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Parallel Operation of Generator With Utility Power Supply and Automatic Load Sharing and Load Shedding Using PLC
Parallel Operation of Generator With Utility Power Supply and Automatic Load Sharing and Load Shedding Using PLC
PLC
M. BILAL IRFAN
(BEE-FA06-068)
ADNAN MASEEH
(BEE-FA08-065)
M. HUSSNAIN RAZA
(BEE-FA08-073)
M. FAAZ SHARIF
(BEE-SP08-001)
PROJECT SUPERVISOR
PROF. DR. SYED ALI MOHSIN
YEAR 2012
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that no portion of the work referred to in this Project Report has been
submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification to any other
university or other institute of learning. If any act of plagiarism found, we are fully
responsible for every disciplinary action against us depending upon the seriousness of the
proven offence, even the cancellation of our degree by the Disciplinary Committee.
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
Copyright in text of this report rests with the student authors. Copies (by any
process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with the
instructions given by the authors and lodged in the Library of The University of
Faisalabad. Details may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part
of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in
accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in
writing) of the authors.
The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this
report is vested in the Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of
Faisalabad, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made
available for use by third parties without the written permission of the Department
of Electrical Engineering, The University of Faisalabad, which will prescribe the
terms and conditions of any such agreement.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All glory to Almighty Allah, the creator of this universe, The Gracious and
compassionate whose bounteous blessings gave us potential thoughts, talented teachers,
helping friends, loving parents, co-operative sisters and brothers and opportunity to make
this humble contribution and all praises to, respect and Darood-O-Salam are due to His
Holy Prophet(P.B.U.H) Whose blessings and exaltations flourished my thoughts and
thrived my ambition to have cherished fruit of my modest effort in form of this write-up.
We offer our sincerest words of thanks to our teacher Prof. Dr. Syed Ali Mohsin, from
his inspiring guidance, affectionate supervision and valuable suggestion during the entire
study period. We also like to thank Faisal Fabrics Ltd. and Ahmad Engineering for
helping and supporting us throughout the whole project.
II
ABSTRACT
In this project we use AC-DC and DC-AC converters for parallel operation of generator
with utility power supply and PLC will control automatic load sharing between generator
and utility power supply. This project is about uninterrupted and reliable power supply
and to increase the cost efficiency of power. This project is basically related to large scale
industries which have their own power generation system in addition they have utility
power supply. This project provides the parallel operation of generator with utility power
supply. It also provides user to set how much load should be put on generator. If there is a
fault in generator and it is producing less power than required then the extra load is
automatically shifted on utility power supply, uninterrupted. On the other hand if grid is
overloaded or there is a fault then the extra load is automatically shifted on generator,
uninterrupted. If the load becomes greater than the available supply then PLC will
automatically shed the load according to the set priority to avoid total shutdown of entire
load.
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................I
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ...............................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ II
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................IV
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ V
CHAPTER NO. 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 PROBLEMS .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 OBJECTIVE............................................................................................................................... 1
1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM .................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 HARDWARE COMPONENTS .................................................................................................... 3
1.7 SOFTWARES ............................................................................................................................ 3
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 27
IV
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 : Block diagram of entire project. ....................................................................... 2
Figure 2.1 : AC to DC Supply Circuit ................................................................................. 6
Figure 3.1 : Current Limiter ................................................................................................. 8
Figure 3.2 : Flowchart of PLC Operation .......................................................................... 10
Figure 3.3 : Current limiter operated with PLC ................................................................. 11
Figure 4.1 : DC To AC Conversion ................................................................................... 14
Figure 4.2 : Basic layout of boost regulator ....................................................................... 15
Figure 4.3 : Current flow through the converter, depending on the state of the switch .... 16
Figure 4.4 : Inductor current and duty cycle vs. time ........................................................ 16
Figure 4.5 :MAX5026 implementation of a boost converter. ............................................ 18
Figure 4.6 : Duty Cycle ...................................................................................................... 19
Figure 4.7 : Simple Inverter ............................................................................................... 21
Figure 4.8 :Equivalent Circuit............................................................................................ 21
Figure 4.9 : S1,S2 ON; S3,S4 OFF .................................................................................... 22
Figure 4.10 : Positive Half Cycle ....................................................................................... 22
Figure 4.11 : S3,S4 ON; S1,S2 OFF .................................................................................. 23
Figure 4.12 : Negative Half Cycle ..................................................................................... 23
Figure 4.13 : Invertor Output ............................................................................................. 24
Figure 4.14 : Pulse Width Modulation............................................................................... 25
1.2 PROBLEMS
Modules used in industries are very expensive and use very expensive equipments in
order to achieve synchronization and load sharing. These systems are very complicated.
Slightest problem occurring in generation system will make the whole system out of sync
and total system shuts down due to overload.
1.3 REQUIREMENTS
Monitoring the total load in amperes and controlling the current from both sources using
current limiting circuits. In order to operate both power sources in parallel we need two
AC to DC converters and a DC to AC converter.
1.4 OBJECTIVE
To develop a parallel operation, load sharing, and load shedding system which has less
complication, more reliability, and robustness in order to avoid total system shutdown.
1.7 SOFTWARES
Following software:
1. Siemens SIMATIC Step 7
2. Proteus
3.2 FLOWCHART
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R sense can divided into 10 parts to made taps and can be operate when
the signal from PLC is given the relay is activated and resistance is
increased as more relays can be operated from PLC as shown in circuit
below:
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As the signal is given on the base of the transistor Q8-Q11from PLC then
the relay operates and it will add the resistance in parallel to increase the
current limit.
We have 10 relays and one relay can be operated for limit half ampere
approximately. If 5 relays are operated it means the circuit can limit up to
2.5 amperes.
10W 0.1 Ohm shunt resistance is used as current sensor for PLC. Sensor
value is given to the analog input of PLC. On the bases of current sensors
value PLC operates the relays to share load between two sources.
There are two current limiters used for the parallel operation of utility and
generator.
Priority based current limiting can be done. We can either use generator or
utility as our priority.
If load exceed the limit of priority source then the rest of the load is
transferred on the second priority source.
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BD139 Transistor
BC546 Transistor
BC639 Transistor
4.7K Resistors
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4.2 DESIGN
A boost converter is part of a subset of DC-DC converters called switch-mode converters.
They generally perform the conversion by applying a DC voltage across an inductor or
transformer for a period of time (usually in the 100 kHz to 5 MHz range) which causes
current to flow through it and store energy magnetically, then switching this voltage off
and causing the stored energy to be transferred to the voltage output in a controlled
manner. The output voltage is regulated by adjusting the ratio of on/off time. As this
subset does not use resistive components to dissipate extra power, the efficiencies are
seen in the 80-95% range. This is clearly desirable, as it increases the running time of
battery-operated devices. [5]
The basic boost converter circuit consists of only a switch (typically a transistor), a diode,
an inductor, and a capacitor. The specific connections are shown in Figure.
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4.2.1 Analysis
Examining the circuit for two cases (switch open and switch closed) is fairly
straightforward, assuming ideal components, and provided that there is constant current
flow through the inductor. This case is referred to as continuous mode operation. [5]
Figure 4.3: Current flow through the converter, depending on the state of the switch
Applying Kirchhoffs rules around the loops and rearranging terms yields an intuitive
Result:
That is to say, the gain from the boost converter is directly proportional to the duty cycle
(K), or the time the switch is on each cycle. Figure graphically demonstrates this. [5]
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4.2.2 IC Implementation
In order to implement the switching necessary for the converter to work, it is desirable to
find an IC solution. The 5026 chip, from MAXIM, is one such solution. The typical
circuit from the MAX5026 data sheet is shown in Figure 4. In this circuit, the output
voltage, VOUT, is determined by the ratio of fixed resistors R1 and R2. These two
resistors form a voltage divider that feeds a fraction of the output voltage back to the
feedback (FB) pin, creating a closed-loop system. The system is at equilibrium when
VOUT is generating the desired output voltage and the R1 and R2 voltage divider feeds
back 1.25Vto the FB pin. When VOUT is lower than the desired output voltage (the
voltage fed back to FB is below 1.25V), the DC-DC converter IC attempts to deliver
additional power until FB reaches 1.25V. [6]
(
Equation 1 is directly from the MAX5026 data sheet. Solving Equation 1 for VOUT
yields Equation 2 where VREF, the FB Set Point, is 1.25V for the MAX5026.
17
4.2.3 Results
The output voltage obtained during this study was not a full 220V. The actual output was
approximately 218V. The discrepancy is most likely due to losses in the board, as well as
to non-ideal devices (most notably the inductor). [6]
In the analysis above, all components were assumed ideal. It was assumed that the power
is transmitted without losses from the input voltage source to the load.
However,
parasitic resistances exist in all circuits, due to the resistivity of the materials they are
made from. Therefore, a fraction of the power managed by the converter is dissipated by
these parasitic resistances. This is why the efficiencies are not at a perfect 100%.For the
sake of simplicity, the inductor is assumed the only non-ideal component, and that it is
equivalent to an inductor and a resistor in series. This is reasonable because an inductor is
made of one long wound piece of wire, so it is likely to exhibit a non-negligible parasitic
resistance. Furthermore, current flows through the inductor both in the on and the off
states, so any non-ideal effects will be more pronounced. Reworking the earlier equations
with the added inductor resistance (RL) changes the gain equation to the following: [6]
Even without the full derivation, the equation makes intuitive sense. If the inductor
resistance is zero (an ideal inductor), the equation above becomes equal to the ideal case;
however, as RL increases, the voltage gain of the converter decreases compared to the
ideal case. Also, the effect of RL increases with the duty cycle, K.
18
4.2.4 Conclusions
DC-DC converters are an excellent way to get the most use out of a single power supply.
Though the total power must remain constant, one can efficiently tradeoff between
current strength and voltage levels to power a variety of sub-circuits without costly extra
batteries. [6]
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20
21
22
23
25
handling
high
power
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applications.
REFERENCES
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http://freecircuitdiagram.com/2008/08/27/variable-adjustable-currentlimiter-circuit/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boost_converter
http://www.ortodoxism.ro/datasheets/maxim/MAX5025-MAX5028.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverterhttp://www.powerdesigners.com/
InfoWeb/design_center/articles/DC-DC/converter.shtm
http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_ckt28.htm
http://www.elexp.com/t_dc-dc.htm
http://www.jaycar.com.au/images_uploaded/dcdcconv.pdf
http://www.futurlec.com/News/National/DC_Converter.shtml
http://encon.fke.utm.my/notes/inverter-2002.pdf
ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-334power-electronics-spring-2007/lecture-notes/ch9.pdf
Modified Sine-Wave Inverter Enhanced Page of". Powerelectronics.com.
Retrieved 2011-01-10.
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