagfak Y\ lYa fmka\baeg  eajla' Yj lYa
qjY f] hg' Z]l hja] g\ fmka\baema)
Ejaklmk na]f cYjl naka]ek dYacYek fm(
eaj m hjaaelmgkamk Yfl kYnk egfa
fmka\baemk) Jjakacdk  _qn]fae' bak
_qnYk qjY YeafYa >a]nma' kYng na]fYla(
faYe Pa]hYama6 h]j_YdlYk fmka\baeYk
f]Z]lmja bgcag Yfl bg na]hYlYnaeg' aj
YfljY eajlak m b f]Z]j]acYdaf_Y) ~ $,-%
Hgjk fYmbYk klgnak' YlkajY\mkak eg_mb]
hg cjaclg' qjY YeafYk' l]aYmkbg hYdYa(
cqema j]acYdaf_Yk qjY a eg_Ymk hmkk
\YjZYk) NYk \YjZYk Yhkaj]acaYf]hYka\Y(
naem fmka\baema' cmjk fgja Yl_YmlaYlae(
l a kYnk na]hYlYnae h]j mkadacmkamk
eg_Ymk dYe] _]a\mdamk) NYa_a' j]acaY
f]Zla hYcdmkfaYakla]ek_]a\mdaYekaj h]j(
_Ydla bmgk km hY_YdZY EjaklYmk emekm(
h]dfqlgk eYdgfk) ~ $,.% L]acaY hja](
afla]k _]a\mdaYek' g lYahg_af]\mglaba]ek
 hY_YdZ kYng kmYjaaV' cmjamgk ba] fgja
Ylcj]ahla hja]) emk hYamk' dq_ cgcamgk
_afcdmk) ;ha] l cgn km _]a\mdaYak lYah
kYcg n) ;m_mklafYk5 H]Yh_afcdmgc kYng
hja]g hja] kYn]) FYacqc cgbYk'cY\m](
]alm' cmj f]hYn]dqlY) Eadg _]a\mdak' lm
Zaacqc kfYjamk6 dYacqc lm jYmcYk fmgna(
kgcagk f]\gjqZk6 dYacqc Ycak' cY\ haclYa
f]kanYd_qlm6 dYacqc Ymkak' cY\ f]cdYmkq(
lm fgjaYa _]a\mdag g\a'dYacqc nakc(

f))) H]_YfY hjakadYacqla fmg haclg' Zgl


fgjafl hYkadacla emabYe] klgnqb]' j]aca65'
\Yj \Yjqla _]jY' j]acaY kYn] nak hYnkla
>a]nma aj nakmk emk kfYjamk bg lYjfq(
kl]ahYkcajla)~$,/%JY\jkaf\YeYkhja] cg(
ngk km _]a\mdaYak' n) JgnadYk hja\]\Y'bg_
ca]cna]fYk lacjYa_Ydalacla]k h]j_Ydbaeg'
L lYa \dlg cY\ ]kYe] f] fe ijWjockV
cmjk da]h\Yng' g f]kml]ac\Yng j]acYdaf_a6
ahad\b(ema ba]_' Z]l b.+ cWbed[' lYa_a'
lgcaYe] klgnqb]' cmjaYe] _YmfYe] fmka(
\baema h]j_Ydla j]acYdaf_Yk hYYdhYk)
,0~-.) ;hYlYdYk' mZ_\YeYk m
Yca dYmcaYeYe me]lafbaema'Zmccjac(
agfaek ]k nYdaY had\qlafmka\baemk'\d(
lg cY\ ba] f] hg klYlqem' Z]l hg eYdg(
f]' YacafY lgdaYmk' bg_ fml]akafla]ba' fm(
eaj fmka\baema' _Yda aj hjanYdg lYjfYm(
la l]akqZ]a)
$,1% Ea]cna]fYk n]j_Yk lmja na]f hg(
f' cmjaYe hjanYdg lYjfYmla' qhYb]a hYlk
 l lYjfqkl] hYka\Yn) >m _a qjY na]
hYam' fgjafam nakmk egf]k hYljYmcla 
kYng lYjfqkl5 fmka\baeYkajhYcdmkfmeYk6
b\na]b ka]caYa qjY nakYa hja]am_a6 lg\d
aj f]_YdaeY lYjfYmla fmka\baema' n]\Yf(
aYe  eajl' aj \jYm_ Zla lYjfm hYcdmk(
fmeg' cmjk n]\Y  l]akqZ' l) q)  naj(
hja_aelaf n]flme) JYcdmkfmeYk aY

Turinys

'$#

=H?% ,% '-f()%

bmklalaYe: AjYlaYk Yml]e >]g


img\ ^maklak k]jna h][[Yla' gZ](
\aklak Yml]e ]p [gj\] af ]Ye
^gjeYe \g[ljafY]' af imYeljY(
\ala ]klak) ,{FaZ]jYla Yml]e Y
h][[Ylg' k]jna ^Y[la ]klak bmkla(
laY]) ,4BeeYfme \a[g' hjghl]j
af^ajealYl]e [Yjfak n]kljY]5 ka(
[ml ]fae' ]p`aZmaklak e]eZjY
n]kljY k]jnaj] aeemf\alaY]' ]l
afaimalYla Y\ afaimalYl]e' alY
fmf[ ]p`aZ]l] e]eZjY n]kljY
bmklalaY] af kYf[la^a[Ylagf]e)
-+ Iaae ]fae k]jna ]kk]lak h][(
[Yla' daZ]ja ^maklak bmklalaY]) NM
Km]e ]j_g ^jm[lme `YZmaklak
lmf[ af addak' af imaZmk fmf[
]jmZ]k[alak: ZdYe ^afak addgjme
egjk ]kl) NN Nmf[ n]jg daZ]jYla
Y h][[Ylg' k]jna Yml]e ^Y[la
>]g' `YZ]lak ^jm[lme n]kljme
af kYf[la^a[Ylagf]e' ^af]e n]jg
nalYe Y]l]jfYe) NO Mlia]f\aY
]fae bW][[Yla' egjk) AjYlaY Ym(
l]e >]a' nalY Y]l]jfY'af =`jak(
lg D]km >geafgfgkljg)

hYcdmkfmeg a l]akqZ' a# <]l


Ya >a]nma' bg_' Zmn fmka\(
baeg n]j_Yak' hYcdmkfmk lYhgl]
a aj\a]k Yfa]ek egckdg kY(
cqeYek' cmja]ekhY\mgla ]kYl])
,3 Cdamgkmgla _afmg fmka\baeg'
hYka\Yjl] l]akqZk lYjfYak' e
egfa Zm\m cYdZm' \d]a bmkaa
cfg kadhfqZk5 f]k cYah hY\Y(
nl] kYng kfYjamk lYjfYmla hY(
d]aklmnqkl]a aj f]l]akqZ]a a f](
l]akqZ' lYah \YZYj hY\mgcalkY(
ng kfYjamk lYjfYmla l]akqZ]a a
Z\Yea fm(
hYn]flae) NL
ka\baeg n]j_Yak' damgka Zmngl]
fmg l]akqZk) NM Egc lY lnYakai
lmjbgl] lmge]l a lg' cg\YZYj
_\aYlk: H]k Yf \Ydqcm _Y(
dYk qjY eajlak) NN
\YZYj a(
damgkmgla fmg fmka\baeg) >a](
ng _a lYjfYak lYh' lmjal] kYng
nYakai  hYn]flae' g _Yd ~
aeka(
Yeaf _qn]fae) NO
\baeg Yd_Y~eajlak) >a]ng _a
\gnYfY~YeafYk_qn]faeYkD (
rmb] Eaaklmb]'emkm Pa]hYlqb])

hYeaflYk j]acaY hYcdmkfmea >a]nmaaj


?nYf_]dabYa)~ $,2% ; [j W_ =_[lk_)))
Ejacagfk bYm akajafcg na]e a l\na](
b  na]hYa) Cj ba] hajeY Zmng fmka\(
baeg n]a#_Ya6 Z]l \YZYj ba] dafckeaYa aj
fgjaYa cdYmkg cjacagfacg egckdg kY(
cqe'cmjag lYjfqklqjYhYka\Yn)~$,4%
ced_ ^kZk))) Hgj]\YeYk hYegcqla'
cYah cjacagfk hjanYdg lYjfYmla l]akqZ]a'
cmja' kYm m hgfa Yhkajafcg' ;hYlYdYk
\d]a b cfg kadhfqZk klYlg eYaYmkamk
j]acYdYnaemk' eg_ma ha_aYa ahad\gemk)
E]acYdYmbY _a fgjk la]c lYjfYmla kYng k(
fYjaYak l]akqZ]a' ca]c hajeY bYak lYjfYng
fmka\baema)~IWb[_ijkloij[_ _hd[j[_ioX[_)
Pa]lgb] Z]f\jg akaj]acaeg' fmka\baeYk'
anYj\qlY aY \m hjYkacYdlaem5 hYd]aklm(
nqkl aj f]l]akqZ) ~ $-+% G[iXZWc_)))
Cjg\af\YeYk j]acYdaf_me lYjfYmla l]a(
kqZ]a' n) JgnadYk nakYhajeY kYcg' bg_
fYmbYe] klgnqb] lYah j]acaY mkadYacqla a
Ylnad_ag  l]akqZ' cYah Zmng hajeY
mkadYacgeY dafc fmka\baeg) EYah lmg(
e]l lYjfYng na]f fmka\baema aj nakYa

f]lYjfYng $damgka Zmng fmg lYjfYnaeg%


l]akqZ]a' lYah \YZYj hja\]jY lYjfYmla na](
fYa l]akqZ]a) ~ $-,% Aj) l)qjYcalYah hY(
\YdaflYk kYcafqk5 cgd lYlnYaka lmjbgl]
lmge]l: l' cmjag \YZYj _]a\aYlk' f]k
Yf \Ydqc _YdYk qjY eajlak) H]lachja(
\]jY lYjfYmla na]fYa l]akqZ]a' Z]l aj_qnYa
j]acaY' g lYa a Ylnad_ag  nYakamk' cm(
jamgk Ylf]Y fmka\baeYk aj l]akqZ5 fmka(
\baeYk n]\Y  eajl' l]akqZ  Yeaf
_qn]fae) ~$-.% =_[le ]_ ZelWdW))) aY
Zmng _YdaeY dYmcla g\a6 l]akqZk _a Yd(
_Y6 Z]l ;hYlYdYk' fgj\YeYk hYbmfla
kcajlme lYjh YlkajY\aeg hacl aj _]j
emk \YjZ' hYkYc6 =_[le ]_ ZelWdW'
\dlg cY\ eYdgfk klgnak' cmjaYe]_Ydae]
had\qla cjacagfacYk \gjqZ]k' n]jlYkYe(
afg _qn]faeg' qjY lYa>a]ng\gnYfY) NYa(
hg_a hYagk \gjqZk aj \Yjgegk qjY km
eYdgfk hY_YdZY aj a bgk aeY kYng n]j(
lqZ6 lmglYjhm cY\ hacla \YjZYa nakYahja(
cdYmkg eg_ma' \dlg cY\ nakYa hY]afY a
bg damgkgk nYdagk)

Turinys

ERG) 2' ,~0)

.,)

[% G`STWZOa \cbSWaW\W[] GOWaWca2 BcbSWaW\bWSXW ZZc]aWe`O \c] }abO%


be[] bO`\eab|a&
7O^cb& I==&W;f a_fgjYlak^jY(
lj]k $k[a]flaZmk ]fae d]_]e dg(
imgj% imaY d]p af `geaf] \gea(
fYlmj imYflg l]ehgj] nanal: N
HYe imY] kmZ najg ]kl emda]j'
nan]fl] naa#g' Ydda_YlY ]kl d]_a5
kaYml]eegjlmmk ^m]jalnaj]bmk'
kgdmlY ]kl Y d]_] naja) . C_almj'
nan]fl] najg'ng[YZalmjY\mdl]jY
ka ^m]jal [meYdagnajg5 ka Yml]e
egjlmmk ^m]jal naj]bmk'daZ]jYlY
]kl Y d]_] naja5 ml fgf kalY\md(
l]jY ka ^m]jal [me Ydag ;mjg) W
ClYimY]^jYlj]ke]a]lngkegjla(
^a[Yla]klakd]_ah]j[gjlek =`jak(
la5 ml kalak Ydl]jamk' ima ]pegj(
lmak j]kmjj]pal' ml^jm[la^a[]emk
>]g) 0 =me ]fae ]kk]emk af
[Yjf]'hYkkagf]kh][[Ylgjme'imY]
h]j d]_]e ]jYfl' gh]jYZYflmj
af e]eZjak fgkljak' m l ^jm[la(
^a[Yj]fl egala5 . Hmf[ Yml]e
kgdmla kmemk Y d]_] egjlak' af

2) DS`aYe`W[Oa&  ;jf]afg(


l]'ZjgdaYa' $f]kcYdZmafYfla]ek
klYlqe%' bg_ klYlqeYk na](
hYlYmbY Yfl eg_YmkW cgd]a bak
_qnYk qjY: - H]k egl]jac a(
l]cbmka' ;Wjma _qnYe ]kYfl'
kmjalY qa&Y klYlqem6 Z]l b]a
fmeajlY bgk nqjYk' hYdamgkmglY
]klafmg nqjg klYlqeg) .NYa_a'
nqjma_qnYe]kYfl'nY\afkakkn]l(
egl]j' b]a Zmlm km calm 5Ne`c3
Z]l b]a fmeajlY bgk ;WqjYk' hY(
damgkmglY ]kla fmg nqjg klYlq(
eg6 ajf]Zmkkn]legl]a;b]aZmk
km calm nqjm) WNYa_a' eYfgZjg(
daYa' aj bbk fmeYjafla]kYl] klY(
lqema h]j EjaklYmk cf' cY\
Zlmel calgbg' cmjk cdka a
fmeajmkam' a\Yfl Ylf]lmee
;#Yakamk >a]nma) } H]k cY\Y Zm(
nge] cf]'z fmka\baem _]a\m(
daYa' cmja] Zmng h]j klYlqe'
n]ac emkm kfYjamgk]' a\Yfl

~$-% MYng Yhkcjal hYkYcqe n) Jgna(


2' ,~2) ;hYlYdYk Zmng hYkYck $1'
,/%' bg_ fml]akafla]ba qjY f]fe ijWjock) dYk hYYacafY hYnq\am al]cbmkagk eg(
>YZYj _a l kYng hYkYcqe hjahYjg\q( l]jack' cmja' Yfgl jgbmb] \mglgbg klYlq'
faYak hYlnajlafY6 lYa_a'nakmhajeYkYcg' cY\ egYha]egl]jqkl'lYahkmjalYqjYkmnqjm
eqklacY fml]akaflb eajlak \jYm_ km bg_ hja] bg _qngk _Ydngk bYa f]nYdaY al](
Ejaklmea hYdamgkYng bmgk fmg klYlqeg cla m calg6 eajmk _a nqjma' aj ba dq_
cY\ fmeajlY lYe klYlqema' l) q) a]afY
na]hYlYnaeg)
$,%
_dWdj_[ci ijWjoc(' f] laca q( a hgbg ;#a]hYlYnaeg aj _Ydaba]cgla]kca(
lgk egl]jqklk)~$/% ;hkcjal hYkYcqe
\ Ylkan]jlmka]fak'#Z]l aj a hY_gfa' c Y(
Yha] klYlqeg ln]je ;hYlYdYk hjalYacg
\Yf_a aj la] _aj\b qjY kcYalge j]da_aba(
 cjacagfak aj fmjg\g \jYm_ lackd'
famgk]kmkajafcaemgk]klYlqe)uCe]ijW(
jocWi))) ;hYlYdg hjahYjg\qeYk j]eaYka cmjaYe ba] qjY hYdamgkmgla a hg klYlq(
Yml YfYdg_abgk6 cfacY eajlak aaeY eg na]hYlYnaeg) NY hYlaeajlak'h]j cm(
eg_ nakYa a hg klYlqekmnYjqeg6~ ja ba] fmeaj fmka\baema' hYdamgkmgbY
emk eajlak Ejaklmb] hYdamgkmgbY emk a bmgk aj fmg klYlqeg6 aj cYah hYdamgkmgla
a hgfmka\baegba]hjanYdg lYjfYmla l]akq(
hg klYlqeg na]hYlYnaeg) Ngb] YfYdg_a(
bgb] qjY hYfYmeYk' Z]lqjY aj kcajlmeYk6 Z]a'lYahajf]Z]Z\YeahgklYlqemlmja ba]
aj hYdq_afaeYk aY f]_Yda Zla \YjgeYk lYjfYmla nakYa calgcaYe Pa]hYama5 lYh
nakgk] kemdce]fgk]6 f]k calYah a]alm' bg_ EjaklYmk kfYaaYak'lmja a\mgla _]j \Yj(
e]k bYm aj cfacYa ffeaje]' bg_ e]k Z nYakamk >a]ng _YjZ]a)~$0% DWZW Xk(
bYm fa]cg Z]f\jg f]lmjae] km klYlqem lec[ ad[5 cY\Y Zmnge] lYe] klgnqb]'
cmjaYe]eg_mk _aeklY a ;\geg' cYahg(
aj f]l f]j]acYdYmbYe] had\qla bg egjYda(
>a]ng jklqZk nYacYk' lg\d klgnqb] k](
c hja]kYc6 g nak lYa Zmlm cdYa\e_Y)

Turinys

)(%

9E+0 % -# , $/ %

imY \]laf]ZYemj' alY m l k]jnaY( nYakamk Ylf]lm eajaYa) W >YZYj


emk af fgnalYl] khajalmk' ]lfgf _a hYdamgkmgla]kYe]fmgklYlq(
af n]lmklYl] dall]jY])
eg eajla]k' cmjagb] Zmnge] dYa(
cgea' lYah a\Yfl lYjfYmlmee
\nYkagk fYmbqZb] aj f] jYlg
k]fqZb])
 Kma\ ]j_g\a[]emk: d]pC%][(
2
E _alY lkYcqkae]: YjklY(
[Ylme ]kl: ;Zkal) M]\ h][[Y( lqeYkqjYfmka\baeYk: PakYaf])
lme fgf [g_fgna' faka h]j d]( z<]l fmka\baeg f]hYafYm' cYah
_]e5 fYe [gf[mhak[]flaYe f]( laclYa h]j klYlqe6 f]k hY_]a(
k[a]ZYe' faka d]p \a[]j]l5 WW#gf \aeg f]afgaYm' b]a klYlqeYk
[gf[mhak[]k' k I[[Ykagf] Yml]e f]kYcqlm5 H]_]akc) { ek _a
Y[[]hlY' h][[Ylme h]j eYf\Y( hjg_ fmka\baeYk h]j kYcqe
lme gh]jYlme ]kl af e] ge( kmY\afg eYfqb] nakgc hY_]a(
f]e [gf[mhak[]flaYe) Maf] d]( \ae) H]k Z] klYlqeg fmka(
_]]faeh][[Ylmeegjlmme]jYl) \baeYk Zmng fmeajk) I Y
{ ?_g Yml]e nan]ZYe kaf]d]_] _qn]fYm calcYjl Z] klYlqeg6
YdaimYf\g) M]\ [me n]fakk]l Z]l kYcqema Ylbmk'
dgbg eg_Ymk' ]kYfag hg fmka\baeg aj hjacdYmkgYjZY'l]akaf_aYmkkYcYfl'hjacdYm(
klYlqeg na]hYlYnaem)u O[_a ckik i(
k' f]k naka q\Ya' Z\Yea hg klYlqeg
dWh_kei[) A]a\mdaYa' n]\Yflkemk  fmka( na]hYlYnaem' l cgn YlbYml) NYa_a'
\baemk' kmY\afla \d]a klYlqeg' cmjk bak f]cY Yha]klgneg_Ymk\Yjf]Yl_aeY(
f]kml]ac\Yng khc' ba]ek h]j_Ydla' a ag h]j cjacl)~;mkl\q#GBI d[fW_dWk'
_Yd\Yng n]acla aj fYm\g\Yngka \Yj f]Yl( l) q) Z] klYlqeg hYkYcqeg f]afgbYm'bg_
_aemkag eg_Ymk kfYjaYak fmka\baeYek fmka\baeYk qjY lYa hYkahja]afaeYk >a](
had\qla aj lYah Ylf]\Yng nYakamk' cmja nma) J]jklYlqeg m_qfaehYamg eg(
Yd_Y~YeafY eajlak)~$1% ; EI ijWjoce _mk hacae f]\gjm hY_]a\ae' Yfl bg
c_hj_[i) klYlqeYk V9YnY\aflYk eajla]k h]jbmkam \d]a hajeb ln fmhmg(
klYlqem' \dlg cY\'kmY\af\YeYk _]a\m( daeg) ~ $3% ?kYflak eg_mb] hY_]a\a(
damk aj f]\mg\YeYk hYYdhgk ba]ek h]j_Y( eYk' hYafk kYcqe5 f]_]akc' _Yng
dla' n]\  eajl) >Ym_]dqb] k]f cg(  a bg hjg_ YjdaY hYcmjklqehYjg\qla kY(
\]ck lgk ]admlk hjY\aY ljmhml calYah ng _YdqZ6 lYah hYcmjklqlYk kmY\afg na(
kcYeZY5 >YZYj _a hYdamgkmgla]kYe] fmg kgcamk baaclmk _]akemk' hja] cmjamgk fa](
klYlqeg6 fmeaj lYe' cmjaYe] Zmnge] ; cm f]km]dhlY nYdaY f]_Ydbg Ylkalmjla)
C ~;]kX[ijWjoce))) H] \dlgcY\klYlq(
dYacgea)))
C lg' cYk Ym_aYmk hYkYcqlY' Zmlm eg f]aelm Zmn' kYcg n) ;m_mkl)' Z]l
_YdaeY eYfqla' bg_ hYlk klYlqeYk Zmng bak Zmngdq_hYkakdhk)~NYah(hYlaj lac(
cYafcgcamg f]_]jmem aj klYaYa n]\ baeYk' b]a bak f]Yhkaj]acaY \YjZYak' nY\a(
egf]k a hjYhmdl) Ng\d ;hYlYdYk' cY\ fYka fmeajmkam $Dgc) -' ,2) -+) -1%)
f]kajg\qlm' Zmc bak fa]cafk aj ]eafk EY\Y fjY klYlqeg' hYjg\Yfag' cYk j]a(
>a]ng \mglb klYlqe' hjan]jklYkqjY dg( caY \Yjqla aj cYk m_aflY' fjY na]lgk
ZYmk $2' 2~-0, aYacafla YjaYmk kYfla( fmka\baema' f]k fjY fa]cg' cYe hY_]a(
\aeYk hja]aflmk) afgbg h]j klYlqe
C\mk lYjh klYlqeg aj fmka\baeg)
\Yjge hY_]a\ae hYcmjklqeajhY_gfk'
2~,.' PakmhajeY bak ajg\g' ag_klY(
lqeYk a kYnk n]flYk aj l]akam_Yk qjY' f]k bYm Ina\abmk kYcg5 Halaemj am n]la(
h]j b _a kmY\aflgk aj hY\a\aflgk ]kla lme k]eh]j [mhaemkim] f]_YlY'gBgjY(
[abmk5 ;m\Yp gefaY h]jh]la _]fk `m(
eaka\aaeg ba]_gk6 lYah cY\ f] hYlk klY(
lqeYk' Z]l fmka\baeYk' kmY\aflYk aj eYfY jmal af n]lalme f]^Yk)~$4% +  W))
fYm\g\Yegk klYlqeg hjg_Y' qjY lacjY Nk\YeYk lgdaYmkkYngahYjg\qe';hYlY(
dYk kYcg' bg_ bak h]j fmka\baemk Zmng
emk Yeafgk eajla]k hja]Yklaea)
$2%
LYq\YeYk hajegb]qhYlgb]' n)Jg( Yln]klYk eajl \nYkac)~A^*m]fYG))) X[
nadYk cYdZY aY f] Yha] kYn] na]f' Z]l ijWjoce' c\acqklb]' cgd]a f]hYafYm
cYk qjY _]jY aj cYk haclY)u :j]_`e dk(
Yha] nakegfa kcqja' hja] cmjag bak

Turinys

6H?% -# ' & $ %+ %

.)%

h][[Ylme j]napal) C fmka\baeYk6 Y _a fmeajaYm6


?_g Yml]e egjlmmk kme5 ]l  aj jY\gka eYf lYk kYcqeYk'
afn]flme ]kl Yfadaa eYf\Ylme' cmjk Zmng\mglYk\d_qn]faeg'
img\ ]jYl Y\ nalYe' dag[ ]kk] n]\Yfam eajlaf) H]k fmka\(
Y\ egjl]e)
HYe h][[Ylme baeYk' ek hjg_ h]j kYcq(
g[[Ykagf]Y[[]hlYh]jeYf\Ylme' e' kmn]\agbg eYf]' ajfmm\
k]\mpal e]' ]l h]j addm\ g[[a( h]j bb) NYa_a' klYlqeYk' la](
\al) MN ClYim] d]p ima\]e kYf( kY' n]flYk qjY' aj kYcqeYk
[lY' ]l eYf\Ylme kYf[lme' ]l 5 n]flYk' aj l]akaf_Yk' aj _](
bmklme' ]l Zgfme' K(Yg\]j_g jYk)  ;j_a lY l cYk _]jY qjY'
Zgfme ]kl' ea`a ^Y[lme ]kl eYfhYka\Yj eajlaea: PakYa f])
egjk: ;Zkal) M]\ h][[Ylme' m l W <]lfmka\baeYk'a\YflhYkajg\q(
YhhYj]Yl h][[Ylme' h]j Zgfme lm fmka\baem' >]j _]jY hY\Yj
gh]a#Ylme ]kl ea`a egjl]e5 ml eYf eajl6 a\Yfl fmka\baeYk
^aYl kmhjY eg\me Vg][[Yfk h][( t lYhl h]jnaj fmg\eaf_m h]j
X kYcqe)
[Ylme h]j eYf\Ylme)
,, M[aemk ]fae imaY d]p kha(
 H]k afge]' bg_ klYlqeYk
jalmYdak ]kl5 ]_g Yml]e [YjfYdak \nYkacYk qjY6 Y _a cfacYk
keaa n]fme\Ylmk kmZ h][[Ylg) 5 ]km' hYj\mglYk hg fmka\baem)
, Kmg\ ]faegbb]jgj' fgfafl]d( t , H]kcn]acam' Y f]aeYfYm6
e Yf\YlafaF '

i_Z`_cWi' _abk hjgl hYafYm kYdjq(


ea f]_]akc6 hY_]a\aeYk hYkabmlg nYjg(
em' aj fmka\baeYk _Yng _qnqZ)~$,+%
&/W ]_ dkc_h_Wk' \nYkacYa' fmklg\YeYk
f]cYdlqZk _qn]faeg) ~BiWb$ocWi' akhi
Xkle ZkejWi)) )  klYlqeg# hja]kYcYaZmng
\mgla' a\Yfl eg_mk bmgk mdYacq\YeYk
_qn]flm >a]nma lafcYfaYa aj lYah ]alm
YeafYm _qn]faeYf) ~ $,,% aP]k) ) )  (
_aelYk eg_ma hY_]a\aeYk' kmY\aflYk
h]j kYcqe5 f]_]akc' kmn]\agbg lm(
agk dYaek nadlaea' cY\Y m_aflmgk] \Y(
dqcmgk] jg\ \a\aYmk \aYm_ke' aj fm(
cj]ahk fmg hja]kYc c]dag fmn]\  dY(
c' cmjk n]\Y eajlaf)~$,-% ijWjocWi
Ggrk) ~ iWaocWi qjY aY lYk hYlk'
cmjk hYeaflYk 2) ]al6 f]_]akc' YjZYca]c(
na]fYk klYlqeg hja]kYcYk' YlkcajYa hYae(
lYk) kYcqeYk qjY l[djWi' f]k da]haY
\Yjqla' cYkhja\]jY6j[_i_d]Wi~f]khad\Yf(
la]ek Y\Y _]j megc]kf' h]j]f_aYf(
amk _k\afY ZYmkeeak6 ][hWi~f]k m(
dYacYfla]ek b hjaj]f_aYYeaf _qn]fae)
(  $,.% HYmbYk me]lafbaeYk5 ;j_a klY(
lqeYk aj kYcqeYk' Z\Yea _]ja' lYhg
eYf klYaYa \nYkacgk eajla]k hja]Yklaea:
;hYlYdYk YlkYcg' bg_ nakYa f]' aj
fmjg\g lacjb eajla]k cYdlafafc~ fm(
ka\bae' l) q) hY_]a\ae)u Gki_Z`_cWi
$hY_]a\aeYk%' a\Yfl bak hYkajg\qlm ]kk
baaclqZ] aj hja]lYjYnaem >a]ng nYdaYa'
h]j lYa' cYk _]jY' hY\Yj fajl)u(BZWdj
dki_Z`_cWi) ) )  MYcafag hjYke qjY lg(

ca5 >a]nma d]a\aYfl' hY_]a\aeYk >a]ng


\mgl(m klYlqem haclYa hYkafYm\gbgeajla]k
hY\Yjqema' cY\ lYk hYlk hY_]a\aeYk $fm(
ka\baeYk% h]j kYcqe' cmja haclYa
amYm\gbg' Zmlm hYaflYk' cYahg h]jnaj
fmg\eaf_Yk aj \a\aYmkak fmka\bdak)
,/~-0) Nk\YeYk lgdaYmk ajg\afba(
e kYflaca lYjh klYlqeg ajfmka\baeg'
n) JgnadYk YacafY' cgca qjY fmka\baeg
_YdqZ hja] eg_' ]kYfl hg klYlqem6
\Yjg _a lYa' YhjYq\YeYk YjaYmka cYj'
cmjagb] eg_Ymk \mkaY'klYlqeg Yhna]klY'
Z]l eYdgfeak f]km]dhlY' aj fmka\baeYk
lYjh kYnk cYmbYka' aj a cmjagk fmka\ba(
eYk hYhjYklYa a]afY h]j_Ydlgbm) C lg
_a YhjYqeg' cY\Yf_a hYkajg\g' bg_ fmka(
\baeYk _Yda Zla h]j_YdlYk lac km eYdg(
fk hY_YdZY' cmja qjY h]j Ejakl aj lac
lacafla]ek kml]acaYeY ]kla' _YdaeY kmhjY(
kla' cYah \a\a qjY _]jY\Yjqkl hYdamgkYna(
eYk a hg klY)lqeg na]hYlYnaeg)
$,/% ijWjocWi ohW ZlWi_aWi' f]k hY(
]afY fmg >a]ng aj egcg \gjqZa)u: 
]_ ad_aWi' cmjaYe] ]eacgba \Ydak' f](
lmjafla hYdafcaeg  _]jY aj cYahg >a]ng
klYlqeg hja]afafc' f]hYka\mg\Yfla>a](
nma' lYah na]hYlYmbY''bg_ lYa lac l]aeYfg'
cYkqjY cfg)u IWhZkejWifedki_Z`_ck5
dq_ C[gck n]j_Yk Yla\mglYk  fmka\baeg
nYd\a' cY\ \YjqaYm' c fmka\baeYk
da]haY)~$,0% G[_cWdWk5 f]kmhjYflm kY(
ng hYka]d_aeg'cY\Yf_a eYlYm kYn] \YjYf(
.)

Mn) LYlYk' PC)

Turinys

./)

LRG) 2' ,1(

da_g5 fgf ]fae img\ ngdg Zg(


fme' `g[ Y_g5 k]\ img\ g\a
eYdme' addm\ ^Y[ag)
MaYml]e
img\ fgdg' addm\ ^Y[ag5 [gfk]f(
lag d]_a' imgfaYe ZgfY]kl) 
Bmf[ Yml]e bYe fgf ]_g gb%](
jgj addm\' k]\ img\ `YZalYl af
e] bh][[Ylme) _[ag ]faeimaY
fgf `YZalYl af e]' `g[ ]kl af
[Yjf] e]Y' Zgfme) C^Ye n]dd]'
Y\bY[]l ea`a5 h]j^a[]j] Yml]e
Zgfme' fgfafn]fag' CMNgf]fae
img\ ngdg Zgfme' `g[ ^Y[ag5
k]\ img\ fgdg eYdme' `g[ Y_g)
-+ Ma Yml]e img\ fgdg' addm\
^Y[ag5 bYe fgf ]_g gh]jgjaddm\'
k]\ img\ `YZalYl afe]' h][[Y(
lme) NM Cfn]fag a_almj d]_]e'
ngd]fla ea`a^Y[]j]Zgfme' img(
faYe ea`a eYdme Y\bY[]l5 NN
[gf\]d][lgj ]fae d]_a >]a k](
[mf\me afl]jagj]e `geaf]e5

lhja] fmgkYn'nYda))g\a][hkce'f_bY(
jkce_j) l) aj\Ym_]dqb]dglqfac cg\]ck
fjY' Z]l ba] hjYkek f]h]jeYafg) Hm(
hmgamkag eg_Ymk hja_aelak fjY nakacYa
hY_Y\aflY) EYah hjglYk \Ym_]dqb] Ylkala(
C\e Z] lacbaeg hY_YdZgk _Yda Ylkcajla
haclY fmg lg' cYk _]jY' lYah aj nYdaY Z]
eYdgfk hY_YdZgk hYafl _]jme _Yda
eqdla aj bg ljgcla' haclmeg _a f]Yhc(
kla6 Z]l f]lmja ba]_' j]acYdaf_ la]ek
kadhfa]ek nYdagk kmcjmlbaeYek nqc\qla)
Nmgk kadhfmk nYdagkkmcjmlbaemk$n]dd]alY(
l]k% h]j_Yda YZkgdamlacY nYdaY' Yhkaj]a(
caYfla \YjZYak' m cmjamgk eg_mk aj lm(
ja hjaaela Yfl kYnkYlkYcgeqZ)~$,1% I
` [ _ ) ) )  eg_mk hjalYjaY klYlqema aj hja(
hYklY b m _]j' b]a kYng hja_aela]k
n]\YeYkf]c]faYhaclmeg'cmj klYlqeYk
m_afY' aj hY_]a\YmbY _]jmeg'cmjklYlq(
eYkkYcg'fgjkhYkcma\YjZmgk]ajf]akakYm(
_g haclg aj f]\Yjg _]jYa)~$,2% =WXWh
] _ ) ) )EY\Yf_a eg_mk kmda_ kYng _]j]k(
fagkagk \Yda]k hjahYklY klYlqe m _](
j' g na]fgc f]]afY hYkcma b'lg\d eg(
_mb] qjY calYk n]acbYk6 lmg _a qjY fmka(
\baeYk YjZY a hjY\afag fmka\aaeg ca(
dk hY_]a\aeYk)~$,3% aR[k _dWk) ' )  Nq(
jaf\YeYk jYf\Y kYnqb] agc lgc hYdaf(
cae_]jme'Z]l kYngcf] f]jYm\Yfa](
cg' cmg hY_]a\YmbYe _]jme hY\Yjqlm)

f]k f] cg fgjam' _]jmegW lYa


had\Ym' Z]l cg f]Ybac]fam' hac(
lmeg' lYa \YjYm' Ib]a lYa\Y(
jYm' cg f]fgjam' YkhjalYjam klY(
lqema' bg_ qjY _]jYk)
>YZYj
_a bYm f]Z] Y lYa had\Ym' Z]l
_qn]fYflak eYfqb] fmka\baeYk)
ML B]k afYm' bg_f]_qn]fY eY(
fqb]' lYa qjY eYfg cf]' _]jm(
eYk' CMN]k fgjla qjY Yjla eY(
fk' Z]l hY\Yjqla _]jmeg f](
jYf\m) ,3 dad]k f] cg fgjam'
_]jmeg' lYa \YjYm6 Z]l cg aj](
fgjam' haclmeg' lYa had\Ym) NL 4
b]a lYa \YjYm' cg f]fgjam' bYm
f]Z] Y lYa had\Ym' Z]l _qn](
fYflak eYfqb] fmka\baeYk)
NYa_a' kYm' fgjafaYe \Yjqla _](
jme' Y jYf\m klYlqe' bg_
hja] eYfk haclmeYk qjY hjaca(
Zk) -. B]k _jbmgk >a]ng
klYlqem hY_Yd na\mbaf eg_aa6
~$-+% H ` [ _ ) ) )  EY\Yf_a ]d_aYka hja](
af_Ya kYng _]j]kfaYbYa \YdaYa' lg\d bak
f]lacf]jYf\Y kYng cf] fa]cg'cmgnqc(
\qlm hjglg hYlYjaemk6 Z]l jYf\Y \Yj
l' cYk hjglma hja]lYjYmbY aj hYcmjklg
cf k]cla kYng meYfqemk' Zl]fl
fmka\bae)uCW k  d[X[ Wf_bZWk) ) )  NYk
an]\aeYk bYmZmng hYqelYk ,2)]) Hgjk
]kYflak hg klYlqem eg_mkljgclYmdYa(
cqla klYlqe'l]aYmk cfYk' cmjaYe] _q(
n]fY aj na]hYlYmbY fmka\baeYk' f]lac
fjY hYcdmkfmk YfYe ljgcaema' Z]l f m (
ka\baeg hYcmjklqlYk \Yjg \Yj cYah lac
hja]af_Ya lYe' Cjg hjglYk fgjbg)~$-,%
:  hWdZk ijWjoc5 C hjalqjaeg' Ym_(
aYmk YhjYqlg' eYlg kYnqb] ]kYfafmg(
dYlaf f]_]jgbg hYka]d_aeg lYakqcd' cmja
qjY dq_ cgcamg klYlqem) Ng\d aY n)
JgnadYk f]cYdZY Yha] Ggrk klYlqe)
uCe] fh_[ cWdi)))Ce] qjY fmgdYlfgjYk
\Yjqla haclme' ca]c cYjl fgjlm hY\Y(
 jqla _]jY)~$--% NY ]adml hYYacafY haj(
6 eb hmk -,) ])' k]cYfagba _a Yfljb
, bgkhmk) Pa\mbafak eg_mk f]j]acaY ag(
fYa f Y m b g b g  eg_Ymk' Yl_aemkag h]j
C eYdgf' Z]l qjYlYa eg_Ymk hjglYk'ca]c
5 bak hYaf\YeYk' cYk lacjY aj _]jY' bbjalY(
# jaY >a]ng klYlqema' \mglYe h]j Ggr6
# g lYahg_a hjglaf_Y nYdaY' ca]c ba'eqd\Y(
C eY hjglg k'lm hY\mglb _]jme' hjalYjaY

Turinys

LRG)

# -.(

(. na\]g Yml]e YdaYe d]_]e af


e]eZjake]ak'j]t%m_fYfl]ed]_a
e]flak e]Y]' ]l [YhlanYfl]e
e] af d]_] h][[Yla' ifY] ]klaf
e]eZjak e]ak) W/ Cf^]dap ]_g
`geg' imak e]daZ]jYZal \] [gj(
hgj] egjlak `mbmk: NQ AjYlaY
>]a h]j D]kme =`jaklme >g(
eafmefgkljme) C_almj]_gahk]
e ]fl] k]a#nag d]_a >]a5 [Yjf]
Yml]e d]_a h][[Yla)

.0

-. Z]l eYlYm eYfg kfYjamgk]


cal klYlqe' hYkahja]afYfl
eYfg hjglgklYlqema aj\YjYfl
eYf] Z]dYaknam fmg\ek klY(
lqeg' ]kYfag eYfg kfYjamgk]'
NM H]dYaeaf_Yk Y eg_fak cYk
eYf] adamgkmgk fmg cfg lgk
eajla]k: NQ >a]ng eYdgf h]j
C p  EjaklY' emkm Ra]hYla)
NYa_a' Y a9Ylk hjglm lYjfYmbm
>a]ng klYlqema6 cmfm _a fmka(
\baeg klYlqema)

R# ?SbGZ`bOa \cbSWaW\W[] dOWaWca2 @OW[| ?`WabcXS ObUW[caW]


w[]UOca&
7O^cbK===& Ha`ad ]j_g eaf]
0& DS`aYe`W[Oa& WH]a bgcag
\YefYlagfak ]kl aak' ima kmflaf lY lhYke]jcaegfjY\YZYjla]ek'
=`jaklg D]km5 imafgfk][mf\me cmja] qjY Drmb] Ejaklmb]' cm(
[Yjf]e YeZmdYfl) W F]p ]fae ja] f] hY_Yd cf]d_aYka) NEk
khajalmk nalY] af =`jaklg D]km >nYkagkklYlqeYk_qn]faeg D (
daZ]jYnal e] Y d]_] h][[Yla ]l rmb] Ejaklmb] adamgkYng eYf]
egjlak) {HYe)img\ aehgkkaZad] fmg klYlqeg fmka\baeg ajeaj(
]jYl d]_a' af img af^ajeYZYlmj la]k) { H]k cYk Zmng f]_YdaeY
h]j [Yjf]e5 >]mk @adamekmme klYlqe ma' cY\Yf_a Zmngfmkadh(
eall]fk af kaeadalm\af]e[Yjfak 6 faflYk h]j cf'~>a]nYk' kamk(
lYe hYaYe DDa]ng klYlqema) ~$-.% D _(
j ijWjoc5 calgfac $(khgn' \an]jka _](
f]jak% klYlqe' cmjk dq_ f]hja]l]dak m(
hmgdY na\mbaf eg_' h]j_Yda aj hY\Yjg T
fmka\baeg n]j_m' ~ $-/% EYk a_]dZk #
fmg na]hYlYnaeg lg cfg' cmjaYeg]kYf( #
lak fmka\baeYk' kmY\aflYk a klYlqeg 6
hja]Ykla]k' n]\Y \mka  Yeaf eajl)
EfYk eajla]k Ym_aYfk $1' 1% Zmng hY( #
nY\aflYk fmka\baeg cmfm) CdamgkYnaeYk C
nqcklY' cY\Y eg_mk h]j cjacl hjacYd(
lYk]kla  cjqakm DrmeaEjaklmea'a\Yfl
fmka\baeg cfYk Zmlm kmfYacaflYk)~$-0%
;`& b& qjY6 8|Y]XW[z RO`Oc >a]nma h]j
D) Ej)' calmgk] _a l)5 ;a >a]nma h]j
D) Ej)
EYdZ\YeYk Yha] c]lnajlb fml]akafa(
eg nYaka' cmjamg qjY dYae eg_Ymk Yl(
_aemkag Ejaklmb]' n) JgnadYk nakmhajeY
$3' ,~,,% hYYacafY' bg_ cYk qjYEjaklm(
b]' cYk hYdamgkmglYk qjY fmgklYlqegfm(
ka\baeg aj eajla]k h]j _qn]fYfa kYnqb]
n) >nYka' lYk _Yda ahad\qla >a]ng klY(
lqeg l]akqZ aj _YmfY lacjb _qn]fae)
$,% Ha]cg' cYk Zmlmn]jlYZYakYmk>a](
ng l]akeg aj hYke]jcaeg' f]ZjY la]ek)

akh_[ ohW Cpk`[ Dh_ij_d[' l) q) cmja]


Yl_ae h]j cjacl aj hjacdYmkg bYm 
eqklacb DrYmk cf' cY\Yf_a'nakacYa
a\ad\qlYa ]kYfl cYdlqZ]a' Yhcjaclqla]ba
f]Z]j]acYdYmbY dYmcla f]abgcagk ZYmkek)
G [ fW]Wbad [b]_Wi_5 cmja] f]k]cYhac(
l cfg hY_]a\ae) N  g\a fjY \Ym(
_]dqb] _]j]kfab cg\]ck6 _jYac) na]fgc
l]ckl]qjY\Yjhja\lY5Z]l hY_Yd \nYka)
~$-% G[i =lWi_ei) ) )  EYah \Yjf]fml]a(
kaflmgk] _qn]fYflak aj Yfl b  na]hYlYm(
bYflak maaka\aaeYk $hY_]a\aeYk% ;hYlYdg
hYnY\aflYk qjY fmka\baeg klYlqem' lYah
agfYa n) JgnadYk hYa n) >nYka cmja
hYcjaclqla]ek kml]aclY qjY' ajcmjabmgk]
_qn]f\YeY \mg\Y ba]ek lacjb _qn]fae
aj bmgk] nY\gnYmbY' nY\afY >nYkagk klY(
lqem'dq_(cY\ kYcqlm5 klYlqeYk' cmjamg
qjY >nYkaY6 aj hja\]\Y]ol[d_ce'f]kcYah
\mkaY \Yjg hja_aelb cfg _qn]fae'
C lYah n) >nYkaY kml]acaY najhja_aelaf
C _qn]fae)~BibceiWlecWd[) ) )  Mn) >nY(
6 aY adamgkmgbY emk' cYahg kmna]fqlmk km
a Ejaklmea) EYah h]j]alYe] h]jkcqjae]
6 ;hYlYdYk cYdZbg \Yj f]fml]akaflgbgeg(
_Ymk qhYlgb]' lYah \YZYj cYdZY fml]akaf(
# lb nYj\m) ~ $.% D Wi Xkle d[]Wb_cW

Turinys

.1)

9 [ &  0$ , % / &

h][[Yla' ]l \] h][[Ylg \YefY( C \YeYk kYng MmfihYfYme]fm(


nal h][[Ylme af [Yjf]) W Ol C ka\baeg cmfma aj \d]a fmka\(
bmkla^a[Ylag d]_ak aehd]j]lmj af  baeghYke]jc fmka\baecf]'
fgZakW ima fgf k][mf\me [Yj( a W a\Yfl klYlqeg l]akqZ a(
f]e YeZmdYemk' k]\ k][mf\me C had\qlY Zmlm emeqk]' cmja] f]
khajalme) W Kma ]fae k][mf\me a hY_Yd cf ]d_aYek' Z]l hY_Yd
[Yjf]e kmfl5 imY] [Yjfak kmfl' a \nYka) WH]k cmja] cfaca qjY'
kYhamfl5 iman]jg k][mf\me kha( a aeYfg' cYk qjY cfg6 g cmja]
jalme kmfl5 imY] kmfl khajalmk' \nYkaca qjY' YlbYmaY' cYk qjY
k]flamfl) { HYe hjm\]flaY [Yj( \nYkagk) H]k cfg aeaflak
fak' egjk ]kl5 hjm\]flaY Yml]e qjYeajlak) >nYkagk_aaeaflak~
khajalmk'nalY]l hYp) KmgfaYe _qn]faeYk aj jYeqZ) H]kc(
kYha]flaY[Yjfakafaea[Y]kl >]g5 fg aeaflak qjY >a]ng f]hja](
MY_ck5 Na] g\aYa hY\la kYcafag hjY( aj h]j cmjfmka\baeYk na]hYlYng' bakYa
\agb] \d \a\]kfag b hYqebaeg) Nac( dacg h]j_YdlYk) ~ $/% BZWdj ijW(
jY j\alnYjcY lmjlmZla5 >a]nYk'kamk( joce j[_ioX)) )  JYke]jc\YeYk fmka\(
\YeYk kYng Mf' hYke]jc fmka\bae' bae' >a]nYk l lmjbg lackd' cY\ klY(
cYk Zmng f]_YdaeY klYlqema)~>a]mgk' lqeg l]akqZ' l)q) nYajmk klYlqeg hja](
iciYbWcWi iWle L_ck) NYak g\aYak Ya( kYcYa ahad\qla Zmlmemeqk]) Egd]a eg(
caYa hYqel EjaklYmk \a]nqkl aj kcaj( _mk Zmng hg fmka\baeg na]hYlYnaem'
lmeYk lYjh\a]nacb qhYl)~IWdWkc[' _Ydbg bakhY_Yd kYng na\mbaf \Yd hja(
dki_Z`_ce Mj_ck_) Ejaklmk f]lmjbg fm( lYjla klYlqema aj _]jla]k bmgea $2' ,1)
ka\baeg' YjZY fmg\eaf_g cfg'l)q) f]( --%' na]fgc \d]a ba]_ klgcgk f]_Ydbg
ZmnghjY\lYkkmfmka\baem'cY\Yf_an]f) bg ahad\qla'Z]l cmfm lYjfYng fmka\aaeg
JYfY hjY\bg b h]j n]acae n) >nYkagk' klYlqema6 aj hYlk klYlqeYk \d]a cfg
cmjahjYYdafgfmka\bae) Pa]fgcbaklmjbg hYkahjaafaeg f]_Ydbg lYa hYka]cla' cY\
daYfYmefmka\baegdYema' lYa qjY'lmjbg bg kYcqeYa Zmlm had\gea) Ng\d >a](
cf hYfY fmg\eaf_Ye cmmma lYe]' nYk kYng MmfYmk cf] h]j_Ydbg fmka\ba(
bg_ bak _Ydbg c]flla' f]keg_Ymk dmafYa e' cY\ lgdaYmk eg_mb] klYlqeg j]acY(
haje fmhmgdaeg f]Zmng hY\mglYk c]fl( dYmbYeY l]akqZ h]j >a]ng eYdgf' cmja
lbaeYfak) g\amk5 \ d ] a  f m k a \ b a ( emek Ejaklmk fmh]df' Zmlm ahad\qlY)
eg'  cYacmja] YacaflgbYa' k]c\Yea \YZYj( Chad\qema na]fgc j]acYdaf_Yk qjYkYf\Yj(
laf Pmd_YlY' bmf_aY km5 hYke]jc)Eala ZafafcYnaeYk emk hYa' MYkh_[ d[
_a km lYak' cmja] haje b klgna6 lYah cY\ fW]Wb ad [b]_Wci' X[_fW]Wb =lW(
hjYke a]afY5 >a]nYk kamfl kYngMf i_' l) q) cYah kYcg n) Nge) ;cn)
hYfYme] fmka\baeg cmfma aj \d]a f m ( cmja]f]k]cYe] cfghY_]a\ae' Z]lcdYm(
ka\baeg' ,) q) \d]a nak fmka\bae'cY\ kge] n)>nYkagkcnhae) $0~1%;hYlY(
bak m bmgk _YfY hY\Yjqlm aj hjYYdaflm) dYk 0) aj 1) ]ad) aYacafY' cg\d la]' cm(
klm\]fl'[mjYfl% lmg'
uIWic[ha dki_Z`_c))) >a]nYk'kamflk ja] jhafYka
kYnb Mf eg_Ymk hja_aelqb] aj \d cYk qjY caeg' f]_Yda ahad\qla klYlqeg'
fmka\baeg h]j_Ydbaeg' l f m k a \ b a (  aj hja]af_Ya la]' cmja]' \nYkagk n]\Yea'
e' Yha] cmj Ym_aYaak Zmng f]cY' j h af Y k a lmg' c Y k qjY \nYkagk' aj]acaY
cmjk bg  hYkYmd h]j na]f eg_ aj kYng _qn]fae] klYlqeg l]akqZ) klYlq(
eYk aj l]akqZ qjY j]_aeYa \nYkaY aj _q(
h]jbg Yfl nak' cmjk cf] _qn]f\Y(
eYk na]hYlYng Yfl nak' YlaljYmc\Y( n]faeYk $-) ]ad)%) EfYk _a jhafYka lmg'
eYk bmgk fmg lg' cYk _]jY' aj klme\Y( cYkcmfacY$0 ]ad)%' ajbgjh]klak
eYk hja] lg' cYk haclY' hYke ]j( (klm\ame ' [mjY% qjY eajlaea $1 ]ad)%'
c' m\bg Yfl bg ZYmke' kmfYacaf( f]k bak dafcklY  fmka\bae' cmjag baY(
\YeYk bg cYjYdaYnae' lYah cY\ eg( k]cfa] qjY \nYkacY aj cfacY eajlak6
fk hYka\Yj dafgka aj _Yda bYm lYjfYmla bg_]a dammacYk jh]klak lacjYa n]\Y 
l]akqZ]a6 hYke]jc fmka\bae c f ] '  eajl' hjahYjg\geY qjY 2) aj 3 ]ad)~ $2%
cmj f]cYdl Ejaklmk hjae' f]kml]hl G[i a d e )) )  Ha]cYk f]dYacg f]Yhq(
mdYac h]j nak kYng _qn]fae' aj lgc cYflgb] >a]ng' cYahg najaYmkagk _jqZk'
YlfYYng Yfl cjqaYmk kYng \Yf_acYbYe Z]l f]Yhc]faY bg laclYa \dlg' cY\
Nnma' NYa_a'eg_acYe]cf]' cmjaYe] bak klYlgj]acYdYnaemk' cmjacfYka]c]f(

Turinys

ERG) 3' 3 (, , )

d]_a ]fae >]a fgf]klkmZb][lY5


f][ ]fae hgl]kl) { Kma Yml]e
af [Yjf] kmfl' >]g hdY[]j]fgf
hgkkmfl) { Pgk Yml]eaf[Ye]
fgf ]klak' k]\ af khajalm5 ka lY(
e]f khaajalmk >]a `YZalYlaf PK (
Zak) Ma imak Yml]e Mhajalme
=`jakla fgf `YZ]l5 `a[ fgf ]kl
]bmk) , Ma Yml]e =`jaklmk af
ngZak ]kl5 [gaibmk ima\]e egj(
lmme ]klb>jghl]jh][[Ylme'kha(
jalmk n]jg na!\l hjgb%l]j bmkla(
^a[Ylagf]e) ,, Kmg\ ka Mhajalmk
]bmk' ima kmk[alYnal D]kme Y
egjlmak' `YZalYl af ngZak5 ima
kmk[alYnal D]kme =`jaklme Y
egjlmak' nana^a[YZal ]l egjlYdaY
[gjhgjY n]kljY' hjghl]j af`YZa(
lYfl]e Mhajalme ]bmk aaa ngZak)

l]d' cY\Yf_a ba f]baYka\mg\Y


>a]ng )klYlqema' f]k ba aj f](
_Yda)  + cmja] qjY cfaca' la]
f]_Yda hYlacla >a]nma) {Dmkna](
fgc f]]kYl] cfaca' Z]l \nY(
kaca' b]a lac >a]ng >nYkaY bm(
eqk]_qn]fY) +  b]a cYk f]lmja
EjaklYmk >nYkagk' lYk fjY bg)
,, D]a_mEjaklmkqjYbmeqk]'c(
fYk' la]kY' fmeajk qjY \d]a
fmka\baeg' Z]l\nYkaY_qnYqjY
\d]a fml]akafaeg)  < ]l b]a
>nYkaY lg' cmjkYa Dr Ejakl
ak fmeajmkam hjacd' _qn]fY
bmeqk]'Dr Ejakl a fmeajm(
kam hjacdmkak Yl_Yanafk aj bmkm
eajlaf_mkcmfmk' \d]a_qn]fYf(
agk bmeqk] bg >nYkagk)

aY$Nge)%)~$,.%Efg jh]klak $$bgnjth)Y%


qjY lYa f]hja]l]dqkl  >a]n' \dlg cY\
dYeYk nakmge]l  lYadafcklY' cYk qjY klY(
aYa hja]af_Y >a]nma aj bg nYdaYa) NYk
jh]klak >a]nma f]hYka\mg\Y' qjY f]hY(
cdmkfmk' Z]l aj f]_Yda hYka\mgla) E]acaY
hYleqla' Yfgl n) ;m_mklafg' bg_ f]
eg_mk f]_Yda' f] bg \aY aj f]l f] bg
cfYk' cY\Yf_a aj bak qjY >a]ng kmlnja(
eYk' Z]l cfg aeaflak' jh]klak' l) q) bg
q\Y' g f] hja_aelak) Fq_(cY\ kYcqlm(
ee6 jYameYk f]hYka\mg\Y la]kaYe ba(
ema' Z]l aj f]_Yda6 cgbY _Yda' Z]l jYam(
eYk f]_Yda6 Ylaec jYame aj j]_ka la]k
jbae6 Z]l cgd]a qjY jYameYk' ba f]_Yda)
Q 0  Jja] hajegk hja]Ykla]k' cg\d c(
facYk jh]klak n]\Y  eajl' hY]afYfagk
a cfg hmkk' ;hYlYdYk hja\]\Y Yflj5
ba hY]afY a >a]Wg' na]fYlafag lacjgbg _q(
n]faeg \Ynbg' f]k bakf]Yhc]faYcfacg
jh]kag~$4% ;hYlYdYk hjajg\afbY\YZYj

Yfljb \Yd kYcafag' hY\lgbg ag h]jkcq(


jaeg hjY\agb] $-) ]ac%5 Dmeqk] na]hY(
lYmbY hYn]faYfaYbY eYdgf] hYhmglY aj
km n) >nYkaY kmna]fqlY \mkaY' g f] c(
fYk) ;hYlYdYk Ylkada]haY  lacafamk ddq(
ea]amk YhkcjalYa6 Z]l b]a cYk b lYjh]
Zmlm fmklgbk hYn]faYfagkagk eYdgfk'
lgc bak fgja hja\mjlmgbm YhkYm_gdam6 e` [ _
BYWi) ) )  Yln]kla  hYkalYakqe) uG [jkh_
Dh_ijWki =lWi_ei) >a]ng >nYkaY aY
hYnY\aflY qjY EjaklYmk >nYkaY' f]k
n) >nYkaY hY]afY fmg Nng aj MfYmk)
;hYlYdYk nYjlgbY akaj]acae6 EjaklYmk

>nYkaY)))' hYqebaema' bg_ cYe] >a]ng


>nYkaY f]Z]_qn]fY' lYk f]Z]hjacdYmkg
Ejaklma aj f]ZjY _qnm bg cfg kfYjam
$Nge)%~$,+% EYah haffaYmk na]lgb] g(
\a5>a]ng>nYkaY' Zmng hY\lY5 EjaklYmk
>nYkaY' lYabb algb] ]ac \]\YeY5 Ejaklmk'
na]lgb]6 n) >nYkaY'\dlg cY\ cYk lama kY(
nqb] >a]ng >nYka' qjY f]laclYa EjaklYmk'
Z]l \Yj aj lmja Ejakl' aj cmj qjY na]fY
n]f)Nj]bqZkR#hYlY'l]fqjY ajnakY Nj](
bqZ) EfYk fmeajk qjY' hYkada]cYeajla]k
nYd\agb]' cmja bg  hYkYmd h]j fmka\(
bae) >nYkaY' eg_Ymk \mkaY' _Ynmka
hYn]faYfaab eYdgf fml]akafae]' _qnY
qjY' YjZY' cYah cala kcYalg' qjY _qn]fa(
eYk' l) q) lmja kYnqb] _qn]fae) NYa_a'
nakgk ]admlk hjYke5 D]abmeqk] qjY Eja(
klmk' lYa bk \nYkaY qjY _qn]faem \d]a
l]akqZk' fgjk bk cfYk \d]a fmka\ba(
eg \Yj l]ZjY eajla]k nYd\agb]) ~$,,%
Egjk Drmk acZWU \a]nacgk hja_aela]k kY(
ng _YdqZ] cdka a fmeajmka' Z]l hY_Yd
kYng eg_ac hja_ael nY\afYka hjac]dlm
a fmeajmkam' aj lYa hjac]dlm Nng' cm(
jaYe nakY_YdqZk \YjZYa' cYah hjacda(
eYk a fmeajmka' qjY fmgkYna) ~: j (
]W_l_di' hY\Yjqk cY\ ba] f]Z]Zlm
eajlaf_Yak6 f]k' Yfgl n) Ngeg ;cn)'
>a]nYk Ylaek f] lac j]acYdaf_me eajla
$,+) ]ac%' Z]l aj hYl _Ydbae) u=b[_
]ol[dWd_ei) ) )  EYah NnYk f]_Yd(
bg hYdacla' eajlqb] kYngMaeYmk cfg' cmjk
aj fmeajk hYkadacg kmna]fqlYk km \a]nq(
kl]' aj lYa \d_qn]fYfagk bYe] \a]nqklk

Turinys

.3)

ER aD)  ,-~,2)

?j_g ^jYlj]k \]Zalgj]k km(


emk fgf [Yjfa' m l k][mf\me
[Yjf]e nanYemk' Ma ]faek](
[mf\me [Yjf]e nap]jalak' eg(
ja]eafa6 ka Yml]e kbaajalm ^Y[lY
[Yjfak egjla^a[Yn]jalak' ;n]lak)
Kma[meim] ]fae khajalm >]a
Y_mflmj' aa kmfl^adaa>]a) CMNgf
]fae Y[[]haklak khajalme k]jna(
lmlak al]jme af laegj]' k]\ Y[(
[]haklak khajalme Y\ghlagfak ^a(
dagjme' af img [dYeYemk5 ;ZZY
$JYl]j)% a{ Chk] ]fae Mhajalmk
l]klaegfamej]\\al khajalma fgk(
ljg img\ kmemk ^adaa >]a)  Ma
Yml]e ^adaa' ]l`]j]\]k5 `]j]\]k

,-
NYa_a' ZjgdaYa' kcgdafafcYa
]kYe] f] cmfma' a\Yfl hY_Yd
cf _qn]flmee' a{ b^__ b_
bmk hY_Yd cf _qn]fkal]' fm(
eajkal]6 g b]a h]j \nYka cfg
\YjZmk eYjafkal]' _qna Zmkal])
B]k cmja] lac >a]ng >nYkagk
n]\Yea qjY' la] qjY >a]ng nYa(
cYa) ,0 da]k f]_Yngl] n]j_qklk
\nYkagk' cY\ bmek nd j]aclm
Zabgla]k6 Z]l _Yngl] kfqk(
lk \nYka' cmjagb] YmcaYe]5
;ZZY' Nn] a{ H]k hYla >nY(
kaY \mg\Y dam\abae emkm
\nYkaYa'bg_ ]kYe] >a]ng nYacYa)
, + b]a ]kYe] nYacYa' ]kYe] aj

lYah bak hjac]dk  _qn]fae lYahg_a lacaf(


b caemk' cmja] Zmng ZYfqageak bmg(
k] _qn]fmkagk n) >nYkagk)

e]k hYklYe] hjYfYqklk >nYka' cY\&(


lYkYa' cmjk b  lmja' YhkYcgbY ZmkaYf(
amk \Ydqd[mk f] a kYnk' Z]l eYdgfk
kmbm\aflYk' lYah hYklYeY ]klac\acqklk
>nYkaY' cY\Yb  _Ynmkak aj bgk kmY\aflYk
km \a\aYe]ad]nY\afY>a]nNnm$;mdlk)%)
g\ak5 WkCY_Wc[' aj \n]bghYk >a]ng hY(
nY\afaeYk fmjg\gbYmkeg \a\me $Nge)%)
Nng nYj\Yk aY qjY \mg\YeYk >a]nma'
l) C) nakYa n]m) Nj]bqZ]a) >nYkaY' cmja
bmk _Yngl]' fjY lYa \gnYfY' cmja ]kla
n]j_Yek \mg\YeY' aj a cmjagk Zmlm_Yda(
eY bmeqk] hYafla n]j_mk' cmja]ek nd
j]aclm n]j_acYa Zabgla]k >a]ng' cYah cY\
Zmng haje Ylkan]jlaeg6 Z]l lY >nYkaYqjY
nYacYek kml]acaYegba \gnYfY' cmja bmek
mlacjafY kfqkl' lYah cY\ bmk' bYm
cYahg lacja >a]ng nYacYa' _Ydal] b
nY\afla aj nY\afYl] Nnm)~$,1% Di f W j_
=lWi_W))) Aj)l)hYla >nYkaY dam\abY \jYm_
km emk \nYkaY)~H] na]fY emk )/n)
>nYkagk \gnYf _Ynmkagba \nYkaY dam\abY'
bg_ e]k ]kYe] >a]ng nYacYa'Z]ldam\abYaj
\gnYfgk\YnbY'n) >nYkaY))) Ib]a_mbadam(
\abY'Yj_a _Yda \Yj Zla cgck YZ]bgbaeYk:
D]a dam\abY YfagdYk YjZY YjcYfagdYk'
_Yd \Yj e]k _]dlmee YZ]bgla6 Zl b]a
lYk hYlk' cYk \gnYf kml]ac' emek
Yha] b dam\abY' cYk _a \Yj Z]_Yd(
lm YZ]bgla Yha] emk n]jlqZ: $;mck)%)
Hgjk n) >nYkagk alYje f]cdYa\af_Y qjY'
na]fgc e]k' ca]cna]fYk YlkcajYa hYaelYk'
f]]kYe] lacja' bg_ lYa' c e]k lYjaYek
kYnqb] lmj' qjY lacjYa n) >nYkagk alYj(
e) Ng\d cjacagfak _Yda lacla]k' bg_
bak qjY >a]ng eYdgfb]' Z]l Z] qhYlaf_g(
>a]ng Yhj]acaeg f]lmja hadfg lacjmeg(
$=gfg) lja\) k) 1) \] amkl) g) 4)%)
~ $,2% JYk q\mk f]Zmng kfqklk lg(

,-~,2) AYn >a]ng kfqkl' cmjagk


qe qjY n) >nYkaY' fml]akafla]balmjal]a(
k _Ymla dgnaf_ _qn]fae)
$,-% EfYk kml]ac f] _]jY\Yjqkl]k'
Z]l hY\Yn emk fmka\baeg aj eajla]k
klYlqema' fmg cmjag emk adamgkYng _b#(
n]faeg >nYkaY6 lg\d' cYahg fa]cg _]jg
f]hY\Yjk' cfYk f]_Yda j]acYdYmla' cY\
e]k k]clmee bg nY\gnYnae) ~ $,. M
Gcd_hi_j[5 >a]ng hYkcajlY qjY' bg_ j]ack
bmek fmeajla6 eajlak _a Zmk Yeafgk cYf(
agk hjY_Yj] $;mck)% ~ Dde ZWhXkj5
cWh_di_j[' ~ f] nakmk' Z]l laclYa haclmk'
n]\Yfamk  f]l]akqZ' f]\gjqZ $;mck)%
Da] ]kla eYjafYea' b]a emk \nYkaY ba]ek
f]hjalYjaY' Z]l \Yj bmgk fmn]acaY hja](
af_Yak \YjZYak) O lgc eYjafae Y\Y(
eYk qjY \YdqnYnaeYk YeafYe] _qn]fa(
e])~$,/% Hml]akafla]ba >a]ng >nYkagk' l)
q) n) >nYkagk' n]\Yea qjY lYah' bg_ damg(
kYa bYa hYka\mg\Y' aj damgka \Yjg lYa' c
\nYkaY ba]ek hYlYjaY aj c hY\Yjqla hY\](
\Y) Paka la]'cmja]\mg\Yka n]kla n) >nY(
kaYa' Z]l lYahg_a ba] na]fa hjahYjg\g'
bg_ba] qjY >a]ng) ~ $,0% MYng hja(
jg\afbaeg mZYa_aema ;hYlYdYk lmjbg
\YZYj hYlnajlafla' bg_a >a]ng nYacYa lmja
l]ak _Ymla Yeaf _qn]fe6 Z]l _YjZ
Zla >a]ng nYacm qjY lYah \a\a' bg_ Jg(
nadYk hYfgjbg h]jlacjafla lacbmkamk' bg_
lY _YjZ lacjYa ba]ek hjacdYmkg' hajeaYmk
f]_m mZYa_k $,2) ])% hjY\lb an]\ag(
bae) NYa_a' bak hYjg\g' bmgk ]kYfl
>a]ng kfaYak' a \gnYfgk' cmja ba]ek
ml]ac n]\Yfagba n) >nYkaY) EYah

Turinys

?RG) 3' ,3~-,)

.4)

ima\]e >]a' [g`]j]\]k Yml]e lnYafaYa6 lnYafaYa >a]ng aj


=`jakla5 ka lYe]f [gehYlaemj' \jYm_lnYafaYa EjaklYmk' b]alac
ml ]l [gf_dgja^a[]emj)
\jYm_c]faYe]' a\Yfl Zlmee
\jYm_ aj baY_YjZafla)
H]k Y eYfYm' bg_ ag dYa(
,3 ?paklaeg ]fae img\ fgf
kmfl [gf\a_fY] hYkkagf]k `mbmk cg c]flbaeYafjYn]jlaZmkaYf(
l]ehgjak Y\ ^mlmjYe _dgjaYe' agk _YjZk' cmja emeqk] Zmk
imY] j]n]dYZalmj af fgZak) ML Yhj]aclY) ML H]k kmlnjaeg d(
HYe ]paa][lYlag [j]YlmjY]' j]( c]klak dYmcaY Yhj]acaeg >a]ng
n]dYlagf]e ^adagjme>]a ]pkh][( nYacm) NLP]k kmlnjaeYk hY\mg(
lYl) NLPYfalYla]fae[j]YlmjYkmZ( lYk qjY lmlqZ]aZ] kYng nYdagk'
b][lY ]kl fgf ngd]fk' k]\ bajg( Z]l \d]a lg' cmjk ba hY\Yn' km
hl]j ]me' ima kmZb][al ]Ye af nadlaea' NMbg_ aj hYlk kmlnja(
\d nakYk Jgnadg h)Ydq_afaeYkhYj]elYk qjY
Lqea]a klYlYak' cmja] hjahYaf\Yng
dq_aYk l]ak]k lacja]ek aj hYkYnafla]eknYa(
cYek \YdqnYmla lng hYdacae]) NnYafqk(
lk \a\meYk hYkajg\g a hYnY\afaeg6 j(
lW_d_W_ =_[leajZhWk]jlW_d_W_Dh_ijWki)
NYa_a' ba kmka\]\Y a _jqZa Nng' cmjk
emk hYkYnafg' l) q) a _qn]faeg aj _Yj(
Zk' cmja lmja hYlk >a]nYk' cmja lYahg_a
hjacdYmkg Ejaklma)~ Gmk lnYafqkl
f]kakcajaY fmg lgk'cmjamh]df kYm Eja(
klmk cYfaY ajeajlaea) <]lcYahbakaYm_(
laflYk qjY' bg_]a hYlk kYn] fm]eafg' hY(
cdmkfmk lYhk aca cjqaYmk eajaYa' lYah
aj e]k Zmkae] EjaklYmk\jYm_lnYafaYak f]
calm c]dam' cYah lac \jYm_ km bmgea c]f(
l\Yea) Ng\d hYla]k lacbaeg f]ml]ck
$=gf[) lja\) k) 1) \] amkl) [) ,,%)
,3(. + ) Hml]akafla]ek ZmkaYflak _q(
n]faeYk >a]ng dgnb]' fgjk f] Z] nYj_g
hYka]caYeYk'mlacjaflYkqjY6Y%f]knakYkkm(
lnjaeYk dYmcaYanljgclY adamgkYnaflgfmg
lYjfYnaeg hY_]\aema' lYk _a ljgcaeYk
f]_Yda Zla ahad\qlYk' b]a hajeY f]Zmk
hYdgnafla >a]ng nYacYa $,4~--%6 Z% lgk
\gnYfgk' cmjaYk bYm _Ynge]' emk klmeaY
 dgn' aj emk nadlak' cmja n' >nY(
kaY eme] kml]ac' cYahg >a]ng k(
faYek' f]_Yda Zla lmaY $-.~-0%6
[% lYahg_a >nYkaY emk ]dhaY bgk hYka]ca(
e] aj \jYm_ km emeak bl eYd\YmbYfla f](
_Yda Zla f]acdYmkqlY $-1~-2%6 \% hYlk
>a]nYk hY\Yjg' cY\ la]ek' cmja] b eqda'
nakcYk najklm _]jmgbm' aj cmjamgk bak hY(
nY\afg aj fml]akafg' lmgk lYahg_a aj hYdg(
nafk $-3~.+%)
$,3% EY\ cYe ag hYkYmdag nYj_Ya'
cmja] j]acaY \jYm_ km Ejaklmea hYc]d(
la' f]ajg\qlla h]j\Ym_ kmfcmk) ;hYlYdYk
kYcg' bg_ ba] hYdq_afla km YeafY lnYa(
fqkl] Z_Ya eYa qjY' klYaYa fa]cm qjY)
EY\ _a bg g\aYa lmjlm \Ym_afmk knYa(

Zgk' gnadYkYmcaYkakYng hjalqjae' cmja&


lYe] \Ydqc] Zmng lacjYa \a\ak' f]kfa]cYk
lYah \Ym_ f]ac]flag nYj_' ca]c bakYa
bak lYahg_a fgjk ljmhml Zmng hYafk Z aj
kaYfab dgn' cY\Y Zmng hY_YmlYk lj]#
ab \Yf_)~$d4% Dg_]a dgn lacjYa Zm{
emek kml]aclY' JgnadYk nakmhajeYkl]f_aY(
ka hjahYjg\qla a j]_aeg hYkYmdag) L](
_aea' hjglg f]lmjaflk' kmlnjaeYa km aka(
ad_aem dYmcaY hY_jafaeg kYng Zmnmkagbg
haje eg_Ymk fmhmgdaegklgnag) NYkhY(
_jafaeYk nqck' cY\Y >a]ng nYacYa Zmk
hYdgnafla) EY\Yf_a lYk hY_jYalaaeYkqjY
lacjYk' f]k Yha] b afgeY a ]f) kl)
Yhj]acaeg' lg\d aj >a]ng nYac dgn
qjY lacjY)(~:fh[_bY_ce =_[le lW_ak' l)
q) dYacg' cmjaYe] l]aka]ba' _Yn hadf dg(
n' Zmk naka]ek Yhj]acla' cYahg >a]ng
nYacYa)~$-+% Eg\d lYah jh]klaf_Ya naka
kmlnjaeYa dYmcaY >a]ng nYac dgnk'
;hYlYdYk aj]acaY na]fm kYcafam $]ad)-+)
-,%' hYqe\YeYk hajegb] bg hmkb] $]'
-+% f]dYaeaf_ \YZYjlaf kmlnjae klgn'
Yfljgb] _a $]) -,% dYaeaf_]kfZmkaYflb
hY\bae' cmjag dYmcaYeY) ~Mkj_`X qjY
dq_ cgca cYjYda]f' cmja dYacg kYng nYd(
\agb] kmlnjae' l) q) nak j]_aehYkYm(
d' cmjk calY\gk bYa f]Zmng hY\mglYk) NY
_a lmlqZ qjY lYa lmagk' fa]caf_gk' g
\aYm_ aj f]\gjgk fmhmgdmkag eg_Ymk hY(
klYf_gk' cmjagek kmlnjaeYa' ;\gema fm(
hmgdmk' hjan]jkla qjY lYjfYmla' hY_Ydeg(
fa mka_]a\ae' Z] kYng nYdagk' Z] fgjg)
MmlnjaeYa hY\mgla qjYlYahg_ahaclYa\nY(
kaYa' cmja bYak fYm\gbYka' cY\ YlaljYmclm
egf]k fmg >a]ng) Ngdlk klgnak kmlnja(
eYek qjY f]_]aklafYk' hjae]klYk' ajlg\d
ba] ljgclY Zla a bg adamgkmgla) ~=(
b[_ je' akhi fWZWl' l) q) bg_]a lYah hY(
e_g >a]nma' nak \Ydqc kmj\qlgbma'
cmjkkmlnjaemkhY\YnlmlqZ]a' Z]l \jYm_
hY\Yj ba]ek n a d l  ZmkaYfag adamgkYna(
fag)~$-,% Padlak _a' kml]aclY kmlnjaema

Turinys

/+)

d6RG) 3' --( -1'

kh]5
imaY ]l ahkY [j]YlmjY
daZ]jYZalmj Y k]jnalml] [gjjmh(
lagmak af daZ]jlYl]e _dgjaY] ^a(
dagjme>]a) M[aemk]faeimg\
gefak [j]YlmjY af_]eak[al' ]l
hYjlmjal mkim] Y\dam[)
Hgf
kgdme Yml]e addY' k]\ ]l fgk
ahka hjaealaYk kbgajalmk `YZ]fl]k5
]l ahka afljYfgk_]eaemkY\gh(
lagf]e ^adagjme >]a ]ph]]lYf(
l]k' j]\]eh%lagf]e [gjhgjak fg(
klja)
Mh] ]fae kYdna^Y[lakm(
emk) Mh]k Yml]e' imY]na\]lmj'
fgf ]kl kh]k5 fYe img\ na\]l
imak' ima\ kh]jYl) Ma Yml]e
img\ fgf na\]emk' kh]jYemk5
h]j hYla]flaYe ]pkh][lYemk)
Maeadal]j Yml]e ]l Mhajalmk Y\(
bmnYlaf^ajealYl]efgkljYe5fYe
ima\ gj]emk' ka[mlghgjl]l' f](
k[aemk5 k]\ ahk]Mhajalmk hgklm(
qjY lgca5 kmlnjaeYk adamgkmglYk Zmk fmg
lYjfYnaeg aWY_]\aema' l) q) n]klYk h]j
fmka\bae  hYkYmd \gjacYk aj ^qracYk
hY_]\aeYk _Ymk _Yd) ~ D  b_keio^
=_[le lW_ak beli) MmlnjaeYa Zmkh]j(
c]dla  l damgkqZ' cmja >a]ng nYac
dgn Ylf] km kYnae kmlnjaeYek) H]k
lmge]l kmlnjaeYk f]Z]Zmk \Ym_aYmk hY(
\mglYk lmlqZ]a' Z]l lYjfYmk na]f l]aka]ek
>a]nma hY_YjZafla' lYah cYah Zmng hYkcaj(
lY ahjY\agk' aj adamgkmglY fmg lYjfY(
naeg hY_]\aema hajeqclb] kYng lgZmdq(
Zb] Yhj]ac YacaYa Z]_Ydaf >a]ng _Ydq(
Z]' aeafl' _jqZ aj calmk hjanYdmemk)
Cj hYlk eg_mk lmjk Zla hYc]dlYk  l
>a]ng nYac dgnk damgkqZ' f]khY_YdkY(
ng cf aj bak hjacdYmkg hja] eaflb
kmlnjae aj hY\mglYk qjY lmlqZ]a ajhY(
_]\aema' cY\Yf_a fmhmgdk cfm aj bg
kfYjaYak fYm\gbYka hja]af_Ya >a]ng hY(
kd[ajlYbYe lackdma) ~ $--% G[i _dec[)))
G]k' cjacagfk' afge] akml]aclgemek
egckdg Yha] Yf hjYc]acae' cmj >a]nYk
qjY alYjk Yfl kmlnjae' aj afge] Yha]
nqckaYfl Yl]alqb] adamgkYnae) PYalg(
baeYk aj kcYmke c]flbaeYkfmjg\gljg(
cae _]j]kfag klgnag) ~ $-.% H] lac (
lYa _YelY' Z]l aj e]k l]aka]ba' cm(
ja] _Ynge] n) >nYka' cYahg ZmkaYf(
agk lnYafqklk m\' dYmcaYe] \(
kYm\Yea hYagk lnYafqklk)~EWkaZWc_)))
idoiji) Gmk kfqkl hYk>a]n hjY(

eY)k adamgkmglYk Zmk alYjfYna(


eg hY_]\aema  damgkqZ>a]ng
nYacm dgnk)
H]k afge]'
bg_ nakYk kmlnjaeYk nYalgbY aj
kcYmkemk c]faY aca agd]a) aj
f] laclYa bak' Z]l aj e]k baYlak'
cmja] lmjae] >nYkagk hajegf]k'
aj hYlk kYnqb] \kYmbYe]'
dYmc\Yea  >a]ng kfqklk
Ylhajcaeg emkm cfg)
H]knadlqb]]kYe]a_]dZla) Pad(
lak _a' cmja j]_aeY qjY' fjY
nadlaea6 f]k cYah_a _Yda cYk nad(
la]k lg'cj]_a)
I b]a e]k
nadaYek' cg f]j]_ae]' e]k lg
dYmcaYe] km f]cYfljqZ]) NTN Y a(
hg_a aj >nYkaY hY\]\Y emkm
kadhfqZ]a5 f]k e]k f]afge]'
cg lmjae] hjYqla -.ja\]jYfaYa
eYd\gk]6 Z]l WYla >nYkaY mlY(
jaY m emk f]aaYkYcgeYak \m(

ka\bg h]j n) >nYka' cmja hYn]faY \m(


 a' hadfYa _a nqck' cY\Y Zmk h]jna]klYk
aj cfYk) ;hYlYdYk f]cbg Yha] kmfq(
C klk hjY\a,0) ]ac' aY _aYha] bgk mZYa(
_) Na]kY' e]k ]kYe] bYm aj Yfl ]ek
lacja >a]ng nYacYa6 l]aYmk lYk Naek a(
Ym_lafaeYk f]Yhkaj]acaY hadfYa' g laclYa
 hajegba bg \Ydak' aj lYa lac \d \agk'Z]l
f] \d cfg) >aY _YmfYeYdgfk _qn](
X fae' cfYk hYkada]cY hY\mglYk eajaYa)

 Nac hYkcaYmk l]ck \aYa dgn' cmjagb]


\YdqnYmk aj cfYk)~$-/% O_bj_i' l) q) \Y(
dqcYk) cmjag nadaYek) D]a cgck \YdqcYk
5 bYm qjY j]_aeYk aj bmg bYm fYm\gbYek'
5 bak f]Z]_Yda Zla nadla]k \Ydqcm) ~$-0% I
C `[_ c[i l_b_Wci' ae d[h[]_c[' cYah a(
W la]k aj qjY km emeak' cmja]' \Yj f]_Y(
C n] hadfg a_Yfqeg' lmjae] nadl _Ymla bg
X cwPOWUW[z ^S` ZmkaYfl Y\] hYdgnafae)
V F[i je bWka_Wc[ ik aWdjhoX[' l)q)Yacm
a qjY' bg_ lmjae] dYmcla fmgdYlgk lg cfg
a Ylhajcaeg)~$-1% M W_fe]_)) EYah kmln(
jaeYa aj l]aka]ba dYmcaY >a]ng nYac dg(
nk' lYah aj n) >nYkaY ljgclY lg hYla]k
aj hY\]\Y emek kYng \kYnaeYak) ~ Mn)
=lWi_W fWZ[ZW emek' lg\d aj e]k hYlk
lmjae]  l \Yjqla)~G[_fWiWaecW_i Z(
iWl_cW_i' cY\Yf_a e]k f]afge]' cg e]k
lmjae] e]dkla lYah'cYah hja\]jY' l)q) lYah
cYah >a]nma lafcm) Na]kY' e]k afge]
YV%kcjalYa a C_Yfqlgbg egckdg' cg e]k
hjanYdge] hjYqla $Gl) 1'4)3.%'Z]lYlkca

Turinys

CCRG) 3' -2~-4'

/,'

dYl hjg aagZak _]ealaZmk af]fYj(


jYZadaZmk)
Kma Yml]ek[jmlY(
lm j [gj\Y' k[al ima\ \]ka\]j]l
Mhajalmk5 imaY k][mf\me >]me
bbgklmdYl hjg kYf[lak)
M[aemk
Yml]eimgfaYe \ada_]flaZmk>](
me gefaY [ggh]jYflmj af Zg(
fme' aak' ima k][mf\me hjghg(
kalmeng[Yla kmflkYf[la) HYe
imgk hjY]k[anal' ]lhjY]\]klafY(
nal [gf^gje]k ^a]jaaeY_afak>a(

kYnaeYak)
EmjkYa _a lqjafbY
aj\ak' afg' cg >nYkaY _]a\aY'
f]k ba V.Y_Yd >a]n mlYjaY m
n]flmgkamk'
g afge]' bg_
naka \YdqcYa hjYn]jaY >a]n
eqdafla]ek' la]ek cmja] hY_Yd
fmlYjae hYnY\aflaqjY n]flYa(
kaYak) H]kcmjamgk hajeafgbg'
aj hajehYkc OY' cY\ ba] lYhl
lgdq_mk aWYn]ackdma bg MmfYmk'
a\Yfl bak Zmlm hajfa_aeak lYjh

fagk] Ylkalacaemgk] e]k f]afge]' cglm(


jae] lgb] nYdYf\gb] e]dkla) Cj n]flaeg(
fk cYjlYak e]d\ lg' cg f]j]acbg' hnr\)
JgnadYk adamgkYnaeg fmg cfg Ycklafg'
Ggr baeg Y\lgbgf ]ef' D]j]eabYk
q\ adamgkYnaeg) <]l n) >nYkaY e]d(
\aY m emk' C[?a\Y ba emk hYbm\afY e]d(
kla]k >a]nma aj fmcj]ahaY emkeYd\ hja]
lg lackdg' cmjk kmlafcY km >a]ng nYdaY
$);m_)%' Z]l qhY' cY\ e]k hjYqlmee
>a]n hYY\lgbg a_Yfqeg aj nakglg'cYk
j]acYdaf_Y bg hYka]caema) Ngcagk aa]ahY(
kYcgegk eYd\gk e]k lYfcaYa f]_Ydaeg
aj]acla g\aYak' cY\Yf_a e]kf]nakmgfa]l
afge]'#cgca qjY bgk lYdhY' dq_aYa cYah
la]' cmja]ek n >nYkaY kml]ac\Yng cYdZ
\gnYf' fgjk lacjYa hYc]d\Yng kYng aj\
>a]ngh aje]dk\Yngka aj Zmng kmbmgeakm(
Uagfqla' g na]fgc kYng g\a hjYkek
VaadfYa f]aeYfq\Yng $Ija_) ;mck)%) NYa_a'
e]k e]d\aYe] lYfcaYa YhkcjalYa ahad\q(
eg >a]ng nYdagk'g n) >nYkaY fmjg\g' cg(
dY qjY ca]cna]fYe] Ylkalacae] lY >a]ng
n)adaY' aj mlYjaY' cY\ e]k bgk ahad\qe
_Ymlmee)~$-2% Hgjk hjYYfab aj\k
lYmcaYa f]lmja YacYmk kmhjYlaeg lg' cg
e]d\aY' Z]l j]_aflak aj\ak >a]nYk afg'
cg qjY e]d\aYeY' aj hja] cg bYk hYY\a(
fY n) >nYkaY)~Mj]Gmgkekna]lgb]emk
hY\bg ;hYlYdYk \dlg' cY\ ]) -. qjY
km]alY Yha] nakmk hYnY\aflmgkamk)~$)-3%
I _dec[) ) )  Mjqakkmlmg'cYkYm_aYmk
hYkYcqlY' lgckqjY5 a hYkYcqlg _Ydae] la(
cla]k' bg_ hYka]ckae] emk lackd' lg\d
m ]cYk aj f]hjanYdg Ylaela a emklg hY(
kalacbaeg' f]l aj c]flbaeYa' f]k aj ba]
hY\]\Y emek hYka]cla l lackd aj lg\d
qjY j]acYdaf_a~I _dec[(' e]k' cjacag(
fk)~ O_i_ ZWboaW_' nak la]c Yj ba] Zmk
emek e]admk' Yj cYjlmk) Ng\d f] lac
lYa' cg e]k _]a\aYe]' cYahg e]adYmk'Z]l
aj lYa' cg e)]k kYm_gek' cYahg nYj_afYf(
ag$;m_)%) >a]n eqdafaYak qjY la] hYlk'
cmjamgk hajeY JgnadYk hYnY\afg n]flYa(

kaYak' cmja] kmda_ kYng hYk]ceaf_g hYnY(


\afaeg qjY n]fla' naka lacja dajacagfk'
aYajamgk] lacbaeYk Yhkaj]acaY e]adk \Yj(
ZYak aj cmja]ek mlYl hjaj]f_lY qjY dg(
n~IWlWZ_dj_ ohW) Hgjk g\ak hYnY(
\afla hYlk a kYnk _Yda j]acla aj lgc'
cmjk baYnY\afaegf]hYcdYmk' na]fgc' cYah
calmj Jgnadg _jgeYlgk]' lYah aj aY' j]a(
caY lgc' cmjkYa ]afY hYkcma \a]nac hY(
nY\afae)~HmlYjaeYk qjY lYa damgkY >a](
ng nYdaY' kml]acaYfla cYe fgjknajhja_aaf(
laaa \gnYf na]f a kYng hYe_aeg \d]a
EjaklYmk fmgh]df' qhY _a kml]acaYfla
hYk]ceaf_ baYnY\afafa  eYdgf' l]akq(
Z ajdgn $Nge)%)~$-4% CO[i ^_h_kei)))
;hYlYdYk hjajg\afbY \YZYj' cg\d >a]n
eqdafla]ek nakcYk hamn]jaY) JjYn]jaY
_a \dlg' cY\>a]nYkbmgk hYnY\afg $])-4%6
lYa_a' bak aj n]k bmgk hYnY\afaeg lackd)
EYaVu Ejaklmk' hjaae\YeYk lYjfg hYn]ac(
kd' lYhgemekhYfYmk $Jadqh) -' 2%' lYah
aj ajafcla]ba aek hYn]ackd hYdgjaflgag
C_Yfqlgbg aj cfgh]jna]laemlYhk hadfYa
hYfYmk hjakacdmkaYe a fmeajmka >a](
ng Mmmma $N]g\)%) ;hYlYdYk \jYm_
hYqea afYmbg' bg_ la] cmja] fgja Zla
hYfYmk h]jna]klYe Pa]hYla]k dYema
%fWl[_bYibk_`eLdWki&'jkl_ lYahg_aaYc]f(
lla <OC_Yfqlgbm)~a\ Y f lq#ak ^kjkf_hc]_(
c _i) ) )  EYah >a]nYk bYe a hja_aela]k
fmgkYn _]jme fgjbg kml]acla cala]ek'
\mg\YeYk ba]ek hYfYme  l _]jme'
a\Yfl f] laclYa bak Zmlm _]jYk' Z]l lYahg(
_a aj calmk hY\Yjqlm _]aYak' lYah(hYl >a](
CL Maemk fgjbg kml]acla cala]ek kYng k(
fqklk qnYfYme' a\Yfl f] laclYa bak hYlk
Zmlm kmfmea' Z]lcY\ lYahg_aZmlmhajaf_a(
eam lYjh kf' aj a\Yfl bak Pa]f_aeak
h]j Yeafb _ae\qe' damlm haje_aeam
lYjh \Ym_]dag Zjgda hY_Yd eYdgfk kml]a(
cae $Nge)%) Pa]fgc  l >a]ng kfqkl
dgnb] mYm_mka]ba qjY hajehYkcajaYea
laclYaYlkan]d_aYflhjYeYlqlmgkamkbfmg(
h]dfmk6 Z]l hajehYkcqjaeYk hajebeY(

Turinys

/-)

LRaC) 3' .=~./)

Caa kma' m l kal ahk]dgjaeg_]falmk


af afmdlak ^jYljaZmk) Kmgk Ym(
l]e hjY]\]klafYnal' dagk ]l ng(
[Ynal5 ]l imgk ng[Ynal' dagk ]l
bmkla^a[Ynal5 imgk Yml]e bmkla^a(
[Ynal' addgk ]l _dgja^a[Ynal)

\Ym_]dag Zjgdam)
Emjamgk T_a
baajehYkcqj' lmgk aj hYnY\afg6
aj cmjamgk V.YnY\afg' lmgkajfm(
l]akafg6 cmjamgk fml]akafg'#blmgk
aj hYdgnafg)

S# =u`W\YbWSXW \S^`WdOZ] \WSY] PWX]bWSa$ \Sa ac XOWa e`O 8WSdOa&
Kma\]j_g\a[]emkY\daY][:
ka >]mk hjg fgZak' imak [gfljY
fgk: Kma ]laYe hjghjag @adag
kmg fgf h]h]j[al' k]\hjgfgZak
gefaZmk ljY\a\al addme5 imgeg(
\g fgf ]laYe [me addg gefaY
fgZak \gfYnal:
Kmak Y[[mkY(
Zal Y\n]jkmk ]d][lgk >]a: >]mk
ima bmkla^a[Yl)
Kmak ]kl ima
[gf\]ef]l: =`jaklmk D]kmk' ima
egjlmmk ]kl' aeeg ima ]lj]kmj
j]pal' ima ]kl Y\ \]pl]jYe>]a'

E _a lY llYahYkYcqkae]:
b]a >a]nYk memk'cYkqjYbaja]
emk: .- EmjkYa aj kYng hYla]k
MmfYfkf]hYka_Yadbg'Z]lmemk
nakmk ba a\Yn' cYah _a emek
f]\gnYfgk lYahg_a nakcgkmbmg(
ea: .. EYk Yhkcaak >a]ngajafc(
lmgkamk: >a]nYk qjY lYk' cmjk
al]akafY) ./ EYk qjY' cmjk hY(
ke]jclm:EjaklmkDrmkqjY'cmjk
fmeaj' cmjkYa \Yj_a aj hjaka(
cd' cmjkqjY hg >a]ng \]af]a)

dgaa hYnY\afaeg aj cal hja] bg hjaka\](


\Yfa eYdgfa' aln]jek aj ,),)' f]nqc(
klY a Ylnad_aghajehY\Yjqlaakfmgh]dfmk'
f]k calYah eYdgf hjacdYmkqlm fmg hja(
_ael fmgh]df) EalYak g\aYak5 dgn
qjY hYkcmlafam kfYjam ad_gb] eYdgfa
]adagb) EY\Yf_a Z]fl hajeYk kfYjqk'
Zl]fl hYnY\afaeg eYdgf' nakYa hjacdYm(
kg fmg >a]ng' aj nakacYa f] fmg fmgh]d(
f' lg\d aj nakY ]adaYqjY damgkg hajehY(
kcqjaafg\YjZm~$.+%Dkh__jei] _ ))) ;hY(
lYdYk \YZYj hYjg\g' cYah >a]nYk lmgk' cj(
jamgk bak hYnY\afg  _YjZ' alacambm bgf
n]\Y' eg_ma' afgeY'kYf\YjZafafcYmbYfl)
Jajem \Ydqcm' h]j cmj hjYka\]\Y had\q(
la]k hajehYkcqjaeYk' qjY hYnY\afaeYk)
NYkYa _Yda Zla# anajafak h]j hYegckda(
fafcg g\' YjZY na\mbafak fmg >a]ng hY(
]afYflak kmbm\afaeYk' a\Yfl hjalYjlmee
lYe' cg j]acYdYmbY lacbaeYk aj \gjY) NYk
na\mbafak hYnY\afaeYk qjY j]acYdaf_Yk' f]k
emk aj\ak f]dafclm >a]ngh' b]a bak hYlk
f]fgjlm bgk hYljYmcla'aj bak qjY hajehY(
kcajlmgk] hYk]ceaf_Yk' cY\Yf_a ba] l hY(
nY\afae k]cY $Nge)%) Ngdafmk ]afY fm(
l]akafaeYk' cmjk agfYa hYk ;hYlYd lYd(
hafY kYnqb] nakYk lgdae]kf]k eYdgf]k' lYa(
hg_a aln]je aca _Ydma) ;hYlYdYk nYj(
lgbY hjYbmk dYac5 fWbel_de' cY\Yf_a
lYa lYah lacjYk \YdqcYk'dq_(cY\ bakbYmZm(
lm nqck)

.,~.4) R jY lYa nakg Yfljgbg \g_eYla(


cgkagk \Yda]k kcqjaYmk mZYa_Y) ;hYlY(
dYk bgb] hYjg\g' bg_ fml]akafla]ba f]Z]hja(
nYdg fa]cg Zabgla]k aj nakcg _Yda lacla]k'
f]k b a_YfqeYk j]eaYka Yfl e]adk' cm(
jaY bmgk eqda >a]nYk aj Ejaklmk' fmg cm(
jagk fa]cYk b  f]_Yda Ylkcajla)
~$.,% D WiohW fh_[ cki) JgnadYk aY
f]fgja haYkYcqla' Zmc e]k nakYa f]lmjka(
e]hja]' laclYa bg_ f]ana]fYk f]hja]l](
dak f]_Ydk emek mc]fcla)~$.-% G[Ze(
lWdei) Aj) l)' n]jlaemgk] aj f]l k]fmgk]
dgl) cg\]ckmgk] qjY ZmkaYflak dYacYk' aj
lac \YZYjlafb] Pa\_Ylgb] qjY hjYbmkak)
>a]ng MfYmk kacfabaeYk aj bg eajlak
qjY nakm\a\aYmkam hjahYjg\qem >a]ng
e]adk aj najaYmkaY \gnYfY' cmjagb] nakcYk
ladhklY'cg e]k `SWYOZOcXO[S& ~$..% D Wi
Wfiai) ) )  N]ake] _Ydkae] Zla Z] ZYa(
ek' f]k b]a cadlmhja] emk cgck kcmf\(
bYk' fa]cg f]hY\Yjqk' f]k qjY aaYlk>a]nYk'
akhicki_j[_i_dW' Yh_YjkafY emk l]akaYak
]kYfl)~$./% Ha]cYk f]a\jk emk hY(
ke]jcla' f]kCpki Dh_ijki' nqjaYmkaY _q(
n aj fmeajmka l]akbYk' qjY lmg' akhi
dkc_h' cY\ _YfYhY\Yaqlmm emk fmka(
\baemk' akhiW_ ZWh]_ _h fh_i_ab' cY\
hY\Ydqlm emk \YdafafcYak kYng eajla]k
nYaka $hd_) /' -0%' akhiohWf e=_[le Z[(
_d[_ kmda_ kYng eg_acgk hja_aela]k aj
a l]f nYd\g kYng <Yfqa' emk km]dhaY

Turinys

ERG) 3' .0~.4)

/.)

ima ]laYe afl]jh]ddYl hjgfgZak)


Kmak ]j_g fgk k]hYjYZal Y
[YjalYl] =`jakla: ljaZmdYlag: Yf
Yf_mklaY: Yf^Ye]k: Yffm\alYk:
Yf h]ja[mdme: Yf h]jk][mlag:
Ym _dY\amk:
$Ma[ml k[jahlme
]kl5 KmaY hjghl]j l] egjla^a[Y(
emj lglY \a]5 Y]klaeYla kmemk
ka[ml gn]k g[[akagfak%)
M]\
af Zak gefaZmk kmh]jYemk hjg(
hl]j ]me' ima \]d]pal fgk)
=]jlmk kme ]fae imaY f]im]
egjk' f]im] nalY' f]im]Yf_]da'
f]im] hjaf[aWjYlmk' f]im]najlm(
l]k' f]im] afklYflaY' f]im] ^m(
lmjY' f]im] ^gjlalm\g'
f]im]
Ydlalm\g' f]im] hjg^mf\me' f](
im] [j]YlmjY YdaY hgl]jal fgk
k]hYjYj] Y [YjalYl] >]a' imY]
]kl af =`jaklg D]km >geafgfg(
kljg)

cmjkYa aj mlYjaY memk) EYk


lY l emk Ylkcajk fmg EjaklYmk
e]adk: Yj nYj_Yk: Yj hjakhYm(
\aeYk: Yj ZY\Yk: Yj fmg_meYk:
Yj hYngbmk: Yj h]jk]cagbaeYk:
Yj cYdYnabYk:
$EYah bbYjYqlY)
qjY5 >d lYnk eajlaeafYacafY(
ea ]kYe] nak \a]f' hYdYacqla
]kYe] m b>bYmlafYkYnak%) <]l)
nakYe] lYe]
\d]a
lg' cmjk emk fmeqdbg'
lacjYk ]km' bg_ f]a eajlak' f]a
_qn]faeYk' f]a YfagdYa' f]a cm(
fa_Yaclqklk' f]a _YdqZk' f]a
\YZYjlafaYa' f]aZmkaYfla]ba\Yac(
lYa' f]a klahjqZ' f]a Ym_lm(
eYk' f]a _admeYk' f]abgck calYk
kmlnjaeYk f]_YdkemkmYlkcaj(
la fmg >a]ng e]adk' cmja qjY
Drmb] Ejaklmb]' emkm Pa]aWY(

aj hYklahjafY' akhiW_ _h kjWh_Wk cki'


klYlq\YeYk Njg YcqnYar\gb] hjaaelb
\d]a emkab eg_ac hja_ael ajnqcmkaYk
bgb] hYkdYhlak $Nge)%~$.0% >a]ng ajafc(
la]ka]ek f] lac hYkcmlafaYe] l]ake]' Z]l
aj nakYe] _qn]fae] f]kla_k EjaklYmk hY(
Ydhgk)~Gke Dh_ijWki c[_bi(' fmg lgk
e]adk' cmjaY emk eqda Ejaklmk) ;hYlY(
dYk fgja ajg\qla damgkqZ ajafclabb fmg
hYngb) Ha]cYk f]_Yda la]c \Ym_ hja] lg
hjaka\la' cYah afgbaeYk' bg_ fa]cg fjY
hYkYmdb_]' cYk _Ydlm ab YlaelaEjaklYmk
e]ad aj _dgZ) JYkYmdak nakY \Yjqk aj
e_afk'cY\ajafcla]ba lYhl f]n]jlYakEja(
klYmk e]adk6na]fgc Ejaklmk fjY egfek
hYfYmk' cY\ bak hYdaclm kYng hja]l]damk
kmkhYm\ae] Z] hYYdhgk6 bak Yh_afY ajhY(
dYacg kYng ajafclmgkamk' cY\ ba] f]lYbdlm
f]n]jlYak bg e]adk))~DWbWl_`Wi na]lgb]5
memaeYk)~ $.2% ;m_aYmk akcYalqla
h]jk]cagbaeYa f]_Yda emkm Ylkcajla fmg
EjaklYmk e]adk' f]k e]kbmgk h]j_Ydae]
Z] \a\ag nYj_g h]j EjaklYmk e]ad %Zb[_
je&' cmja fmaek kml]acaY _YmkaYhYYdh)~
(  $.4% G[i j_ahWi [ik )) NacbaeYk
eYf] egcg' bg_ d[_`eai ikjlh_cWi f](
_Ydk Ylkcajla ajafclb fmg e]adk' cm(
jaY bmgk >a]nYk Ejaklmb] aj h]j Ejakl
fmeqdbg' f]a dYZaYmkaYa hY_]a\YmbYeYk
\YdqcYk' ]ol[d_cWi' f]a ZYakaYmkak' c_hj_i
$Nge)%' f]a hacla YfagdYa' cmja] aY anYj(
\qla lgb] ]adagb' cmjagb] hajeaYmk Zmng

kmklYlqla' cY\Yf_a ba]ek mkadacg _aelgk


bgkagk ba]_gk6 f]a j]_aea \YdqcYa' Yj lYa
Zmlm ZWXWhj_d_W_' \aYm_keYk YjZYc]fl(
baeYk' Yj Xki_Wdj_[`_' cmja] kmc]daYhY_]a(
\ae YjZY ZYae' f]a hjakhYm\b ajh]j(
k]caglgb _YdqZ)~Egcamgk \Ydqcmk j]a(
caY W__]jkcWi aj ]_bkcWi fjY Yacm)
;hkcjalYa f]abgca kmln]jlY ]kqZ f]_Ydk
Ylkcajla ajafclabb fmg e]adk' cmjaY bmgk
eqda >a]nYk' aj cmja ba]ek Ejaklmk h]j
kYngfmgh]dfmkalYjfYng)~JYkcmlafaYa m(
ZYa_gk g\aYa hadfYa YlkYcg kcqjaYmk hjY(
\aYa $0' ,%) N]fYa6 J]j Ejakl jYeqZ
5 E  >a]nm aj nadlak Yeafgk _YjZk6 aY5
h]j Ejakl lacjmeYk Yeafgk _YjZk)

lq b] )

>a]nYk fmg hYljaYjc dYacZmng f](


cYjl Y\bk q\ lYmlYa G]kab' cmjk
lmjbg kml]acla ba]ek lacj dYae6 lg\d
ba] qhY _Ydbg lacla]k _Ymla EjaklYmkYl(
f]lmk hYdYaeafaemk NmglYjhm' cY\Yn)
JgnadYk jY kYng _jgeYl  Lqea]amk''
bYm Zmng Yacm' bg_ Z]n]ac nakY CrjY]dag
lYmlY Zmng dq_ mca]lbmka kYng f]lacba(
e] aj jg\ka Ylkcajla fmg e]kaYfacgbg a(
_Yfqeg' g b na]l Zmng me hY_gfk)
Ngck \Ydqc klgnak' dq_(cY\ hja]af_Yk
>a]ng hYY\baeYek' _Ydbg kmc]dlaf]na](
f YZ]bgf aj j]acYdYng hYYacafaeg) N
aYacafae \mg\Y JgnadYk lj]aYe] kcq(
jamb] $4' ,~W,,' 3$a% \g_eYlacgkagk _jg(
eaalgk \Yda]k' a\klq\YeYk' c g c a ]  q j Y

Turinys

/!

LRG) 4' ,~0'

.) Y% 8OPO`bW\Wa =f`OSZW] ObaYe`W[Oa \c] [SaWOWWWuY] WuUO\e[]


\S^`WSubO`OcXO 8WSd] ^OwOR|XW[O[a&
7O^cb=J& WP]jalYl]e \a[g af
=`jaklg' fgf e]flagj5 l]klaeg(
fame ea`a h]j`aZ]fl] [gfk[a]f(
laY e]YafMhajalmkYf[lg5 W img(
faYe ljaklalaY ea`a eY_fY ]kl'
]l [gflafmmk \gdgj [gj\a e]g)
{
 IhlYZYe ]fae ]_g ahk] YfY(
l`]eY ]kk] Y =`jaklg hjg ^jY(
ljaZmk e]ak' ima kmfl [g_fYla
e]a k][mf\me [Yjf]e)
ima
kmfl CkjY]dalY]' imgjme Y\ghlag
]kl ^adagjme' ]l _dgjaY' ]ll]klY(
e]flme' ]l d]_akdYlag' ]l gZk](
imame' ]l hjgeakkY5 {
 imgjme
hYlj]k' ]l ]p imaZmk ]kl =`jak(
lmk k][mf\me [Yjf]e' ima ]kl
kmh]j gefaY >]mk Z]f]\a[lmk
af kY][mdY) ;jf]f)

1& DS`aYe`W[Oa& WNa]kkYcYm


Ejaklmb]6 f]e]dmgbm' dam\abYfl
eYf eYfg kaf]a n]flgbgb]
>nYkagb]' W bg_ Y lmjam \a\a
fmZm\ae' aj eYfg aj\aYa qjY
fmgdYlafak kcYmkeYk) W P]k Y
hYlk n]dqaYm YlkcajlYkZla fmg
EjaklYmk m eYfg Zjgdamk' cmja]
qjY eYfg _]flak hY_Yd cf'
a cmja] qjY arjY]dalYa' cmja]ek
hjacdYmkg kfqkl' aj _YjZ' aj
kYf\gjY' aj klYlqe\Ynqkl' aj
>a]nma lYjfYnaeYk' ajhYY\ba(
eYa' . cmjam OWjY lnYa' aja cm(
jam qjYEjaklmkhY_Ydcf' cmjk
qjY Yfl nakg>a]nYk hYdgnaflYk
a Yeamk ;e]f)

kYflacaYa l Y j h  ? n Y f _ ] d a b g k  a j 
q\ l Y m l Y a  >a]ngh Y \ Y j q l b 
Y \ b a e  Y h a ]  b a _ Y f q e )
Jajegb] _a na]lgb] $4' ,~.4%' hjaeafk'
cgca] Zmng la] Y\baeYa'ajhYleabk'Dg_
ba] fjY kmjala km cdafac _aeaem YjZY
km klYlqeg \YjZYak' aj f]nYjg lgZmdgk
damgkqZk >a]ng' nY\afYfag  a_Yfqe'
JgnadYk hjahYjg\g' bg_ b ahad\qeYk fjY
\Yj hjYYdaflYk' b]a' Yfgl hjYfY g\a'
\Ym_ qjY hYnY\afYeY hY_gfa aj lac eY(
meY q\ \YdqnYmbY a_Yfqe])
,~0)Hgj\YeYkf]claYha]da\fkYng
na]flYmahY\bae'cmjklYahdYZYakcajaYka
fmg c lac YhjYqlgk dYaek ajafclb'
JgnadYk hjY\]\Y lYjka hjakae]adafaem' cm(
jaYe] aj]acaY kYng fmda\ae \d]a bg
lYmlgk Yle]laeg)
$,% Dh_ijk`[' cYahg bg kfYjqk ajlYj(
fYk6 l) =lWi_e`[5 kaf _Yda cYacY\YhY(
cdqkla' Z]l f]cdqklY' cY\Y ba n) >nYkagk
Yhna]klY aj hYY\aflY qjY' cY\ dam\qlm)
~$-% ;jlaeaYmka hjg_ kcYmkeg aj]a(
caema \Yn mZYa_Y hjYbmkag kljYahkfag'
bg_]a ajafcla]ba lmja kYm mlacjafl >a]ng
e]ad6 nakYa c cal eYl ;hYlYdYk hYk
kYng na]flYmamk6 lYk lYa aj qjY hja]Ykla(
ea _adYmk bg kcYmkeg' f]k bak fjYf]hja](
l]dam kYng lYmlgk' cYah cYacmja]ek jg\ka)
~ $.% :ji^_AWi ^kj_' dgl)YfYl`]eY) Nmg

g\am' YlkYcYfam q\ Y^[h[c' hYqe(


\Yng \Yacl YjZY qhYl Ylkcajl fmg cal
aj hYkcajl kmfYacafaema'dq_(cY\ ac]acl'
hjYc]acl) ;hYlYdYk lYl fgjlm m kYng
na]flYmamk' b]a lYa Zmlm _YdaeY aj Zjgda
a_Yfqema j]acYdaf_Y YjZY fYm\af_Y' hYlk
Zla YlkcajlYk fmg EjaklYmk aj hYkcajlYk
Yeafgek cYfagek6 lYah cYjlY qjYbYe]
q\ e]ad) ~ $/% BphW[b_jW_' l) q) CrjY(
dag(DgcmZg nYacYa' lg\d aj lnYafaYa na(
k bYe >a]ng hY\Yjqlb hYY\bae aj
kml]aclaab l]aka' cmjaYk JgnadYk lmgbYm aj
anYj\abY)~idoij f]lgZmdY' f] lY' cm(
ja H) kl) kml]acaYhYn]faYfagba eYdg(
f' Z]l lY' cmja Yhkaj]ac q\ ajafca(
e] a lYjhg cal lYml' cY\ ba] lYhl
>a]ng lYmlY) Ng\d km bYak qhYlaf_m Z(
\m Zmng >a]nYk' Yhj]ac\YeYk f]hYhjY(
klYak ]fcdYak kml]acaYe _dgZ aj Yhkcja(
lYa kYng km bYak Zmnae' cmjk aj qjY b
]WhX) JgdaYmk ]afY5 LWdZehW YjZY cYah
cala kcYalg' kYf\gjgk' >a]ng hY\Yjqlgk kf
hYljaYjcYak' g hYkcaYmk h]j Ggr km nakY
lYmlY6 ijWjocZWloij5 nYajmk klYlYa6 hY(
_Yd klYlqe kmj\qlYk jWhdWl_cWi = _[(
lk_ aj bg _YjZafaeYk6 fWWZ`_cW_ e]kaY(
facgbg a_Yfqeg' b]a lYmlY alacaeYa dYa(
cqkak klYl aj>a]ng_YjZafaeg)~$0% D k (
ha_ohWjlW_' hYljaYjcYa)~Dh_ijki fW]Wb
bWc) PajaYmka q\ _YjZ qjY lY'bg_

Turinys

9KA& 1$ . %) ( &

/0)

 Hgf Yfl]e img\ ]p[a\]jal C


79 H] cY\ >a]ng g\ak Zmlm
n]jZme >]a) Hgf ]fae gef]k  fa]cm baYnajlk6 f]k f] naka' cm(
ima ]pCkjY]d kmfl'aakmflCkjY]( ja] qjY a CrjY]dagW la]qjYarjY(
dalY]5 H]im] ima k]e]f kmfl a dalYa' 2 f]a(_acmja]qjYa;ZjY(
;ZjYdaY]' gef]k^adaa5 k]\ afCkY( geg _aeafk' naka qjY nYacYa6
Y[ ng[YZalmj laZa k]e]f5 {
 a\ Z]l CrYgc] hYnY\afla Zmk lYm
]kl' fgf ima ^adaa [Yjfak' daa^adaa nYacYa6 { lYa qjY' f] la] qjY
>]a5 k]\ ima ^adaa kmfl hjgeak( >a]ng nYacYa' cmja] cfg nYa(
kagfak' Y]klaeYflmj af k]eaf]) C cYak qjYW Z]l cmja] qjY hYY\(
Jjgeakkagfak ]faen]jZme`g[ C baeg nYacYak' la] Zmk bDYkcYalqla
]kl5 M][mf\me `g[ l]ehmk n]( lYjh Yafad l) W H]k hYY\baeg
faYe5 ]l ]jal MYjY]^adamk' dgHgf ak qjY g\ak5;ha] ldYacYl]a(
kgdme Yml]e addY5 k]\ ]l L](  kam' aj MYjY lmjk kmfm) dg 4 JL
a5#b b  qjY Ejaklmk hY_Yd cf) ;hYlYdYk C cmja] \YdqnYmbYhYY\baemgk]) Nac lYe
f]kYcg6 cmja qjY Ejaklmk' cYah hYkYc  _Yda jg\qla]k' bg_ >a]ng hYY\baeYa fm(
Yha] hjYfYmk' \dlg cY\ Ejaklmk Ylbgf] C klgbg kYng n]jlqZk' cmjk eYf' Zmc ba]
lac q\ a_Yfqema' fgjk bak hjaeeg( lmjbg hjacdYmkqlaca]cna]fYeZ] kcajlmeg'
_ac hja_ael a eglafgk' hjacdYmkamkagk cmjk cfacYa ZmngcadkaDgcZg $CrjY](
blja] q\ lYmlgk) ~Jgnadg g\aYa Yha] dag% YjZY ;ZjYgeg) JYfYaYacYdZbg;hY(
Ejakl aj]acaY agfYa c]lmjaYk lacbaeg lYdYkYha]YhahbYmklqe$-'-3)))%ajYha]lac(
la]kYk hja] c]lmjaYkcdYa\aYlacqkl]k5 hja] jmk;ZjYgegnYacmk$/',,)))%) NYa_a'hYeY(
eYfaca]bmk' cmja] kYc' Zmc Ejaklmk f]( laf;hYlYdgeaflakqjY6>nYkacYk_aeaeYk
lmjbk lacjg caeg'kcYalge]5 fW]Wb bdcT aj aj\a]k YhahbYmklqeYk \Yjg hYY\bae
hja] PYd]flaf' kYcamk' ZmcEjaklmk Ylka( \Ydafafcm' Z] Ylnad_ag  lYa' Yj cYk c(
f]k kYng cf a \Yf_Ymk5 _ Bch_d l' facYa qjY _aek a ;ZjYgeg _aeafk'
q) q\ ohW cadk D h_ijki fW]Wb ^kd6 Yj f])~$2% ; [j BpWea[) ) )  Jd_) , Ggr)
hja] E]klgjab' cmjk egc' Zmc calYk -,' ,-)% CrYgc] hYnY\aflaZmknYacYahadfY(
Zmnk Mmaek >a]qg aj calYk eg_mk(Eja( l]akaYa' _YmkaYflklnYafqkl) Fla]nYk hjY(
klmk5 ^khi ohW =_[lWi' ohW Dh_ijki cadk Ydafg CrfaYd' nj]kfb ;ZjYgeg kf'
fW]Wb ^kd a q\ab' aj _Ydgh hja] ;ja( fmg _YjZk Zla ajafclgkagk lYmlgk lnm'
b' cYdZbmka' Zmc Ejaklmk ]kk ]e]kfak cmja _YjZl]cgna]fYe CrYgcma)~$3% I W(
m Nn aj ]kk kmln]jlYk a fa]cg6 bg_[a iaW_joj_jWhfW_d_k) Na] YamaYa$>a]ng nYa(
Ejaklmk fjY ]e]kfak m Nn' hYjg\g cYa% qjY \nYkacYak ;ZjYgeg nYacYak) Cr(
hYkYcqeYk5 =_[lWi Wdj l_ie6 bg_]a fjY eYdak Zmng _aek kmda_ hja_aela]k klY(
kmlnjaeYk5~fWbel_djWi_ W_dL_ki' f]k lYa l a l]Z]Zmnmkagk nYakaf_Y ;_Yjgk6bakqjY
_Yda Zla hlakYcqlY na]f Yha] >a]n' f]k hYn]ackdm f]lacafgaabb q\' cmja] lYahg(
_a lac kmda_ hja_aela]k klYl' hY_Yd c(
lac bg _jqZ hYkada]c(a  Yeamk $Nge)%)
1~,.) ;hYlYdYkfgj\YeYklgdaYmk hja( f' hY]afY fmg ;ZjYgeg6 hja]af_Ya _a
hYjg\qla' bg_ >a]ng hYY\bae f]_YdaeY CrYgcYk' m_aek hY_Yd \a]nac hYY\(
kcYalqla  fa]cmk hYnajlmkaYak' fgjk \Ym_ bae aj a najhja_aelafam >a]ng n]acaem
hY\Yjqlgk nYakaf_Y MYjgk aj lg\d a\Yda]k
q\ bmgk] f]\YdqnYmbY' hjY\]\Y fmg a(
Yacafaeg hjahYjg\qeYak' hYaelYak a hY( Z\YeYk dq_ >a]ng kfmea'qjY hYn]ac(
ljaYjc aklgjabgk' bg_ d]a\aeYk \YdqnYmla kdm l' cmja] najhja_aelaf eYdgf] aj la(
cbaem kmjala km Ejaklmea' >a]ng Mfm(
hYY\baemgk] hjacdYmkg fmg dam]kg >a](
ea' qjY >a]ng kfaYak aj lYah lYe (
ng hYnY\afaeg' g f] fmg cfacg _aea(
eg YjZY cgca fgjkfmgh]df' cY\ hYkcma hY \YdafafcYak Y\lgbg a_Yfqeg) ~
_Ydlma lg an]kla' bg_ aj hYnY\afaeYk  $,+% C lg' cYk Ym_aYaakhYkYcqlY' Yacm'
l]akqZ H) kl) qjY \gnYfYa kml]acaYeY bg_ na]f cfacYk fmg ;ZjYgeg hYbaeYk
\Yj fa]cg f]j]acaY6 f]k calYah Zmlm lm(
najhja_aelaf _]jY\Yjnkl)
$1% G [ aWZ =_[le eZ_i) ) )  Cj]ac( jbk aj CreYdak ZlafYa hjacdYmkqla hja]
\YeYk kYng kcYmke $]) -%' Y nakYa f]kY( hYY\baeg nYac' g lgcamg bg fa]cYk f](
cYm' bg_' q\ \Ym_meYa ala]kla f]\Ydq( dYacg6Z]l_Ydlm\Yj cYkaYhYleqla5 AYd
nYmbYfl a_Yfqe]' bYm aj >a]ng hYY\ba( CrYgcYkZmng Ym_aYmkhYklYlqlYk aYlnad(
eYa fmklgbg kYng _YdqZk' fa]cm hYnajlg) _ag  kYng eglafgkn]jlqZ' cmja Zmng dYak(
~QhW BihWb_jW_5 l) q) lgca] arjY]dalYa)
nY6g m]n]j_'cYah;_Yaf'aj\d]a_]j]kfag

Turinys

/1)

?RG) 4' ,, ,0)

Z][[Y ]p mfg [gf[mZalm `YZ]fk' C laclYa ba' Z]l aj ?]Z]cY' cmja
QkYY[ hYljakfgklja) Imfa]fae C a na]fg kmkabaeg km CrYgcm'
fgf\me fYla ^makk]fl' Yml Yda( C emkm lnm' faY hYklgbg' f
ima\ Zgfa ]_akk]fl' Yml eYda' H]k \Yj ba]\na]e f]m_aemk'
$mlk][mf\me]d][lagf]ehjgbag( f]a c fgjk _]jY Yj haclYbaY\Y(
kalme >]a eYf]j]l%' Hgf ]p jamk' $a\Yfl >a]ng fmlYjaeYk'
gba]jaZmk' k]\]png[Yfl] \a[lme baYda]aYflak bg ajafcae' mka(
]kl ]a6 KmaY eYbgj k]jna]l ea( daclm%' ,- f] \d]a \YjZpa' Z]l
fgja) Ma[ml k[jabalme ]kl5 DY( \d]a nY\afYfagbg nYdagk' Zmng
[gZ \ad]pa' <kYm Yml]e g\ag bYa hYkYcqlY5 Pqj]kfqkaklYjfYmk
`]Zfa)
bYmf]kfaYbYe' a. cYah baYjYqlY
qjY5 HmeqdbYm DgcZ' g?rY(
ng f]Ybpc]f[aYm)
Kma\ ]j_g \a[]emk: fme(
a#a E_a lY l kYcqkae]: YjqjY
ima\afaimalYkYhm\>]me:;Zkal) hYk >a]n f]l]akqZ: PakYa f]
,. Ggqka ]fae \a[al5 Gak]j]Zgj #. H]k Ggr]a kYcg5 JYka_Yadkam
kYng hYka]d_aeg: Cj lYa f]' f]k?rYnYk aj Yhkad]akla e]adb]) NYa_a' nakmhajeY >a](
DgcZYk lmjbg na]f aj l hYa eglaf' nYk lYe] eYaYmk eqdbg ?rYn' cY\ bak
Zmng \nqfYak' g na]fgc YfljYkak Zmng bYmf]kfa#bYe Zjgdama'Yhd]fc\YeYknqj]kf(
Ym_aYmk hYklYlqlYk m hajeb ajlYa \Yj b'kml]ac a damgkg kYng ajafcaeg l]ak
haje m_aeaeg $]) ,,%) ,+ ]ad) _YdaeY aela ]eac lnYafqkl aj \YdqnYmla hY(
lYah aj]acla calYak g\aYak5 + f] laclYa \Yjqlgb] km ;ZjYgemkYf\gjgb]) ;hYlY(
MYjY' Z]l aj L]Z]cY _Yng hYY\bae dYk fgja aY ac]dla Yaclf knYjZ]kf
$Cl]f)%' cY\Y ba hjY\bg \nqfmk aj lYa a la]k' Zl]fl' bg_ l]ak \YdqnYmla fYmbgb]
na]fg CrYgcg' emkab' l) q)q\'lng) ;ha] kYf\gjgb] kml]acaY f] cfacY cade Yj(
<]Z]cYa \mglb hYY\bae n]ar) , Ggr) ZY hajehY\YjqlYk fmgh]dfYk' Z]l damgkYk
r0' -. aj hd_) ]eafmk ]) ,-)~$,,% Ro( >a]ng eYdgfk ajafcaeYk)
\Ya f]_Yda hYkalacla f]a kYng cade]' f]a
klYlqeg \YjZYak) >Yj \nqfa]ek nYacYek
,/~- /  >a]nYk fjY f]l]akaf_Yk'b]a bak
f]_aemk) >a]nYk Yhj]ac' bg_ bak ajafck a lYjh dq_a na]f Yhd]fc\YeYk calhY(
na]f a b\na]b aj lYa bYmf]kfb' cmjk nY\afY lacbae)
cYahg lgckYa j]_bgka lmjk eY]kf]k l]a(
$,/% C q\ aj hY_gfa lYjhg nY\a(
k]k' cY\ lYhl na]fYlafam lnYafam aj q(
fY >a]nYk Z] Ylnad_ag  anajaf]k Yh(
\ lYmlgk lnm' aj lYa a damgkgk >a]ng dafcqZ]k YjZY\YjZmk na]f lac hY_Yd kY(
nYdagk Z] Ylnad_ag  fmgh]dfmk $; m_%)~ ng hYe_ae na]fmk hYk]ceaf_Ya  lac(
IWi_b_ajk5 Zmlm hYaflYk cYahg hYkada]( bae' cala]ek kml]acaY ml]fcYfaYk eY(
cYflak)~%F& ;kle`W _ fWiWaojW) P]ar) dgf]k' h]j cmjaYk ba]' b]a hYlk kYf\YjZa(
, Ggr) -0' -.) <mng lYa nakmhajeY hYkY(
fafcYmk' hYka]ck a_Yfqe) <]lYj_a >a](
nYk fjY f]l]akaf_Yk' b]a bak Z]n]ac dq(
cqlY Yha] \na lYmla' lmjbmkahY]alaa\na](
ada Zjgda5 Z]l lY >a]ng hjYfYqkl hYda]( _agk] YhdafcqZk] aj]fd[Y na]f'cal Yh(
aY DgcZ aj ?rYn f] eYaYmk' cYah d]fc\YeYk:  l cdYmkae;hYlYdYk\mg(
b\na]b Yafamk' aj bmg\na]bmgk] jY\g kYng \YYlkYcqe lmgbYm' lgdaYmk _a $]) -+~-/%
ahad\qe' cY\Y DgcZYk _Yng lng hYdYa( bakajaYcalhjacYaagbae)~%T0&G [iF ep[_
iWae5n]ar)-Ggr)..' ,4) H]l]akqZ_Ydal](
eafae $, Ggr) -2' -2) -4) .2) /+%)
$,.% IWhWojW fWi GYdYc) ,'-) ) )  g\ak fYaZla'cYe]qjYhja]\]je'ban\)cY\Yck
f]Yhckla qjY cYacY\Y n) LYl] aeY( Ylda]cYkm\]jl\YjZ'gf]l]fYa'cYe]n]a(
eYk lac \d hYdq_afaeg YjZY fmjg\qeg' caY\mgkfmeYk aj _]jmeYk' hn\)b]a cYkkm(
bg_ fjY e]adk' qhY l]f' cYe] bak klY( lafcY Yfl c]dag \m ]d_]la aj lac na]fYe
lgeYk hja] g\ eqdla bak f]j]acaY l]\mg\Y Ydemf) EY\Yf_a n) JgnadYk
lacjg f]hja]dYfcmeg' Z]llaceY]kfhja]( l la]k' bg_ q\Ya lYah(hYl' cYahaj hY_g(
dYfcme' ]e]kf e]adk dYahkf' YjZY fk' f] a hja]\]jek' Z]l a ea]dYaj\qk(
klgc qhYlaf_gk e]adk' cmja Yhkaj]acaY lk d]a\aYea qjY \YdqnYmla e]kaYfa(
f]hYhjYklYakhja]dYfcmeg]fcdYak) Njme(
cgk cYjYdqklk _jqZk]' bYm c(lac hja(
hYa kYcYfl' bak j]acaY5 eYaYmk eqdla)
jg\afbg$hd_).'--))6/',)))%'lYa\YZYjbakhY(

Turinys

LRG) 4' , 1 (- , )

/2)

[mbmkeak]j]gj5]l eak]ja[gj\aYe
hjY]klYZg[mbmkeak]j]Zgj' C_a(
lmj fgf ngd]flak' f]im][mjj]f(
lak' k]\ eak]j]flak ]kl >]a)
>a[al ]fae M[jahlmjY JZYjYgfa5
KmaY af Zg[ iWkme ]p[alYna l]'
m l gkl]f\Ye af l] najlml]e
e]Ye5 ]lm lYffmfla]lmjfge]f
e]me afmfan]jkYl]jjY' ak ?j_g
[mbmk nmdl eak]j]lmj' ]l im]e
nmdl af\mjYl'
>a[ak alYim]
ea`a5 Kma\ Y\`m[ im]jalmj:ng(
)FmflYla ]fae ]bmk imak j]kaklal:
-+ + `geg' lm  imak ]k' ima j](
khgf\]Yk >]g: `dmeima\ \a[al
^a_e]flme]a' imak]^afpal5 Kma\
5e] ^][akla ka[: NM ;f fgf`YZ]l
hgl]klYl]e ^a_mdmk dmla ]p ]Y(
\]e eYkkY ^Y[]j] Ydam\ima\]e
nYk af `gfgj]e' Ydam\ n]jg af
[gflme]daYe: NN Kmg\ ka >]mk

lI6 cmjag hYka_Yadla fgjam' aj


kml]ackam faa]dYaj\qkllYe' Yfl
cg Y fgjam kmkaeadla'
NYa_a'
fjY lYa \YdbWcYk fgjafagbg'f]a
Z_Yfagbg' Z]lkmkaeadklYfagbg
>a]ng)
H]k HYlYk kYcg JY(
jYgfma5 >dlg lYa bWYY\afYm lY(
n]' cY\ Yfl lYnk bgYjg\qaYm
eYfg _YdqZ' aj cY\ eYfgnYj(
\Yk Zmlm YhkYcqlYk hg nak ](
e) Ng\d' Yfl cgfgja' kmka(
eadklY' aj cmja fgja' mca]lafY)
NYa_a' bbYkYcqka eYf5 Eg \Yj
kcmf\aYka: f]kcYk_a hja]afYka
bg nYdaYa: NL K eg_Ym cYk lm
]ka' cY\km >a]nmZqdaflme]ak:
;j_a kYcg af\Yk lYe' cmjk ba
fmdah\5 EYe lm eYf] lYahhY(
\Yj]a: NM ;j %mg\ama f] nYdaY
a lg aYla]k egdag hY\ajZla na](
f af\ dgn]a' g cal hYfa]ca(

jg\g a n) EYlg' bg_ hYlk >a]nYk Yha]


kYn] dam\abY' cY\bak kml]acae] kYng ea](
dYaj\qklk YjZY bgk f]\Ynae] qaY dam]kYk
aj f]\Yjg bgcagk f]l]akqZk) Jajegb]
na]lgb] ;hYlYdYk \]\Y g\amk' cmja] Zm(
ng hYkYcqla Ggr]a' alacaeYe >a]nghja](
l]dama6lYa_a'\YjdYZaYmkba]hjalafcY naka]ek
cala]ek)~$,1% bW _] _ dhW))) NYa_a' >a]nYk
fjYkcgdaf_Ykeg_mabgfml]akafae\d]abg
nYdagkYjZYmj]_aemk \YjZmk' Z]l kml]acaY
b na]f a ea]dYaj\qklk $Nge)%) ~$,2%
NYahg_a aj h]j lmgk' Yfl cmja >a]nYk
f]kmkaeadklY' cYah lYa Zmng km @YjYgfm'
hYka]caY bak kYng _Ydmlaf lackd' kng
dgn) Jja] nakYe lYe fjY fa]cg' cYk
_Ydlm >a]n hjan]jkla' cY\ bak kYng ea](
dYaj\qkl n]dqc kml]aclm' f]cYah bgk f](
\mglm)~IWWZ_dWk' cYa\ hYkajg\gaSY[Z)
,,' ,1' agfYa j]acaY5 Y lYn] hYklYaYm
cYjYdamea $Da]j)%' cY\ Yfl lYng mca]laa(
eg hYjg\qaYm kYng _YdqZ ajlYah Yh_Yj(
kafaYm kYng nYj\ naka]ek' cmja] _Ymk
Yha] lYa afa) EYah @YjYgfg mca]lba(
eYk f]_Ydbg kmljmdl\qla >a]ng q\ lYm(
lgk a_]dZbae]' Z]l \Yj \Yn hjg_ \a\]k(
fa]ek kl]ZmcdYek' h]j cmjamgk bg dgn
kcYakaYmk khaf\bg aj dYZaYmk hjYkahdY(
lafg' lYa f]_Yda lYahg_a cala fmka\bdaYa
kmljmc\qla kYng mca]lbaem >a]ng lackd)
( $ , 3 %  MeZb Wdj BYe d e h _) ) )  NYa_a' >a](
nbak fjY f]l]akaf_Yk' cY\ bak l g f] ca(
l aj]fcY' a\Yfl bYe hYjg\qlmkYng jYa](

dYaj\qkl) @YjYgfg hYeafbaeYk' qhY


cY\bak klYlgeYkhja]clachYeafl Gg(
r' jg\ la]ek' cmja]ek _jgeYlY kaklY
Zmng' bg_ aY hY\mglYk qjY hYnqr\akeg(
_Ymk' Yfl cmjag >a]nYk f]kmkaeadg) g(
\ak mca]lafla j]acaY f] c cal' cYah
lac f]kmkaeadla $;m_)%) <]lYjhacY mca](
lbaeg hja]Yklak qjY hYlk eg_mk' cY\Y
bak \Yjg kYng fmka\baeYak kYn] f]n]jlm
_Ymla a >a]ng km]dhaeYhkl]kfeak eY(
dgfeak' g hYkahja]af\YeYk na\mbafa]ek
YjZY anajafa]ek >a]ng hYY\afaeYek'
_abY dq_(cY\ mca]lbae hYkahja]afa(
e] aj bmg lYah YhkmhY kYng aj\' cY\
lYjka nakYa mc]jlY c]da  b  eYdgf]a)
AYdaeY fmjg\qla >a]n' cYahg YhdafcqZa(
f aj lYjhaf hja]Ykl mca]lbaeg' Z]l
lac la]c'ca]cbak nakmhajeYlYa hY\Yjg' cmg
eg_mk' cYah >a]nYk hjYeYlg' haclYa hY(
kaf Y m \ g k kYng mca]lbaema' la]c ca]c)
ZYmk\YeYk m hjYbmkamk fmka\baemk' f](
\mg\Y bYe Yhkl]kfa eYdgfa' cmjageak
_Ydlm kmeafclaflY Zla bg aj\ak' _Ydgh
hYj\g hYlk mca]lbae kYng aeaflaf(
_aYmkalackdhYka]caema)~$,4% MW_]_ fW(
iWCYoi_ cWd) ) )  Oe]lafbaeYk' la]k kY(
cYfl' Ylcj]ahlYk qjY hja] hYl >a]n'
cmjk' cYah hYkYcgbYeY n) EYl]' mca](
lafg @YjYgf' g na]fgc b ZYm\)~$-+%
P]ar)Ee),1'2)~DWc jk cWd[jW_ffWZW(
h[_9 EY\ Y _YnYm lgca anYar\ aj
hYkcqjae)~$-,% JYdq_afaeYk hYaelYk

Turinys

/3)

?RG) 4' z(9-(-1)

ngd]fk gkl]f\]j]ajYe' ]lfglYe  faema) NN 4 b]a >a]nYk' fgjk bak


^Y[]j] C%gl]flaYe kmYe' kmkla( 6 fgjbg b.Yjg\qla jklqZ aj Yh(
fmalafemdlYhYl]flaY'nYkYajY]' j]acla kYng _YdqZ' mdYac km
YhlY af afl]jalme' -.
gkl]f( \a\aY cYfljqZ] jklqZkaf\mk'
\]j]l \analaYk _\gjaY] kmY] af lafcYfamk hjYmnaema' NO a\Yfl
nYkY eak]ja[gj\aY]' imY] hjY]( %Yjg\qlm kYngdgnk lmjlmk Yfl
hYjYnal af _dgjaYe) -/ KaWgk' ]l ea]dYaj\qklk af\' cmjamgk bak
ng[Ynal fgk fgf kgdme ]p Dm ( NOaj]f_ } dgn *, aa cYahg lg(
\Y]ak' k]\ ]laYe ]p _]flaZm)kW camgk hYnY\afg emk f] laclYa
-. ka[ml af Ik]] \a[al5 Pg[Y( a q\m' Z]l aj a a>Y_gfam'
Zg fgf hd]Z]e e]Ye' hd]Z]e 6 -. cYah bak aj kYcg hYk Ir5
e]Ye5]lfgf\ad][lYe'\ad][lYe5 t PY\afkam f] eYfg lYmleYfYbY
]l fgf eak]ja[gj\aYe [gfk][m( b lYmlY' aj f]eqdae eqdaebY'
lYe' eak]ja[gj\aYe[gfk][mlYe) ajf]_Ynmkaea]dYaj\qklkea](
-. ? l ]jal5 af dg[g' mZa \a[lme dYaj\bjkl _YnmkabY6 NR Zm''6
]kl ]ak5 Hgf hd]Zk e]Yngk5 aZa na]lgb]' cmj ba]ek hYkYcqlY Zm(
ng[YZmflmj^adaa >]anana) CkY( ng5 Daak f]]kYl] eYfg lYmlY
aYk Yml]e [dYeYl hjg CkjY]d5 Ma l]fba]akYnY\aflaZmk_qngbg>a](
qjY a M) kl) Dak nYar\afY nqjaYmk >a](
ema \mglmgbm dYacm' cY\ cjYmlm fmka\(
ng na]hYlYnae aj bg lgZmd damgkqZ baemk Yfl fmka\bae) NYah ba] hYlk
egfa j\qe] aj nYd\qe]' qhY _a fm( j]fcY lYjka  kYn] >a]ng jklqZ aj \Ym(
jg\g j]acYdaf_me fmgdYa\Ymk aj hadfg _afY bgk hadfqZ' \Yjq\Yea kYn] n]jlYak'
cY\ Zmlm Yla\mgla YeafYe hjYmnaema)
hYka\Ynaeg aj fmladaeg' km cmjaYak eg(
N]akqZ j]acYdYmbY' cY\ km_jaYmlY lnYjcY
_mkhjanYdgYla\mglahY_YjZlYalnYjcYa'cm(
ja >a]nYk dam]kYa hY_Yd kYng fgj klYl' Zmlm YlalYakqlY h]j fmka\bdag fmZYm\a(
aj hjakalmjla fmg bgk l]akaeg YjZY hYh]a( e' ea]dYaj\qkl _a hYklmeaYCG]n' cY\
caeg $Ija_) ?^j) ;mck) Eqj) ;d]ck)%) bak \mglm dYac hYcmlYa) C lg ha_m bYm
JYfYaYa kcYeZYfamk g\amk jYf\Ye] kmhjYkla hjYke g\a6 dehi`_i  deh`e)))
Ce) ,0' 2)' b  lackdYk YacaYmk aj]aclYk $;mck)% (  $-.% BZWdj __WheZojk))) >a](
hYk Cr) /0' 4)~$--% H `[ _ = _[lWi()) ng hYka]d_aeYk kml]akaYakaYak) N]akmkqjY
)PhYlYdYk _jlY hja] cdYmkaeg' \Ynmkag egfk' cmja] hjaaeY  kYn] >a]ng eY(
dgf]k' bYk j]fcY aj' km bgeakkYm\YjZafaf(
hja]Ykl me]lafbaema hja] >a]ng l]a(
kqZ' aja\Yda]k nd YacafY ]) ,3) ?ad) -. cYm\Yea' adamgkmgbY kYn] fmg nakgcagk
aj -/ jYf\Yka Yfljgba \Ydak qhgl]lacg kY( f]l]akqZk' cY\ lYah ba] lYhl n]flYak'
cafag' cmjk f]lmja YacYmk mZYa_aeg) ca]cna]fYe _]jYe \YjZma lafcYfaYak
Jajegb] \Ydqb] ;hYlYdYk YhjYg qhgl]( af\Yak) Da] _YmfY hg kYng hYnY\afaema
la)ca Z\' cYah >a]nYk hYka]d_aY km fm(  lacbae nakY' h]j c ba] _Yda hYka]cla
Yeaf dgn' b]a lac hYlk \jYm_ n]acaY
ka\bdaYak' Yfljgb] _a bg hYka]d_ae km a(
jafclYakaYak $Nge)%) JjaeafaeYk \a\agk $;mck)%) ;lkan]d_aYfl  ]) ,4) kYcafqk
>a]ng US`ORO`eab|a$ cmja UOd] n) Jgna( _YdaZlalYahmZYa_lYk5 E lm lmge]l kY(
cqka: ;j lm aj lmge]l a\jkanY\aflaf](
dYk aj bg _jgeYlgk kcYalqlgbYa' dq_fmcj]a(
l]akaf_m >a]n' cmjk \Yjg ae]lafbaemk
haY bg eafl' Ydaf6 Z]l lYa' c bak fgj(
bg aj]acla' _(YaaY YacaYa kmhjYflYeY a mca]lbmkaYe fmka\bdama:
-0~-4) JY_gfa aj q\ hYnY\a(
]) -/) ~ NbW_a ik Z_Z_W aWdjhoX[)))
>a]nYk _Yda l]akaf_Ya ZYmkla mca]lbmkamk fae] >a]nYk laclYa had\g kYng h]j hjY(
fmka\bdamk6 lYa hYjg\g hYka]d_aeYk' cmjag fYmk Yh_YjkaflYk hjYfYqkl]k'
$-0%
D W_f`_i  iWae fWi HpY_( JYk
bak hYhjYklYa dYacgka km fmka\bdaYak) D]a
Ir la] g\aYa jYf\Yka f] na]fgb] na](
bak hYc]faY fmka\bdamk km \a\am cYf(
ljmem' cY\ ba]ek \mglm dYac hYkalYakq( lgb]6 hajegba b  \Ydak hYaelY a Ir) -'
ema' lYa f] bak qjY Z]lYjhacY b md\]( -.' Yfljgba _a a ,' ,+) Jajegb] \Ydqb]
lbaeg hja]Yklak' Z]l hYlk fmka\bdaYa' Y\YeY qjY aYmjafk q\ $CrjY]dag% cY(
cmja] hYfa]cafY bg _jqZ' YlklmeaY bg jYdqklk _qn]flgbYek km_jaeYk eYdgf
eYdgf]k aj haclYa hYkafYm\gbY hYkalYakq( $ >a]ng' cmj ba] Zmng YV%d]a\6 aj la] g(

Turinys

ERG) I' -2~.-)

^m]jal aamaf]jmk ^adagjme CkjY]d


lYeimYe Yj]fYeYjak' j]daimaY]
kYdnY] ^a]fl)
P]jZme ]aaae
[gfkmeeYfk' ]l YZZj]naYfk af
Y]imalYl]5 imaY n]jZme Zj]naY(
lme^Y[a]l>geafmkkmh]jl]jjYe5
W3 ]l ka[mlhjY]\apalCkYaYk5Haka
>geafmkkYZYglZj]daimakk]l fg(
Zak k]e]f' ka[ml Mg\geY ^Y[la
]kk]emk' ]l )ka[ml AgfagaNdaY ka(
ead]k^makk]emk)

/+5

ng nYacYak) NS CrYabYk _a YmcaY


Yha] CrjY]da5 D]a CrjY]dag nYacm
kcYaldamk Zmlm cYah bmjgk kead(
lak' da]cYfgk Zmk a_]dZlgk) NT
H]k bak ahad\g g\a aj hYkcmZa(
fY l]akqZb]6 f]k Pa]hYlk n]a(
caYa ahad\qk g\a Yfl ]ek)
-4 C j  cYahCrYabYk hjYfYYng5D]a
cYj]anabpaPa]hYlkf]aelmemek
hYdack Yafabgk' Zlmee %Yka(
\Yj cYah Mg\geY' aj Zlmee
bYYfYfk AgfagjYa)

Z% veROW =uo aOd] YOZbeP|a ObaYW`bW e`O cO] aOc ^OwOR|b] WuUO\e%
[]$ Yc`~ ^OU]\Wa UOd] ^S` bWY|XW[z&
-4 Kma\ ]j_g \a[]emk: Kmg\
_]fl]k' imY] fgf k][lYZYflmj
bmklalaYe' Yhhj]`]f\]jmflbmkla(
laYe5 bmklalaYe Yml]e' imY] ]p
^a\] ]kl) NM CkjY]dn]jg k][lYf\g
d]_]e bmklalaY]' af d]_]e bmkla(
laY] fgf h]jn]fal) NN KmYj]:
\aYa hg hYn]ackdg hja]\Yf_Y aj]acaYhY(
_gfa hYnY\afae') ~ $-2% BiW_`Wi ]_
Wka_W) g\ak yWka_W$V fYjg\g hjYfY(
qklk knYjafae) M]cYflak g\aYa hYae(
la a Cr) ,+' --) -3) ~ E_[aWdei' l) q)
nakYa f]\Ym_' cmja] lmjbg mkadacla f]hY(
da]kla ?r]cg dYacmgk]' qjY n) >nYkagk
kbana]klYaf ;hYlYdma hYn]ackdm eYg
kcYaldaYmk q\' cmja] hjahYafk Yl]afYea
G]kab) ~ $-3% >a]nYk lYa' cYk hjYbm(
kaYe] kYcafqb] Zmng aj]aclY Yha]f]\aam(
'_]daga_]dZbae'gh]jlYlYha]\Yaa_]dagha;(
mnae' hadfYa aj n]acaYa ahad\qk l]akqZ(
b]) ~ $-4% B h  aW_rr fhWdWWle))) Cj lY
V%jYfYqkl' hYaelY a Cr) ,' 4)' qjY hY(
n]ackdm lg' cYk km q\ lYmlY lmjbg Yl(
kalacla G]kabg dYacmgk])
;acaf\YeYk lgdaYmk $4' .+~,+' -,%
kYflacamk lYjh ?nYf_]dabgk aj q\Yek hY(
\Yjql hYY\bae' n) JgnadYk fmjg\g'
bg_ hja]Yklaea' cg\d \Ym_]dak q\ f](
Yl]afY  l]akqZ' cmja _Yng h]j lacbae
hY_gfak' qjY b hYa fa]cm aa]al]akaaaY(
eYk f]afgbaeYk' cY\Yf_a f]kmhjYk\Yea
klYlqeg ba] hjYkaeYf kYnglac l]akqZ'
Yle]lY _a l]akqZ] ]nYf_]dabafag lacbaeg)
.+~..) PakmhajeY q\Ya fml]akafaeg
ba]cgbae] bg f]lacjm c]dam aj Yle]l kY(
ng G]kab)

E _a lY l kYcqkae]: Dg_]


NL
hY_gfak' cmja] f]ba]cgbg l]akq(
Zk' _Yne l]akqZ' Z]l ll]akq(
Z' cmja qjY a lacbaeg6 NM g
CrjY]dak' ba]cg\YeYk l]akqZk
klYlqeg' f]hYka]c l]akqZk)
klYlqeg) NN Eg\d: Dg_]a f]
$.+% D  %`_ jW j iWaoi_c[V Ngcamg
cdYmkaem hYhjYklYa JgnadYk algb] _jgeY(
lgb] aj]acaYdYmcaYe me]lafbaaf $hd_)
.' 05 1' ,6 2' ,.6 4' ,/%' Z]l agfYa b 
nYjlgbY lac h]jbaema fmg na]fg \Ydqcg(
hja] calg) EY\Yf_a Ybaa] >a]ng hY\Yjq(
lb hYY\bae hYfYacafae f]_Yda Zla
f]a f]cgk' lYa c e]k lmjae] hYkYcqla
Yha] hY_gfa hYnY\afae aj Yha] q\
Yle]lae: Egca leY hja]Yklak lg kl]Z(
lafg >a]ng hYka]d_aeg:~ $.,% G[fWi_[a
j[_ioXi ijWjoce) N]akqZk klYlqeYk
fjY lYa hYlk Ggrk klYlqeYk' Zgl lg
klYlqeg eaflak aj nYdaY' lYakqcdk aj c](
daYk' n]\Yflak b lacj l]akqZ) N klYlq(
eg \nYka q\Ya' la]kY' kl]f_ka hYka]cla'
Z]llYaba]ekf]hYnqcg)~$.-% DeZb9 EYk
\g hja]Yklak Zmng' cY\ q\Ya f]_Ydbg
hYka]cla lacjgk l]akqZk' fgjk#ba] kl]f_ka
6 hYka]cla: ~ Ce][_ d[ ak j_a`_ce))) Da]
kl]f_ka hYka]cla h]j klYlqeg \YjZmk'#
Z]l lgcamgk' cmja] Zmng lac hja_aelYak
\YjZYak6 lYa _a f]_Ydbg b n]kla  najhja(
# _aelaf l]akqZ) q\Ya mbg Yfl f]lacjg
a c]dag' cY\Yf_a ba] n]ar\bg lac  anaja(
C famk hja]kYcmk aj eYf' bg_ ba] h]j kYng
C \YjZmk Zmk fml]akafla) g\ak ^[Yaa
3 hYqea q\ fmgegfk cdYa\af_me) ~
' G[i `_[ i_jh[da))) HmgdYa\mk #Pa]hYla]k
a Yhkaj]acaeYk f]kmlacg km e]kafacYak

:dn) LYlYk' RF

Turinys

-(&

LRG) 4' ..~,+' 0)

KmaY fgaa ]p ^a\]' k]\ imYka ]p C


gh]jaZmk5 g^^]f\]jmfl ]fae af X
dYha\]e g^^]fkagfak) .. Ma[ml
k[jahlme ]kl5 ?[[]hgfgaf Magf
dYha\]e g^^]fkagfak' ]l h]ljYe
k[Yf\Yda5 ]l gefak' ima [j]\al
af ]me' fgf [gf^mf\]lmj)
7O^cb J& , @jYlj]k' ngdmflYk
ima\]e [gj\ak e]a' ]l gZk][jY(
lag Y\ >]me' ^al hjg addak af
kYdml]e)
N]klaegfame ]fae
h]j`aZ]g addak img\ Y]emdYlag(
f]e >]a `YZ]fl' k]\ fgf k](
[mf\mek[a]flaYe) . C_fgjYfl]k
]fae bmklalaYe >]a' ]l kmYe
imY]j]fl]k klYlm]j]' bmklalaY]
>]a fgf kmfl kmZb][la) W @afak
]fae d]_ak' =`jaklmk Y\ bmkla(
laYe gefa [j]\]fla) . Ggqk]k

a lacbaeg' Z]l cYahh]j\YjZmk


ba]cgbg6 f]k ba] kalj]fc  m(
ka_Ynaeg Yce]f' .k cYab> bbYjY(
QWlY qjY5 lYa \]\m Magf] m(
ka_Ynaeg Yce]f aj hYkahaclafa(
eg mgd6 aj ca]cna]fYk' cmjk 
b laca' f]Zmk m_\aflYk)
)(&
DS`aYe`W[Oa& o <jgdaYa
la]kY' eYfg aj\a]k _]akeYk aj
eYd\Y  >a]n \Yjgka m bmgk
\d bb a_Yfqeg) W ^]k Y \mg(
\m ba]ek dam\abae' bg_ ba] lmja
mgdme Yh%a] >a]n' Z]l f] hY(
_Yd afgbae) . q^]k f]hYaf\Y(
ea >a]ng l]akqZk aj fgj\Yea
kYnb ac]dla' ba] f]hYka\Yn
>a]ng l]akqZ]a) 7 `d]kklYlqeg
_YdYk qjY Ejaklmk \dfml]akafa(
eg ca]cna]fYelacafaYe) .Ek

hmaca q\ dYmcaeYak' aj bg eajlak Yfl hYk bmgk fjY lacjgk aeafla]k' fjY lYah
cjqaYmk Zmng a]ek hYhaclafaem) NYah hadfg afgbaeg' cY\ ba] hjahYaflm C_Y(
Ylkalacg' cYah hjYfYYng $Fmda) -' ./% fqlgb m G]kab aj  b laclm) ~ $.%
Mae]gfYk)~ $..% Dmk f]lmjal] cg kl]Z( gagfYa ;hYlYdYk hYdam\abY lac Yha] lYa'
la]k' f]k hjYfYYk k]faYa Yha] lYa Zmng cYk Zmng6 bg_]a _a q\YaZmng hYkadacf](
hYkYck) ;hYlYdYk aYkmljYmcaY \mCrYa( afgbae] a kYng cYdlqZk' bak hjahYjg\qk
ag l]cklm $-3' ,1 aj 3' ,/%' cYdZYfam ]) ,/) >a ]ng l] ak q Z  qjY lYa eYdgfk
Yha] G]kab'  na]f kYcaf $hd_) , J]lj) klgnak' cmjk qjY kml]acaYeYk lacafla]ek 
Ejakl \d]a bg fmgh]df) NY l]akqZ
-' 2%) ~ Ejaklmk nY\afYeYk qjY m k a_ Y (
nae g Y c e] f a ea  aj h Y k ah ac laf ae g  _ja]lYa kcajaYka fmg calgk' cmjagkba]cgbg
m g dY ' Ylkan]d_aYfl  lmgk' cmja]  q\Ya' cam(a qjY a \YjZ' f]k aaajegba f](
_Yda Cela hYka]clY h]j eg_Ymk n]acae)
b f]lacbg6 hYlk _a bak Zmng hY\(
lYk lac cYahg hYeYlYk aj jYeklak'cY\f]a( q\Ya f]hYklY lacjgk l]akqZk aj kl]f(
na]fYk' cmjk  b laca' f]Zlm m_\aflYk _aYka ac]dla Ym_lqf lac iWl` l]akqZ6
lg\d ba] aj d[fWi_ZWl km lacbaeg fmka(
$;mck)%)
,+'
,(,.) q\Ya kmcdq\g \d]akYngf]( ]eamaem =_[le j[_ioX[_' cmja laclYa la(
afgbaeg' cY\Yf_a ba] f]hYklY lacjgbg cafla]k \mg\YeY qjY) Jd_) 4' .,)))~ $/%
G[i ijWjoce))) klYlqeYk Zmng q\Yek
a_Yfqeg c]dag)
$,%
;heb_W_ NYk Ylkada]haeYk fjY Yl( \mglYk' cY\ bak Y\aflm b lacbae Yl]a(
kaYfl G]kab aj dq_ YmcdlgbYk h]j kYng
cj]ahlYk  f]lacafamk q\mk' Z]l  kcYa(
lqlgbmk)~. BW c  _hZ_[i ][_icWi_hcWbZW) hja]kYcmk n]klm bmgkhja]bg) Ejaklma Yl(
;hYlYdYk l]akaf_Ya kmna]fabY \m \Ydqcm' bmk' h Ykadag n  klY lq e g  \ Y jZ Y k) NYa_a'
Ejaklmk Zmng aj lackdm aj _Ydm klYlqeg
_]ake aj eYd\) Dg aj\a]k _]akeYk f(
jY Z]j_\aYk' bak klmeaY hja]eYd\gk' cY\ $Eqj)(;d]ck) ;m_)%)~$0% G[iFepjW_f
>a]nYk kml]aclm lacbaeg eYdgf' cmjagk fWhW)))P]ara.Ggr),3'0)>a]nYkaYY\Y
f] lac dYacaf _qn]fae' Z]l qhY aj na(
fa]cYk kYm mkah]dfqla f]_Yda) JjY\]\Yf(
lak kYcaf g\ak yj_[iWv' hYkcma cmj f]a(
kmhajeY Yeafb $;mck) ;m_)%' C[Yah dam(
fY bYe YlkYcYflak Z]l' fmjg\g' bg_ \abY GYl) ,4' ,2 aj Fmc) ,+' -3) NYk_q(
jYf\Yka cdalak' kmlmjafla _]akeg nqcae' n]faeYk Y\YeYk qjY la]ek' cmja] qjY
lacjYak klYlqeg had\qlgbYak' l) q) cmja]
cmja hjaj]f_aY hYlk q\Ya)~ $-% H]a(
jafl  nakmk hY_gfa h]jk]cagbaemk' q\Ya mdYacg nakmk hja]kYcmk' lYjh cmja nakm(
lnajlYa dYacka klYlqeg aj kl]f_ka alaca(
\a\aYmkak qjY >a]ng e]ad $0 Ggr) 1' 06
hd_) GYl) -+' .1%) Ng _a fa]cYk f]_Yd(
eYa b ahad\qla) JYlk ;hYlYdYk Zmng a(
bg hY\Yjqla \d]a caeg kadhfqZk $3' .%
cYdZaf_m hYnqr\am lgcag mgdmeg) <]l

Turinys

6KA& )($ . % ) * &

]faek[jabbkal'imgfaYebmklalaYe'
imY] ]p d]_]]kl'ima^][]jal`g(
eg' nan]l af ]Y) $9KmY] Yml]e
]p ^a\] ]kl bmklalaY' ka[ \a[al5
Q] \ap]a\k af [gj\] lmg5 Kmak
m)k[]f\]laf[g]dme:a\]kl'=`jak(
lme \]\m[]j]5  ;ml imak \](
k[]f\]l af YZqkkme: `g[ ]kl'
=`jaklme Y egjlmak j]ng[Yj])
W M]\ ima\\a[alM[jahlmjY:Jjg(
h] ]kl n]jZme af gj] lmg' ]l
af [gj\] lmg5 `g[ ]kl n]jZme
^a\]a' img\ hjY]\a[Yemk) 4 KmaY
ka [gf^al]Yjak af gj] lmg >gea(
fme D]kme' ]l af [gj\] lmg
[j]\a\]jak img\ >]mk addme km(
k[alYnal Y egjlmak' kYdnmk ]jak)
=gj\] ]fae [j]\almj Y\ bmk(
lalaYe5 gj] Yml]e [gf^]kkag ^al
Y\kYdml]e) 99 >a[al]aaafa M[jah(
lmjY5 Iefak' ima [j]\alafaddme'
fgf [gf^mf\]lmj) MNCWgf ]fae
aj _qn]fYfag bYe] fmka\baeg $2' ,/)))%
Z] \a]nacgk eYdgfk' cmja q\Yek Zmng
kml]acaYeY a Ylnad_ag  Yl]akaYfl G]ka(
b'  cmj ba] lacbg aj hja] cmjag Ylbaeg
j]f_ bmgk klYlqeYk) NYah M) kl) n]f(
la]ba h]j lacbae  Yl]akaYfl G]kab hY(
ka]c\Yng lYa' bg_ ba] lYh\Yng l]akaf_Yak aj
dam\Yea eYdgfb] aj km bgk hY_YdZY ahad(
\q\Yng klYlqe) EalYah \Yj q\Ya' Yha]
cmjamgk aY f]cY ;hYlYdYk5 ba] fgjbg
%%ja_aelgeak khcgeak ahad\qla klYlqeaj
ba]cgbg kYng l]akqZk' m cmja ba]ek Zm(
lm kml]aclYk YeafYk _qn]faeYk' cYahg
lja\]jYflak megc]kfak) NYlYa Ejaklma
fmeajmk aj hjakacdmk'  ]dag na]l
Ylbg la]kY' aj klYlqeYk hYkadagn Zmnk
egcqlgbm' n]\Yfam  Ejakl) EY\Yf_a
q\Ya f]fgjbg  b lacla' ba]ek hYkadacg
klYlqeg jYa\' Z]l Z] eYdgfk bg ahad(
\qema j]acYdaf_gk)~$1) 2)% Ngk] \na]bgk]
]ad) ;hYlYdYk fgja hYjg\qla' cYah ha_aYa
_YmfYeY qjY l]akqZ a lacbaeg' aj hY(
lnajlafY lYa YlkYcYfaYa hjalYacqlYak g(
\aYak a 1 Ggr) .A' ,,~,/) EYah ha(
_aYa _Ydbg Zlak]adaYmk hYaflYkh]jGgr
Yh_YjkaflYk klYlqeYk' lYah ha_aYa _YdaZ(
la \YZYj hYka]clY YhYlYd Yh_YjkaflY la(
cbaeg l]akqZ) EYah Yfmge]l q\Ya f](
j]acYdYng caYmkafla]kdq_kmYZ]bgbaem' cYk
m]f_lm  \Yf_ klYlqeg a l]f Ylf]l'
lYah \YZYj' cY\Y Ejaklmk Ylbg aj kYng

0,)

 Ggr lYah hYjY Yha] l]akqZ'


cmja ]afY a klYlqeg5 eg_mk'
cmjk b had\qk' Zmk bgb] _qnYk)
4 N]akqZ' cmja qjY alacbaeg'
lYah cYdZY5 H]kYcqckYngaj\q(
b]5 EYk m]f_k a \Yf_: lYa
qjY' EjaklYmk ]eqf fmn]klm)
, ;jZY cYk fm]f_k bZ]\m_f:
lYa qjY' EjaklYmk afmeajmkam
bbYYmclm) { <]lckYcgLYlYk:
;jla qjY g\ak lYng Zmjfgb] aj
lYng aj\qb]6 lYa qjY lacbaeg
g\ak' cmjae]kYhkYcge]) 4H]k
b]a lm  kYngZmjfYab%YbklaPa](
hYl Dr' aj kYng aj\qb] laca'
bg_ >a]nYk b hjacd Wu fmea(
jmka' Zm)ka a_YfqlYk' a} H]k
aj\aea lacaeY \d fml]akafa(
eg' g ZmjfY \YjgeYk qjY ahY(
afaeYk \d a_Yfqeg)
H]k
LYlYk kYcg5 Ea]cna]fYk'cmjk 
b laca' f]Zmkm_\aflYk) MN
eajlaea mh]df l]akqZ' fa]cYk f]Z]j]a(
cYdYmbY kckla]k' Zmc ZmlmkmfcmYjZYf](
_YdaeY _Ymla l]akqZ' dq_(cY\ aj\YZYjlm(
jlmee ba]cgla cg fgjk' cYk emek Yl(
_YZ]flm ak \Yf_Ymk Pa]hYl' cmjk emk
Ylhajclm) J]j >a]ng MfYmk kacfabae
$]) 1% aj bg eajl $]) 2% emk YlhajcaeYk
bYm hadfYa nqcg)~ $3% ; [j MY iWae)))
;fgl _jYac) l) JgnadYk lgd]kfaYa hY\mg\Y
l hYl hYn]ackd' cmjaYe] l]akqZ cYdZY'
lgdaYmk lk\YeY l]ckl' hYael a 0 Ggr)
.+) <]l c(_a bak kYcg: ~ : h j_ ohW)))
C_Yfqeg _Ynaema f]j]acaY lYmh]j]ala ](
e]k' h]jhdYmcla bmjYk' dahla Yfl cYdf'
f]k lYng aj\qb] aj lYng Zmjfgb] qjY a(
_Yfqeg hja]Yklak $;mck)%' ahYafaeYk
ZmjfY aj lacbaeYk aj\aea)~ $4% PYj(
\Yk D r m k  hY]fcdafY n ] f aY m ka  C_Y(
fqlgbg eg_qkl' g nYj\Yk P a] h Y lk  bg
\a]nqkl~ AqnYk lacbaeYk _YmfY l]akq(
Z6 Z]l cY\ _Ymlmeea_Yfqe' e]k lm (
jae] l l]akqZ alacaeYa mdYacqla aca ]o(
n]faeg _Ydma) I lYa _Yda lac lmge]l
nqcla' cY\ e]k aj\a]k lacbae ahY(
klYe] ZmjfY cYk\agfafaYe] _qn]fae]) ~
$,,% EY\ lYk egckdYk q\Yek f]ajg\qlm
fYmbYk' ;hYlYdYk hYlnajlafY b M) kl) g(
\aYak' hYaelYak a Cr) -.' ,1)~ D khi 
__ j_a_5  ZjYf_ Yce]f Magfg hYeY(
lmgk] $hd_) 4' ..%'  Ejakl) ~ $,-, Di
M dhW ia_hjkce))) Ejaklmk Pa]hYlk f]

Turinys

0-'(

CH?% '&# VC $'-%c

kl \aklaf[lag Dm\Y]a' ]l AjY][a5


mYe a\]e>geafmkgefame' \a(
n]kafgef]k' imaafng[Yfladdme)
,. Iefak ]fae' ima[meim] af(
ng[Yn]jalfge]f>geafa' kYdnmk
]jal)
),, Kmgeg\g ]j_gaaog[YZmfl'
af im]e fgf [j]\a\]jmfl: ;ml
imgeg\g [j]\]fl ]a' im]efgf
Ym\a]jmfl: Kmgeg\g Yml]e Ym(
\a]fl kaf] bfY]\a[Yfl]: a}Kmg(
eg\g n]jg hjY]\a[YZmfl faka
eallYflmj: ka[ml k[jaa>lme ]kl5
KmYe kh][agka h]\]k ]nYf_]da(
rYflamehY[]e']nYf_]darYflame
ZgfY dgM]\ fgf gef]k gZ]\a(
mfl ?nYf_]dag) CkYaYk ]fae \a(
[al5 >geaf]imak[j]\a\alYUa\alma

fjY kcajlmeglYjhq\gaj_jYa(
cg6 f]k lYk hYlk qjY nakmPa](
hYlk' lmjlaf_Yk naka]ek' cmja] 
b Ymd\Yka) a. CMN]k ca]cna]fYk'
cmjk Ymckak nYj\g> Pa]hYla]k'
Zmk a_YfqlYk)
,,
EYah _a lY lba]Ymckak#hja]
lg'  cmja f]lacbg: ;jZY cYah
lack  l' Yha] cmj f]_aj\bg:
EYah _a a_ajk Z] YV%kYcgbYf[ag:
,0 <]l cYah YhkYcgk' b]a fjY
kamkla: cYah >YjYqlY qjY5 EYah
_a \Yadagk cgbgk kc]dZaYfab
jYeqZ' YhkYcgbYfambm' cYk_](
jY ,1 <]l f] nakahYcdmkfmkqjY
?nYf_]dabYa' f]k CrYabYk kYcg5
Pa]hYla]cYk lacbg lYe' ca
emki _aj\bg: f NYa_a' lacba(

lac a_jagn ka]f' kcajaYfa q\mk fmg C Odb] h Y ae la'lm j a kYnqb] hjYfYqkl
hY_gfa' Z]l bak kmjafcg lYahg_a Yhkamk b Yha] ?nYf_]dabgkhkYcgbae) Ha]cYk f](
fmgh]df lmjlmk naka]ek' cmja] \Yjg' cYk C _Yda Ymcla]k  Ejakl' cYk  b f]laca'
fmg b  j]acYdYmbYeY'ajahYklYlacbae a Ha]cYk f]_Yda  b lacla' fa]cg Yha] b
b ZmjfY aj \YjZYak)~$,.% G]kabgdYacmgk]  f]_aj\bk6 Z]l f]_Yda Yha] a a_ajkla' b]a
_qnYk lacbaeYka Ejakl qjY naka]ek eg( # bYe lY afaY f]Zmk c]fg fgjk Ylf]lY
fek na]fYlaea c]dam' n]\Yfam  l]akqZ  Ha]cYk _a f]_Yda Ylf]la' cYk fjY
5 hja\]jYeYa kamklYk) NYa_a' >a]nYk lmnbI#
aj a_Yfqe) Dgd) -' 3-6 ;h\) -' -,
,/( -,) q\ f]afgbaeYk hY]afY ab akakla ?nYf_]dabgk YhkYcglgbaak' cYah bak
hYa nYdagk aj cYdlqZk' lg\d ba] hYlk # ba]j CrYab Y\bk qjY hY\Yjqla) NYk _a
\Ynhja]YklkYngakcqjaema a af]kaYfa( kamflaeYk a]afY fmg EjaklYmk aj fmg l'
C cmja]ek bak kml]ac nYd\a kakla' l) q)
cgk cYjYdqklk)
$,/% D W_f]_ jWj W_jbYi_i))) ;hY5 fmg YhYlYd aj b h\afa' nqkcmh)
lYdYk' kmja\YeYk l fYm kljYahkf  EYk cYah calYah kaklYk qjY' lYk f]lmja
km hjYbmkamgbm' a Yfg hYkcmlafa g\a W lacjg kamflafag aj qjY lac kYe\afafcm'
aeY hjg_ hYjg\qema' cYk lYe YlkaYmca( ' Z]l f] lacjm Zjag _Yfqlgbm) Jd_) Dg)
 -+'-,)~$,1% CrYabYk' cYahg hjYfYYk' eY(
ema j]acYdaf_Y a >a]ng hmkk $]) ,/),0%
ajaegfahmkk$]) ,1),2%' cY\bak _Ydlm l Yl]afYfamk ?nYf_]dabgk YhkYcglgbmk aj
n]klaa_Yfqe) C>a]nghmkkj]acYdaf_Y' W kn]acafY bmgk km \aYm_kem6 lYa_a' _YdaeY
cY\ ?nYf_]dabY YhkYcgbYfaY Zmlm lYe  Zmng lacla]k' bg_ naka km ea]dm fgjmhja(
lacja hYkamflafa' emka kYng hYkamfla( 6 aek bb YhkYcgbae6 Z]l \]bY f]naka $l) q)
fqkl a > a]n g ) OjY hYkYcqlY YacaYa' f]\Ym_]dak lYjh q\% baYcdaakfk Zmng _](
cYk j_[_\_a`ex' lYa_a' _YdaeY kmhjYkla' bg_ jYa HYmba]fYa5 O_[fWj_[' MYWi)) ]_hZ`e9
q\Ya aj hY_gfk)~$,0% ;hYlYdYk YhjYg NYah l l]ckl kmhjYlg Ija_]fYk) Eala
hYhjYkl >a]ng;hn]ar\gk c]da ?nYf_]da( _a an]jaY6 EYk lacbg lYe' cYk emek
bgk hjYhdYlafae]) <]l >a]nYk _Yda aj ca( $q\Yek%YhkYcqlYZmng)~L]acaY hYleqla'
lYah Yln]kla c fgjk lacbae' cYahJgna( cY\ Pmd_Ylgk g\ak5 WkZ_jki' ]h)  \rgn6'
dYk hYlk Yfl kYnk Zmng hjalqjk' cY\Y cY\Yf_a dq_mk qjY ]Zj) [ck$W^' j]a(
c]daYng >YeYkcYf)~D W_ffWhWojW ohW' caY agfYa aj k]c) ]ad) lYa' cYk qjY
hYk Cr) 0-'2) Na]kY' hjYfYYk hY( C _aj\aeY6 lg\d l]akaf_Ya _Yda Zla hYnY(
Yck qjY lmgk g\amk Yha] cal Yakalaca( \mglYk g\am5 hjY]\a[Ylag' YhkYcgbaeYk'
e' Z]l lYkYa YlkalacaeYk Yfgl hYla]k hjY( lYah(hYlcYah lgb] hYagb] Paad_) calmjn]j(
fYg YjlaeaYmkaYa kmjalYk qjY km e]kaY( aYeYk u#jY5 jmegj' _aj\Yk $Ggjc) ,'-3%'
facmgbma_Yfqem' aj qjY lYjkabg hjY\aY' ^YeY' _YjkYk $GYl) ,/',%aj c)~%,2&MW_(
lYah cY\ CrYabg g\aYa' aj jYa\afb] hjYk( ]_' j_a`_cWi _ WfiWbYe`_ce))) C EjaklYmk)

Turinys

9H?% '&# '.f ('%

aag)kljg: ,# ?j_g ^a[d]k ]p Ym\a(


lm' Ym\almk Yml]e h]j n]jZme
=`jakla) M]\ \a[g6 C^meima\
fgf Ym\a]jffl: ? l ima\]e af
gef]e l]jjYe ]panal kgfmk ]g(
jme' ]l af ^af]k gjZak l]jjY]
n]a#ZY]gjme' M]\\a[g6 ?Nme(
ima\ CkjY]d fgf [g_fgnal: J ja(
emkGgqk]k \a[al5?_gY\Y]em(
dYlagf]e ngk Y\\m[Ye af fgf
_]fl]e6 af _]fl]eafkaha]fl]e'
af ajYe ngk eallYe) NLCkYaYk
Yml]e Ym\]l' ]l\a[al5 Cfn]flmk
kmeYfgf imY]j]flaZmk e]6hY(
dYe YhhYjma aak' imae]fgf af(
l]jjg_YZYfl) NM ;\CkjY]dYml]e
\a[al5 NglY \a] ]phYf\a eYfmk
e]Yk Y\ b%ghmdme fgf [j]\]f(
l]e' ]l [gfljY\a[]fl]e)
hYj\qeg'cmjkkamfaYkYngYhYlYdmk) Mm(
da_ hjYfYg kcmf\gk la]'cmja]ek ?nYf_](
dabY YhkYcqlY qjY' f] laclYa _Ydbg lacla'
MFL f]Zlm Zmn' b]a ba]ek f]Zmlm Zmn
YhkYcglY %jW_]_' j_a`_cWi _ WfiWae`_l_e
e]afY%' Z]l \Yj lmjbg lacla' lmjbg
hYj]a_a Zmja f]Zmlm Zmnmk Yfl b m\(
lY' b]a ?nYf_]dabY f]Zmlm Zmnmk YhkYcg(
bYafY hja\]jYeYa akakl hYkamflafa $g
WfiWae_cWi f[h aj l) l)% ~ $,3%) P]ar)
Ck) ,3' 0) ;hYlYdYk mc]jlY c]da na(
ka]ek akacYdZafbaeYfak) D]a cYk kYcqlm5
dYa ba] f]_aj\bg: Ngca]ek n) JgnadYk
YlkYcqk6 >Yf_mk aj ]e _aj\bg' g bmk'
a cmja lYjhg abg YhkYcglgbYa aj lYjh
zcmja lYah ad_Ya hYkadacg' f]Zlmel _aj(
\b $;mck%)~$,4% P]ar) 0 Ggr) .-'
-,) AYd q\Ya f]hYafg ?nYf_]dabgk _Ydq(
Zk: <]l aj hY_gfk bY h]jeYl $;mck)
d#ge)%) NYa hYdam\abY hYlk klYlqeg \Yn(
)bYk' Ggr) );fgl ;lc) .-) h)) >a]nYk fgja
kml]acla lYah \Ym_ ]eac _]jY\Yjqka
CrjY]dag cYaeafqklb] ]kYfagek lYmlgek'
cY\ hYla ajafclgba lYmlY hjY\k bgek b
ClYnq\la) <]l lY hjYfYqkl hadfYa nqcg'
a^Y\Y >a]nYk hYklYl hajegb] na]lgb] hY(
_gfak lYahg_a a_Yfqeg kml]acae]'q\Yek
Yle]lmk G]kab) JY_gfk qjY f](lYmlY'
f]n]jlY >a]ng YcqnYar\gb] lYmlgk nYj\g' V
lYmlY f]lafcYfla\a]nacgkla]kgk hYafaema

0.)

eYk a YhkYcgbaeg' L YbbkYcgba(


eYk b>]j EjaklYmk g\a) <]l
kYcYm5 ;j_a ba] f]_aj\bg: Cj
na]fgc6  nak ]e abg bm
ZYdkYk' aj bf  g\aYa aca ]ek
cjYlma) < ]l kYcYm5 _Yd CrjY(
dak f]kmhjYlg: JajeYkak kYcg
Ggr5 ; b%jan]kam bmk hja] hY(
nq\g f](lYmlYa' Yln]kam bmk a
jklqZ hja] lYml f]aeaflaf(
laf_) NL g  CrYabYk hYka\jkafY
aj kYcg5 Nf' cmja]eYfkf]ba](
cgbg' jYklYk ]km6 YacaYa b%Ykajg(
\aYm la]ek' cmja] Yha] eYf]
f]kacdYmk) NM CrjYdama _a kYcg5
J]j ;k \a]f ala]kaYm kYng
jYfcYk hja] lYmlgk f]lacafagk
aj hja]lYjYmbYfagk)

%d[_c_dj_d]&)~$-+%P]ar)Cr) 10',) CrYa(


bYk h]j_Yda nak egfa ZYae aj nak 
bmgk Ylkan]d_ae)~Na]ek' cmja] _qn]fg
klYZe]d\qklb] $>a]ng d[`_[ae`e& aj f](
ljgcg bg Yhj]acaeg) >a]nYk hYka\Yj a(
fgeYkh]j lacbaegkc]dZae'lYa_a'aj CrjY(
]dak' cmjk \aYm_ka a hYafaeg lacjgbg
>a]ng aj bg klYlqeg' aj _qjka bg lYjfq(
kl]' _Ydbg aj lmjbg kmhjYkla bYe YhkY(
cql ?nYf_]dab)~ $-,% P]ar) Cr) 10' -)
>a]nYk lYe] hYn]ackd] Yhj]acaY kYng \a(
\aaj f]kadaYmbYfa e]ad' cmja bak km(
l]ac kYng ajafclYbYa lYmlYa) + ba f] lac
f]cdYmk >a]ng hYcna]lae' Z]l \Yj km(
C\dg hja] Pa]hYl fmgdYlafaYak klYlqeg
da]j]f_afaYak' qhY _almge]l' cY\YYle](
l Ejakl aj Ylkle ?nYf_]dab)
<Ya_\YeYkYacafla kYflacamklYjh ?nYf(
_]dabgk aj q\ lYmlYa hY\Yjqlaqb Y\ba(
e' ;hYlYdYk' h]jk]j_bk' bg_ a \YZYj(
lafag \Ym_]dag q\ f]lacbaeg Z] j]acYdg
khj]f\aYeY Yha] nakgk lYmlgk Yle]lae'
lgdafmk egcg' bg_ lYk f]lacbaeYk d]aklYk
qjY aeaflaf_aYmkam >a]ng fmlYjae6 f]
bak hjYn]jaY hY_gfam a_Yfqema' cmja]
kYng lacbaem Yln]k lYahg_a q\mk  lac(
bae' cY\ lYah na]fa calmk km]dh\Yea
adamgkmgla Zmlm aa f]lacbaeg)

Turinys

0/)

= W  ' ' #' $+ %

Q# 8OPO`bW\Wa =f`OFZW] Ob[SbW[Oa$ Yc`WO[ 8WSdOa ZSWR| }deYbWN


bc`|a aOdO[S ZOWYS UOZz&
7O^cbJ=& , >a[g ]j_g5 Hmfa(
ima\>]mkj]hmdalhgaWmdmekmme:
;Zkal) HYe ]l ]_g CkjY]dalY
kaae ]p k]eaf] ;ZjYcYe' \]
ljaZm <]fbYeaf5 %Hgf j]hmdal
>]Nak b>d]Z]ekmYe' imYe hjY](
k[anal);f f]k[alak af ?daY ima\
\a[al M[jahlmjY6 im]eY\eg\me
afl]jb>]ddYl>]meY\n]jkmeCkjY(
]d: . >geaf]' C%jghZ]lYk lmgk
g[[a\]jmfl' YdlYjaY lmY km^^g\](
jmfl5 ]l ]_g j]da[lmkkme kgdmk'
]limY]jmflYfaeYee]Ye) M]\
ima\ \a[al adda \anafme j]khgf(
kme: L]daima ea`a k]hl]e ead(
daY najgaNae' ima fgf [mjnYn](
jmfl_]fmYYfl]<YYd) WMa[ ]j_g
]l af dag[ l]ehgj] a]daimax< k](
[mf\me ]d][lagf]e _jYlaY] kYd(

Z W &  DS`aYe`W[Oa& # NYa_a' Y


kYcYm5 ;j_a >a]nYk YlklekY(
ng lYml: PakYa f] f]k aj Y
CrjYdalYk ]km' a ;ZjYgeg nYa(
cm'a<]fbYeafg_aeafk) N>a](
nYk f]Ylklme kYng lYmlgk' cm(
ja baajebbYafg) ;j f]afgl]' c
kYcg LYlYk h]jkcqjae] Yb]a]
?dab' cYabb lYkYakcmf\aYka>a](
nma hja] CrjYdb5 W Pa]9Yla]
ba] mem lYng hjYfYmk' a(
_jagn lYng Ydlgjamk6 aj Y hY(
kadacYm na]fYk' aj ba] ba]cg eY(
fg _qnYkla]k) 8 <]l c bYe kY(
cg\a]nacYk YlkYcqeYk: ;hY(
kadacYm kYm k]hlqfaklmcklYfamk
nqjm'cmja]f]kmd]fcc]dambYja]
<YYd) 0NYah lY l aj amg dYacm
da]cYfgk hY_Yd eYdgfk ajafca(

,~,+) q\m YlkleaeYk fmg e]( d]a' haclYaZ]\a]nag;cYZgegfYa)~B]h_e(


kaYfacgbg a_Yfqeg hYda]aY f] nak lYm( l jWle Wbjeh_ki) q\Yek nYdaY Zmng lm(
l' Z]l lac bgk \Yd' cmja hYkajg\ Y l ( jla lac na]f Ydlgja D]jgrgdaegb]) ;dlg(
jaYa _a agfYa hYeafla' fgjk aj hja]af_Ya
cYcda)
$,%
: h\\_ =_[lWi Wjij_c  iWle jWkj9klYlqema hYklYlqla aj \dlg l]akaf_Ya eYd(
;hYlYdYk Z] YZ]bgfk lmjbg aY eaflqb] C \af_ cYjYda _jaYmfYea' na]fgc hYkcajla
g\amk Jk) 4.' ,/)~;j_a bYm >a]nYk ZmnF lacjg >a]ng hY_YjZafaema' aj b_jag(
lYah Ylkle ajafclb lYml' bg_ CrjY]( naeYk laclYa a f]YhqcYflgk  lacjgbg>a](
dak nakYk f]ZjY bg lYmlY' aj f]bgca bgk ng _YjZafae f]_Ydbg Zla hY_ajlYk)~; 
\Ydak' f]ana]fYk bgk kfYjak f]Z]_Yda \Yaa( fWi_b_aWk l_[dWi a nak lacjgbg >a]ng
_aYmk kcYalqla kYnYak aj dYaelalYmlYa >a]( _YjZaflgb) Ha]cg \Ym_aYmk f]ZjY nakg(
ng \mglmgkamkhYY\baemk:~B h  W BphW[( b] lYmlgb]' cmjk lYm hjacdYmkqlm) Jd_) .(
b_jWi [ik))) ;hYlYdYk jaelYa hYqea' bg_ EYj) ,4' ,+)~$/% Jf#]EYYSa)<YYdak Zm(
bak hYlk qjY a ;ZjYgeg nYac aj lYa a ng kYmd nYar\abYfla \a]nqkl)NYah kcYe(
lgk _aeafk' cmja' kmna]fqlY km Dm\g _a( ZYfa g\a fa]cmj fjY n) LYl]' Z]l
eaf]' nakmge]l ^`WYZOca| hja] >a]ng lYm( bmgk ha_m an]kla a g\a' cmjaYak >a](
lgk) D]a >a]nYkZmlm Yle]lk nak CrjY]d' nYk jYeafg ?dab) McYaldaf 2 j]_aeYa'
lYabak f]Zmlm algklYmlgkhYnY\afkYhY( lmja agfYa hjYke c]d]lg' cYah lYfcaYa
lYd)~$-% MWkjei'akh_ f_hcfWp_de5 cm( n) LYl] $hd_) , Ggr) /' ,06 .Ggr) -1'
ja bak cYah kYn hYafg aj hjahYafg fmg ,3)-/) -3%) >a]nYk mdYac kYm lmgkeg(
Yea) >a]nYk akajafcg kYm l lYml6 f]k' c]d]l lcklYfa' l) q) kYng eYdg(
lYa_a' bak fa]cmge]l f]Yle]k bgk nakgk' na( feak kmlmjbg' cY\ ba] \jYm_ km calYak
kmge]l Zmk bgb] cYacmja] alacaea >a]ng f]hmdlm  klYZe]d\qkl)~q^&MW_f jWj _h
lYjfYa)~: h  d[_dej[))) C lg' cY\ nakY _ke bW_ak))) EYah Yfmge]l ?dabg dYac]'
lYmlY j]_aka Ylkle lacbae  ?nYf_]da( lYah aj \YZYj >a]nYk mdYac a CrjYdag
b' \Yj f]a]afY' bg_ ba nakY >a]ng Yle]k( f]\Ym_]d' cmja] hYafg kYng G]kab aj
lY qjY' cYah hYjg\g ?dabg hYnqr\ak)~$.% hYka\Yn ?nYf_]dabYa) D]a b  kcYaldamk hYlk
O_[fWj_[ C_[ kck))) . EYj) ,3' /) kYnqb] aj fjY nakYa eYYk' lgcamg \Yjgka
hYdq_aflYk km nakgk lYmlgk kcYaldamea)~
Oem CrjY]dag nYacYa' da]haYfl DrYZ(

Turinys

; ? 7 # %%! * "% % #

)F.#

nY] ^Y[lY] keal) Ma Yml]e_jY( e a_]dZlgk lYhg) | <]l b]a


laY' bYe fgf ]p gh]jaZmk5 Ydag( h]j eYdgf' lYabYm f]a\YjZm'
imaf _jYlaY bYe fgf ]kl _jYlaY) f]k calYia eYdgf bYm f]Zmlm
R Kma\ ]j_g: img\ imY]j]ZYl eYdgf) W EYah lYl: Eg CrjY](
CkjY]d' Zg[ fgf ]kl [gfk][mlmk5 dak ba]cgbg' lg bak f]_Yng' ga(
]d][lag Yml]e[gfk][mlY]kl5 []( jafcla]ba _Yng' cala _a YbaYd\fla
l]jan]jg ]p[Y][Yla kmfl5 k' ka[ml qjY' W cYia hYjYqlY qjY5 >a](
k[jahlme ]kl5 >]\al addak >]mk nYk ba]ek \Yn Yhcmjlaeg \nY(
khajalme [gehmf[lagfak5 g[mdgk ka' Ycak' a\Yfl f]j]_lm' aj Ym(
ml fgf na\]Yfl' ]lYmj]kmlfgf kak' a\Yfl f]_aj\lm aca aYa \a](
Ym\aYfl' mkim] af `g\a]jfme fYa) 3 Cj >gna\YkkYcg5 N]najklY
\a]e) W? l >Yna\ \a[al5 ?aYl bla klYdYkba]ek YZYf_Yak ajkd(
e]fkY ]gjme af dYim]me' ]laf klm'ajhY N`clafaem ajYldq_afaem)
[Yhlagf]e' ]l af k[Yf\Ydme' ]l
N[Yhl]eklY bmYcak' a\Yflf](
af j]ljaZmlagf]e addak' #gIZk[m( j]_lm' aj bm fm_YjbaYd]fccna(
j]flmj g[mda ]gjmef] na\]Yfl5 kmge]l)
]l\gjkme]gjmek]eh]jaf[mjnY)
EdYmkam lYl5 ;j_a ba] lYia
#, >a[g ]j_g5 Bmeima\ ka[ a mka_Yng'cY\fmhmdlm: ;dakYaf]
g^^]f\]jmflml [Y\]j]fl: ;Zkal) b Z]l ba]j bm cYdlqZ qjY a_Yfq(
M]\ addgjme \]da[lg' kYdmk ]kl ; eYk baY_gfaek' a\Yfl \a\aYajm(
IW]Wb cWbedi _h_d^_c5 kmda_ ajafca( # bj]aca kmhjYkla lac hjalYacafYegb]hjYk(
eg' nqcklYfag h]j eYdgf' cmja qjY 5 eb] Yha] Ejakl aj bgcYjYdqkl) Na]kY'
Z] fmgh]df aj f] a \YjZ)~$1%<]l `[_ X g\ahjYke qjYe]lY^gjacY'f]kl]akmkak
f[h cWbed))) D]a eYdgf f]\gnYfYa \mg( t klgna na]lgb] EjaklYmk' l]akab l]akagbg)
lY' ba f]ZjY eYdgf $;m_%)NYa_a'eYdgf b JYkcmlafaYahkYdekg\aYafmjg\gZYmke'
f]_YdaZla kmbmf_lYkm cgcaYfgakhja]\]j( t cYahg ca]l Yldq_afae)uLjWbWi qjY \a](
e]) Ha]cYk a lg' cYknqcklY hajefml]a( W nacYk klYlqeYk YjZY n) LYlYk $Ija_)%'
kafaeg' f]a lacbaeYk' f]a _]ja \YjZYa f]( cmjk ba]ek lYhk kdYklYak' cY\Y hYfa]caf(
mbb]dfg hYagk fml]akafaeg eYdgfk $Nja\) \Yea >a]ng l]akqZ ba]cgbgkYngkagk) EYah
Jgk) 1) h) 3%)~$2% G[]Wle5 f]k CrjYdak lYa _Ydbg nqcla' aj]acaY Yfljgba kYcafag
Ylkaklgbg Yfl f]lacjg c]dag aj' fgj\YeYk \Ydak hg hjYc]acaeg anYar\Y)~$,+% M[(
fml]akaflYk Zla h]jkYng\YjZmk' kalj]fc Wfj[cijW))) >a]nYk Ylaek a b  kYng na](
k' aj \agb] hYka\Yjqk lYekm' lYah cY\
 hYkahaclafaeg Yce]f $hd_) 4' .+))6,+)
N ) .%) ~ Bh_daj_[`_ ]Wle))) GYY \Ydak ba] f]lac f]Z]kmhjYk \Ym_aYmk kYng klY(
qb_[aWdei fW]Wb cWbedi _h_da_c ]) ?% lqeg' Z]l hYlk klYlqeYk lYhk ba]ek lYah
kmfcaY aj ca]lY fYlY' cY\bakmd]fck b
_Yng l]akqZ a lacbaeg' \Ym_meY' f]ka(
jhaf\YeY Yha] >a]ng l]akqZ' ba]cgag fm_Yj aj f]Z]d]ak ba]ek la]kaYa klgnla)
,,(-/) >YZYjlafak q\ Yle]laeYk d]ak(
kYngkagk $,+' .% aj Zmng lYah YhYcaflm'
bg_ f]hjahYafg kYng G]kabg)~"  #  D W_f lYk qjY aeaflaf_aYmkam >a]ng fmlYjaem6
fWhWojW))) JgnadYk aY hY\mg\Y damg( bak nakmhajeY lYjfYmbYhY_gfaa_Yfqema'
Z]l _Ydgh hjYn]jk aj CrjY]dag a_Yfq(
kYa hjYke g\a a 0 Ggr) -4' .) /)
;hYcaeYk' cmj ae]lafbY Ggr kYng ema)
$,,%
DbWki_k jW j)) ;j_a >a]nYk'
na]flYmaYek' qjYhYn]ackdm q\ YhYcaeg
Ylae\YeYk a q\ \d]a b f]lacbaeg
a Ylnad_ag  Ejakl) $EYah j]acaYkmhjYk(
kYng eYdgf]k' lYah d]a\ \a\]kfaYbYa b
la g\ak yZWlv' n]ar) h]jkc) 4) hYYaca(
fae ,3%) ~ $4% B h  =el_ZWi iWae))) \YdaYa mka_Ymla  hYkahaclafaeg Yce]f'
EY\ lY hkYde' cmjagk g\amk ;hYlYdYk cY\ bYm f]Z]dacg f]abgcagk nadla]k bYlka(
$aaa hY\mg\Y $Jk) 13' -.) -/%' q jY e]ka( cdaeg: Hgjk Ejaklmk fmeaj m nakmk
YfacY' lYah YacaYa hYjg\ hYlk Pa]hYlk egf]k aj kYng YhYlYdYek da]h kc]dZla
$Dg) ,0' -0% aj YhYlYdYa $Dg) -' ,26 ?nYf_]dab nakgek lYmlgek' na]fgc >a](
;h\) ,' -6 ?qe) ,1' ,.%)bg_ h]fclYkak na( nYk fgjbg' cY\ a_Yfqeg HYmba]fY Zmlm
nakmhajeY fmf]lY q\Yek' cmja]ekhY\Y(
kmglafYk ln 3mkajafcaeYk hYke]jcN](
jqla Zmng hYY\baeYa' g hYkcma bYm hY(
g\gj' Gghkn]kla]l' cmjk lnajlafg' Zmc

Turinys

()"

<A9" $$ $%K$*"

_]flaZm)k aal addgk Yeamdgflmj)


Kmg\ ka \]da[lme addgjme\a(
nalaYk kmfl emf\a' ]l \aeafmlag
]gjme \analaYk _]flame5 imYflg
eY_akhd]falm\g ]gjme: RgZak
]fae \a[g _]flaZmk5 KmYe\am
ima\]e ]_g kme_]flame ;hgk(
lgdmk' eafakl]jame e]me dagfg(
ja^a[YZg' kaimgeg\g Y\Ykem(
dYf\me hjgng[]e [Yjf]e e](
Ye' ]l kYdngk ^Y[aYe Ydaimgk ]p
addak) ,0Ma ]fae Yeakkag ]gjme'
j][gf[adaYlag ]kl emf\a5 imY]
Ykkmehlag' faka nalY]pegjlmak:
Kmg\ka \]daZYlagkYf[lY ])kl']l
eYkkY5 ]lkajY\ap kYf[lY']ljYea)
Kmg\ka Ydaima ]pjYeak ^jY[la
kmfl'lmYml]e[megd]Ykl]j]kk]k'
afk]jlmk ]k af addak' ]l kg[amkjY(
\a[ak' ]l bWaf_m]\aaaak gdanj] ^Y[(
lmk ]k' 93aRgda _dgjaYja Y\n]jkmk

haflka ba]ek b>jadq_la) D]a bm


cYdlqZ qjY b%YkYmdag lmjlYk' aj
kmeYbaeYkW~ hY_gfam lmjlYk'
cYah_a dYZaYmk Zmk bmbaadfmeYk:
Z^]k YkYcYmbmek' hY_gfaek5
Ea]c Y ]km hY_gfaaa;hYlYdYk'
Y dgnafm kYng lYjfYnae'
Z]_ f]hYjY_afkam cYah fgjk lm'
cmja] hY_Yd cf eYfg _]flak
qjY' cY\Yfa]ekhjadq_lm' ajZ](
f]a_]dZkam cYacmjam abm)
Ek b]a bm YlkleaeYk qjY hY(
kYmdag km\]jafaem' cmgea Zmk
b  hjaeaeYk' b]a f] Yl_abaem
a fmeajmka:
D]a hajeafaYa
n]fla qjY' lgcaY Cbmk lYahg_aaj
nakY cjnY6 aj b]a Ycfak n]flY
qjY' lgcagk Zmk aj Ycgk) 9# I
b]a cYacmjagk Ycgk fmdYmlgk
qjY' lm _a' dYmcafak Ydqngk e](
\ak Zmnk' lYjh b  \a]_lYk ]ka

_gfaek) EY\Yf_a q\Ya Ylklea_Yfqe'


Ylkalacg' bg_ YhYlYdYa cj]ahka  hY_gfak
ajba]ekYlf]a_YfqehajeaYmk'f]_mq(
\Yek) NYah q\ f]lacbaeYk qjY f]hja](
Yklaea' Z]l lac hjg_Y n]ac]kfag ?nYf_](
dabgk Yhkc]dZaeg baY_gfaek) NYa_a' q\Ya
hjanYdg Zaala hYjY_aflYak' ClY\ lYahg_a hja(
kana]aaqlm hja] <Yfqagk) ~ $,-% Lhj(
&__Wr_cWi5 eYYk kcYaldamk l' cmja] _Y(
ng a_Yfqe' cY\Y) q\ \Ym_meY b fmg
kYnk Ylkle)~ D W_f]_ bWX_Wki`__ f _b(
dkcWi9 JadfmeYk YjZY hadfYk kcYaldamk'
l) q) nakY lYmlY' b]a ba lYahg_a Ylkan]jk'
Zmk hYkYmdag' hY_gfa lmjlYak) ~ $,.%
G[i W iWaWk `kci'fW]ed_ci) >a\]kfag(
ba Lqeg ZYfqagk \Ydak Zmng kmka\Yjamka
a Yln]jklb hY_gfa) ~ ;  bel_dk
iWle jWhdWl_c' l) q) la]c ca]c hY_gfa
;hYlYdYk ]km' Y' \YjZmgldYegk lYjh b
km \a\am mgdmem aj bmgk  lacbae Yl(
n]jk\YeYk' dgnafm lYjfqkl eYf hYn]kl
\d]a b  fYm\gk6 Z]l lYah l lYjfqkl dg(
naf\YeYk Y e_afm' Z]f]hYkak]ck eYf
hYY\afla eYfg na]flYma' cY\ aj ba]
kl]f_lka hjadq_la Yln]jkla]ek hY_gfaek aj
lYah fgjk cYacmja] _Ymlm a_Yfqe)~
$,0% G[i `k  Wjijc_cWi))) ;lklea(
eYk YlkYcg' cYahg ZYmke'q\ hYka]d_a(
ema ]) ,-' cmja] hYlk Ylkle lacae)
JYkYmdag km\]jafaeYk' h]j cmj hY_gfk
lYhg >a]ng hja]l]daYak $0' ,+%' YlkYcg g(
\aYek5 fWiWkb_e jkhjWi $]) ,-% aj hY_g(

fa _]WdocWi $]) ,,%) ~ Ngk _YfY


hYafagk ]admlk hjYke fjY Yaca' Z]l ba
j]_aeYa f])kakcajaY fmg hjYkek ,-) ]ac5
a _]jg nYakaYmk' cmjk bYm jY\gka hY_g(
faek' a dYacafag q\ \Ym_megk Yle]la(
eg khbYeY Yha] \Yj dafcke]kfamk nYa(
kamk' cmja _YdaeY dacla]k a ZmkaYfag
nakgk lYmlgk Ylkan]jlaeg) Egca] ba] na]fgc
Zmk' fjY YacaYa aj]aclY' f]k ;hYlYdg
hYkYcqeYk5 Wj]_`_cWi _ dkc_hkic' nYa(
jaYa _Yda Zla YacafYeYk6 Z]l Yj aYah Yj
lYah bak fmjg\g najaYmka _jqZ' lgZmd
aj hadf dafckeqZ' cmja _Yda Zla hYdq(
_aflY km Yl_abaem a fmeajmka) ~ $,1%
C[_f_hc _d_W_ l[dj_ ohW))) ;hYlYdg nad(
lak j]eaYka Yfl q\ n]flmeg' cmj bak
hjahYjg\g\na]bmgk]hjadq_afaemgk])HgjklYk
n]flmeYk qjY lac anajafak' lac hY_Yd
}abObe[z$ na]fgc bak qjY lYkYa' cmjk dq_(
cY\ hjaj]f_aY na\mbaf n]flme aj kml]a(
caY l]ak b _Ymla) JajeYk hYdq_afaeYk
hYaelYk qjY a / Ggr) ,0' ,4~-,) EY(
\Yf_a nakYcjnY YlklgnYmbYeY qjY hajea(
eaagk]' a ]kla \jYm_ km bYakhYn]faYeY)
MYcgk aYm_Y a Ycfa]k6 lYa_a' bgk lmja
kYnqb] Ycfa]k _qnqZ) JajeafaYak aj Y(
cgeak qjY hYljaYjcYa' cmja] lac\Yea)>a]
nada aj n]fla Z\Yea' a >a]ng _Yng hY(
Y\baemk aj hY\Yn bmgk kYngYafaYek)~
$,2% H`[ _ aW_akh_ei Waei))) JY_gfk
a_aj\' cY\ ba] Ym_aYmk m q\mk hY(
klYlqla qjY' _Yda hYfgjla c]dla]k  hmacq(

Turinys

LRG) ,,' ,3~-/)

-/&

jYegk) Kmg\ ka _dgjaYjak5 fgf


lm jY\a[]e hgjlYk' k]\ jY\apl])
\. >a[]k ]j_g5 @jY[la kmfljYea
ml ]_g afk]jYj) <]f]5hjghl]j
af[j]\mdalYl]e ^jY[la kmfl) Nm
Yml]e ^a\] klYk5 fgda Ydlme kY(
h]j]' k]\ lae]) NM Ma ]fae>]mk
fYlmjYdaZmk jYeak fgf aa]ba]j[al5
f] ^gjl] f][ laZahYj[Yl' WYqa\]
]j_g ZgfalYl]e' ]l k]n]jalYl]e
>]a5 af ]gk ima\]e' ima [][a\](
jmfl' k]n]jalYl]e5 af lg Yml]e
ZgfalYl]e >]a' ka h]jeYfk]jak
af ZgfalYl]' Ydagimaf ]l lm ]p(
_a aWWgf
[a\]jak) -. ML Ta
h]jeYfk]jafl af af[j]\mdalYl]'
afk]j]flmj5 hgl]fk]kl]fae >]mk
al]jme afk]j]j] addgk) NPC^Ye ka
lm ]p fYlmjYda ]p[akmk ]k gd]Y(
kl6jg' ]l [gfljY fYlmjYe afk]j(
lmk ]k afZgfYe gdanYe5 imYflg
eY_ak aa' ima k][mf\me fYlm(
jYe' afk]j]flmj kml] gdanl]:

aj hYka\Yj]a Ycfa]k aj Ydqne](


\ag ja]Zmeg \Ydafafcm' ak f](
ka_ajc hja] YcYk) I b]a _aja]ka'
lYa afgc' bg_ f] lm Ycfa f](
agba' Z]lYcfaklYn]) JN <]l kY(
cqka5 Ycgk fmdYmlgklYbbg' a\Yfl
Y ZmaYm \a]_lYk) NL A]jYaDgk
fmdYmlgk \d]a f]lacbaeg' lm
_a klgna h]j lacbae' Z]ka\a(
\amgc' Z]l Zabgcak) NM DW#]k b]a
>a]nYk f]hYka_Yadbg hja_aelm
kYcm' _Yd cYjlYak f]hYka_Yadk
f]a lYnk) %% GYlqc lY l >a]ng
_]jmeajkeYjcme5 hja]lmgk'
cmja]fmhmgd' keYjcme6 \d]a
lYnk _ a ~ >a]ng _]jme' b]a
hYkadacka _]jme]6 f]k calYah aj
lm acajklYk Zmka) NO __
Da]'b]af]hYkadackf]lacbae]' Zmk
\a]_la6 f]k >a]nYk qjY_Ydaf_Yk
nd bmgk \a]_la) NP VMN]k b]a lm
acajklYk ]ka a hja_aelg dYmca(
fag Ydqne]\ag aj hja]af_YakY(
ng hja_ajlaaYa \a]_lYk ]ka_]jYf
Ylqne]\af' cYah _a dYZaYmk la]'
cmja] hY_Yd kYng hja_ael bYe
ajacdYmkg' Zmk \a]_la lYf kYng
Ydnne]\af:

Z]) EY\ bmgk eg lg Yh_aflm' ;hYlYdYk


hY\mg\Y Yflj hYdq_afae6 Nac \d]a am(
k kmna]fabaeg )km CrjY]dam' bbk' hY_gfk'
_Yngl] ajafclYbYa lYmlYa Y\lkaYk _jq(
Z]k) MYacmjageak Ycgeak ;hYlYdYknY\a(
fY f]lacafamk q\mk' hYdq_afYfl bmgk km
nakYak lacafaYak M) kl) aj km lYak' cmja]
kYnYe] dYac] hjaaek lacbae  G]kab)~
$dO% G[ jk Wad d[_e`_))) H] q\Ya
e a_Yfqe fmg hY_gfa' Z]l hja]af(
_Ya' a_YfqeYk abg a q\ $Nge)%) ~
$,4% C;[j iWaoi_))) hd_) ;h\) ,.' /1)
Hgjk k]fafmk CrjY]dak aj lmjbg haje]fq(
Z' Z]l \YZYje]k' hY_gfk' hYklYlqla ]kY(
e] Ym_aYmk m q\mk aj _Ydae] _ajla]Y
hja] q\mk' cY\Yf_a >a]nYk d]a\ ba]ek
lYhla akcajlYak a Md]kabg cYjYdqklk km
lmg meYfqem' cY\  b hY_gfk ]alm)
H]k fa]cYk f]fgja cgfgjk fmklgla' b]a bak
lYah f]dYaebY calg _]j]kfag \Ydqcg) EYah
_q\qlgbYk hYda]cY Yar\ Yfl cgbgk' cY\
Yc a_q\qlm' lYah a lg'cY\ q\ fmka\(
baeYk hjYn]jl hY_gfa a_Yfqema $]),,%'

j]_aYa' a]afY' bg_ ba] dYZaYmk >a]ng eq(


daea qjY' f]_m q\Ya $Nge)%) ~ $-+%
Cei dkbWkjei Zb[_ d[j_a`_ce))) Nacba(
eYk qjY >a]ng \gnYfY Z] emk fmgh]d(
f6 lYa_a' bmg e]k f]_Ydae] hYka_ajla' g )
fmg bg hjacdYmkg a_YfqeYk) <]l lacba(
eYk f]_Yda Zla mdYacqlYk Z] fmka]ea(
faeg' lYa_a'f]nYdaY\a\amgla]k' Z]l j]acaY
n]dqc Zabgla]k' f]k aj hY_gfk' dq_ Yfgk
hja_aelgk Ycgk' _Yda fmklgla lacbaeg aj
h]jf]lacbae lYhlafmdYmlYak)~$-,%Jd_)
- @]lj) -' /) 0)~ $--% C[_ fWi_b_ai_
][hkc[' n]ac\YeYk \jYm_ km eYdgf]) <]
emk fmgh]dfg >a]ng kml]aclYk lacbaeYk
lac lmge]l mdYacgeYk ]kla' b]a eg_mk
kYf\YjZafafcYmbYkmlacbaem6 Z] haje hY(
\Yjqlab fmgh]df _YmlYk lacbaeYk \af_klY
lac h]j eg_Ymk cYdlqZ)~Jd_) Dg) ,0'
- ) (  $-.% ; [j _h`_[))) >a]ng _YdqZ
\mg\Y nadl' bg_ bak' b]a f]Zmk cdaa' hY(
\Yjqk lYa' c _Yda6 nd d]ak q\mk  e]ka(
Yfac cYjYdqkl])

Turinys

J(+"

<A9" $$  %(K&#"

- Hgdg]faengka_fgjYj] ^jY(
lj]keqkl]jafedag[6 elfgfkalak
ngZakahkak kYha]fl]k% imaY=?][a(
lYk ]p hYjl] [gfla_al af CkjY]d'
\gf][ hd]falm\g _]flame afljY(
j]l'
]l ka[ gefak CkjY]d kYd(
nmk ^a]j]l' ka[ml k[jahlme ]kl5
P]fa]l ]p Magf' ima ]jab>aYl' ]l
Yn]jlYl aeb>a]lYl]e Y DY[gZ)
?l `g[ addak Ye] l]klYaf]flme5
[me YZklmd]jg b#Wk[[YlY ]gjme)
.3 M][mf\me ?nYaa_]dame ima(
\]e'afaea[ahjghl]jngk5 k][mf(
\me]d][lagf]eYml]e' [Yjakkaea
hjghl]j baYlj]k) Maf]hg]fal]f(
laY ]fae kmfl \gfY' ]l ng[Ylag
>]a) TL Ma[ml ]fae YdaimYf\g ]l
ngk fgf [j]\a\aklak >]g' fmf[

H]k Y f]fgjam' cY\ bmk'


ZjgdaYa' f]afglmellgk hYkdYh(
la]k' $a\Yfl f]Zlmel bmk hY(
lk kYmaeaflaf_Yak'% bg_ YhYca(
eYk a\Yda]k Ylkalacg CrjY]dama'
cgd]a hY_gfaab hadfqZ ]ak' NR
lYah nakYk CrjY]dak Zmk a_]dZ(
lYk' cYah hYjYqlY qjY5 C
Magfg Yl]ak' cmjk Ylaelm aj fm(
cj]ahlm Z]\a]nqklfmg DgcZg6
aj lY qjY eYfg kmbYak kYf\g(
jY' cY\YYlaekam bifmka\baemk)
C Ylnad_ag?nYf_]dab' la](
kY' ba] qjY f]hja]l]daYa'bmkla\(
d]a6 bWY_Yd ajafcae _a ba] qjY
eqdaeaYmka' lnm \d]a) H]k
>a]nYk f]ka_Yada kYng \gnYfm
aj hYnY\afaeg' H]k cYah cal

-0~.-) EY\Y ]ak EjaklYmk cYjYdqklf


hY_gfa hadfqZ' lmge]l lYhk \YdafafcYak
Y\lgbg a_Yfqeg aj CrjY]dag lYmlgk had(
fqZ)
$-0% D WZ `ki' Xheb_W_))) J]jbaeYk
fmg na]fkcYaldag hja] \Ym_kcYaldag hYjg\g
cjacagfaek a hY_gfa' bg_]a ;hYlYdYk
f]ck Yha] knYjZ \Ydqc' c fmjg\g aj
g\ak hYkdYhlak) JYkdYhlak H) kl) O#jY
lYa \YdqcYk a kYnk f]hja]afYeYk eg(
_Ymk hjglma aj lac la]c hYklYeYk aj km(
hjYflYeYk' ca]c# >a]nYk b emek Yhj]a(
C\Y aj hYjg\g) Jja] lgca \Ydqc qhY
hjacdYmkg hY_gfa hYnY\afaeYk  <Yfq(
c) ~ Mei fWibWfj_[i) Jd_) JYl) .) 2)
C\Yfl bmk f]kac]dlmel  hmacqZ' a\Yfl
cYjlYak f]hYfa]caflmel q\' cYahg f](
n]jl e]kaYfacgg a_Yfqeg) JYkdYhlak
jYf\Yka a cdYmkaeau YlkYcqe]5 EYah ad(
_Ya lkak q\ YhYcaeYk' aj cgca] Zmk
kYflacaYa lYjh CrjY]dag dacaeg aj hY_gfam'
$]) - 1 % )(  $-1% B h  jW_f))) aY qjY fm(
jg\geY f] bWY ZOWY] SWZWO$ P]b lYahg_a aj
hja]Ykla]k kjqak5 hY_gfa Ylkan]jlaeYk
hYY\afk lYahg_a q\mk' cY\ ba] kl]f_lka
hjadq_la $hd_) ]ac ,,) ,/%) NYa_a' lY qjY
hYkdYhlak5 hg hY_gfa Ylkan]jlaeg kmkana](
fqk km <YfqaY nakYk CrjY]dak' aj dq_(cY\
h]j Yfmgk bak Yl]ak  lacbae) NYah aY
qjY dq_ lkY lg' cYk hYkYcqlY hYk GYl)
-/' ,/ aj Ggjc) ,.' ,+) #D#]gdg_Ya an]\Y
a lgk na]lgk' bg_ hYkYmdag _YdYk f]Yl]ak'
cgd]a f]]ak  <Yfqa hY_gfa hadfqZ
aj nakYk CrjY]dak' aj cgd]a nakY ]e f](
lYhk $YjZY f]Zmk Zmnmka% cYlYdacacY)
IW]ed_k yfdoXwV aj ''l_iWiv BphW[b_i

\Yj f]fmjg\g' bg_ f]dack f]ana]fgk qhY(


lgk f]lacafagk $Nge)%) ~ D W_f fWhW(
ojW o h W )) D]a kjqak lYjh hY_gfa ba(
eg  <Yfqa aj CrjY]dag Ylkan]jlaeg qjY
hYkdYhlaea' lYa hYlk lYk Ylkan]jlaeYk bYm
lacjYa afgeYk qjY a n) LYlg) Mj) Jg(
nadYk aY kmna]fabY \m l]cklm5 Cr) 04' -+
aj -2' 4)~ $-2% C_Yfqeg hjY\aY' fmk#(
\bae YleaeYk' qjY aYqhYhYqeaeY)
yFWde))) iWdZehW$$$$ b#jY b fmka\bae
Yld]a\ae])~ $-3% NYkYa hjYfYYnaeYk lmja
jg\qla]k kl]Zlafm kcYalqlgbYek' cmja]Zm(
ng dam\qlgbYak q\ mca]lbaeg' lg\d
;hYlYdYk lgdaYmk YhjYg aeaflaf_mk >a](
ng meYfqemk) EYdZYeY qjY Yha] lYa'
cmg qjY q\Ya)~ B Wjl_b]_e b >lWd][(
b_`() cY\Y ba] Yle]lY ?nYf_]dab' Z] cm(
jagk f]_Yda Zla hYka]clYk a_YfqeYk)~
G[fh_[j[b_W_$' Zl]fl' >a]ng $N]g\)% kmda_
\YZYjlafag keYjcYmk bg l]akeg' Z]l fjY
lgcaYak' cY\Y Ylkan]d_aYe]  hY\Yjqlmg(
kamk hYY\baemk) NYa_a' CrjY]dak f]_Yda
Zla Yle]klYk YeafYa)~ Cki_ Zb[_$' cY(
\Yf_a q\ fmka\baeYk \Yn#hjg_ bk
a_Yfqema)~ $-4% G[i I_[lWi d[i_(
]W_b_))) f]cYeY qjY nakmhajeY Yha] ar)(Y(
dalYek kml]aclYk l]ak]k aj Yha] hY\Yjqe
q\ lYmlgk >a]ng lYmlY) ~ $.+% G[i)))
Aj) l) algb] ]ad) aj k]cYfaga] $lYahg_a
.- ])% na]lgb] g\a f]lacla' f]lacba(
eYk nYjlgbYea TDK1 Yalkl"]an' \mklB]a[l'cm(
ja]j]acaY5Zlaf]hYcdmkfamYjZYhYkahja](
aflaajf]hYcdmkfmeYkYjZYhYkahja]afa(
eYk) NjmehYa kYcYfl) ;hYlYdg eaflak
qjY lgca5 Hgjk CrjYdak aj qjY cmj dYac
hg >a]ng jklqZ]' na]fgc kYnYe] dYac]

Turinys

==KA& ))$ + ) %+ . &

Yfl]e ea)k$:ja[gj[CaYe [gfk][mda


]klakhjghl]aaf[j]\mdalYl]eaddg(
jme5 alY ]laklafmf[fgf [j](
\a\]jmfl af n]kljYe eak]ja[ga(
\aYe5 ml ]l ahka eak]ja[gj\aYe
[gfk]imYflmj) =gf[dmkal ]fae
>]mk gefaY af af[j]\mdalYl]5 ml
gefame eak]j]Ylmj)

-1&

cYjl aj bmk f]lacbgl] >a]nma'


\YZYj _a _Yngl] ea]dYaj\qkl
\d]a bm f]lacbaeg6
lYah aj
la] \YZYj f]lacbg' \d]a bmek
kml]aclgk ea]dYaj\qklk' a\Yfl
aj ba] _Ymlm ea]dYaj\qkl)
H]k nakY >a]nYk mjYcafg f]la(
cbae]' a\YflYflnakab kmkaeadlm)

8WSd] [OZ]\c[] ZWo Wu[W\bWSa ^OuZ]dW\W[Oa&


.. I Ydlalm\g \analaYjme kY(
ha]flaY]' ]l k[a]flaY] >]a5 imYe
af[gehj]`]fkaZadaY kmfl bm\a[aY
]bmk' ]l afn]kla_YZad]k naY] ]bmk
.. Kmak ]fae [g_fgnal k]fkme
>geafa: ;ml imak [gfkadaYjamk
]bmk ^mal .0 ;ml imakhjagj\]\al
adda' ]l j]ljaZm]lmj ]a: .. Kmg(
faYe ]p ahkg' ]l h]j ahkme' ]l

.. + _adqZ] >a]ng lmjllb' a(


eafla]k aj afgbaeg cYah f]Yha(
eYea qjY bg l]akeYaajf]kmk](
cYea bg c]daYa .(aVW]k cYk hYa(
fg Pa]hYla]k eafla: YjZY cYk
Zmng bg hYlYjbm: .0 ;jZY cYk
hajeYk bYe \Yn' aj Zmk bYe
Yldq_aflY: .=b^]k a bg' aj h]j

>a]ng e]ad Yhkaj]ac nakgk lYmlgk hjaea(


e]' dq_aYa lYah' cYah lYa nqcg f]l km
hY_gfaeak) ;mck) aj cala lYah b! a(
j]acaY5 EYah hY_gfk' cmja]ek >a]nYk
calY\gk' hjY]algk] cYjlgk]' d]a\ hYkahja](
afla aj ]ala haclYak b  c]daYak' hja] q\m
f]hYcdmkfmeg hjg_Ya bYm \YZYj_Yngea](
dYaj\qkl' lYah aj q\Ya' cmja f]hYcdmk(
fme aj YlcYcdme \YZYj >a]nYk d]a\aY'
kYnYe] dYac]' cY\YhY_gfa hadfmeYkZmk
bk  <Yfqa' hja] hY_gfaek kml]aclgk
ea]dYaj\qklk hjg_Ya hYY\afla h]j l
ea]dYaj\qkl  mgd b  hYkcae' _Ymk
lYahg_a ea]dYaj\qkl)~ $.-% G[j_a`_d[T
Aj) l) ]O \alka^]#)Yn'  f]hYcdmkfme' lYah
hYl cYah aj .+) ]ad)~qlkY5q\mkaj hY_g(
fak) ;hYlYdYk ljmehYa aj]acaY >a]ng
meYfqe' hYda]aYfl q\mk aj hY_gfak)
EYah ZYmk\YeYk hY_gfak m f]Yla\Ynae
kYm hja\]jYfagk _YjZk aj \a]nYaa _Yj(
Zafae' >a]nYk YlaljYmc fmgb Yhkl]kf]k
eYdgf]k aj d]a\ hmdla  hjglg Yhl]eae
aj ZYakamk fmka\baemk $,' ,3~.-%' cmja]
agfYa aj]acla qjY f]hYcdmkfmeg %d[j_(
a`_c[& nYj\m' lYah(hYl aj q\ fmZYm\a(
ema m fmka\baemk' cmjaYakba] kmkadq_afg
km hY_gfaeak $-' ,~.' -+%' f]kml]ac\Y(
eYk aj ba]ek Yhka kYng eYdgfa' d]a\
YhYcla aj Zaala mca]lbae]) Pa]fgc' mjY(
caf\YeYk lgcamg Zm\m nakmk  f]hYcdmk(
fme' >a]nYk f]fgjbg h]j lYlYa ba]ek
d]akla hjYla6 bg lackdYk Zmng Yfl nak'
q\ aj hY_gfa' kmkaeadla' %_ZWdj Wdjl_(
ik iki_c_bjk&' l) q) hYjg\Yfl dq_ae]ad)

Yln]kla nakmk  a_Yfqe lmg hYam kYng


\gnYfYa kml]acaYegk _YadaYaj\qklk c]dam)
.-~.1) Pak lj]ab kcqja g \jYf_
aj \g_eYlacb _jgeYlgk \Yd ;hYlYdYk
mZYa_aY hY_qjaem ea]dYaj\qklk aj a(
eafla]k'kmcmjageak>a]nYkeg_Ymkhjglma
f]aeYfgeYakc]daYaknakmkn]\Ya_Yfqe)
$..%
I ]_boX[))) <]_Yd lmjl aj ll)'
cmja f]abgck eg_Ymk hjglYk f]_Yda Yh(
, aela aj aeYfqla) Njbk _aedYmcaYa hjacdYm(
C kgfmgy]_boX[$ 'cYah_YdaeYfmeYfqlaalja(
C b k]cYfacdYmkae' cmjamgk] ba]qjYYa(
C lafYea) NmjlYa qjY lYa >a]ng _]jmemk6
a >a]ng aeaflak egcY nakY n]kla YlkYcYf(
aYa  lYe lacj lackd aj Yhkaj]acaY a(
_Yfqeg \YjZ]' cYe] >a]nYk ajafcg l
c]da' cmjk kcYakaYmkaYa Yhj]acaY bg nak(
hmkac l]akqZ aj lgZmdqZ6 >a]ng afg(
baeYk qjY bg lgZmdYk hYafaeYk nak \Y(
dqc' qhY l' cmja] _]jaYmkaYa n]\Y 
hYqel lackd) >a]ng yj[_icW_  j]_aeYa
jaYkakm bgea]dYaj\qklk lmjlYak' ya[b_W_ 
_a km aeaflaea aj afgbaem $Nge)%) Da]
qjY f]kmk]cYeaeg_Ymk hjglma'cgd]a >a](
nYk f]Yhj]acaY' g hg Yhj]acaema \Yj
hYkada]cY f]ak]eaYea) ~ $./% JC_) Cr)
/+' ,.6 , Egj) -' ,1)~ $.0% Jd_) DgZ)
/,' -) Njk cdYmkaeYa YlkYdlg ljaek >a](
ng hjanYdmeYek' hYeafla]ek ..) ])' Z(
l]fl' hajeYk jaYka km >a]ng afgbaem'
YfljYk km aeaflaea aj lj]aYkkmbglmjlYak
$N]g\)%)~$.1% CWc[)N]akaf_aYmkhY_Yd_j)
l)5 bYe YjZY \d]a bg)~ O_iW ohW()

Turinys

%,&%

=H?% '(% ' $) %

af ahkg kfaal gefaY5 aV.ka _dgjaY


af kY][mdY) ;jf]f)

bh aj bYe] nakY qjY6 bYe _YjZ


a Yeamk ;e]f)

==& )& O# DOR]`c[Oa `SZZUWXWcWO[S UedS\W[S&


CO^cbJ==&&IZk][jgalYim];ek
@jYlj]k h]j eak]ja[gj\aYe >]a'
d;l ]p`aZ]Ylak [gjhgjY n]kljY
`gklaYenan]fl]e' kYf[lYe' >]g
hdY[]fl]e' jYlagfYZad] gZk](
imame n]kljme) ? l fgdal][gf(
^gjeYja `ma[ kY][mdg' k]\ j]^gj(
eYeafa af fgnalYl] k]fkmk n](
klja ml hjgZ]lak imY] kal ;edmf(

b )+& DS`aYe`W[Oa& a NYa_a' Y


b eYd\Ymbm bmk' ZjgdaYa' h]j >a](
;Wg ea]dYaj\qkl' cY\ bmk hYa#g(
\bjlmel kYng cmaamk cYab;I _ q (
n' n]fl' >a]nmalafcYfa Ym(
c5 lYa Zmk bmkm hjglaf_Yk lYj(
fY;meYk >a]Uea) Cjf]lYacqca(
l] kY;#Wk
ag hYkYmdag' Z]l
h]j\ajZcal] p%Ylak kYn] h]j bmkm

PakY' cYk lmja lacj Zmnae6 lYa_a' f]fm(


ka\baeYk $Nge)%) Paka \YdqcYa qjY kmda_
kYn#g hjY\agk fmg >a]ng6 ba] \YZYjlqb]
>a]ng mdYacgea qjY6 b _YdmlafYk lackdYk
qjY >a]nYk $<Yr) ;eZj)%)~ CWc  ]WhX
 Wc_ki) Nmg >a]ng hYdgnafaem ;hY(
lYdYk mZYa_aY nak YhjYqe >a]ng _]jm(
eg aj kmkaeadaeg Yml egfa _aeafk'
lYah hYjY_af\YeYk aj emk Yla\mgla _YjZ
a
emk Mmln]jlgbma)
#
,- h]jkcqjaem hjYka\]\Y Yfljgba _jg(
eYlgk \Ydak $,-) ,~,0) ,.%' kmka\]\Yfla
a nYaja hYegcqem aj h]jkhbae) D
_YdaeY hY\Ydafla  \m kcqja' a cmja
hajeYe] $,-aj,. h]jkc)% hY\mglgk qjY
naka]ek mdYacqlafgk hYj]a_gk' YfljYe] _a
$,/' ,~,0' ,.% f]cYeY Yha] kadhf]kfa(
b lacbae] hjaeae aj ]dhae)
,~3) EYahg haje lYjh naka]ek m(
dYacqlaf hYj]a_ ;hYlYdYk \]\Y hY\g(
jme j]da_abafaYe] _qn]fae] aj hjae]fY
naka]ek' cY\ ca]cna]fYk' hja\]jYfaYa m(
kadYacq\YeYk kYm hYqelgb] na]lgb] aj
V%ad\q\YeYk lgk na]lgk hja]\]je]k' hjaka(
\lm hY_Yd aka_Ydbae hja] Z]f\jg <Y(
fqagk dYZg)
$,% ?c] qjY Ycak Yc\cW$ bc] qjY lac(
baeYk \mkaYa) <]l cYah Ycak f]Yhka]afY
Z] hY_YdZgk jYfc' cgb aj cal kfYja'
lYah lacbaema j]acYdaf_Y n]acda \gjqZ
$N]g\)%) NYa_a' ;hYlYdYk fgja \Y\Yj hY(
jY_afla  \gjqZ]k' hYda]k\YeYk lYelackdma
\Ydqcmk' cmja] qhY knYjZaYak ajg\ ?q(
eg ZYfqaYa)~ F_[bW_hZoij' cmja Y
fmjg\aYm aj cmja bmk Yml kYnk haalq(
jl])~ LWle a_cki) EY\Yf_acfg bYmk(
eYa hYhjYklYa ]kla eg_ma5hY_]\aeg hjY(
\aY' lg\d ca]cna]fYk' cmjk ba]cg cjac(
agfacgk lgZmdqZk' hjanYdg nakmhajeY
hYamgla bmgk hjglgna]hYlYnaema~ M)kl)

Ymcgek hYkcajla _YdnabYa Zmng Yln]\Yea


aj hYjg\gea ZYfqagb]' cY\ hYkcma Celm
hYhbYmla6 e]k bm#anYdge] hYjg\qla kYng
cf' cYahg _qn Ymc' cY\Yf_a cjacl]
k]fYkak eg_mk fmeajlYajhjakac]daY fYm(
bYk km Ejaklmea) Ngcamg Zm\m e]k _Y(
dae] Zla lYahg_a n]flY aj>a]nma lafcYf(
la YmcY))~ b$W _ Xki`kik))) Ngck lYjfY(
naeYk >a]nma qjY hjglaf_Yk YjZY' _jamgk
kYcYfl' \nYkacYk' na\mbafak' _ja]lYa kca(
jaYflqkak fmg anajafag' fmg lg'cmjknqc(
\Yng h]j cjmnafYk YmcYk)~ $-% B h d[jW_(
aoa_j[)))) >Yj dYZaYmk f]_m cfYk hjanY(
dg Zla hYnklY >a]ng lYfaYnaafma \mkaY)
Ngb] -) ]ad) jYf\Yka \n]bghYk hja]kYcYk'
na]fYk m_afYflak6 d[jW_aoa_j[))) calYk hY(
da]haYflak5 f[hZ_hXa_j[))) JYkYmdak qjY\Yj
l]Z]_mdafla fmka\baemgk]' \Yj f]lYhmka
\Ydafafc]a_YfqegegfabY) NYa_a' ;hY(
lYdYk lYjka kYcg5 Dmk lYhgl] >a]ng nYa(
cYak' lg\d f]\Yjqcal kYnk hYfYaYak ag
hYkYmdag nYacYek)~ I[h`kij_ ZlWi_eiWj(
dWk`_d_dk) >nYkagk nYj\mhYnY\aflYk aY
hjYclacYk fmlYjaeYk' cmjka\ajZY emeq(
k] hYdafcae kYm_gla]k' cYk haclY' aj \Y(
jqla' cYk _]jY) NYk fmlYjaeYk kmkadhfa(
fYeYk ]kla \Yj f]Yl_aemkaYe] eg_mb]
h]j _qn]fYfl bg cf]fmka\bae'Z]l lYa(
hg_a aj Yl_aemkaYe] ]kla hY_mf\ mhmd(
\afbYeYk) NYa_a' ;hYlYdYk jY_afY emk'
cY\ nd hjakaaelmee Yf anYar\ aj
\nYkagk _jYqZ' cmja lmjbg ;\geYk
haje aafhmgdaeg $Nge)%)~ D WZ _j_hjk(
cj5 EY\ bmk jh]klaf_Ya alafmel aj
_]jYa hYaflmel) Nac cYk nakYa hYnajklY
>a]ng hYn]ackdm' lYk _Yda hYkYcqla ca]c(
na]fYe] YlkcajYe] \Ydqc]' cmj e]k Yh(
knYjklge]' cYdZYe]' \Yjge]' Yj bak lacjYa
kmlafcY km >a]ng nYdaY $Ija_)%) EYah lY(
kYa' c]fg _gemnak qjY k]j_Yflak' f]_Yda
hY\Yjqla l]akaf_g fmlYjaeg Yha] nYd_amkaj

Turinys

;VH%?% '(# ) $ , %

1,)

lYk >ga ZgaaY' ]l Z]f]hdY[]fk' ]l \nYkagk YlfYmbafae' cY\ alaj(
lmel' cYkqjY >a]ng nYdaY' cYk
h]j^][lY)
_]jY' aj cYklafcY'ajcYklgZmdY
B]k Y kYcYm h]j eYf\mg(
>a[g ]fae h]j _jYlaYe
ifa] \YlY ]kl afaZa' gefa( lb eYdgf naka]ek' bfkaalYjh]
Zmk [haa kffl# afl]j ngk5 a^gf ]kYfla]ek'cY\f]lmjlmelYha]
hdmk kYh]j] imYe gbagjl]lkYda]( kYn] \a\]kfk fmgegfk' cYah
j]' k]\ kYh]j] Y\ kgZja]lYl]e5 baja\]jY' Z]l cY\ eYfqlmel
]l ffa[faif] ka[fl >]mk \anakal Yha] kYn] l]akaf_Ya' aj ca]cna](
e]fkmjYe ^a\]a) W Ma[ml ]fae fYk lYah'cYah bYe >a]nYkhY\Y(
af fmg [gjhgj] emdlY e]eZjY dafg lacbaeg kYac) &B]k cYah
ZYZ]efk' gefaY'Yml]ee]eZjY na]fYe] cf] lmjae] \Ym_ k(
fgf ]fe\]e Y[lme ZYZ]fl5  fYjam' naka _a MfYjaYa f] lhY(
alY emdla mfme [gjhmk kmemk l n]acaelmja' |lYah e]k \Ym(
af =`jaklg' kaf_mda Yml]e Ydl]j _]dak ]kYe] na]fmcmfm Ejaklm(
Ydl]jamk e]eZjY) 1 BYZ]fl]kYm( b]' qhYaYa _a ]kYe] calk calg
l]e \gfYlagf]k k][mf\me _jY() kfYjaYak) G]k _a lmjae]\gnY(
laYe' imY] \YlY ]klfgZak' \a^^]( fYk' cmjagk kmda_emek \mglg(
j]fl]k5 kan] bajgh`]laYe k][mf( kagk eYdgfk nYajagk qjY6 b]a
\me jYlagf]e ^a\]a' # kan] ea( # hjYfYqkl' l]ZfY ba kmnYjlglY
cYacY\Y fa]cafY' cYk kcYfm' e_klY _a'
cYk f]kcYfm' aj hja]af_Ya' lYk c]fg _g(
eaajak kn]acYk njY' lmja l]akaf_ fmlYjae
Yha] kcgf' lYah aj eg_mk' cmjag aj\ak
hYfYa qjY ag hYkYmdag \YdqcYek' f]_Yda
lmjla l]akaf_g fmlYjaeg Yha] lYa' cYk _](
jY' Z]l lac lYkYa' cmjk YlfYmbaflYkqjY h]j
eYdgf)~ @[hW))) _jcaW))) jeXkbW))) Nmg(
k] ljabmgk] g\amgk] qjY dq_ cgck dYahk(
aaaYnaeYk) >a]nYk klYlg hja] emk lj]bg(
hgk \Ydqcmk5 _]jmk' _]j]kfamk' lgZmdmk)
Gqdla ha#a]l]d qjY _]jYk \YdqcYk' _]jYa
bYe \Yjqla _]j]kfak' eqdla f]hja]l]d lg(
ZmdYk Ejacagfama j]acaY \Yjqla f] lac
_]ja \YdqcYa' bak lmja kl]f_la]k hYka]cla
_]j]kfamk aj lgZmdmk) NYa_a' >a]nma laf(
cYfaYak \YdqcYak agfYa' j]_aka' qjY f]
la]' cmja] qjY kYcgea' Z]l lac hYlYjaYea)
~ $.% G[i))) EYah YhYlYdYk kml]ac \a(
\]kf knYjZme Yhkcjala]ek kYng h]jk]j(
_baeYek' hjaeaf\YeYk >a]ng ea]dYaj(
\qkl $,) ])%' lYah knYjZ]kfaYak \Yjg kYng
Ylkcajmk hja]kYcmk' hYeaf\YeYk kYng
n]jlqZ' kYng klgn' cmg bak ]kk5 : iW(
aWk' l) q) Y kYcYm)~ I[h cWbed' h]j
cmja ]km ;hY)lYdYk)~ G[jkhjkcj W*f_[
iWl[))) AYda Zfla' cY\ Egjaflg ZYfqagk
klgnak' cYe] ;hYlYdYk lmge]l Zmng' cY(
\Y jY Ajge)  Eqe)' \Yn hjg_ hY(
klYlqla haffgb] na]lgb]hYjY_afaemk fmg(
dYa\me) MYng hja]kYc bak aj]acaY'na](
fmk \Ydqcmk m_af\YeYk' calmk hYda]h\Y(
eYk) N]akaf_gk Yha] kYn] fmgegfk kYa(

# cYk qjY agfYa \gnYfYa kml]acaYegk \gnY(


fgk #]ar) ]) 1)))%' cmjagk qjYlacbaegnYa(
kaYak $Ija_) ;aack)%' aj qjY \mglgk Ylkca(
6 ja]ek' na]fgc nakgk <Yfqagk dYZma)~
$0% D _ji a_je idWh_W_i) Na]c ca]cna]fYk
 kfYjak kYng ba]_geak aj n]acaem fYm\af(
_Yk qjY calYe' bak nY\afYka lg Yfljgbg k(

 fYjam $Nge)%)~ $1% F[i ]_))) >m \Ydqcm


# a]afY a hYdq_afaeg5 Ylkcaja lacaflk lmja
nYajaYk na]lYk aj hYj]a_Yk' aj f] ca]cna](
fYk lafcY nakcYe) Nacaflk hjanYdg a%fd(
\qla lgk na]lgk hYj]a_Yk' cmjaYa ba] hY(
kcajla qjY aj hjaj]f_la h]j qhYlaf_ \gnY(
fYa n) >nYkagk kml]acl \gnYf' aj fmg
nakcgcalghjakalmj la)~=elWdWi5*Yhaam)YnY)
NYk _jYacacYk nYj\Yk l]gdg_abgb] lYjfYm(
bY hYqebaema nakYa \gnYfYa kml]acaYem
najbaja_afalafa \gnYf YjZY cYacmja f](
a hYhjYkl hjanYdme' cmjamgk >a]nYk \mg(
\Y lacafla]ek' f] la]c b hYa' ca]c
a Yjlae fYm\Ya) Dgk nY\afYka \gnYfYa km(
C l]aclgeak \gnYfgeak $_jYlaY] _jYlak\YlY]%
6 Ylkcqjaema fmg hYn]faYfagk eYdgfk
) $_jYlaY _jYlfe ^Y[a]fk%) RhY hajemgk]
5 <Yfqagk Yeamgk] bgk Yhkaj]ac\Yng lYf(
, C[aYa' Yj lYa kmlnajlafaema hYa cjacag(
a fa lacbae]' Yj lacbaeg hYY\amaema
a q\mgk] aj hY_gfqk]) <YfqaYa kmklahj(
bmk' lgk \gnYfgk kml]acaYegk qjY \Ym_
5 jaYmk' cYahg f]Z] lYah dYZYa j]acYdaf(
5 _gk) Ng\d aj agfYa $]) 1)%) ;hYlYdYk
 cYdZY f] Yha] fmgdYlaf <YfqagklnYjc
6 aj hYj]a_Yk' Z]l Yha] lYk f]hYhjYklYk \g(

Turinys

k*&

LRG) ,-' 2 (, , )

fakl]aame af eafakljYf\g' kan]


ima \g[]laf \g[ljafY' k ima ]p(
`gjlYlmj af ]p`gjlYf\g' imalja(
Zmal af kaehda[alYl]' ima hjk]]kl
af kgdda[alm\af]' ima eak]j]lmj
af `adYjalYl])

hY_Yd lacdaeg kYac6 #b]a cYk


lmjalYjfYnae'lYkl]kadYacg lYj(
fYnaeg6 cYk egcg' l]hYkada]cY
Oa]egckdg6|cYkhjan]\agbY'hja]
b>jan]\agbaeg'cmjk\YdafYW l]\Y(
dafY hjYklqZb]6 cYk qjY nqj]k(
famgbm' l]ZfY jh]klaf_Yk6 cYk
\Yjg ea]dYaj\qkl' l]\Yjgbkm
\aYm_kem)

P# GWY`O [SWZ| dWac YOaRWS\W\WO[S UedS\W[S&


&& >ad][lag kaf] kaemdYla(
3 G]adl]ZfYZ]n]a\eYafqk(
gf]) I\a]fl]k eYdme' Y\( lk) CMN]Yhcikcal]haclmeg'dYacq(
`Y]j]fl]k Zgfg5 dg =YjalYl] ^jY( calklg' cYk _]jY)
Gqdcal]
l]jfalYlak afna[]e \ada_]fl]k5 ZjgdacY e]ad] calkcal) AYjZ(
Bgfgj] afna[]e hjY]n]fa]fl]k5 b] dYacqem calkcalb%jYfgccal])
f Mgdda[alm\af] fgf ha_ja5 Mha( a <mcal] jh]klaf_a' f] laf_a(
jalm ^]jn]fl]k5 >geafg k]ana]f( faYa6 cYjla \nYkagb] lYjfYmcal]
nYdaYk) N \gnYf qjY la]c' ca]c lacaf(
la]ba lmja \nYkac YjZY cfac j]acYd'
cmja m_Yaa\afaema bgk kml]acaYegk Zm(
ng) H]a agfYa' f]a cmj calmj n) JgnadYk
f]akcYalg b  nak)~ IhWdWoij5 \gnYf
nakYa lacjafYfaYa a_md\afla lacbaeg la](
kYk) NY \gnYfY kmka\bg a f]hYhjYklg
hjglg Yhna]laeg' g cYacY\Y aj a _Ydba(
eg Yhj]acla \YZYjla]k aj ZmkaYfagbg dYa(
cg hYkdYhlak)~ IW]Wb j_a`_ce iW_a' l)
q) kmlafcYfaYa km lacbaem) JjYfYmaf](
nYdaY hafla kYnYk eaflak  >a]ng Yhj]ac(
lb lYjh) Dg hYegcqeYa hjanYdg km(
lacla km <YfqaYa \mglmgbm egckdm6 f]k
calYah bak Zmk f]lacjYk N%jYfYYk) ~ $2%
MWhdWl_c) Aj) ) gaYpgnaY _Yda j]acla
ca]cna]f ZYfqlaf hYlYjfYnae) Mn)Jg(
nadYk bmg nY\afY cYacY\Y kYng YhYlYdqk(
l' Ydemf jafcae aj l) l) $bad_' ,,' ,.6
,0' ., aj c)%) NYa_a' aj agfYa lYjfYna(
[c baYnY\aflY qjY \gnYfYa kml]aclY \gnY(
fY had\qla hYj]a_gek' fYm\af_gek <Yfq(
agk _qn]fae])~ D Wi ceae))) JjYfYYa
f]cY' _Yn afaYk a n) >nYkagk' egcq(
lgbYa cYacY\Y hY_Yd kYng aeYfqe6 haj(
ea]ba cnhla qjY' a\Yfl lacafamgkamk km(
klahjaflm' h]jk]j_lm6 egcqlgbYa lmja eg(
cbae cYdZla' a\Yfl ba] YacaYa a_md\q(
lm aj hjahYjg\qlm lYk EjaklYmk egckdg\Y(
dak' cmjagk j]acYdaf_gk qjY naka]ek afgla)
(  $3% D Wi fh_l[Z_e`W))) ;ha] hjan]\ag(
lgb hYj]a_Yk fjY fa]cg \Ym_afmk afg(
eY)~ D khi ZWb_dW))) Na]' cmja] \YdafY'
\mg\Y' Yfgl _j) l)' a kYng dgZag) Ng\d

;hYlYdYk cYdZY f] Yha] \aYcgfmk' Z]l


Yha] _Ynmkamk \gnYfYa kml]acln)>nYkagk
\gnYf' cY\ \Ydaflm YdemaaYk) Da] \mg(
\Y fhWijoX`[' b]a ba] f]  kYn] amja' Z]l
laclYa fgja km]dhla j]acYd] ]kYfl Zjgd aj
hjYhdYlafla >a]ng _YjZ' \d]a cmjag ba]
eqda Zjgdamk)~ D Wi ohW loh[id_ke`k)))
Pqj]kfaYakaYakaY qjY f] hYhjYkla <Yfq(
agk najafafcYa' Z]l lgca]' cmja] h]jqhY(
laf_ \gnYf qjY ]dhbYak Z]lmja' qhY
_a fYda aj fYdYaa)~ D Wi ZWhe c_[(
bW_hZoij))) >YjYfaYak ea]dYaj\qklqjY
lgca]' cmja] nakYa hYkan]faY _dgZbaema
da_gfa' cYdafa' c]d]ana aj l) l)' _YdcYah
\YZYjlafaYa da_gfa _dgZbaema hYkan]flm(
ka]ba na]fmgdaYa) Ngca]ek j]acYdaf_Y qjY
na\mbaf aj anajaf dafckeqZ' cY\ ba]
aj hYlk f]hYnYj_lm aj f]Zmlm nYj_af_Yak
da_gfaek)
$4% Hmg \gnYfYa kml]acaYe \gnYfn)
agnadYk h]j]afY' cYah , Egj) ,-' ,.6 ,.)
,))) hja] naj]kfk \gnYfgk' e]adk >a]ng
aj Yjlaeg' cmja hjanYdg Zla lacjY) G]ad
>a]ng $]ad) ,,) ,-% lmja ba]cgla lg' cYk
>a]nma lafcY $)Ija_)%' aj Yhkaj]acla  Yj(
laemk f] lac g\aYak' Z]l aj \YjZYak)
Jd_) ;egk)0',0'~$,+%@WhX_[ bW_aock)))
Ha]cYk f]kahja]afY dYZaYmk lacjYa e]ad]a'
cYah hmacqZ) D]a e]k YhknYjklge] kYng
hYcdq\aemk aj Yjlaeg \gjqZ]k' lYa emek
f]Zmk kmfcm hjYfgcla calmk ba]ek hY_Yj(
Zgk Yla\Ynae])~ $,,% MWhdWka_j[ O_[(
fW_k_) EYjlYk cjacagfa mgdmeYk hja(

Turinys

?KA& )*$ )*m)1&

lk5 MN _h] _Ym\]fl]k5 Cf ljaZm(


dYlagf] hYla]fl]k5 IjYlagfa af(
klYfl]k5 ,. H][]kkalYlaZmk kYf(
[lgjme [geemfa[Yfl]k5 Bgkha(
lYdalYl]fa k][lYfl]k' f <]f]\a(
[al] h]jk]im]flaZmk ngk5 Z]f](
\a[al]' ]l fgdal] eYd]\a[]j]) aw
AYm\]j][me _Ym\]flaZmk' ^d]j]
[me ^d]flaZmk5 #a&C\ahkme afna(
[]e k]fla]fl]k5 Hgf YdlY kYha(
]fl]k' k]\ `meadaZmk [gfk]fla(
]fl]k) Hgdal] ]kk] hjm\]fl]k
Yhm\ ngke]lahkgk5 aHmdda eY(
dme hjg eYdgj]\\]fl]k5 hjgna(
\]fl]k ZgfY fgf lYflme[gjYe
>]g' k]\ ]laYe [gjYe gefaZmk
`geafaZmk' a} Ma ^a]ja bagl]kl'
img\ ]p ngZak ]kl' [me gefa(
Zmk `geafaZmk hY[]e`YZ]fl]k5
#. Hgfngke]lahkgk\]^]f\]fl]k
[Yjakkaea' k]\ \Yl] dg[me ajk]5
k[jahlme ]kl ]fae5 Ga`a naf(
\a[lY6 ]_g j]ljaZmYe' \a[al >g(
eafmk) NL M]\ ka ]kmja]jalafaea(

.+&

Pa]hYama) >aYm_calknadlqb]
cYfljmk Zmcal] kmkhYm\ae]' f](
hYdaYm\Yeae]dkcalk) 9. JYka\Y(
dafcal] km n]flYakaYak m j]acY(
dmgk]'jhafcalkYbf]kn]aaahja(
eae) ,WFYaeafcal] bmk h]jk](
cagbYfamk6 dYaeafcal]aj f]c]ac(
cal]),0 >aYm_calkkmZ]ka\aYm(
_aYfaYakaYak' n]jccal] km n]j(
caYfaYak) ,{ Nmjcal na]fgcamk
bYmkemk calk a cal6 f]ba]cgcal
Ym_l \Ydqcm' Z]l fmkad]akcal]
C hja] lg' cYk]eY) H]kcYalqcal]
hYlk kYnk aeaflaf_Yak) Ha](
cYe haclmem m haclme f]Yl(
egccal]6 jhafcalk Yha] _]j
f]lac >a]ng YcqnYar\gb]' Z]laj
hja] nakmk egf]k' a&D]a _Yda
Zla' ca]c fmg bmkm hjacdYmkg'
km nakYak egfeak lmjcal]jY(
eqZ) #.H]c]jqcal hYlk' faqda(
eaYmka]ba Z]l \mgcal na]l jk(
lqZ]a6 f]k gYjYqlY qjY5 GYfg
c]jlYk6YYldb#W_afkam' kYcgPa](

nYdg Yhkaj]acla lYjfYnae] Pa]hYama)~


$,-% ;_Wk]^_ji l_bjo`[))) Padlaka_Yfqeg
\Yjg egf]k dafckeaYak'\dlgcY\bak hY(
j]elYk qjY Yfl >a]ngalacaemeg $Nge)%) 
C 0' . Yacm'bg_ lY nadlak f]eY hY\Ym(
_afYeY ]kla aln]jek' km cmjaY e]k hY( 6
c]daYe] ag _qn]faeg nYj_mk) Ng\d aj b
aY ;hYlYdYk hja\mjaY hYjY_afae hja]
aln]jek5 Xka_j[ aWdjh_i))) Da _a qjY nYa(
kamea qhYlaf_gk eYdgfk' geYdgf dYae( 
bYjYY ]kla h]j eYd\)~ $,.% IWi_ZWb_d( C
a_j[))) ;hYlYdYk nd _jlY hja] e]adk5
mk dgZak l]ZfY dq_(cY\ Z]f\jYk bmek
aj ba]ek $Ija_)%)uKf_da_jiWf_[ il[_k
fh_c_c) Mn]ljYqdqkl qjY naka]ek cjac(
agfaek j]acYdaf_Y' g f] lac nqkcmhYek
$, Nae) .' -6 Nal) ,' 3%) ;hYlYdYk egcg'
bg_ e]k hYlk lmjae] ba]cgla kn]a' cYah
FglYk' cY\ ba] cYjlYak f]hYkadaclm Z] hY(
klg_k)~ $,/% Jd_) GYl) 0' / / )~ $,0%
=_Wk]a_ji)))  nakY' cYk jmha emkZjg(
daYek' lYah lmjae] n]ar\la' dq_(cY\ lYa
Zmlm emek hYla]ek Ylkalac) Ha]cYk f](
lmja lYah ca]lgk aj\a]k' cY\ bYef]j]aclm
n]jcla km lYak' cmja] qjY f]dYaeb]6 Z]l
lacjYa \a\a aj\ lmja lYk' cmjk f]lac
f]hYnq\a dYaeaf_a]ek' Z]l \Yj km bYak
\aYm_aYka $;mck)%)~ $,1% b$)jha_j[ l_[(

dea_ki`Wkicki))) Nmjcal]dq_amkbYmkemk
cYd  kYn]' lYah aj  calmk' ajf]klYlqcal]
Ym_kaYmk f]a kYnk' f]a cal na]f \dlg'
cY\ ba] lmja \Ym_aYmk lmjl' _YjZk YjZY
C\l hYfYal \Ydqc' Z]l ajcal] lac 
na]f5 ba] qjY EjaklYmk kfYjaYak $;mck)
Ija_)%)~ G[`_[aea_j[ Wk]j__ ZWboak)))
>m \Ydqcm kYcg aY ;hYlYdYk5 f] lYa
ba]cgla' c hYkYmdak ZjYf_afY' n]dqc lYa
hjaaela' c bak fa]cafY) ( G[iaW_joa_j[)))
eg_mk' cmjk hYlk kYn] kcYalg aeaflaf(
_m aj lYjaYka f]ac]fg hYlYjaeg f]j]acY(
dYmbk' qjY m nakmk hYac]kfak) Dg hmacq(
Z kmc]dk >a]ng jklqZ $;mck)%)~ $,2%
G_[aWc f_ajkck))) EYah lmja Yhkaj]acla
e]ad  nakmk egf]k' qhY _a  cjacag(
fa f]hja]l]damk: Da lmja k]j_la]k c]jlg
aj mgdaYa \Yjqla' cYk _]jY' cY\ aj f]lacaf(
la]ek \mglm _]j hYnqr\ aj Yln]klm bmgk
 lYa' cY\ ba] _YjZaflm \Yf_acbNn)~
$,3% C[_ ]Wb_ Xj_))) Jja]emknYda_Yda
cala kmYj\qla jYeqZ' lYah cY\ e]k bgk
mdYacqla f]Z]_Ydkae]' b]a f]fgjkae]
hY]akla \a\]kfa hja]\]jea5 l]akqZk'
la]kgk aj \a]nglmeg) Ea]c fmg emk hja(
cdYmkg' lmjae] e]k aj lmge]l lYa hY\Yjq(
la' cYk hjYn]jaY jYeqZkkm_jafaema)~
$,4% G[a[hoa_j))) EYah e]k lmjae] h]j(

Turinys

-+&

B G>&1()& )'g (*&

=BM lmfk' [aZY addeaa5 ka kalal' a bDYlk) N} < ]l b]a YdcklY lYng aa](
hgleaa \Yadda5 dag[ ]fae^Y[a]fk' 5 hja]l]dak'V.Yh]fcba6b]abakljgc(
[YjZgf]k a_fak [gf_]j]k kmaW]j lY' \mgc bYe Ylka_]jla) H]k lYa
[Yhml ]bmk) Hgda naf[a Y eY( \Ydq\YeYk kmcjYmka YjabYk Yfl
dg' k]\ naf[] af Zgfg eYdme) bg _Ydngk) H]ka\mgc h]j_Ydla
haclmema' Z]l h]j_Ydchacl km
_]jmem)

Q# 5^WS ^OYZca\c[z$ ^`WUcZW\bW de`Sa\eP|[a dWSuO[S UedS\W[S&


7O^cbJ===& M IefakYmaeYhg( t )+& DS`aYe`W[Oa& # Ea]cna](
l]klYlaZmk kmZdaeagjaZmk kmZ\alY t fYk l]ZfY hY\mglYk nqj]kfq(
kal5 Hgf ]kl ]fae hgl]klYk fa( ' Zafek nYd\agek6 f]kfjY nYd(
ka Y >]g5 imYk Yml]e kmaal' Y ' \agk' cYah lac fmg >a]ng6 cm(
>]g gj\afYlY] kmfl) W ClYim] ima jagk _a qjY' >a]ng hYj\qlgk
j]kaklal hgl]klYla' >]a gj\afYla( qjY) W NYa_a' cYk hja]afYka nYd(
gfa j]kaklal) Kma Yml]e j]kak( \aYa' aja]afYka >a]ng baYj\q(
lmfl' ahka kaZa \YefYlagf]eY[( W fama6 g cmja] hja]afYka' hYlk
imajmfl5 W HYe hjaf[ah]k fgf t kYm -.]daagka baYke]jcae) WH]k
kmfl laegja Zgfa gh]jak' k]\eY(  nqjaYmkqZk fjY Zabglafgk _](
da) Rfk Yml]e fgflae]j]hgl]k( t ja]ek \YjZYek' Z]l hacla]ek) I
lYl]e: <gfme ^Y[5 ]l daYZ]Zak W fgja f]kaZabgla nqjaYmkqZk: \Y(
dYm\]e ]p addY5 W >]a ]fae ea( b jqc _]jYa' aj lmjka fmg bgk VaY(
fakl]j ]kl laZa afZgfme) MaYm( _qjae6 f]k ba >a]ng lYjfYal
l]e eYdme ^][]jak' lae]5 fgf # lYm \d _]jg) <]l b]a hY\Yjqka'
_Ydla emk hja]amafcaak _]jY\Yjqkleak:
EY\Yf_a bkaadaqeYkeqdlaf]hja]l]damk kmf(
cmk qjY' ;hYlYdYk hjae]fY kcYalqlgbYek
kYng e]ad_  bmgk5-Boc_Wki_[`_~ ;ki(
joX[_ >a]ng $;mck) ;m_)%)~ IWhWojW
ohW5 0 Ggr) .-' .0'~ $-+% Jd_) JYl) -0'
-,')) MYng _]jY\Yjqkleak lacafla]ba lYah
hjanYdg kmY\afla Yleafae ba]ek hY\Yjq(
lgkagk f]l]akqZk' cY\ b hY\Yjamkak hja](
afafcYk hYbmklm lgc \a\ kcYmke' dq_(
cY\ \]_lm Yfl bg _Ydngk Yjabgk $;m_)
Nge)%)~ $-,% G[i_Zkea))) D]a cYk fgjk
h]j kYm hY\Yjql f]l]akqZ Yln]klYk ]kla
 lYa' bg_ lYah(hYl \Yjg kYng hja]afafcma
c fgjk haclY' lYa haclmeYk hjan]\Y b
hja] haclmeg aj h]j_Yda) Jja]af_Ya' b]a
_]jYkak kYng _]jY\Yjqkleak hjan]\Y kYng
hja]afafc hja] kYnk eqdbaeg' lmge]l
bak h]j_Yda haclme $Nge)%)
$,% Jd_) Ce) 1' /6 , J]lj) -' ,.) E
;hYlYdYk ahjY\agkaj]acaY YZkljYclacYak
g\aYak5 yGhW lWbZ_ei' BFN & j_a dke
=_[lev' lYa lmgbYm YlcYjlgbY cgfcj]lacm
hYkYcqem5 yDkh_ei ] _ ohWv' cY\ fa]cYk

f]_Ydlm kYcqla' bg_ bak' la]kY' _]jZak


nYd\a' Z]l bgk f]aglgbYaf]n]jla ]k hY(
cdmkfmeg) PYd\aY' cmjalmja bgk f]aglg(
bYa' qjY fmg >a]ng) JaclYk bgk afYm\g(
baeYk _Yda Z] YZ]bgfk Ylkalacla $;h\) 0'
-4%' Z]l lYa fa]cg f]h]jeYafg lgb] la]kg(
b])~$-%D Wifh_[_dWi_ lWbZ_W_ lmgk] \Y(
dqcmgk]' cmja]ekba>a]ng hYklYlqlYqjY)~
IWji iWk f [bd e i_) ) )  MmYj\qlY h]j hYka(
hja]afae lnYjcY lmja Zla nd YlalYakqlY'
ajafgeY bgk kmYj\qlgbYklmja fmc]flla)~
$.% G[iloh_WkioXi) ) )  >YjZYa nYar\afla
qjY dq_ qhYlgk) ;hYlYdg kYfhjglYnaeYk
aj hjajg\afbaeYk j]eaYka Yfl lackdg' cm(
jaYe nqjaYmkqZk klYlqlgk qjY' aj Yfll]a(
ka' cmjagk bgek aajad\Ymkg a Ylnad_ag 
hYj]a_Yk);j _YdaeY lYah(hYlhYkYcqla Yha]
haclYk nqjaYmkqZ]k: Na]kY' bgk h]jk]cagbY
cYacY\Y lmgk' cmja] \Yjg' cYk _]jY' Z]l
aj ba] f]hjanYdg fa]cg Zabgla]k' f]kajlY(
kYa f]l]akaf_Ykh]jk]cagbaeYkba]ek abjYn]j(
aY' b]a b cYfljaYa fmc]faY' cYah dam\abY
hYla]k n) Jgnadg _uW ]faeYk $hd_) , J]lj)
.' ,.) ;m_) Nge)%)~ $/% G[i ` _  =_[le
jWhdW_j' cY\Yf_a ba maeY>a]ngna]l~

Turinys

LR5G) ,.' 0( 4)

10(

]fae kaf] [YmkY_dY[dafebagjlYl) cYk haclY' Zagcak6 f]k ba f] Z]
>]a ]fae eafakl]j ]kl5 naf\]p j]acYdg f]agbY cYdYnab6 f]k ba
af ajYe ]a' ima eYdme Y_al) Q >a]ng lYjfYal qjY' Ylc]jqlgbY
C\]g f][]kkalYl] kmZ\ala ]klgl] h]j jklqZ lYe'cmjkhaclY \Y(
fgf kgdme hjghl]j ajYe' k]\ jg) Q Ng\d qjY bmek j]acYdYk
]laYe hjghl]j [gfk[a]flaYe) { Zaala hY\mgla]ek f] lac \djk(
C\]g ]fae ]l ljaZmlY hjk]klYlak5 lqZk' Z]lajkafk\d]a) H]k
eafaklja ]fae >]a kmfl' af Zg[ lg\d aj egc]kamk egcYl]5
ahkmek]jna]fl]k) ##L]\\al] ]j_g f]k ba] qjY >a]ng lYjfYa'
 ;la\mgcal]
l9efaZfk \]ZalY5 [fa ljaZmlme' lYe aj baYklYlqla)
ljaZmlme5 [man][la_Yd'n][la_Yd5 lY l naka]ek' c cYdla]kYl]5 cYe
[ma laegj]e' laegj]e5 [ma Zg(  egc]kla egc]kla' cYe emal
emal' cYe ZYae ZYae' cYe
fgj]e' Zgfgj]e)
dgn dgn)
R# ASWZ|$ Wu Yc`W]a acaWRSRO }abObe[] Wu^WZRe[Oa$ e`OdWac][Sb$
e^Oy UW ROPOW%$ cwZOWYX%bW\O&
{ H]eafa ima\imYe \]Z](
Ylak5 faka f l afna[]e \ada_Y(
lak5 ima ]fae \ada_al hjgpa(
eme' d]_]e aebad]nal) } HYe5

{ Ha]cYe fa]cg calg f]Zca(


l]kcgdaf_a'cYahlaccY\calk cal
eqdlmel6 f]kcYk Yjlaeeqda'
ahad\klYlqe) H]kkYcqeYa5

$0% M e Z b')) JgnadYk _a#lY hja] ,) ]ad)


aj]aclgbg kYcqeg aj an]\Y bg j]acYdam(
jmjY a YZa]b hY\mgla eglan6 d[ j_a
Zb hijoXi' X[j _h i_di Zb[_) NYa_a)
kYcqeYa' cmjamgk \mg\Y l]akmglYa ZYfq(
laf YjZY aYah(bYm ]eacY nqjaYmkqZ'
jaY hYnYd\afamk b kafb] aj hja] >a](
n)~$1% ;]k jeZb _h' ) )  ;hYlYdYk hja(
jg\afbY a YacYmk aj naka]ekafgeg ^Yc(
lg6 kYng hjajg\amaae bak f]eY hY\a\afY
aj kmklahjafY' hjaeaf\YeYk' bg_ egc]kaYa
egcYea qjY nqjaYmkqZek' cYahg >a]ng
lYjfYek' aj lYa \dlg' cY\ ba]' had\q\Yea
kYm >a]ng hYn]klYk hYj]a_Yk'jhafYkaYha]
hYnYd\afa _]jgn aj Yha] na] dYZ) Ng(
\d ;hYlYdYk' Yfgl _j) l)' \Yjg bmgk dq_(
cY\ dq_aYak lYjfYmbYfla]ek ZYfqagb] aj
_YmfYfla]ek mdYacqe a n]flgk na]lgk'
YjZYYhYlYdaca]ek\YjZafafcYek $,0',1%'
nY\af\YeYk bmgk lgb] na]lgb] f] ^O^`Oa%
lYaklYjfYak' gaq)gnga' Z]l $*)j_($Fe(e_' >a]ng
,almj_Yak)~$2% O_i_[ci5nakgeknqjaYm(
kqZek)~D Wc c ea[ij_) ) ) Ggc]kaYaaeY(
eaqjYfmg qhYlgk YjZY fmgkYnqZk' ema(
lYk m n]YeYk Ya(ZY an]YeYk hj]c]k)

ZYa_la had\qla $;m_)%) RjY cYacmjagk hY(


j]a_gk' fmgcmjaeg_mk fa]cmge]lf]_Y(
dahadfYa akadamgkmglaajlYa\d lj]bghgkhja](
Ykla]k6YjZY\dlgcY\_]jY\YjqklqjY lYah
\a\]d' bg_ f]_YdaeY hY\Yjqla fa]cg bYa
dq_Ymk' YjZY \dlg' cY\ emk hja]\]je
qjY fmgdYlaf nakmge]l hYkada]cYfla' YjZY
lYahg_a \dlg'cY\ Yla\mglafYk \YdqcYk qjY
f]ak]eaYemk aj \Yj Ym_Y h]j Yla\Ynae)
>d]a l ljab hja]Yka had\geY qjY Yj(
laeg e]adk hja]\]je lYah' cY\ e]k na(
kmge]l hYkada]cYe] bgk kcgdafafcYak) NYa(
_a' nakmhajeYe]khYkada]cYe] kcgdafafcYak
\dlg' cY\ e]k lmjae] eqdla Yjlae \(
d]a >a]ng' cmjaYee]k f]_Ydae] akaegc(
la m emek kml]aclYk _]jY\Yjqkl]k $, Dg)
/' -,%5 lgd]kfaYa \dlg' cY\ hYkada]cY na(
kmge]l e]adk hja]Yklak' Zaal]lal hYfYm(
eYk hja_aela]k aj eYdgfk$?ccda) ,.' ,4%6
_Ydgh' \dlg' cY\ e]adk kYcqeYk' ca]c
cYjl e]k b  Yjlaema hYjg\qkae]' nakmg(
e]l hYkada]cY kYcqem$Nge)%) G]ad]Yha(
eY agfYa nakmk lgk \gjqZk \YjZmk' cm(
jamgk na]fk calYe kcgdaf_Yk qaY) ~G[i
aWi c o b_) ) )  EYk eqda Yjlae' lmja ahad(
\qla aj calmk \gjafamk Ggr) klYlqeg $])
4% hja]kYcmk) ;jlaeg e]ad qjY>a]nge]a(
dk hYk]ce $, Dg) /' -+) -,%) Ng\d n)
LYl] aj kYcgeY' bg_ a_Yfb(eg _Ynaema
_YfY qjY lYa Yjlaeg e]adk $Dg) ,0' ,2%'
lYa >a]ng e]adk $Ggr) ,+' ,-) Nge'%)~
$4% G[i _iWaoc W_) )) ;hkcjalYa)UhYlYdYk

$3b G_[aWc d_[ae ) ) ;hYlYdYk YlcYj(


lgbY' lac calgcamg Zm\m' Yhkcjal kYcqe
2) ]ad)' hjYhdYlaf\YeYk b Yfl nakegfa)
G]k lmjae] ahad\qla nakmkl]akqZk j]acY(
dYnaemk alacaeaYmkaYa6 lac eqdbaeg hja](
\]jek e]k f]_Ydae]fa]cmge]l hadfYam(
Mn) LYlYk' RC)

Turinys

1$a)

LRG) ,.' ,+~,.)

Hgf Y\mdl]jYZak5 Hgf g[[a\]k5


Hgf ^mjYZ]jak5 Hgf ^Ydkme l]k(
laegfame \a[]k5 Hgf [gf[mhak(
[]k5 ]l ka img\ ]kl Ydam\ eYf(
\Ylme' af dag[ n]jZg afklYmjY(
lmj5 /?B?=<H hjgpaeme lmme ka(
[ml l]ahkme) dg>ad][laghjgpaea
eYdme fgfgh]jYlmj) Jd]falm\g
]j_g d]_ak ]kl \ad][lag'
? l
`g[ k[a]fl]k l]ehmk5 imaY `gjY
]kl bYe fgk \] kgefg kmj_]j])
Emf[]faehjghagj]klfgkljYkY(
dmk'imYe[me[j]\a\aemk)akbMNgp
hjb<[]kkal' \a]k Yml]e Yhabjghaf(
imYnal) ;Zba[aYemk ]j_g gh]jY
l]f]ZjYjme' ]l af\mYemj YjeY
dm[ak)
_a[ml af \a] `gf]kl]

H]kn]laegl]jaYmka'f]mema'f](
ng_ka' f]kYcqka f]l]akYmk dam\a(
baeg' f]hY_]aka' aj b]a cgck qjY
calYkkYcqeYk'YhaelYke`O uWOWa
g\aYak5 Gqdka kYng O`bW[z$
cYahg h Y l k Y a  k Y n ] ) a{; j l a e g  e]a(
d f]\Yjg haclmeg) Chad\qeYk
lY l klYlqeg qjY e]ad) Cj
lYa\Yjqcal]' afg\YeadYac'f]k
bYmqjYnYdYf\Y emek c]dla]k a
ea]_g6 f]k \YZYj Yjl]kfakemkm
a_YfqeYk' cYah cY\ lacbge])
MN HYclak hjYbg' \a]fY _ahjaka(
Yjlafg) Hme]kcae] lY l lYekq(
Zk \YjZmk'ajYhkanadccae]na](
kgk YjnYak EYahg \a]fgb] ]d_(
caekdgnaf_Ya' f] Yhkajabaemg(

dYacgka hja]kYc ]adagk' cYah bmgk jYf\Ye]


mjYqlmk - Ggr) -+',.) ) )  0 Ggr) 0',2)
<]l bak an]\Y kYng hjahYjg\qemk dYZaYmk
a lg' cYk m_afYeY' f] cYah a lg' cYk
da]haYeY' \dlg cY\ m_qfaeYa \Ym_afmk
\Ydqc YhaeY' lYah cY\ a b  fmgdYlafag
aj nakmglafg mdYacqeg ha_aYmk _YdaeY
hYafla' Yj cYk hjakahYklY hja] e]adk
hja]\]jea$]) 3%)Na] m_qfaeYalmjaknYj(
Zme ca]cna]fgb] nYdYf\gb] aj ca]cna](
fYe eg_ma' hYda]haeYa _a hjanYdg Zla
ahad\qla lac hja] lYe lacjgk hjg_gk)~
$,+% :hj_c e c[_b) ) )  EYk eqda' lYkf]\Y(
jgYjlaemafa]cghaclg'uBf_bZocWij W j ) ) ) 
G]ad qjY klYlqeg lackdm' hYklmeaYeg(
_ hja] had\qeg nak kYcqe aj hY\Yjg'
cY\ ba] mdYacgea qjY lgZmdYa aj km hYka(
k]caem)~$,,% D[bj_[i aea]jg5aYhkad]a(
\aeg' YlYmaeg klgnag) >YZYj qhY e]ad
hjanYdg Zla had\geY na]fm aj cal' cY(
\Yf_a dYacg YhdafcqZk j]acYdYmbY' cY\
fmkacjYlqlmee fmg kYnk nakgc ea]_ma(
klme aj YlYmae) C _adYmk ea]_g hYY(
\afla nd e]k hYeYm mkfm\ge]' na]fgc
f]fmklg\Yea nakacg kmkahjYlaeg) Eg\d:
;lkYcqeYk,-)]ad)~$,-%GWaj_ifhW`e) ) ) 
D]a lackdYk YjaYmkqjY' e]k hjanYdge] mg(
daYmkhYcmjklqla kYn]  cgn' cYahcY\\Y(
jg la]' cmja] d]fclqfeak Z_Y' cY\_Ymlm
\gnYf' cY\Y ba] bYm(bYm YjlafYka hja]
lackdg $;mck)%) NackdYk' cmj e]k fgjae]
hYka]cla' qjY dYae aj lYa lgZmdY' cm(
jagk \YdafafcYak e]k lYhkae] YfljYe]
EjaklYmk Ylbae]' ClY\Y _YjZk hadfa c]d(
kaek a fmeajmka) FYacYk fmg Ylkan]jla(
eg aca \YZYj _Yda lmg dYZaYmk nY\afla]k
hjakaYjlafaem hja] lackdg' bg_]a YlkcajYe

eg_ma \mglYk qjY ljmehYk Yeak' cY\


hjakaj]f_lm n]jlYa klgla]k hja] EjaklYmk
l]ake aj' lYhk \YdafafcmhYdYaeaflg>a](
ng j]_baeg' dYmclm cfg hjakacdaeg)
HYclak qjY lYa \YZYjlafak dYacYk' cmjkhY(
kc]f\k b#^Y f]afgbaeg aj fmka\baeg
lYekqZk]' \a]fY _a lYa ZmkaYflak _qn]fa(
eYk aj lgZmdY dYae hg hjakacdaema) ;fY
fYclak' cmja hjYka\bg km fmhmgdaem em(
k hajegbg lng' km Pa]hYla]k Yhkaj]aca(
em hjakaYjlafg hja] _Ydg' lYah cY\ e]k'
cjacagfk' _qn]fYe] dq_(cY\ YmlYfl
\a]fYa' cmja hadfYa Ylf] Ejaklmk N]ak(
bYk) Dg YlbaeYk bYm qjY hja] emk) Hgjk
l]akab _qn]faeYk qjY na]kY bYm aY Yfl
b ]ek' hYdq_afmk b km f]lacbaem aj Z](
\a]nqkl]' na]fgc hYdq_aflYk km YfY \a]fY'
cmjagb] e]k' cYah YfagdYa' j]_kae] >a]n'
ba qjY Z]n]ac fYclak $Aja_)(>) Ija_) <Yr)
 ;mck) ;m_) Nge)%) Dg_]a ;%%YlYdYk f](
a kcYalg Yfljgbg EjaklYmk Ylbaeg lmgbYm
nqckaYfam' n]ar) Lqe) ,,' -16 - Nk)-'
a))~ Gkc[ia_c[ jWj))) NYekqZk \Yj(
ZYak qjY fmka\baeYa' cmja] had\gea qjY
egfa' hYkaljYmcaYfab a hg eYdgfk
na]kgk $?^]r) g' ,,%' aj cmja] hjacdYmkg
aYelYekqZanYd\agb]hYkada]cYfaYehY(
kYmdama $?^]r) 1' ,-% aj n]\Y  YeafYk
M lYekqZ]k' gna]kgk YjnYa' cmja] Yl]akaYf(
 aYe na]kgk cYjYdama hjalafcY' qjY n)
a >nYkagk \gnYfgk aj khcgk' cmjagk kmklah(
jafY\a'_afYbfmg mkahmd\afbaehac(
C lgk \nYkagk aj fmka\bae aj _jaYmfY cY(
jYdqklhaclmjYg$;mck) N]g^)%~$,.%D W _(
fe Z_[de`[) ) ) Fq_(cY\ bYm Zmlm hjYna(
lmk kcYakla \a]fY' ]d_caek dgnaf_Ya' hja(
kalmj\Yea fmg nakgca f]kmkanYd\qeg)

Turinys

E [  )0$ c m3,$ +&

./&

YeZmd]emk5 fgf af [ge]kkYlag( C k] aj _ajlmgcdqklk]' f] b>Yd]ak(


faZmk' ]l ]Zja]lYlaZmk' fgf af C lmnYnaemgk] aj Z]_\qklk]'f]
Z]l
([mZadaZmk' ]l aehm\a[alaak' fgf 5 ZYjfbWb] aj mnq\bae]'
af [gfl]flagf]' ]l k]emdYlagf]6 W Yhkanadccal] Pa]hYam Drmea
k]\ af\maeafa >geafme D]( X Ejaklmea aj f]kajhafcal] Yha]
kme IZjaklme' ]l [Yjfak [mjYe C cf hY_]a\aemgk])
f] ^][]jalak af \]ka\]jaak)
%& FWZ^\Sa\WSXW bWY|XW[S ^`W`OZ] PbW ^WoZZ[O[Z W` uSZ^WO[W&

7O^cb J=I& WCf^ajemeYml]e


af da[d] Ykkmeal]' fgfaf \ak[]h(
lYlagfaZmk [g_alYlagfme) N;damk
]fae[j]\alk] eYf\m[Yj]gefaY5
P OM Yml]e af^ajemk ]kl' gdmk
eYf\m[]l) W
eYf\m(
[Yl' fgf eYf\m[Yfl]e fgf
kh]jfYl5 ]l ima fgf eYf\m(
[Yl' eYf\m[Yfl]e fgf bm\a(

),& DS`aYe`W[Oa&  Madhfb_a


lacbae]hjaaecal]' f]ka_afq\Y(
ea Yha] fmgegf]k) NEkna]fYk
laca bYe ]k nYdaY nakY nYd_qla6
cmjk _a kadhfYkqjY'l]nYd_g \Yj(
gn]k) .EmjkYa nYd_g'l]_mdf](
fa]cafY f]nYd_Yfagbg' aj cmj(
kYa f]nYd_g' l]f]lgakaY nYd_Yf(
agbg6 f]k >a]nYk b hjae)

q\Ya aj ljmhmlak hY_gfa6 klahj]kfa]ba' 


cmjamgk na]fmk ;hYlYdYk cj]ahaYka hjY(
\]\Yfl fmg ,.) ]ac' aj a cmja kmka\]\Y
\a\agba Lqeg ZYfqagk\Ydak' qjY Z]n]ac
naka Yln]jkla a hY_gfa) Madhfa]ba dYacka
lnajlYa kmcYlgk n]flaeg aj cal q\ac
n]fa' aj hjakalmj\Yng j]_aeYa fmg
ekgk aj nqfg' cY\ cYjlYak f]kmnYd_qlm
cg fgjk' cYk \a]nYaaYek hYYmcglY Zmng
$;m_) <Yr)%) Jja] lg b  h]j\a\agYlkYj_m(
eg _Ydbg hjaka\la dYZYa kaYmjYk Yadaaaaa(
,/'
,~,.) NacjgkZjgdacgke]adk\Ydq( eYk ;hY)lYd fmlYjaeg D]jmr?\b]) $;h\)
cYk qjY hYckla Yjlaemgk] lgcaYk fmgeg(
,0' -4%) Madhf]kfa]ba lacbae] qjY' cYah
f]k' cmjagk cY\ aj f]kmlafcY km emk' fmjg\g ]ad) --) -. la]' cmja kaf Zm(
Z]l fjY haclgk' f]a m_aflgk) Lqe] _a' ng kmcdq\mk' aj cmja] f]lmjbg bgcagk la(
cYah aj calmj' lYjh cjacagfa' Yln]jkl cjgk fmgegfk Yha] lYa' cYk d]aklY ajcYk
m_aflY) Nmgk lYa lmja klahj]kfa]ba hjaae(
a q\' aj a hY_gfa Zmng lgck kcajlm(
eYk fmgegfa' qhY hYda]aYfa nYd_amk la  lacj hja]l]dqkl aj na]fqZ)~G[i_(
aj n]fl]k) <mnmka]ba q\Ya a hYhjYlaeg ]_j_oZWc_) ) )  ;hYlYdYk lYjka kYcg5 H](
fgjbg lYfcaYa mdYacqla Ggrk klYlqeg l]akcal] bg eafa' cYah(cY\\jklmelhY(
kYcqemk Yha]nYd_amk aj n]fl]k' Zmnmka]( \Yjqla fmlYjae Yha] kn]laeaj\' cmjagk
f]eYlgl] $;m_)%) JajeY f]_m ;hYlYdYk
ba _a hY_gfk Zabgbg cYacY\Y nYd_qla h]j(
cYe Yfl jafcgk ek' cY\ cYjlYak f]km( lgdaYmk YacafY l kYcqe' cmjk na]fmk
nYd_qlaa cg fgjk' cYk\a]nYaaYek hYYmcg(
klahjmgYamk hYda]aY' bak fgja ajala cdYmka(
lY Zmng) Dmgk lYa nakmk aj nY\afY ;hY(
emk' Yha] cmjamgk Lqea]aYa lmjbg nYa(
lYdYklYe]YfljYe]kcqjamb]$,/',~,0',.% jaYk fmgegf]k' cY\ hja] lYa hjg_Ya Yla(
egjYdacgk _jgjgYlgb] \Yda]k kadhfYak aj ljYmclm aj kadhfmgkamk fmg b  Zjgda l]a(
kadhf]kfaYak' aj kYflacamk lYjh b  aj cal kaeg)~ $-% M[lWb]e ZWhel[i) Aj) l)5
cjacagfa' nY\afYe klahj]kfaYak' a\k(
PYd_g \Yjgn]k) aY h]jhYkYcgbYeY
lg) NYa_a' nakmhajeY jY_afY YZa hmka' cY\ laclYa' cYk Zmng Lqeg ZYfqagb]) kY(
k]j_lmka l]akla na]fa calmk aj cY\ nakgc cqeYk _a' cYk j]acaY \Yjqla' jYf\Yka
l]ake hYdaclm >a]nma' hja] cmjag kgkl .) ]ad) ( $.% DkhiW_ lWb]e$' l) q) klah(
jYkak' cmjk laca' bYe ]k nYdaY nakY
ca]cna]fYk \mgk YlkYcqemkYng \YjZmk)
" ,#  L_bfj_`_ ] _ ) ) )  Madhfa lacbae]
nYd_qla)~ G[lWb]WdY_e_e'( kadhfgbg' cmjk
qjY \Ym_aYmkaYa Yln]jkla]ba hja] EjaklYmk
eYfg' bg_ bYe j]acaY hjakalmjla fmg e(

Z]_\qklk aj f]jYemeg fmka\bae)~


$,/% ;[j Wfi_l_bb[^_c[) ) )  EYah ,3) ]ad)
lYekqZk \YjZmk' lYah ,/) ]) ;hYlYdYk
YhjYg na]kgk Yjnmk) Ejacagfk' la]kY'
lYhg h]j cjacl hYfYmk Ejaklma' na]fgc
ba] f] lac lmjahYdYacqla l hYfYme h]j
cYk\a]faf k]cae' Z]l lYahg_a hY\Ym_afla
aj dq_(cY\ afYmbg Yhkanadcla Pa]hYam
$Nge)&)uG[i_hf_da_j[ m_Yf\afla hac(
lm k cfg hY_]a\aemk)

Turinys

13)

1A&6" $'  ' !$ # "

[]l5 >]mk ]fae addme Ykkmeh(


kal) 8Nm imak ]k' ima bm\a[Yk
Yda]fme k]jnme: >geafg kmg
klYl' Yml [Y\al5 klYZal Yml]e5
hgl]fk ]kl ]fae >]mk klYlm]j]
addme) HYe Ydamk bm\a[Yl\a]e
afl]j \a]e5 Ydamk Yml]e bm\a[Yl
gef]e \a]e5 mfmkimakim] af
kmg k]fkm YZmf\]l) {Kma kYhal
\a]e' >geafg kYhal5 ]limaeYf(
\m[Yl' >geafg eYf\m[Yl5 _jY(
laYk ]fae Y_al >]g) ? l imafgf
eYf\m[Yl' >geafg fgf eYf\m(
[Yl' ]l _jYlaYk Y_al >]g) H ](
eg ]fae fgkljme kaZa nanal'
]l f]eg kaZa egjalmj) & Ma(
n] ]fae nanaemk' >geafg na(
naemk5 kan] egjaemj) >geafg
egjaemj) Man] ]j_g nanaemk'
kan] egjaemj' >geafa kmemk)
{
 Cf  `g[ ]fae =`jaklmk egjlm(
mk ]kl' ]lj]kmjj]pal5 ml ]legj(
lmgjme ]l nangjme \geaf]lmj)
kgk nYd_qeg) MlahjYkak _Yda ha_aYa hYdYa(
dYacqla kadhfb eg_me km f]j]acYdaf(
_Yak kcjmhmdYak aj km 9ja]lYjYak'  cmjag
hYacYk fmgegf]k faYcgYlkaajla) EYah
f]_]jYk na]fgc Zmlm lgck hYka]d_aeYk'
;hYlYdYk hYkYcg lgdaYmk ,0) ]ad) aj ,
Egj) 3' 4))) -eg_mk kcjmhmdm Yh_YdlYk
ha_aYa \Yjg f]hja]dYfcamk fmlYjaemk Yha]
nakY' cYk f]kmlafcY km bg VbYla]k hYka]d_a(
em' aj hYke]jcaY calmk' cYahg kadhfYZ(
\amk aj Z]\a]namk)~ Di =_[lWi `_ f h_(
c) >a]nYk l]acka Yh\gnYfgla klahjba
kYng hja]l]dqkl])~ $/(% Mk b$)Wi [i_))) Nac(
jm lYjfg l]akbm qjY na]f lac bg hgfYk'
qhY _a l]f' cYe] lYjfYa qjY dq_(cY\ bg
]aeqfgk kfYjaYak)~ C_i ijel_))) ;j bak
klgna' Yj fmhmgdY' nak lYa bg hgfg\YdqcYk5
ajfmgklgdak' cY\Y lYjfYk fmhmgdY'ajh]dfYk'
cY\Ybakklgna$;mck) Nge)%) NYa_a' fa]cYe
f]nYdaYl]aklakYngYjlaeg'b]aZ]flla]c'ca]c
hYlk>a]nYkd]a\aY6Z]lb]aZmk h]j]f_lYja(
ZY' fml]akaeYk Zmk fmg\eaf_Yk) N]ake
]a Yha] lYa' cYk mkdhlY' qhY _a Yha]
aj\a]k eaflak aj ZmkaYfamk \Y`cmk >a](
nYk hYkadacg km $Nge)%) P]ar) Dgc) _)
, . ~ $0% G[i l_[dWi))) RjY lYa YfljY
nYa\ hja]Yklak) Pa]fa kcYalg cYacmjaYk
\a]fYk n]flgeak' cala nakYk dq_ageak$hd_)
, ]ad) hYYac)%)~ $1% D Wi Wjia_h_W))) NY(

8 Nm cYk ]ka'cmjk l]aka kn]lae


lYjf: Dak klgna YjZY fmhmgdY
kYng Pa]hYama' Z]lklgnk'f]k
_Ydaf_Yk qjY>a]nYkbahYklYlqla)
 H]k na]fYk\Yjg kcajlmelYjh
\a]fgk aj \a]fgk' calYk _a dYacg
nakYk\a]fYkdq_ageak6l]_mdca]c(
na]fYk kYngfmeYfbWe]hYka_Ym(
kafY) EYk YlkcajaY \a]f' Pa](
hYama lYa \Yjg6 aj cYk nYd_g'
Pa]hYama nYd_g' f]k bak \cg(
bY >a]nma6 ajcYkf]nYd_g' Pa])(
hYama f]nYd_g' aj bak \cgbY
>a]nma) #H ] kfa]cYkaemklbkYm
f]_qn]fY' aj fa]cYkkYm f]eaj(
lY6 {f]k Yj _qn]fYe]' Pa]hY(
ama _qn]fYe]' Yj eajlYe]'
Pa]hYama eajlYe]) NYl_a' Yj
_qn]fYeg' Yj eajlYe]' Pa](
hYla]k ]kYe]) {
 H]k lYe Eja(
klmk fmeaj aj abjakacd' a\Yfl
na]hYlYmlm Yfl fmeajmkambf aj
_qnb) ML Nm_a' cYel]akalYng
kYa' cmjk mdYacg l g f] cal \a]f'cYa(
hg n]fl' \Yjg lYa \d]a Pa]hYla]k' cY\
bYe laclm aj cY\ hYkajg\qlm ]kk lacjYk
bg lYjfYk)~ D Wi lWb]e))) Zae`W = _[(
lk_) EYk nakY nYd_g' f]\Ydq\YeYk kcaj(
lmeg' lYa \Yjg \d]a EjaklYmk6 lYa _a j](
_aeY a lg' bg_ bak' haje f]_m nYd_g'>a](
nma \cgbY f nYd_amk) I cYah _a _Ydlm
cjacagfak \cgla Nnma f lYa' cgnYd_q(
eYk hY_Yd bg kalacjafae hja]aflka
EjaklYmk kYcqema: ~ B h  aWi d[lWb]e)))
NYkYa' cmjk hjakadYacg fmg cYacmja nYd(
_a' laca' bg_ h]j l kYng hjakalmjbae
bak Zmk hYcdmkfmk aj lack Ejaklma) EY\
JgnadYk' lYah l]akaf\YeYk YZa hmka' \mg\Y
kYng eYdgf fmlYjae Yha] Lqea]amk f]
Z] hja]Ykla]k' hYjg\g bak ]ad' 2)3)~$2)3%
Ha]cYk f]_Yda Zla cjacagfaea' b]abg_q(
n]faeg aj eajla]k lackdm fjY Ejaklmk' b]a
bg f]hjahYklY nakYe] kYng Pa]hYam)~
$4% G[i jWc Dh_ijki))) NYa_a' Yj e]k
_qna ]kYe]' Yj eajlYe]' e]k EjaklYmk
]kYe]' aj _qnYak hYkada]cYe] aj eaj]lYeg
f]Z] kYm' Z]l bYe) JYfYaYa - Egj) g'
,1) RhYlaf_Ya na]fgc Zm\m qjY Ejaklmk
_]jb Pa]hYlk' cY\Yf_a la] aj\YZYjbYe
lYjfYmbY aj na]hYlYmk km lmg YeafYklqb])
~ $,+% Jd_) - Egj) 0' ,+) uIh_[D h _(
ijWki) Aj) l)5 >a]ng) ;hYlYdYk aY _j(

Turinys

ZWKA& M,& ))m).$

# Nm Yml]e ima\ bm\a[Yk ^jY(


lj]e lmme: Yml lm imYj] kh]j(
fak ^jYlj]e lmme: Ief]k ]fae
klYZaemk Yfl] ljaZmfYd =`jakla)
M[jahlme ]kl ]fae5 Rang ]_g'
\a[al >geafmk' imgfaYe ea`a
dd][l]lmj gef] _]fm5 ]l gefak
daf_mY [gf^al]Zalmj >]g) MNClY (
im] mfmkimakim] fgkljme hjg
k] jYlagf]e j]\\]l >]g) a.Hgf
]j_gYehdamkafna[]ebm\a[]emk5
M]\ `g[bm\a[Yl]eY_ak' f]hg(
fYlak g^^]f\a[mdme ^jYlja' n]d
k[Yf\Ydme' a(a M[ag' ]l [gf^a\g
af >geafgD]km' imaYfa`ad [ge(
emf] h]j ahkme' faka ]a ima
]paklaeYl ima\ [geemf] ]kk]'
aada [geemf] ]kl) a Ma ]fae
hjghl]j [aZme ^jYl]j lmmk [gf(
ljaklYlmj5 bYefgfk][mf\me [Y(
jalYl]e YeZmdYk) Hgda [aZg lmg
addme h]j\]j]' hjg img =dajak(

),"

Zjgdb: YjZY lm' cg\d fa]cama


lYng Zjgd: H]k e]k naka klgka(
ekhja] EjaklYmk l]akeg(cjYk)
MM H]k hYjYqlY qjY5 EYah Y
]km _qnYk' kYcg Pa]hYlk' eYf
hjacdYmhk ca]cna]fYk c]daYk' aj
ca]cna]fYkda]mnak ahYafk>a](
n MMNYa_a' ca]cna]fYk aemkm
\mgk m kYn] >a]nma kcYaldai)
,. H]kal]akcal] lY l \Ym_aYmkcalk
calg'
Z]l dYZaYmk jhafcalk lmg'
cY\ f]hY\Yjqlmel kYngZjgdama
mka_Ynaeg YjZY aYhaclafaeg)
MM afYm aj hYkalacamPa]hYlb_]
Drmb]' bg_ fjY fa]cg hjYklg
a kYnk6 laclYa lYe' cmjk c
fgjk hjYklm dYacg' bYe hYaYe
hjYklm qjY) aWH]k b]a \d]anYd(
_ag fmdaklY lYng Zjgdak' bYm lm
f]Z]ka]d_a hY_Yd e]ad) H]hjY(
m\qc kYng nYd_am lg' m cmja

hmgdaeg) DYm \a\]kfam \Ydqcm qjY hY(


haclafaeYk' aj bak bYm lmja haclYk hYk]c(
e]k) JajeY f]_m ;hYlYdYk \mg\Y lgda(
e]kfamk h]jk]j_baemk Yha] l hYngb'
klYlg bak hja] Ycak egckd' cmjk qjY lac (
jYk)~ $,/% _dWk))) Cpk`[' cYahg bg k(
fYjak aj lYjfYk' g lYahg_a a bg hYegcq(
eg' NYa_a' fa]cYkf]_YdakYcqla5cemek
jmha lYng fmgegf: $;mck)%)~ G hWd_[(
ae fhWije _ iWli) Ha]cYk a lg' Yha]
c Zmng f]cY' a nYd_a' fjY hjYklY'
kml]hlY) Jd_) GYl) ,0' ,,6 , Nafa) /' /'
aj nhY Yha] \a]nYaaYek hYYmcglmk \Y(
Cncmk , Egj) 3) /) 26 ,+' ,4) - 0 (- 2 ) ~
$,0% Di`[_))) EYacmja] aa n) ln' cYah
;mckYZ) Eqj) a ;d]ck) kcYalg5 Z]l b] a6
lmge]l aj kjqak a]afY _]j]kfak) ~ Emg
eY]kf qjY _jqZ' cmjagk cYk fgjk a(
kaY\Y \d]a e]adk' aj cmg \a\]kf DN<)
hjY_Yalak' cmja bak' calYah gd_\Yegk' hY(
,.~-1) ;hYlYdYk dYZYa \YadaYalmgkY(
\Yjqlm Yjlaema' lmg \a\]kf qjY hja]\]j(
cafam fmg hYegcqe' \mgl naka]ek Lq(
ea]aYek' h]j]afY hja] hYlYjae' cmjamgk e akaY\la Yfgk _jqZk) EYk lYah
eY \Ydqc' cYah nYd_ak' klYlg Ym_aYmk
bak cj]ahaY na]f  klahj]kfamgkamk' jY_af(
\YeYk $OIM k]j_la]k' cY\ kadhf]kfa]ek m kYng Zjgdag a_Yfqe' lYk nakYa f]lmja
e]adk)~ G[fhWkZoa))) Ejaklmk fmea(
f]\mglm bgcag hYhaclafaeg)
$,.%
EWX_Wki hf_da_ji))) NYk h]j( j m lYng Zjgd' g lm b hYfa]cafa' ajlYm
k]j_baeYk' cYah aj lgdae]kfa]ba' Yldm]ahla h]j\Ym_ \a\ak \YaclYk qjY akaY\lana]fg
nYd_ag Ejaklmk fmeaj m kYng f]hja]l](
qjY klahj]kfamgkamk) Oka_Ynaem'aYhY(
eaflm' qjY ca]cna]fY cdalak a_Yfqeg damk' g lm f]fgja hY\Yjqla m kYng Zjgd
f]a lgk eYgk Ymcgk Ejaklmk \Yj \a(
c]dqb]' Z]l ba f]ZlafYa hjan]\Y hja] fm(

dY hja] lg' cYk hYkYcqlY 3) ]ac JYh]aca(


eg hja]Yklak qjY lY hYla' cmja bYm hYq(
elY / ]ad) hYYac)~ $,,% aP]k fWhWojW
ohW(' hYk Cr) /1' -.) ~ D W_f W [ik] o(
lWi) EYacY\Y n) LYl] kYcgeY qjY' bg_
>a]nYk hjaka]caY6 lYa ]kla \YjgeY \a\]k(
faYe hYqebaema >a]ng fmlYjae ]kYfl
f]YleYafgjg) egfk hjaka]caY h]j l'
cYk m bmgk \a\]kfak6 >a]nYk f]lmja fa]cg
naj]kfagmkYn]'bakqjYhYla_qnqZaj_qnb(
ZkYdlafak6lYa_a'ajalgb]na]lgb]dq_(cY\kY(
cgeY5 Y hjaka]cam h]j l eYf fmgkYn
_qnqZ $Nge)%)~ BfW_di =_[l' cYah[
najaYmkab Pa]hY$))~ $,-% = kc  kiWl[)
Ha]cYk f]_Yda an]f_la l]akaf_g >a]ng l]a(
keg) Cna]cna]aaYk \mgk kcYalda Yha] kYn]6
lYa_a' cjacagfaek j]acaY hjakalmjla fmg
Yjlae  l]akaeg)

Turinys

2+)

; ? 7 # %)! %*"&&#

lfk egjlaek kl)


DMNgf ]j_g Ejaklmk fmeaj
N]_md lY l
ZdYkh`]e]lmjZgffefgkljme'
emkla_]jmeYkf]Zmkhaclg\aY(
CMNgf kl ]fafaj]_fme >]a ]k[Y' naeg hja]Yklaea Ek >a]ng
]l hglmk5 k]\ bmklalaY' ]l hYp6 cYjYdqkl fjYnYd_akaj_jaeYk'
]l _Ym\ame af Mhajalm kYf[lg) Z]ll]akqZajjYeqZ aa \aYm_(
Kma ]faeafdag[ k]jnal =`jak( keYk)n]flgbgb] >nYkagb]' Ek
lg' hdY[]l >]g' ]l bWjgZYlmk ]kl cYk lYe] lYjfYmbY Ejaklma'laf(
`geafaZmk) ClYim] ie] hY[ak cY >a]nma aj ea]dYk qjY eg(
kmfl' k][l]emj5 ]l iml] b]\aaa[Y( a fek)
NYa_a' ba]cgcae] lg'
lagfak kmfl' af afna[]e [mklg(  cYk hY\Ym_afY jYeqZ' aj m(
\aYemk)
CMNgda hjgb%l]j ]k[Ye dYacqcae] \jYm_ lYa' cYk hjaka(
\]kljm]j] ghmk >]a5 gefaY ima( \]\Y hja] emkm hYam hY_]jafa(
\]e kmfl emf\Y5 k]\ eYdme eg) NL E]_jaYmc \d]a nYd_ag
]kl `geafa' ima h]j g^^]f\a[m( >a]ng \YjZg PakY' la]kY' f]km(
dme eYf\m[Yl)
<gfme ]kl l]hlY qjY6 Z]l f]_]jm \Yjgka
fgf eYf\m[Yj] [Yjf]e' ]l fgf lYe eg_ma' cmjk nYd_g baYka(
ZaZ]j] nafme' f]im] af img ]ak\YeYk) NL >]jY qjYf]nYd_q(
^jYl]j lmmk g^^]f\almj' Yml k[Yf( la ekgk aj f]_]jla nqfg' aj
\YdarYlmj' Yml af^ajeYlmj) Nm hjakalmjla fmg nakg' cmg lYng
^a\]e `YZ]k: h]f]kl]e]lahkme Zjgdak hYka]a\aY' YjZY hYkahac(
`YZ] [gjYe >]g5 <]Ylmk' ima lafY' YjZYhYkakadhfafY) NN
fgf bm\a[Yl k]e]lahkme af ]g' ja lacbe: hYdYacqc _a b hYlk
img\ hjgZYl) Nk Kppa Yml]e \ak( kYm>a]ng YcqnYar\gb]6 FYaeaf(
[]jfal' ka eYf\m[Yn]jal' \YefY( _Yk' cmjk hYlk kYnk f]hYke]j(
lmk ]kl5 imaY fgf]p^a\]) Ief] caY lYe]' c bak hYlk l]akaf_m
\aYmkak \Ydqcmk' fgjk bak Zmng Pa]hY(
am' lm _a f]fgja aj kqchY\Yjqla f]aeY(
aYmkag \Ydqcg m kYng Zjgd $;mck)%)~
$,1% M[]kb jWj))) H]hY\mgcae] kYng dam[(
kqZk' cmja e]k lmjae] Pa]hYlqb]' bg(
_]a nakY emek f]kml]hlY qjY' h]j f]Yl(
kYj_ bgk kmnYjlgbae hadfgek Zjgda hY(
ke]jcaeg f]cgek ajacgf]n]acaeYek)~
$,2% G[i =_[le aWhWboij' l) q) h]j c
>a]nYk emeqk] na]hYlYmbY' aj h]j c
e]k  bg cYjYdqkl hYcdafYe] $;mck)
Nge)%) FYakn nakY nYd_qla f]a ca]c f](
hjaka\]\Y hja] lg' cY\ >a]nYk emeqk]
na]hYlYmlm5 lYa_a' fa#Y j]acYdg Zabgla]k)
cY\ damgkqZk kmnYjqeYk mc]fclm \(
agk a_Yfqema)~ ; [j j[_ioX))) N]akqZ
kmlnYjcg anajafamk \YjZmk' cmjaYak eg(
_mk Yla\mg\Y ca]cna]fYe lYa' cYk bg qjY'
g lYahg_a kmlnYjcg nYda b \Yjqe])~K W (
coX qjY l]akqZk hYk]ce' f]k h]j l]a(
kqZk hY]a\ae jYf\Yka hYngbmb] aj jY(
eqZ)~=_Wk]icWi hYda]aY Z\' cYah
l]akqZk \YjZYa j]acaY ahad\qla' f]k lYk
fjY l]akaf_Yk' cmjk f]ka\aYm_aY a kYng
l]akaf_g hYka]d_aeg) Ng \aYm_keg hja](
Yklaea qjY n) >nYkaY $Nge)%) Mlahja]ba
hY]a\aY' Zl]fl' lYk ljak \gjqZ]k5 kadh(

fb l]ak]k h]j YlkYj_meg klgc' jYeqZ


h]j hacl cYdZ aYmcae' \aYm_ke'
kYng hYka]d_aem calmk n]k\Yea  fmda\a(
e)~$,4% MW_]_' `_[aea_c[))) NYk hja(
cdYmkg >a]ng cYjYdqkl]a' cmjk >a]nma
lafcY aj jYf\Y n) egfa hY_qjae6 lg(
camg _a qjY lYkYa' cmjaYe] jYf\Yka l]a(
kqZ' jYeqZ aj \aYm_keYk)~ $-+% G [ (
]h_Wka))) =_[le ZWhXe5 lYng Zjgdag' cmj
>a]nYk hY\Yj lacafam) ~ $-,% Jd_) Nal)
,' ,06 , Egj) 3' ,.) Jd_) ,/) ]ac~ $--%
Ngb] aj k]cYfagb] ]ac lacbaeYk j]acaY
lnajl kalacjafae Yha] lYa' cYah j]acaY
]d_la]k' Zl]fl' bg_ nYdaY qjY nYd_qla na(
kmk nYd_amk) EYk fgjk _Yda hYkYcqla5 Z]l
Yj_a lYl Z]Zmk ]nYf_]dacY damgkqZ' cm(
jaY f] nYdaY fYm\gla]k' g f] bgk nYj\Yk:
Ngc dYmcaYe me]lambafa ;hYlYdYk'
YacafY lgdaYmk ~ IWbW_aoa ]_))) NYnYe]
_qn]fae] lYm hYaYe nYdaY dYacqla]k damg(
kqZk aj hY_Yd b ]d_la]k' b]a km lYnae
fjY kadhfgbg' cmjk _Ydlm hYkahaclafla)~
D khi fWji iWli d[fWic[ha_W5 cmjk f](
bYmaY fmgdYlafag f]jYemeg aj kcjmhmd
Yha] kYng hYka]d_aeg l]akaf_me' Z]l c
\Yjg' \Yjg km hadfY kafk jYeqZ]' km
kalacjafaem' bg_ lYa l]akaf_Y aj lYah j]a(

Turinys

1?7 # %(! &'Q %)! *#

+%#

Yml]faW img\ fgf ]kl ]p ^a\]' dYacg OOQYk _a \Yjg kcajlme'
baYke]jclYk qjY' b]a nYd_g' f]k
h][[Ylme]kl)
f] hY_Yd lacbae ]d_aYka) RakY
_a' cYk fjYalacbaeg' qjYfm(
ka\baeYk)
7O^cb JG& ,>]Z]emk Yml]e
)-&DS`aYe`W[Oa&# G]k_aklah(
fgk ^ajeagj]k aeZ]dda[alYl]k af( j]kfa]ba lmjae] hYckla kadhfmbaa
^ajegjme kmklaf]j]' ]l fgf fg( kadhfqZ]k' ajf]kYmlacla) OEa]c(
Zak hdY[]j]) O Ofakimakim] n]k( na]fYk a bmkaa l]alafcY kYng Yj(
ljme hjgpaeg kmg hdY[]Yl af laema \d bg _]jg' \dt%Y_]jafa(
Zgfme' Y\&\a^a[Ylagf]e) W? l]( eg) {Ek aj Ejaklmk f]kYmla(
fae =`jaklmk fgf kaZa hdY[mal' cg' Z]l cYah bWY(jYqlY qjY5 C(
k]\ ka[ml k[jahlme ]kl5 Cehjg( cgf]n]acaeYa acgf]n]acaYfaaa
h]jaY aehjgh]jYflame laZa [][a( lYn] fmcjalg Yfl eYfk) Ek
\]jmfl kmh]j e]) WKmY][meim] nakY' cYklac hYaYqlYqjY'emkm
]fae k[jahlY kmfl' Y\ fgkljYe hYegcqema bhYjYqlY' cY\ e]k
\g[ljafYe k[a\hlY kmfl6 ml h]j h]j cYfljqZ aj hYdafckeafae
hYla]flaYe' ]l [gfkgdYlagf]e aLYlg lmjlmee nadl) {
EYf(
M[jahlmjYjme' kba]e `YZ]Yemk) ljqZk _a aj fmjYeafaeg>a]nYk
0 >]mk Yml]e hYla]flaY]' ]l kg( l]\mg\Y bmek lmjla na]fgcamk
dYlaa \]l ngZak a\ahkme kYh]j] bYmkemk ;m]fa]ek  calmk hY_Yd
af Ydl]jmljme k][mf\me D]kme Dr Ejakl' {cY\ na]faj\aYa
Dh_ijki))) NYk kYm lafcY' YjZY _qn]fm'
a\Yfl kYf laclm' cmjk lac ba]cg' cYk bg
qjY' f]Ylkan]d_\YeYk  cal a_Yfqe)~
IWhWojW ohW5 Jk) 13' E%)~ $/% G[il_(
iW))) Mmda_ >a]ng meYfqegnakY' cYk hja(
aelY Zmng ]f) klYlqe' lmjbg lYjfYm(
la c j a c a g f a  hYegcqema) >a]ng
YcqnYar\gb] klgnbg bg <YfqaY' cY\Y bak
cnh\Yng n) LYqlgbmk6 f]k fgjk n)
LYlYk nakmhajeY \mglYk qjY q\Yek'
na]fgc fmg EjaklYmk Ylbaeg ba] bg f]km(
,0'
,~,.) Jja] Ym_aYfk hY\l h]j( hjYflY aj f]fgja kmhjYkla)~ D WZ c[i
k]j_bae Yha] j]acYdaf_me k]j_la]k f[h aWdjhoX))) EY\ e]k hYjg\q\Yea a(
ca]cna]fg hYhaclafaeg ;hYlYdYk hja\]\Y ln]je ag _qn]faeg nYj_mgk] aj kmklah(
\Yj Yhkcjalg hYka]d_aeg lYakqcd' kmda_ jaf\Yjfa kYn] lY hY_mg\Y' lmg hYdafckea(
faem' cmj emek kml]ack n) LYlYk kY(
cmjagk klahj]kfa]ba' k]c\Yea EjaklYmk hY(
nqr\' lmja eYdgfaYa km]dhla kadhf]kfamg( ng hYY\baemgk]' lmjlmee Yeafgk
dYaek nadl' bgk dYacqlmeek ajbgb]Ym_(
kamk)
$,% Jd_) Ym W ) ,/' ,))6 , Egj) 4' --6 lmee) ~ $0% DWdjhoXi ]_))) =_[lWi5
AYd) 1' ,) EYahg hYklYlqlYe] je] na]( hajeYk cYfljqZk aj fmjYeafaeg \YnbYk)
fgk \Ydk' hYeYlYa' fdYa' dYacg Yfl kYnk ;hYlYdYk _jlY hja] ,) ]ad) hjY\lg h]j(
k]j_baeg) Na]\na \gnYfa' l) q) cYfljqZ
nak kmfcme' lYah aj \nYkacYe] <Yfq(
agk je] cYacmjagk \Ydk hY\Yjqlgk qjY aj fmjYeafaeYk'Lqea]aYekqjY qhY j]a(
lnajlgk' cY\ bgk _Ydlm hYc]dla cal fYl cYdaf_a na]fqZ]a km_jafla aj mdYacqla)
$Nge)%) NYk hYcdaeYk aj hYdYacqeYk f]( Mlahj]kfa]ka]ek j]acYdaf_Y cYfljqZ' cY\
hYcklm kadhfabb kcjmhmdmk' fmjYeafaeYk
hjacdYmkgfmgdamgkgk nYdagk' Z]l qjY hja](
\]je qF[i)' jkh_c[&)~ $-% M[_j_daW _a kadhfa]ka]ek' cmja] klahj]kfab n]kla
iWle WA_ck__ \nYkacYa Yjlaeg fYm\Ya' g qjY  fmda\ae'~D WZ jkhjkcc))) Jd_)
lYahg_a a\Yfl e]k hjaka\lmee hja] bg a  Egj) ,) ,+) IWfW_ Cp Dh_ij5 kmda_
DrYmk EjaklYmk nYdagk aj hYn]ackdg)~$1%
\a\]kfag akalgZmdafaeg)~ $.% G[i _h

caY \Yjqla)~ $-.% D Wi ]_ ZWhe iCY_hjk(


c)~Aj) l)5 EYk _a YZ]bgbY' knqjmgbY' ]d(
_aYka km YZ]bgbYfaY kaf])~ IWic[hbY(
jWi ohW) >a]nYk b hYke]jcaY) g\ak'
fml]akla' hYke]jcla cYacY\Y n)EYl]nYj(
lgbYeYkhdYl]kfb]hjYkeb]'aj]aclaZYmk(
e]a m cYk\a]faf fmka\bae $GYl) ,-'
.2%' lYah cY\ ajaY aj]aclY qjY cYdlqZ
aj ZYmke' cmja' n]ar\afl  h]j]f_aYe
kYcqe' _Yda Zla d]f_nY YjZY kmfca)

Turinys

LRG) ,0' 2~,.)

=dajaklfe5  Ol mmYfae]k' eag


gj] dagragja^a[]lak >]fe' ]l hYl(
j]e >geafafgkljaD]km =dajakla)
W Jjghl]j img\ kmk[ahal] afna(
[]e' ka[ml ]l =`jaklmk kmk[]hal
ngkaf`gfgj]e>]a) {>a[g]fae
=`jaklmeD]kmeeafakljme ^mak(
k] [aj[me[akagfak hjghl]j n]ja(
lYl]e >]a' Y\[gf^ajeYf\Ykhjg(
eakkagf]k hYljme5 _]fl]k Ym(
l]e kmh]j eak]ja[gj\aY `gfgjY(
j] >]me' ka[ml k[jahlme ]kl5
Jjghl]j]Y[gf^al]ZgjlaZaaf_]f(
laZmk >geaf]' ]l fgeafa lmg
[YflYZg dg? lal]jme \a[al5 Fk](
lYeafa _]fl]k [me hd]Z] ]bmk)
? l al]jme5 FYm\Yl] gef]k
_]fl]k >geafme6 ]leY_fa^a[Yl]
]me gef]k hghmda) MN? l jmjkmk
CkYaYk Yal5 ? jal jY\ap D]kk]' ]l
ima ]pkmj_]l j]_]j] _]fl]k' af
]me _]fl]k kh]jYZmfl) IN>]mk
Yml]e kh]a j]hd]Yl ngk gefa
_Ym\ag' ]l hY[] af [j]\]f\g5ml
YZmf\]lakaf kh]' ]lnajlml] MWaa(
jalmk kYf[la)

na]fY ZmjfY dgnaflmel >a]n


aj Nnemkm Ra]hYla]kDrYmk
EjaklYmk) Ng \d]a hjaaafD\l]
na]fa calmk' cYah aj Ejaklmk bmk
hjae \d >a]ng dgnk) {Ek
Y kYcYm' bg_ Drmk Ejaklmk Zm(
ng YhahbYmklqeg lYjfm' \d]a
>a]ng la]kgk' a\Yfl hYlnajlaflm
hYY\baemk lnYek' { aj cY\
hY_gfak dgnaflm >a]n m ea](
dYaj\qkl cYah hYjYbWlY qjY5
Ng \d]a Y ahYafkam lYn]'
Pa]hYla]' lYa#h hY_gfam aj lYng
nYj\ma _a]\gkam) C j  nd kYcg5
FafckeafcalkhY_gfakkmbglYm(
lY C j  nd5 Aajcal] naka hY_g(
fak Pa]hYl' aj dgnafcal] bana(
kgk lYmlgk MNCj Wd CrYabYk kY(
cg5 CjZmk Dkk Ycfak' aj cmjk
c]dkak hY_gfaaa nYd\qlm5 bYe]
hY_gfak lmjk nadla) MNK >a]nYk
nadla]k l]hjahad\g bmk nakgcamg
\aYm_kem aj jYeqZ] lacbae]'
cY\ hYka_Ymkaflmel nadlqb] aj
n]flgkagk >nYkagk _YdqZb]

BZWdj l_[d_hZ_W_))) l) q) l hYl bYmk\Y(


ea aj\qk] aj aVaYaaa\Yea dmhgeak)~=_[(
l _h Ml))) >a]n' cmjk kmlnj Ejakl
kmda_ bg n]f) eg_qklk aj hY_ae\ km(
da_ bg n]f[) \a]nqklk' aj cmjk lg \d]a
lacjYk qjY >a]nYk aj NnYk emk Pa]hY(
la]k DrYmk EjaklYmk)~$2% MeZb[_)))Egjk
na]fqZ qjY >a]ng \gnYfY'l]aYmk egfk
lfja kYf\YjZafafcYmla bgkmdYacqema)NYah
ba] hYdgnafk >a]n)~DW_rr _h Dh_ijki
`kifh_c5 cYah Ejaklmk hjae  kYng
hja]l]dqkl q\mk W` ^OU]\Wa$ cY\bOW^ hY(
\Ym_aflm >a]ng dgn)~q3&:f_f`Wkijoce
j) o) Wf_f`Wkijoj`) q\ lYjfm) >a]ng
dgn hY\Ym_aflY qjY nYajam Zm\m h]j q(
\ aj hY_gfa hjaeae5 q\mk hjae
Ejaklmk' cY\ hYkajg\qlm >a]ng alacaem(
eYk' cY\Yf_a lYa Y\lY Zmng b  lnYek'
hY_gfak _a a ea]dYaj\qklk) EY\Yf_a lYl
na]fa aj cala EjaklYmk hjaaela qjY aj km(
na]fqla  na]f dYe'ba] lmja dgnafla >a](
n adacae aj ea]dYaj\af_)~$4% IWhW(

ojW ohW Jk) ,2' 0.6 -EYj)--' 0 + '($, + %


_ h  lbiWae50Ggr) .-'/- hY_YdFQQl]c(
kl)~$,,% B h  lb5 Jk) ,,1' ,)~$,-% NacYa
`Wi ]Wde5 Cr) ,,' ,+) JY_gfk Ylkan]jk'
Z]l maek e]kaYfacgb] cYjYdqklb] dq_(
cY\ Yfljb na]l' cY\Yf_a ba] lmja hjaka(
\la hja] CrjY]dag' cmjaYe hY\Yjqla qjY
hYY\baeYa)~$,.% +  =_[lWi l_bj_[i)))
JYkcmlafaYa hjYfYg g\aYa \mg\Y hjg(
_ ;hYlYdma dafcla alg hYdYaeafaeg
Lqeg ZYfqaYa' cmjagk \Ym_meY km\lY
damng a Yln]jkl hY_gfa) ~ BZWdj fW(
i_]Wki_djkcj))) EY\ bmk nak \Ym_aYmk
aj \Ym_aYmk Ym_lmel Yfgb] nadlqb]
Yeafg _qn]faeg' cmja f]YhnadaY) Padlak
qjY nYakamea lgk jYeqZk km >a]nm aj
lg \nYkacg \aYm_keg' a cmja \aYm(
_aYka naka' cmja] kmlYacqla km >a]nm' f](
Z]lmja ZYaek hjY_Yjg) N jYeqZ aj
km bY kmna]fql \aYm_ke e]kdYaebYe]
aj lmjae] h]j lacbae' h]j cmj fml]aka(
fYea ]kYe])

Turinys

=ZKN`& )-$ ) , %) 1 &

"& 5^WS aOcbZYZca bO`^ D]dWZ] W` Ee[] POwWWe7W]a&


A]jlmk kme Yml]e ^jYlj]k
e]a ]l ]_g ahk] \] ngZak' img(
faYe ]l ahka hd]fa ]klak\ad][la(
gf]' j]hd]la gefa k[a]flaY' alY
m l hgkkalak Ydl]jmljme egf]j])
#0 ;m\Y[amk Yml]e k[jahka UWgZak
^jYlj]k ]p hYjl]' lYeimYe af
e]egjaYe ngk j]\m[]fk5 hjgh(
l]j _jYlaYe' imY& \YlY ]kl ea`a
Y >]g) O lkaeeafakl]j=`jakla
D])km af _]flaZmk6 kYf[la^a[Yfk
?nYf_]dame >]a' ml ^aYlgZdYlag
_]flame Y[[]hlY' ]l kYf[la^a[YlY
af Mhajalm kYf[lg' BYZ]g a_a(
lmj _dgjaYe af =`jaklg D]km Y\
>]me) ,3 Bgf ]fae Ym\]g Yda(
ima\ dgima ]gjme' imY. h]j e]
fgf ]^^a[al =`jaklmk af gZ]\a]f(
laYe _]flame' n]jZg ]l ^Y[lak5
Cf najlml] ka_fgjme' ]l hjg(
\a_agjme' af najlml] Mhajalmk
kYf[la5 alY ml YZ D]jmkYd]e h]j
[aj[malme mkim] Y\ Cddqja[me

,W + kalaDYafk ]kmajY baYlk'


eYfg ZjgdaYa' Yha] bmk' bg_ aj
bmk hadfa ]kYl] e]adk'hj>ad\uW(
la)nakgcag egckdg' lYah bg_ _Y(
dal] na]fYk cal Va]jk]j_la)
LYaYm _a bmek \jkaYmk' ZjgdaYa'
a\Yda]k cYah aj bf(aeaf\YeYk
bmek \d]a eYdgfk' cmaa eYf
>a]ng \mglY qjY' 93cY\ Y Zm(
aYmDrYmkEjaklYmklYjfYk lYjh
hY_gfam' n]fl lYjfqkl had(
\Yflak >a]ng?nYf_]dabgb]'a\Yfl
hY_gfam YlfYY lYhl e]ada aj
hYnklY n]flgbgb] >nYkagb])
CC NYa_a' Y lmjam dgn Ejaklmb]
Drmb] lYe]' cYkhYda]aY >a]n)
Ek Y f]\jkaYm kYcqlafa](
cg lgcag' cg hY_gfaek Yln]kla
hYcdmkfmeYf h]j eYf] Ejaklmk
fjY hY\Yjk g\am aj \YjZYak'
ML h]j _YdqZ ]fcdm aj kl]Zmc(
dm' h]j n]flgkagk >nYkagk _Y(
dqZ6 lYah bg_ fmg D]jmrYdk aj

C cg5 fgjk Y Ckalacjafk ]km' bg_ bmk hY(


dk _Ydal] na]fa calmk h]jk]j_la' na]fgcaj
C Y lYa hY\YjaYm \d]a eYfg qhY(
= laf_g hYYmcaeg)~$,1% D W Z  W ) ) )  J]j
b cjacl cjacagfak kmna]fabYeYk ]kla km
b Ejaklmea'cYahg bg kfYjak' cY\ km bmgea
C \nYkacm Zad\m hjacYdlYk Zmlm  cjqa aj
C fmeajlm) EY\Yf_a lYl EjaklmkYlfYYng kY(
C n] Yfl cjqaYmk Nnma' lg\d lmjae] aj
a e]k kYn] YlfYYmla' cYahg C_Yfqlgbg k(
= fYjaYa) ;hYlYdYa lYjfYmbY hja] lYa \nY(
kacYa YlfYYa dq_aYa' cYah lYjfYa' cmja]
hjaj]f_aY YlfY aj klYlg b hja] nqjaYm(
k cmfa_) ;hYlYd hYegckdYa lYehY lg(
C\mg Zm\m Ymcgk \Ydaea) Jd_) ,-' , $Ija_)
;mck)%)~$,2% MW_]_' W ) ) )  ;hYlYdYk _Y(
da _ajla]k kYng kmkana]fabaem km Drmea
Ejaklmea' cmjag lYjfm qjY' aj cmjk h]j b
n]acaY' g lYahg_a _Yda _ajla]k a Ylnad_ag
N|NN$\S`SWYOZWZcRO[W$YORYWbW~c[aRc]bc^S`%  >a]ng kYm kml]acl eYdgf)~$,3% Di
k]j_baeaak)~$,0% IW_Wk] _ ) ) )  ;hYlYdYk W d[Zhi_Wk) ) )  C fmgdYa\meg ;hYlY(
f] la]c l]akafYk \d kYng _jgeYlgk aj bgk dYk aY nYjlgbY m_afabYfa(kYcafag anYa(
r\)( Dak fgja _ajla]k lac lmg' c h]j b
lYdhgk' ca]c hYYacafY bgk hjYke' eaf(
hY\Yjk qjY Ejaklmk)~$,4% MW_f `e] dke
\YeYk kYng hYYmcae) Dak dq_(cY\kY(

JYla _jgeYlY bYm \YZYj hYZYa_lY) ;m(


lgjama da]cY \Yjhja\labYa _YdYk' aj baklYa
\Yjg hYYacaf\YeYk kYng qhYlad[mk kYfla(
camk dafc Lqeg ZYfqagk aj hja\\YeYk
nYajamk hYkn]acafaemk)
,/~-,) ;acaf\YeYk kYflacamk' JgnadYk
nakmhajeY a\klg ljmehYa' cg\d bak lYaV%
\jkaYa Lqea]aYek jYg)
$,/,H _i_j_ah_di);j_YdbgLqea]aYaa
JgnadghYjY_aYafmkhla' Zmcbak]kkf]nakYa
_]jgk Yha] bmgk fmgegfk: ;hYlYdYk f](
fgja' cY\ lYe] \Ydqc] cadlm cgck fgjk
YZ]bgbaeYk aj _ja]lYa kYcg5 fgjk Y \Y(
naYm bmek h]jk]j_baemk' na]fgc Y lmjam
lnajl kalacjafae' bg_ blbk hadfa ]kYl]
e]adk aj l) l)~I _bd_ [iWj[ c[_bi) ;fgl
_j) l)5 aj\a]k _]jmeg cmjk qjY hja]af(
_Ykfmg\eaf_mema'lYa_ahadfanakgca \g(
jqZa $;mck)%)~@Wb_j[
2lzalbh]Wzk]:(



Turinys

2/'

ERG) ,0' -+~-3'

j]hd]n]jae ?nYf_]daef =`jakla' a Yhdafcma aca C d OWjabYa nakmj YhkY(


Ma[ Yml]e hjY]\a[Yna ?nYf( a caYmEjaklYmk?nYf_]dab) NLNYah
_]dame `g[' fgf mZa fgeafYlmk ' _a Y YhkYcgbYm l ?nYf_]dab'
]kl =`jaklmk' f] kmbW]j Yda]fme # + f] l]f' cmj afgeYk Zmng
^mf\Ye]flme Y]\a^a[Yj]e6 k]\ t EjaklYmk nYj\Yk' a\Yfl f]klYlq(
'ka[ml k[jahlme ]kl5
Kma( # aYm Yfl kn]laeg hYeYlg' Z]l
Zmk fgf ]kl YffmflaYlme\]]g' # cYah hYjYqlY qjY5 NM Emja]ek
na\]Zmfl5 ]l ima fgfYm\a]jmfl' ~ f]Zmng Yha] ba Yhj]aclY' la]a(
afl]dda_]fl)
nqk6 aj cmja] f]_aj\bg' kmhjYk)
* *  Jjghl]j img\ ]l aeh]\a]( X
NN Ng \d]a aj ZmnYm Y dYZYa
ZYj hdmjaeme n]faj] Y\ngk' ]l t kmljmc\b;Yk Yl]ala hYk bmk' aj
hjg`aZalmk kme mkim] Y\`m[' da_ \YZYj kmdYacqlYk ]km) <]l
-0& Hmf[ n]jg mdl]jamk dg[me \YZYj f]Z]lmj\YeYk \Ym_aYmk
fgf `YZ]fk af `ak j]_agfaZmk' na]lgk amgk] cjYlmgk]'lmj\Y(
[mha\alYl]e Yml]e `YZ]fk n]( eYk _a fgj bYm fmg \Ym_]dag
fa]f\a Y\ ngk ]p afmdlak bYe e]lm Yl]ala hYk bmk' NPY \  hjY(
hjY][]\]flaZmk Yffak5 N& [me af  \kam c]dagf ?CkhYfab'lacamgk'
BakhYfaYe hjg^a[ak[a [g]h]jg' W bg_ hjY]a\YeYk anqkam bmk aj
kh]jg img\ hjY]l]ja]fk na\]Ye Zmkam bmkm  l]f fmn]klYk' b]a
ngk' ]l Y ngZak \]\m[Yj addm[' hajeYa]c(la]cbmeakhYka\aYm_(
ka ngZak hjaeme ]p hYjl] ^jma( kam) -0NYa_a' \YZYj Y c]daYmkam
lmk ^m]jg) NQ Hmf[ a_almj hjg^a( , D]jmrYd n]fla]ek lYjfYmlm)
[ak[Yj af D]jmkYd]e eafakljYj] -3 H]k GYc]\gfabYa aj ;[`YbYa
kYf[lak) N[ JjgZYn]jmfl ]fae hYe_g km\lacYacmjaYke]rdaY(
GY[]\gfaY5 ]l ;[`YaY [gddYla( nYk Z]lmjaYek lYjh n]flaam'
gf]e YdaimYe ^Y[]j] af hYmh]( ]kYfam D]amrYdb]) NSNYa ba]ek
j]k kYf[lgjme' ima kmfl af D]( W hYe_g6 bmc ba] Yf kcgdafaf(
jmkYd]e) NS JdY[mal ]fae ]ak6]l 6 cYak bmY) H]k b]a hY_gfak lYhg
\]Zalgj]k kmfl ]gjme) HYe ka 5 \YdafafcYak bmbm \nYkacm _jq(
khajalmYdame ]gjme hYjla[ah]k t Za' lmja ba]ek lYjfYmla cfa(
^Y[la kmfl _]flad]k6 \]Z]fl ]l  cmgk]) NT NYl_(a' lYa hYZYa_k aj
C[hkcNi) ) )  D]jmrYd qjY bg \YjZg \aj(
ngk jaZY ha]lmgk]' CdqjabY aYmjb]) Pakmg(
k] lYjh Yf\na]b hmfcl ]kYfamgk] cjY(
lmgk] JgnadYk lYah YhkYc ?nYf_]dab'bg_
bak f]Z]j]acYdYmbY ROcUWOca l]f [dYjZmg(
la]k $]) -3 %)~$-+% MW_f(]_ W ) ) )  NYah
lYa Y jhafYmka YhkYcgla ?nYf_]dab ea(
flmgk] cjYlmgk]' g f] calmj)~qRO&D k (
h_[ci) )) P]ar)Cr) )0-' ,1) JjYfYYk f](
cY YhkcjalYa Yha]lYmlYk'cmjagek \Yjfa](
cg f]Zmng YhkYcqlY Yha] G]kab6 JgnadYk
hjalYacg lmgk g\amk Ydamrabgk c]dam hja]
l' cmja f]Zmng hYka]ck cal YhYlYd
YhkYcgbaeYk)
--~3.) ;hYlYdYk ljmehYa hYYacafY
meYfqlgkagk c]dagfk LqeYf hja]Yklak)
$--% MeZb[_) Jd_) Ym_) ,' ,.) JYkcm(
lafa g\a5 _h b_] ZWXWh) ) )  fjY _j) l)

aj \Ym_]dqb] dgl) jYfcjYa)~%R:(&IhW[_(


ZkcWi _loi_k `ki)) ) NYa_a' LqegZY(
fqaYlmjbgZlacmjlY qeaYa YfckaYmk'
f]_m hYjYqlY Zmng _jge)Lqe) $03 e)%'
aj l]akaf_Ya YlkaYmcaYeY qjY  al na]l'
c\ hYlnajlafmk aklgjabgk dam\abae' bg_]a
n) J]ljYk Ylbg LqeYf /- e)~ C[_f _h(
cW _[a j_[a))) ;hYlYdYk \jYm_ aY dq_
hYqea' bg_ bgcag dYacg' cY\ aj ad_aYmkag'
f]ml]clm hadfYe lg bg ljgcaeg m_Yf(
[dafaafma $;mck)%) JgnadYk aj]acaY lYa%%L(
_a mkalacbae Lqeg cjacagfaeak' cY(
\Yf_a bak fgja f]laclYa Zla b  YhjhaflYk
c]dagf]a j]acYdaf_Yak \YdqcYak' Z]l \Yj
ljgclY hYkaaela km kYnae cYacmjamgk a
Lqea]a' cmja] b hYdq\lm  CkhYfab)~
$-0D MW_]_'ZWXWh))) Jd_) ;h\) -+' .~-,6
-/' ,2)~ qRb&IW]ed_ijWfeZWb_d_daW_i)))
>YdafafcYak ?nYf_]dabgk aj bgk _jqZa)~

Turinys

; ? 7 # %)! &PQ %*! %#

aaa [YjfYdaZmk eafakljYj] addak)


.3 Bg[ a_almj [me [gfkmeeY(
n]jg' ]lYkka_fYn]jg]ak^jm[lme
`mf[5 h]j ngkhjg^a[ak[Yj afBa(
khYfaYe) .4M[ag Yml]eimgfaYe
n]fa]fk Y[a ngk' af YZmf\YflaY
Z]f]\a[lagfak ?nYf_]daa =`jakla
n]faYe) IZk][jg ]j_gngk^jY(
lj]k h]j >geafme fgkljmeD](
kme =`jaklme' ]lh]j[YjalYl]e
kYf[la Mhajalmk' m lY\bmn]lak e]
af gjYlagfaZmk n]kljak hjg e]
Y\ >]me' m l daZ]j]j YZ af^a(
\]daZmk' ima kmfl af Dm\k]Y' ]l
gZk]imaa e]a gZdYlag Y[[]hlY
^aYl af D]jmkYd]e kYf[lak' ml
n]faYe Y\ ngk af _Ym\ag h]j
ngdmflYl]e >]a' ]l j]^ja_]j]j
ngZak[me) ..B]mk Yml]e hY[ak
kal [me gefaZmk ngZak) ;jf]f)

Yla\Ynk ba]ek lnYakam' aa]jbmk


c]daYm(kam CkbaYfabgf) W4 +  Y a(
fYm' bg_' Yl]a\YeYk hYk bmk'
Yl]akam EjaklYmk?nYf_]dabgkhY(
dYaeafaeg hadfqZb]) GYd\Ym(
bm lYl bmk' ZjgdaYa' h]j emkm
Pa]baYla' Dr Ejakl' aj h]j
n]flgkagk >nYkagke]ad hY\la
eYf bmkm eYd\gk] m eYf] b
>a]n' .,cY\ ZmaYm adamgkmg(
lYk fmg f]lacafab' ]kYfam
Dm\bgb]' aj cY\ eYfglYjfYna(
eg YlfYY ea]dY Zmlm n]fla](
ka]ek D]jmrYdb]'
hY\ km
\aYm_kem Yl]aaYm hYk bmk h]j
>a]ng nYdaaj km bmeak Ylka_Ya(
nafaYm) .. LYeqZk _a >a]nYk
l]ZfY km bmeak nakYak) ;e]f)

,& }dOW`ca ^OadSWYW\W[OW&


=Yhml QPC) =gee]f\g Ym(
l]e ngZak J`g]Z]fkgjgj]efg(

).& DS`aYe`W[Oa& N (  Y m(
lYjam hja] bmk ?Z' emkm k](

Mkh_`_[ci jWhdWkj_))) Jd_) , Egj6 4' ,,)


Aj) l) akaj]acaeYk Q]lNgm^bR#:VYYa YmNg#a6
fmjg\g' cY\ Ydemfgk \YnaeYk bjY n]flY
lYjfqkl >a]nma)~ $-4% H W _dWk5 f]
a Yhj]acaeg' Z]l a hjalqjaeg)~ IWbW_(
c_d_ce f_bdoX`[5 km eYdgfeak' cmjaYk
Ejaklmk bmjYk kml]ackh]j eYfghYegckdmk)
;hYlYdYk lmjbg lmge]l $ZYa_aYfla]k03
YjZY hjYka\]\Yfl14 e)% meYfqe' Yldacla
\na c]dagfa5  D]jmrYd aj  CkhYfab'
Nac hajeb _YdbgbakhYkcajlmdYacmnqc(
\qla' Yflj _a' h]j Lqe' d]elY Zmng Yl(
dacla qeaYa ndaYmk' cY\Yf_a bak lac hY(
nYkYj 1- e) Ylc]daYng LqeYf aj lYa cYa(
hg cYdafqk)~ $.+% FWbZWk`k jWj))) JYea(
fbaeYk n]acYmk ac]daYnaeg D]jmrYdf
hjae]fY YhYlYdma hYngbmk aj c]flbaemk'
cmja]ek f]na]fY hjg_Y lmjbg jYkla]k lg(
b] c]dagfb]6 lg\d bYe j]acYdaf_Yk qjY
Lqea]a mlYjaeYk hYk >a]n)~ I[h
cki_ O_[fWj_))) =lWi_ei c[_b) Na] g(
\aYa hjae]fY f]YZ]bglaf la]k' cY\ naka
lacaflak kmna]fqla qjYEjaklmb]'kmjalaklah(
jaYmkam jqam n) >nYkagk' cmja ada]bg kY(
ng e]ad  b  aj\ak)~ IWZj_ cWd) Aj
l) qjY kmnYhjYndgYkOYl u 4 @ ; $ \jYm_ km eY(
fae cgngla) NYa_a' n) JgnadYk hjYg Lq(

ea]amk h]j eYd\Yk lYhla \YdafafcYak lgk


cgngk' cmjagk bak dYmcaY fmg kYng aj
?nYf_]dabgk hja]) C cjacagfaeYd\
bak \YZYj lacaka qhY \na]b eYdgfa' cm(
jaYk aj]acaY k]c' ]ac5 ,.,% BIWZ Xk_Wk'
_b___eikejWi))) _h aWZ cWde jWhdWl_ce))
;hYlYdma j]acbgZabmla]k nakgcg a D]jm(
rYdk q\' hYkadacmka f]lacafaYak5 f](
Zmng bak lYahg_a lacjYk' cY\ jYk _]j hja(
eae hYk Yln]jklmgkamk q\mk' cY\Yf_a
aj b  lYjh] bak lmjbg \Ym_ kYm f]hja](
dYfca)~ $.-% D W Z  i_j))) Nmg dYZaYmkLq(
ea]aYa hjanYdg km]dhla ;hYlYd kYng
eYd\geak' cY\ fmg _]jg hYkak]caeg c](
dagfk D]jmrYdf hjacdYmkg bg YhkadYfcq(
eYk Lqe])~ I[h =_[le lWb_) RakY
na]fgc ;hYlYdYk hYda]cY >a]ng nYdaYa'
cmjk kmda_ kYng aeafla]k ahad\qk _Yd f]
ca]cna]f ljgcae $Jd_) CA' ,%)
,1'
,~-) Jja\\YeYk hja] _jgeYlgk
nYajamk hYkn]acafaemk' JgnadYk hjY\]\Y
bmgk fmg mlYjaeg hYk Lqea]amk @Zk'
cmja lY ;hYlYdg _jgeYlYfmf] LneYm)
$,% I W kjWh_k))) @Z' cYahg cjac(
agf' nY\afYka YhYlYdg k]k]jaea5 cYahg
\bYcgfak ba lYjfYng Z]lmjaYek aj c]d]a(

Turinys

A C

klaYe'
kl af eafakl]jag
][[d]ka^]' aal] kl af =]f[`jak5
W ml ]Yfa kmk[abaaYlakaf>geafg
\a_f] kYf[lak5 ]l YkkaklYlak ]aaf
img[meim] f]_glag n]klja af(
\a_m]jal5 ]l]fae ahkY imgim]
Y\klalal emdlak' ]l ea`a ahka)
. MYdmlYl] Jjak[Ye' ]l ;ima(
dYe Y\bmlgj]k e]gk af =`jaklg
D]km5 # $Kmahjg YfaeY e]YkmYk
[]ana[]k kmhhgkm]jmfl5 imaZmk
fgf kgdmk ]_g _jYlaYk Y_g' k]\
]l[mf[ll] ][[d]kae _]flame% W
]l \ge]kla[Ye][[d]kaYe]gjme)
MYdmlYl] ?hk]f]lme \ad][lme
ea`a' ima ]kl hjaeala;Oak ;kal]
af =`jaklg)  MYdmlYl] GYjaYfa'
imYk emdlme dYZgaYnalafngZak)
 MYdmlYl] ;f\jgfa[me' ]l Dm (
faYe [g_fYlgk' ]l [gf[Yhla;Wgk
e]gk5 ima kmfl fgZad]k af ;hg(
klgdak' ima ]l Yfl] e] ^m]jmfl
af =`jaklg) W MYdmlYl] ;ehdaY(
lme \ad][lakkaefe ea`a af >g(
eafg)  MYdmlYl] OjZYfmeY\bm(
lgj]e fgkljmeaf =`jaklg D]km'
]l MlY[daqf \ad][lme e]me)
MYdmlYl] ;h]dd]f hjgZme af
=`jaklg) MYdmlYl]]gk'ima kmfl
])p ;jaklgZgda \geg) MYdmlYl]

).B

k]ja' cmja qjY Cn]f[`jmgk] ]kYf(


agk ZYfqagk lYjfYnae]' W cY\
b hjaaelmel Pa]hYlqb]' cYah
NOa\]jY n]fla]ka]ek' ajhY\lm(
fal bYa cgcaYe] lac j]acYdg bm(
km ajanYdb\m' f]k aj ba lYahg_a
baY\bg \Ym_]dama ajeYf baYaYe)
. JYkn]acafcal Jjakc aj ;c(
nada' eYfg bkY\bbm \m Drmb]
Eaaklmb]'  $cmja]\m m eYfg
_bnYkla \Yn kYae cYd[amk' cm(
ja]fa\na]e f] lac Y \cgbm'
Z]l aj nakgkbaY_gfamZYfqagk6'
 aj N>Yk;eacafcalkmkajafcaeb(
\na]b' fYemgk]) JYk;eacafcal
? Na]fl' eYfgfmeqdlb)' cmjk
qjY ;rabgk hajegf Ejaklmb])
g BK]`OSUSXUS^ ?K\STq# U_\S NK_Q
NK\LK5JY]S NsV T_]S^%  BK]`OSUSX$
US^ 5XN\YXSUq S\ <_XSTq# WKXY
QOX^S] S\ N\K_QUKVSXS_]# U_\SON_
mVY5_XQ_ a\K ZK] 5ZKm^KV_]# U_$
\SON_ S\ (+S\W WKXr] L_5W =Sv$
]^_TO# J BK]5JOSUSXUS^ WaVSW SK_]S
WKX = \S]^_TO 5XxSVSK^q% J B K $
D5 $OSUSVSUS^ ^V\LYXq# WKXY (JdJMVs$
TsTq  = \S]^_TO <sb_TO S\ WKXY
W aVSW qTu D^KMRu% VY BK]5 OSUSX$
US^ 5 Z O Su# SmW sQSX^q = \S]^_TO%
'' BK]`OSUSXUS^ ^_Y]# U_\SO a\K

naYamk) Cn]m[dajYa Zmng lYa Dagfamg mgk( kam' Lqea]aYa Z] YZ]bgfk afgbg' fgjk
lYk hja] Dgfabgk bmjgk' Ylklmk fmg ea]klg emek nakYa f]afgeY qjY) AYd lYa Ylka(
h]j 3+++ af_kfa)~ $-% D W_f fh_Z[hW))) lacg Egjafl] $;h\) ,3' ,-))%' _Yd ?^]r]
EYah Naja[d]jY aajaaela cjacagfak) ~ G[i $;h\) 4' -.)))%~$0% ?h]flYkZmnghajeYk
C _ jW_fe]_))) EYah @Z cala]ek hY\bg' Yln]jklYk hY_gfak a Lqeg hjgnaf[abgk'
;rabY nY\afYegk) AYd Zla' cY\ b Yln]\
lYah bmk bYa hY\cal) EYah ba Zmng Jg(
nadma hYlYjfYnmka' \SwW\WO3 f]afaY lYaabg_a'  lacbae f] hYlk n) JgnadYk' Z]l ;cna(
aaYk aj JjakcY)~$1% GYjabY Zmng j]_aeYa
cg\d ba c]daYng LqeYf)
. ~,1) Jgnadg hYkn]acafaeYa hja]l]( \bYcgaaak' a q\ cadmka' cmja Ylkaqe(
daYek Lqe]) EYah _a \a\aYa hja]l]dacYk bg Lqe] e]adk YjZY mgdmeg \YjZYak)~
aj e]adaf_Yk lmjbg Zla n) JgnadYk' cmjk $2% :dZhed_a aj*G aaab)H]afaY' Yj la](
\m Zmng lac q\m' Yj a lgk hYagk'
lmj\YeYk aelmk jh]ka aj nYj_afY(
eYk f]kmkcYalgeYak kmkhYm\aeYak' lYah a[Yah ;hYlYdYk' <]fbYeafg _aeafk' Yj
lacja Jgnadg _]flak)~$3% ? _hc cWdiXkle
\Ym_]d kn]acafY' aj lYa f] lac bmgk anYj(
\q\YeYk' Z]l \Yj hYeaf\YeYk qhYlaf_Yk Dh_ijk`[) EYk lYah cYdZY' hYjg\g kYng
b  hjanYdmemk Cla]k' _]jafmkJgnadYk f](
fmgdYa\me' cY\ lmg dYZaYmk calmk hY_aj(
_Ydbg hjaj]f_la kYng c]dagfk LqeYf lm)~$4% OjZgfYk f]Zmng Yjlae]kfam Jg(
EYah ea]dYk Zmng bak Lqea]aYek' hYjg(
nadg kYf\YjZafafcm' f]k fa]cg \Ym_aYmk
Yha] b fjY afgeY)~$,,% D kh_[ ohW
\g YhkYcgbaeYk ;h\) -3' ,0)
$/%
Dkh_[Zk))) ZWl iWle aWbY_ki) EY( O_[fWjo`[5cmja] qjY cjacagfk' cYah
HYj[akg lYah aj ;jaklgZgdg fYemgk]) ;j
e] ;cnadaYk aj JjakcY lYa Zmng hY\Yjam(

Turinys

CH<;%

 !  

"!

B]jg\agf]e [g_fYlme egffa) C a ;jaklgZgdg fYem) JYkjeacaf(


MYdmlYl] ]gk' ima klel ]p BYj( a cal ?jg\agfY' eYfg _]fla)# JY(
[akka \geg' imakmflaf>geafg) # kn]acafcallmgk' cmja]qjYaHYj(
MYdmlYl]Naqh`k]fYe' ]l Naq( # [akg fYem' cmja] qjY RI]hYlq(
h`gkYe5 iml] dYZgjYfl af >g 6 b]) JYkn]acafcalNjq^fajNjq(
eafg) MYdmlYl] J]jka\]e [Yjak( a ^gr' cmja]\na \YjZmgbYka Pa](
kaeYe im7] emdlme dYZgjY;ml hYlqb]) JYkn]acafcal ZjYf_aYm(
af >geafg)
MYdmlYl] Lm^me kab J]jka\' cmja \Ym_ \YjZY(
]d][lme af >geafg' ]l eYlj]e ngka Pa])hYlqb]) JYkjW]acafcal
]bmk']le]Ye) MYdmlYl] ;kqf( Lm^' ajafclb Pa]hYlqb]' aj
[jalme' Jdad]_gfl]e' B]jeYe' bg aj eYfg eglaf' f JYkUeacaf(
JYljgZYe' B]je]f5 ]l ima [me cal ;kqfdY(al' @a]_gfl' ?je)
]ak kmfl'^jYlj]k) MYdmlYl]J`a( JYljgZ' ?ffa' aj km bYak ]kYf(
dgdg_fae' ]lDmdaYe' H]j]me' ]l amk Zjgdamk) #0JYkn]acafcal @a(
kgjgj]e ]baak' ]l IdqehaY\]e' C dgdg_ aj Dmdab' H]jb ajbg k] (
]l gef]k' iUaa [aae ]ak kmajl' a ]ja' aj nakmk km bYak ]kYfamk
kYf[lgk) MYdmlYl] ae\[]e af a n]flmgkamk) JYkn]acafcalna](
gk[mdg kYf[lg)
fa calmk n]flm hYZmaYjYem)
MYdmlYfl ngk gef]k ][[d]kak]
Mn]acafY bmk nakgk EjaklYmk
=dajakla) Lg_EL Yml]e ngk ^jY(
 ZYrfbWW[agk) a# G]d\am _a bmk'
lj]k' ml gZk]jn]lak ]gk' ima\ak(
 ZjgdaYa' Zla YlkYj_aYak km\YjYf(
k]fkagf]k' ]l g^^]f\a[mdYhjY]l]j a aYak f]kmlacaemk aj hYhaclafa(
\g[ljafYe' imYe ngk \a\a[aklak' 6 emk hja]af_Ya egckdma' cmjag
^Y[amfl ]l \][dafYl] YZ addak) bmk akaegcl]' ajYdafcalkfmg
Bmbmk[]eg\a ]fae =`jaklg C bm) H]klgca] f]lYjfYmbY Eja(
;jaklgZgdYk aj HYj[akYk qjY la] hYlk' cm(
jamg\m anYj\aY jqeacY GYjlqjgdg_a)bY'
cYahg n]flmk' lacjYa f]afaY);jaklgZmdYk
_Ydbg Zla na]fm a Yafam ?jg\g >a\ag(
bg) ?jg\abgfYk hjacdYmk j]_aeYa hja]
_Ynmkam fmg ;jaklgZmdg damgkqZ n]j_)
HYj[akYk Zmng lYahg_a akadamgkYnk n]j_Yk'
cmjk Zmng lYhk \a\aYa _Ydaf_m aj [a]kg(
jaYmk EdYm\abYmk hja]l]dam) AYdgh f] bmgk
hYamk kn]acafY agfYa JgnadYk' g lac b
fYeacamk)~$,-% Mmda_ jqeacgk GYjlq(
jgdg_abgk Njq^fY aj Njq^grY Zmng \nak](
k]ja a Ccgfabgk' cmja]\na \jYm_ km N]cd]
 lacbaafa n) Jgnadg Yln]klgk Zmng)~Jja]
nqj nYj\ JgnadYk hja\]\YlYfcaYa5 ycW(
dev' hja] egl]j _a fa]d[mge]l)(($,.%
Kk\))) AYdaeY km f]eYY lacjqZ] khla'
bg_ Zmng lYa lYk hYlk Lm^Yk' cmjk eafa(
eYk hYk Ggjc) ,0' -,) JgnadYk j]_aeYa
Zmng YjlaeaYmkagb] hja]l]dqklb]kmnakY bg
]aeqfY)~$,1% Hmg q\' cmja] kn]acaf(
\Yngka hYkaZmaYnaem $hd_) Fmc) 2) /06
--' /3) GYl) -1' /3%'hYZmaYnaeYk h]j(
bg aj hja] cjacagfa' cYahg Zjgdacgk
e]adk]fcdYk) EY\ fmg bg Zmng Ylkcaj(
la nakgca] cfaca bYmkeYa' YacaYa hYjg(

\g nYj\Ya5 hYZmaYnaeYk n]flYk' e]adk)


Pa]hYlqb]' jYeqZk aj l) l)
,1~-/) ;hYlYdYk' hYlk hYkn]acafkkY(
ng hja]l]damk' hja\]\Y hYkn]acafaemk Lq(
ea]aYek aj fmg cal' km bmgea \jYm_qk(
l mdYacYfa)
$,1% Ll[_a_dW`k i) ) )  EYah e]k kn]aca(
fYe] nYj\m l' cmja lgb] nYdYf\gb] cY\
aj fjY \jYm_ km emeak'cmja] na]fgd^ hY(
cdYmkla km ea]dm fgjm hjaka\lm' lYah(hYl
\Yjg$#)#aYJgnadYk$N]g\)%~NYkhYkn]acafaeYk'
fmjg\Yflakna]fqZlYjhnakZYfqa'\mg\Y
;hYlYdmahjg_hja\lana]f h]jk]j_bae
$]),2)))%'haje a]_#m ^O[W\|a kYnghja]l]dam'
hYkn]acafaemk)~$,2%F[ab]_h_]_)));hYlY(
dYkf]cY Yha] ZmkaYfamk hYngbmk fmg q(
\amgbYfa egcqlgb' \d]a cmja bak bYm
\YZYj da]haY Zla YlkYj_aYak' a\Yfl' cY\Y
ba] Yl]ak LqeYm' lmgbYm lmgk hYaflm aj
k]j_laaka b  \jYm_qklk) JgnadYk f]j]acY(
dYmbY' cY\ km YfYak _afqlka' f]k lgca]
_afYa km hYcdq\aeg egcqlgbYak hja]
fa]cg \Ym_aYmk f]hjan]\Y' cYah lac hja]
cdYmkqlgbf]jaeYkla]k)~qT1&G[ijea_[d[(
jWhdWk`W) )) Da] ba]cg m] EjaklYmk _Yj(

Turinys

23

?RG) ,1' , 4 (- / )

>geafg fgkljg fgf k]jnamfl'


k]\ kmg n]flja5 ]l h]j \md[]k
k]jegf]k' ]l Z]f]\a[lagf]k k](
\m[mfl [gj\Y aeag[]flame)
P]kljY ]fae gZ]\a]flaY af ge(
f]e dg[me \anmd_YlY ]kl) AjYm(
\]g a_almj af neZak) M]\ ngdg
ngk kYha]fl]k ]kk] af Zgfg' ]l
kaehda[]kafeYdg) NL>]mk Yml]e
hY[ak [gfl]jYl kYlYfYe kmZ h](
\aZmk n]kljak n]dg[al]j) AjYlaY
>geafa fgklja D]km =`jakla ng(
Zak[me)
MYdmlYl ngk Naegl`]mkY\(
bmlgj e]mk' ]l Fm[amk' ]l DYkgf'
]l MgkahYl]j [g_fYla e]a) MY(
dmlg ngk ]_g N]jlamk' imak[jah(
ka ]haklgdYe' af >geafg) NO MY(
dmlYl ngk =Ybmk `gkh]k e]mk'
]lmfan]jkY][[d]kaY) MYdmlYlngk
?jYklmk Yj[Yjamk [analYlak' ]l
KaaYjlmk' ^jYl]j) NP KjYlaY>gea(
fa fgkljaD]km=`jakla [megefa(
Zmk ngZak) ;fa]f)

klma' emkaj Pa]hYama' Z]l kYng


hadnma6 aj kYd\aYak g\aYak aj
hjaka_]jafaeYak kmn]\agbY f](
cYdlb aj\ak)
2<H bmkla hY(
cdmkfmeYk Yh_YjkaflYk qjY hg
nakYkna]lYk) NYa_a'Y \aYm_amgk
a bmkm6 Z]l fgjam' cY\ bik Z(
lmel aeaflaf_Yak _]jme] aj
hjYklYak haclme])
DLYeqZk
_a >a]nYk l]kmljafY lgf bag
bmkm cgbgeak) Gmkm Pa]hYla]k'
DakYmk EjaklYmk' eYdgf l]]ka]
km bmeak
Mn]acafY bmk Naegla]bmk'
eYfg hY\bbYk' aj Fm[abmk aj
DYrgfYk' aj MgrahYl]jak' eYfg
_]flak NNMn]acafmbmkPa]hYlqb]
Y' N]j[abmk' cmjkjYaYm l_jg(
eYl) NO Mn]acafY bmk AYbmk'hYk
cmj Y na]am' aj nakYk kmkajaf(
caeYk) Mn]acafY bmk <jYklYk'
ea]klga\afafcYk'ajZjgdakEnYj(
lYk) -/Gmkm Pa]hYla]k' DrYmk
EjaklYmk' eYdgf l]]ka] km bm (
eak nakYak ;e]f)

Zk' Z]l lac lg'cYah _Ydlm a\qcmkaYa_q(


n]fla)~Lkl[Z_e`W d[aWbjj`d _hZ_i) H](
cYdlgk \agk eYfg Yha] calmk hY_Yd kY(
n ] )(,4% G[i))) aY hjYka\]\Y hjahYjg\q(
faYk ,2) ]ac6 c[bZ_k ] _ `ki) NgdaYmk
]afY \m kYm hja]af_m kYcafag kfYjam)
;hYlYdYk dq_(cY\ kYcg5 GYfg h]jk]j_(
baeYk _Yda Zla f]j]acYdaf_Yk' b]a ajla
laclYa  Lqea]am lacbae' Yha] cmj
_YjkYk hYka]c nakYk ZYfqaYk6 Z]l bak
j]acYdaf_Yk \d]a f]hja]l]da _m\jmeg aj
haclmeg' cmjk j]acYdYmbY fmg lacafab
\a\agk aeafla]k aj YlkYj_meg) ~ $,4%
CNWZ`k i ^kjkcj _c_dj_d]W_i))) Lqea](
aYa Zmk aeaflaf_a' b]a ba] f]ka\mgk YhY(
cafla anajaf] anYar\Y aj hjakae]adafYf(
ageak q\amgbYfablu cdYa\aYegckda
f]cgeak aj f]aeYamqk lacjgk _jqZk'
cmja ba] Zmng _Yn'fmg YhYlYd'Yflf](
lacjb egcqlgb h]jYegk f]lacjgk _(
jqZk) Da] Zmk hjYkla haclme]' b]a ba]'
cYah eYa nYacYa' dq_(cY\ nakYa f]aeY(
fqk lg' cYk haclY) ~ $-+% KWcoXi ]_
C__[lWi))) Lqea]aYek f]j]acaY fmklgla
\jmfag) Ra]lgb]j[ikjh_dWlacj]kfakl]ck(

lYk lmja5 kmljafk6 lYa_a' agfYaY\YeYkqjY


f]hja]l]da aj b  nY\g' lgfg' kmfYacafa(
eYk' hja] cmjag aj Lhfa]aYa lmja hjaka(
\la kYng aeaflaea $]) ,4%) EYe] >a](
nYk \jYm_ km Lqea]aYak cgngk hja] (
lgf aj bg lYjfmk' l]f Zmk dYaelYk n]a(
caYa h]j_YdbaeYk) ~ $-,% M_cej_[`ki)))
Ealgk] _jgeYlgk] JgnadYk \]\Y bg nYj(
\ Ydq kYngbg _jgeYl YfljY] $-
Egj) Jadqh) Egd) , aj - Nk) @ a(
d]e)%) ~ CWpedWi' _Yd hYeaflYkak ;h\)
,2' 0))) Lep_fWj[h_i' eYlgeYa lYk hYlk'
cmj jYf\Ye] ;h\) -+' /' cmjaYe \jYm_
km DYrgfm aj n) Jgnadm hYn]klY Zmngfm(
f]la D]jmrYdf YdemfYk)~ FWde ][d(
j_i5 hY]afYflak a lgk hYagk _aeafk)~
$--% Ll[_a_dk))) W' M[hY_`ki) N]j[abmk'
cmjk cYahg jYlafafcYk kmjY algf _jg(
eYlgf' c bYe JgnadYk kYc' km bg hYn](
dabaem hja\bg aj fmg kYnk hYkn]acafae)
~ $NP % AYbmk' hYeaflYk , Egj) ,' ,/'
Zmng lmjlaf_Yk aj dgnaf_Yk Egjaflg _q(
n]flgbYk) Ngck hYl _Yd Zmng aj ?jYklYk)
(cha] EnYjl fa]cg \Ym_afmk fjY a(
fgeY)

Turinys

LRG) ,1' ,0~,2)

24)

=uYWZ[W\UOa 8WSd] ^OUO`PW\W[Oa&


?a Yml]e' ima hgl]fk
]kl ngk [gfaaffYj] bmplY
?nYf_]dame e]me' ]l hjY](
\a[Ylagf]e D]km Idajakla' k][mf(
\mej]n]dYlagf]eeqkl]jaal]e(
hgjaZmk Y]l]jfak lY[ala' $img\
fmf[ hYl]^Y[lme ]kl h]j M[pa(
bjlmjYk -.jghda]lYp#me k][mf\me
CpjY<[]bplmpf Y]l]jfa >]a' Y\gZ](
\alagf]e ^a\]a% af [mpp[lak _]f(
laZmk [g_fala)
Mgda kYha]fla
>]g' h]j D]kmppp =`paklmpf' [ma
`gfgj' ]l _dgjaYafkY][mdYkY][m(
dgjme) ;e)]f)

-0 NYe _a' cmjk _Ydaf_Yk qjY


hYklaappafla VpY_Yd pfYppg ?nYf(
_]dab aj DrYmk EpaklYmk YhkY(
cgbapfY' bpY_Yd Ybpj]akcaeY fmg
Ypfrafpa dYacm mlqdlgkagk hY(
kdYbala]k' W| $cmp(a\YZYjYhj]aclY
OOY bp]j bpjYpaYkm LYlmk kmda_
Yeraapgbg >a]ng akYcb#afg \d
^9Ycdmkapmeg lacbaema%' lYjh na(
km lYmlm %Yapplgkagk' na]ppYe
aeaflaap_YbYfp >a]nma'bYel]Z(
fY dgnaj_YjZh]j Dr Ep\(
klm a Yea Yeamk ;e]pp)

$-0% G ke Wc_dj_ bW _a k ) ) )  Hmg Ye(


afYkla]k >a]nYk Zmng meYfk kakla kY(
ng Mf' Z]l bak fgjbg' cY\ lYk bg a_Y(
fqeg meYfqeYk hYkadaclm mkdhlYk' aca
dmaklmk bg f]nqc\' aj YhYlYdYa bg f](
aah_Yjkafg nakYe hYkYmdama)~$-1% D k h_
ZWXWh) ) )  JjYfYqklk Zmng h]j\Ym_lYe(
kagk'cY\ bgk Zmlm _Ydbmkagk Zla YacaYa
kmhjYklgk haje b akahad\qeg6 f]l aj cY(
\Y bgk akahad\' Ejaklmk' bYm afmeajmka
hjakacdk'lmjbgYacafla egcqlafaYekcYa(
cmja aa b hjYke $Nge)%) ;hYlYdYk
eafa >a]ng kYcqe hYqebaema' bg_
Yhj]acaeYk lmjbg \a\a knYjZ) )NYk
hYlk YeafYkak>a]nYk' cmjk afg nakY' cYk
hYkdhlY $>Yja) ,.' /-%' \YZYj d]a\ Yh(
_Yjkafla l hYkdYhl)~=bfWabkidkce j_(
a`_ck_' l) q) lYe hYaYe lackdma'cmjaYe
lYahg_a aj JgnadYk Zmng _Ynk YhYlYdg
baYj]a_Yk $hd_) ,' 0%)~$-2% Q_[dWc_c_d(
j_d]W`Wc) ) )  Jja] hYeaflg -0) ]) >a]ng
_Ydaf_meg hjaka\]\Y bg aeaflak5 lac hYlk
na]fYk >a]nYk aeaflaf_Yk qjY6 bak qjY a(
eafla]k \YnbYk' aj f] \dlg nY\afYka bak

aeaflaf_m' Zmc bak \YdqnYmlm aeaflqb]'


cYah egfk' Z]l \dlg cY\ aeaflak aeY
abg kYnghjY\a$Ija_)%)~PakYk lYkacad(
eaf_YkhY_YjZafaeYk$\gpgdg_aY% klgna hYk
\Ym_]d n) ln aj \Ym_]dqb] jYfcjYa
f] lgb] na]lgb]' cmjaY bYe jg\gka hYkcq(
jk qjY n) JgnadYk) AYdaeY khla'bg_ k](
fgZafb] <Yfqagb] hYkn]acafaeYa Yhd]a(
\aYea Zmng h]j na]mk kcYalqemk) <]l
acadeaf_g _YjZk aj]acaeg' cmjamg ZYa(
_aYkaalYkkljYahkfak' cjacagfakf]fgj\Y(
ng Yhd]akla' aj cY\Yf_a bak hYlk h]j kYn]
h]j\Ym_ ljmehYk Zmng' cY\ Zmlm _Ydbk
hY\YjqlaYlkcajd]c[ab'jg\kaba]ek hYlg(
_]kfam \Ydqcm hjabmf_la b hja] calgk d]c(
[bgk) +  cY\Yf_a ,0) h]jkc' lmja kYnm(
ZYa_' lg\d ba] fmc]d\Yng \gckgdg_ab hg
,0' ,.) HjY _a YZ]bgfk'bg_ JgnadYk f](
fgjbg lgk \a\agk _jgeYlgk mZYa_la' f](
hY_YjZaf^k _Ydaf_gbg ajaeaflaf_gbg >a]ng
h]j Dr Ejakl aj f]kml]acklYah Lqea](
aYek lacj]kfag aj _ad]kfag egckdg Yha]
a_Yfqeg nakmglafme aj Yha] hY_gfa
hYnY\afae)

Turinys

You might also like