DYNAMIC BANDWIDTH

ALLOCATION OF OFDMA LTE

SYSTEM WITH GAME THEORY

DPS 861A
Josua Purba
Jill O'Sullivan
Raul Zevallos
Sergio Boniche
China Pankey

OUTLINE

What is Resource Management on Cellular

System ?
Current Research on LTE Resource Management
Research Questions
So What?
LTE Technology Overview
Why use Game Theory?
Research Methodology
Future Research
Conclusion

WHAT IS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON CELLULAR SYSTEM ?

What are the resources?

Bandwidth (Spectrum Frequency)

The RF Spectrum frequency where the signal information are sent.
Limited in size.
Could be 5 MHz (WCDMA), 1.4, ,5,10,20 MHz (LTE)
Affect the rate and application run on the system
Control the capacity of the system to handle the users

Power
Transmit Power of Radio signal
Can cause interference to other user/sector/cell if to big
Different system different requirements

WHAT IS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON CELLULAR SYSTEM ?

Code
On Code Division Multiplex technique (CDMA
family, WCDMA, HSPA)
Limited number of code
Could not use too many code would cause
interference, thus reduce performance.
This could make receiver more complex.

WHAT IS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON LTE SYSTEM ?

Resource Management on LTE System [17]

The role of RRM is essentially to :

Ensure that radio resources are efficiently utilized
Taking advantage of the available adaptation
techniques
Serve users according to their quality of service
(QoS) attributes.
Usually RRM handles Mobility Management
(Handover) from 1 BS to another.

WHAT IS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON CELLULAR SYSTEM ?

The mechanisms include [17]

Bearer admission control

multi-user time and frequency domain packet scheduling
QoS-aware
Hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ) management
link adaptation with dynamic switching between different
transmission modes.
The available transmission modes include single- and
dual-codeword transmissions for multi-antenna
configurations
Localized and distributed subcarrier transmission.

WHAT IS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON LTE SYSTEM ?

BS User Plane and Control Plane Architecture

[17]

CURRENT RESEARCH ON RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Spectrum pooling [10],[11]

Licensed Users (LU) share spectrum with Rental Users (RU)

RU get the same Bandwidth size like LU
RU needs to detect LU before use the spectrum
Interference issue from RU to LU and vice versa
Works on FDMA/TDMA and OFDM system
Study the packet delay, throughput and the blocking
probability for a spectrum pooling system by using Markov
chain. [11]

CURRENT RESEARCH ON RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ?

Spectrum pooling [10]

CURRENT RESEARCH ON LTE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT?

Spectrum Pooling + Random Access [13]

Spectrum Pooling use Round Robin not efficient

Combine it with Random Access to improve utilization
radio resources and improve throughput
Use Wifi for the experiment

Heterogeneous system (TV and Wireless) [14]

Share (Sell) TV spectrum to service providers

Use double auction game theory
One between TV station and service providers
One between service providers and users

CURRENT RESEARCH ON LTE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT?

Scheduling [21]

Classical scheduling goals in a communication system

are to maximize utilization (throughput) and to allow
communication for all users (fairness).
Study the fairness vs. efficiency on OFDMA
scheduling.
Compare various kind of game theory criteria for
cooperative bargaining.
Found Kalai-Smorodinsky solutions as alternative to
proportional fairness (Nash solution), both offer
compromise between efficiency and fairness.

CURRENT RESEARCH ON LTE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT?

Adaptive [15]

Exploits the time diversity, frequency diversity as

well as multiuser diversity in the time, frequency
and user domain, respectively.
Adopt a two-step allocation method to reduce the
scheduling complexity and meanwhile improve
the scheduling performance.
Allocate users into 2 dimension frequency and
time domain like grids.

CURRENT RESEARCH ON LTE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT?

Adaptive [15]

CURRENT RESEARCH ON LTE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT?

Optimal Solution [9]

Investigate the issue of power control and subcarrier

assignment in a sectorized two-cell downlink OFDMA
(WIMAX) system impaired by multicell interference.
Usually with practical problem, this would not have simple
closed form solution.
Some of available bandwidth would be reused by different
base station, subject to multi cell interference.
The rest of the available bandwidth would be shared in an
orthogonal way between the different base stations, no multi
cell interference
The paper provide simpler form of general solution.

CURRENT RESEARCH ON LTE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT?

Cognitive Radio [8]

Propose and validate a Cognitive RRM scheme in the context

of LTE network segments.
Use cognitive features that provide the system with knowledge
which observed from past interactions with the environment.
The system will be able to apply already known solutions in
timely manner when identifying a problem that has been
already addressed in the past.
Assume: all sub carrier use the same modulation type and
power level (comment: not practical)
Proposed scheme can result in significant efficiency
improvement in terms of performance and network adaptation.

CURRENT RESEARCH ON LTE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT?

Game Theory Auction Theory [20]

Develop theory on allocate wireless channel with

auction theorem.
Consider fair competition over independent wireless
fading channel.
each user submits a bid according to the channel
condition (assume known in the beginning time slot)
Use centralized scheduler that assign time slots
according to the Nash equilibrium strategy based on
users average money amount.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What is the optimum way to allocate bandwidth
dynamically on OFDMA LTE system with
auction theory, scheduling and cognitive radio? Is
it possible to find general optimum solution?
What is the complexity of the dynamic bandwidth
allocation with auction theorem compare to
results without game theory?
How to apply time notion as multiple step
decision of auction theory on allocation the
bandwidth dynamically?

SO WHAT ?
RIM CEO mention the need to conserve bandwidth
(http://www.mobilecrunch.com/2010/02/16/rim-ceo-pulls-an-att-we-need-to-conserve-bandwidth/)

At the end 2009, AT&T ask its customer to reduce to use

their smart phone by giving incentive.
http://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-10412804-266.html

Operator can increase the capacity and efficiency of the

network. Thus increase the revenue bottom line
make money and customer satisfaction
Why LTE ?

People/customer use the technology not only research but also

commercial (real implementation)
Majority market use LTE compare to Wimax and Ultra Mobile
Broadband (UMB)

LTE OVERVIEW KEY FEATURES

Support for, and mobility between, Multiple
heterogeneous systems:

legacy system (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA,

HSPA)
Non-3GPP system (Wifi, Wimax, EV-DO, satellite)

All IP Network
Enhanced Air Interface allow increased data
rate

With Mobility: 100 MBps (DL) and 50 MBps(UL)

Stationary: 1GBps (DL) and 500 MBps (UL)

LTE OVERVIEW KEY FEATURES

Support for higher throughput and lower latency

User Plane Latency: < 5ms

Control Plane Latency (Transition Time to Active
State): < 100ms (from idle to active)

Increase Control Plane Capacity: > 200 users

per cell (for 5MHz Spectrum)
Mobility Support:

Up to 500 Kmph
Optimized for low speed from 0 to 15 Kmph

LTE OVERVIEW KEY FEATURES

Spectrum Flexibility to achieve higher
spectrum efficiency [18]:
where RB: Resource Block

LTE OVERVIEW KEY FEATURES

Channel Bandwidth Definition [18]:

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

High Level Overview BS Architecture [19]

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

LTE scheduler on protocol stack [16]

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

Channel quality variations in time and freq [16]

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

Down Link (DL)

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) use

a large number of narrowband sub-carrier for multi carrier
transmission.
OFDM avoids the problem with multipath reflections by
sending message bits slow enough so it has high tolerance
for multipath delay spread.
OFDMA: assigning different sub channel to different user.
Use the same principle as HSPA for scheduling of share
channel data and fast link adaptation.

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

Down Link (DL)

OFDM symbols are grouped into resource block

which has 180KHz in frequency domain and 0.5 ms
in time domain.
Each user is allocated a number of resource block in
time-frequency grid.
The more resource block the higher the rate.
The scheduling mechanism control the number of
resource block at any given time.

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

Up Link (UL)

Use SC-FDMA(Single Carrier Frequency Division

Multiple Access).
It adds DFT/IDFT to OFDMA architecture.
It groups the resource block in away reduce PAPR
(Peak Average Power Ratio).

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

Multiple Antenna [16]

Use Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) to increase

data rate, diversity, increase capacity and beam forming.
It use 2x2 or 4x4 MIMO system.

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

The DL PHY resource space for one TTI. Pilot symbols
for channel estimation purposes are not illustrated [17].

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW [23]

LTE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW [23]

WHY USE GAME THEORY?

What is Game theory? [7,12]

Mathematical models of interaction between two or more

rational decision makers
Study and analysis of situations where conflict of interests
are present.
Game theory concepts apply whenever the actions of
several agents are interdependent.
These agents may be individuals, groups, firms, or any
combination of these.
The concepts of game theory provide a model to formulate,
structure, analyze, and understand strategic scenarios.

WHY USE GAME THEORY?

Advantages of Game theory
Simplicity

Dynamic

Compare to typical math derivation

Decision made based on its condition at the time
Different decision for different condition

Distributed

Users involved in making decision

WHY USE GAME THEORY?

Limitations of Game theory
Real world conflicts are complex

Model at best can capture important aspect

No unified solution to general conflict resolution

Players are (usually) considered rational

determine what is best for them given that others are

doing the same (not cooperative)

But it can provide intuitions, suggestions and

partial prescriptions

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Mathematical derivation and optimization
Start from system model (still evolve)
Assumption and important parameter
Apply Game theory to system
Find optimization
Use software to help optimization
Formulize the algorithm
If time permit, simulate with software package

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
System Model: combination cognitive radio and
game theory.
Management
Infrastructure
INPUT
(Context,
Profiles,
Policies)

Configuration
capabilities Decision
efficiency
User preferences

Optimization
& Decision
(Game Theory)

LTE Network
Element
(eNB, segment,
cell)

Learning
Environment
Sensing

Infrastructur
e
Abstraction

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Assumption:

One Sector, One Cell, One BS

Multiple Users (N)
With Interference and Power Control
Multiple or repeated step Auction Theory that include notion of time

Parameter or Variable:

Bandwidth size and frequency

Time
Number of User
Type of Service
Number of Resource Block
Bidding strategy
Interference (SINR)
Slot number
Rate or throughput
Number of sub-carriers

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Apply Game theory to system
Auction Theorem

Part of Game Theory

Definition: A public sale of property or merchandise to
the highest bidder.
Auctions have rules and bidders.
Auctioneer decides what rules to use but takes bidders as
given.
Auction mechanism tries to maximize the sellers
revenue through the bidding of each player.
Show the supply (limited) and demand (a lot).
BS has limited resources and many users wants them.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Consider the following scenarios:

Non-Cooperative (Competitive) Games: Realistic

Cooperative Games: User willing to compromise
Repeated and Evolutionary Games: dynamic scenario

Auction model:

N: number of users (i=1..N)

B: Bidding strategy (Bi= bidding strategy of user i)
P: Pay off function (Pi = Pay off function of user i)
R: Rate or throughput (Ri = Rate of user i)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Auction model (continued):

K: number of sub-carrier (Ki= sub-carrier of user i)

SIR: Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIRi of user i)

Bidding function model :

The goal is to maximize the revenue by extracting each users

willingness to pay about an object
I plan to use Sealed bid: bidders tell auctioneer their bids
without interacting with each other.
Sealed bid has the following rules:
First-price. Winner pays its own bid. Losers pay nothing.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Sealed bid has the following rules (continued):

Second-price. Winner pays highest losing bid.
Losers pay nothing.
All-pay. Each bidder (including losers) pays its
own bid.
Have not decided what strategy to use, but my
candidate might be Second-price.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Current auction model for throughput and fairness analysis
[22]:

Sum rate maximization

Does not consider fairness.
Assign sub carrier to user that has best channel condition.
Max-Min fairness
Most strict fairness criterion since every users data rate are equal.
Maximize user who has lowest data rate.
Proportional fairness
Trade off between Sum rate maximization and Max-Min fairness.
Maximize sum of logarithmic utility function.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Proposed the new method and utility function:

Find utility function

F = [N, K, {Bi}, Pi{.}, SIRi]

Include scheduling to equation:

Proportional fairness: Nash Solution
S = argmax Ri = argmax Ri
Kalai Smorodinsky fairness algorithm
S = argmax {min (Ri / Ri max)}

Need to work the detail more in LTE context.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Key Issues in analysis

Steady state characterization

Steady state optimality
Convergence
Stability
Scalability

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Optimization
Find Cost function
Cooperative, non-cooperative and repetition.
Heuristic: Case by case

Case

by case for few cases

Find common case or case that is used many times
Shorter time frame to develop

General Solution
The

goal : find Global optimum and unique solution

Is it possible to find it on multiple step?
General case answer all possibilities
Longer time frame to develop

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Use software to help optimization

Use Matlab to plot the function

Find Optimum point

Formulize the algorithm in terms of steps to

LTE protocol stack procedures.
If time permit, simulate with software
package

FUTURE RESEARCH
Design and implement the algorithm using
network simulation software such as: OPNET or
OMNET
Add the fading and multipath on the analysis.
Add power control restriction on the analysis
Add case with 2 sectors, 2 cell, 2 BS and
handover as part of the analysis
Add MIMO to BS only.
Add MIMO to BS and terminals (users)

CONCLUSION
Dynamic resource allocation research is very
important as the demand for bandwidth increase
rapidly.
Different kind of methodology can be applied to
find optimum solution on dynamic bandwidth
allocation.
Many researchers use game theory for dynamic
resource allocation since it has dynamic, less
complexity and distributed characteristic.

REFERENCES
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REFERENCES - CONTINUED
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