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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
The maximum compressive stress will occur when the vessel is not under pressure D
7.4 C 61.1 D 68.5, well below the critical buckling stress.
So design is satisfactory. Could reduce the plate thickness and recalculate.
Figure 13.22.
y
;
;
y
y;y;y;y;
Figure 13.23.
845
(b)
(a)
Figure 13.24.
theoretical optimum position of the supports to give the least maximum bending moment
will be the position at which the maxima at the supports and at mid-span are equal in
magnitude. For a uniformly loaded beam the position will be at 21 per cent of the span,
in from each end. The saddle supports for a vessel will usually be located nearer the ends
than this value, to make use of the stiffening effect of the ends.
846
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
D
D
D
D
ML1
D
4ML1
'
Ih
2
D2 t
13.83
The resultant axial stress due to bending and pressure will be given by:
z D
PD 4ML1
4t
D2 t
13.84
The magnitude of the longitudinal bending stress at the supports will depend on the local
stiffness of the shell; if the shell does not remain circular under load a portion of the upper
part of the cross-section is ineffective against longitudinal bending; see Figure 13.25. The
stress is given by:
4ML2
b2 D
13.85
Ch D2 t
where ML2 D longitudinal bending moment at the supports,
Ch D an empirical constant; varying from 1.0 for a completely stiff shell to
about 0.1 for a thin, unstiffened, shell.
;
;;;;;;;;;
; ;;
Figure 13.25.
Saddle supports: shaded area is ineffective against longitudinal bending in an unstiffened shell
The ends of the vessels will stiffen the shell if the position of the saddles is less than
D/4 from the ends. Ring stiffeners, located at the supports, are used to stiffen the shells
of long thin vessels. The rings may be fitted inside or outside the vessel.
In addition to the longitudinal bending stress, a vessel supported on saddles will
be subjected to tangential shear stresses, which transfer the load from the unsupported
sections of the vessel to the supports; and to circumferential bending stresses. All these
stresses need to be considered in the design of large, thin-walled, vessels, to ensure that
the resultant stress does not exceed the maximum allowable design stress or the critical
buckling stress for the material. A detailed stress analysis is beyond the scope of this
847
book. A complete analysis of the stress induced in the shell by the supports is given by
Zick (1951). Zicks method forms the basis of the design methods given in the national
codes and standards. The method is also given by Brownell and Young (1959), Escoe
(1994) and Megyesy (2001).
Design of saddles
The saddles must be designed to withstand the load imposed by the weight of the vessel
and contents. They are constructed of bricks or concrete, or are fabricated from steel
plate. The contact angle should not be less than 120 , and will not normally be greater
than 150 . Wear plates are often welded to the shell wall to reinforce the wall over the
area of contact with the saddle.
The dimensions of typical standard saddle designs are given in Figure 13.26. To take
up any thermal expansion of the vessel, such as that in heat exchangers, the anchor bolt
holes in one saddle can be slotted.
Procedures for the design of saddle supports are given by Brownell and Young (1959),
Megyesy (2001), Escoe (1994) and Moss (2003).
Dimensions (m)
mm
Vessel
diam.
(m)
Maximum
weight
(kN)
t2
t1
Bolt
diam.
Bolt
holes
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
35
50
65
90
180
0.48
0.58
0.63
0.68
0.78
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.20
0.55
0.70
0.81
0.91
1.09
0.24
0.29
0.34
0.39
0.45
0.190
0.225
0.275
0.310
0.360
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.095
0.140
6
8
10
11
12
5
5
6
8
10
20
20
20
20
24
25
25
25
25
30
Standard steel saddles (adapted from Bhattacharyya, 1976). (a) for vessels up to 1.2 m
848
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Dimensions (m)
mm
Vessel
diam.
(m)
Maximum
weight
(kN)
t2
t1
Bolt
diam.
Bolt
holes
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.6
230
330
380
460
750
900
1000
1350
1750
2000
2500
0.88
0.98
1.08
1.18
1.28
1.38
1.48
1.58
1.68
1.78
1.98
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.225
0.225
0.225
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.24
1.41
1.59
1.77
1.95
2.13
2.30
2.50
2.64
2.82
3.20
0.53
0.62
0.71
0.80
0.89
0.98
1.03
1.10
1.18
1.26
1.40
0.305
0.350
0.405
0.450
0.520
0.565
0.590
0.625
0.665
0.730
0.815
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
12
12
12
12
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
24
27
27
27
27
27
27
30
30
30
30
30
33
33
33
33
33
33
Skirt thickness
The skirt thickness must be sufficient to withstand the dead-weight loads and bending
moments imposed on it by the vessel; it will not be under the vessel pressure.