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HEREDITY AND VARIATION

3.1 CELL DIVISION


Bahagian A
1. The diagram show the different phases in cell division in mitosis.
Gambar rajah menunjukkan peringkat-peringkat dalam pembahagian sel secara
mitosis

Which is the correct sequence in the mitosis?


Urutan yang manakah betul dalam mitosis?
A. P, Q, R, S
B. Q, R, P, S
C. R, S, Q, P
D. S, P, R, Q
2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the mitosis stages?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah urutan peringkat mitosis yang betul?

3. Which of the following statements is correct about meiosis?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar mengenai meiosis?


A. Involves all types of cells
Melibatkan semua jenis sel
B. Involved in growth
Terlibat dalam pertumbuhan
C. Halves the number of chromosomes
Bilangan kromosom menjadi separuh
D. Genetic contents of daughter calls and parent cells are similar
Kandungan genetik sel anak sama dengan sel induk
4. Which statement is correct about meiosis
Pernyertaan manakah yang betul mengenai proses meiosis?
A. It happens in a somatic cell
Berlaku pada sel soma
B. The nucleus divides twice
Nucleus membahagi dua kali
C. It maintains the number of chromosomes
Bilangan kromosom dikekalkan
D. Each parent cell produces two daughter cells
Setiap sel induk menghasilkan dua sel anak
5. Diagram 2 show a process of cell devision.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu proses pembahagian sel.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2
What is process X?
Apakah proses X?
A. Mitosis
Mitosis
C. Mutation
Mutasi

B. Meiosis
Meiosis
D. fertilisation
Persenyawaan

Bahagian B
1

Diagram 6 shows a process of cell division. Chromosomes at stage Q are not shown
Rajah 6 menunjukkan suatu proses pembahagian sel. Kromosom pada peringkat Q
tidak ditunjukkan.

Diagram 6
Rajah 6
(a) (i) Name the type of process shown in Diagram 6.
Namakan jenis proses yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah 6.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) State the importance of the process in 6(a)(i).
Nyatakan kepentingan di 6(a)(i).
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(b) (i) During stage R, the chromosomes line up on the equator.
What happens to the chromosomes during this stage?
Semasa peringkat R, kromosom terletak pada khatulistiwa.
Apakah yang berlaku kepada kromosom semasa peringkat ini?
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(c) In Diagram 6, draw the chromosomes at stage Q.
Pada Rajah 6, lukis kromosom pada peringkat Q.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(d) How many daughter cells are produced at the end of Divisoin II in diagram 6?
Beapakah bilangan sel anak yang terhasil di akhir Pembahagian II pada Rajah 6?
[1 mark]
[1 markah]
3.1 CELL DIVISION
JAWAPAN
Bahagian A
1
2
3

B
A
C

4
5

B
A

Bahagian B
1 (a) (i) Meiosis
(ii) Penghasilan gamet
(b) (i) Pindah silang
(ii) Variasi
(c)

(d)

3.2 THE PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISM OF INHERITANCE


Bahagian A
6. The diagram shows a first generation of cross breeding of two cats.
Gambar rajah menunjukkan generasi pertama kacukan antara dua ekor kucing.

H represents the dominant genes far black fur


H mewakili gen dominan untuk warna bulu hitam
h represents recessive genes for white fur.
h mewakili gen resesif untuk warna bulu putih.
What the genes for the parents?
Apakah gen bagi kedua-dua induk?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Male
Jantan
HH
HH
Hh
hh

Female
Betina
Hh
hh
hh
Hh

7. Diagram 7 shows the inheritance of height in atype of plant.


Rajah 7 menunjukkan pewarisan sifat tinggi bagi sejenis tumbuhan.

Key : T- Tall dominant gene


Kekunci: Gen dominan tinggi
t- Dwarf recessive gene
Gen resesif kerdil
Diagram 7
Rajah 7
What is the ration og the numbers of tall young plants to the number of dwarf young
plants in the filial generation?
Berapakah nisbah bilangan anak pokok tinggi kepada bilangan anak pokok kerdil
dalam generasi pertama?
A. 1 : 0
B. 1 : 1
C. 1 : 3
D. 3 : 1

8. Diagram 4 show a cross a cross breeding of two traits of garden peas.


Rajah 4 menunjukkan kacuk silang bagi dua trait kacang pea.

Key/kekunci
T - Tall dominant gene/Gen dominan tinggi
t - Dwarf recessive gene/gen resesif kerdil
Diagram 4
Rajah 4
What is the ratio of the phenotype in the first generation?
Berapakah nisbah fenotip dalam generasi pertama?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Tall / tinggi
1
1
1
3

:
:
:
:

Dwarf/ Kerdil
1
2
3
1

9. The following information shows a tall tree crossed with a pure-breeding dwarf tree.
Maklumat berikut menunjukkan pokok tinggi dikacukkan dengan pokok kerdil baka
tulen.
Parent : Tt x tt
induk

What is the expected ratio


of the number of tall trees of the
number of dwarf trees in the offspring?
Apakah jangkaan nisbah bilangan pokok tinggi kepada bilangan pokok kerdil bagi
anak-anak pokok itu?
A. 1:1
B. 2:1
C. 3:1
D. 1:3

10. Diagram 4 shows a monohybrid cross between two mice having diferent fur colour.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan kacukan monohybrid antara dua ekor tikus yang mempunyai
warna bulu yang berlainan.
Parental
Male
Famale
Phenotype
Black fur:
White fur
Fenotip induk
Jantan
Betina

Bulu hitam

Bulu putih

Diagram 4
Rajah 4
What is the parental genotype?
Apakah genotip induk?
Male (Jantan)
A.
BB
B.
Bb
C.
Bb
D.
bb

Female (Betina)
Bb
Bb
bb
bb

3.2 THE PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISM OF INHERITANCE


JAWAPAN
Bahagian A
6
7
8
9
10

C
D
A
A
C

3.3 SEX DETERMINATION AND THE OCCURRENCE OF TWINS


11. The diagram shows how the sex of offspring is determined in humans.
Gambar rajah menunjukkan bagaimana seks anak ditentukan bagi manusia.

Which chromosomes are found in gametes P and Q?


Kromosom yang manakah terdapat dalam gamet P dan Q?
P

A.
B.
C.
D.

22 + X
22 + Y
44 + X
44 + Y

22 + Y
22 + X
44 + Y
44 + X

12. Diagram 5 show a type of cell division.


Rajah 5 menunjukkan sejenis pembahagian sel.

Diagram 5
Rajah 5
A.
B.
C.
D.

P
22 + X
22 + X
44 + XX
44 + XX

Q
22 + X
22 + Y
44 + XX
44 + XY

13. Diagram 3 shows how the sex of offspring is determined in human beings.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan bagaimana seks anak ditentukan bagi manusia.

Diagram 3
Rajah 3
What is the ratio of getting a baby girl to a baby boy at birth?
Berapakah nisbah untuk mendapatkan anak perempuan kepada anak lelaki pada
kelahiran?
A. 1 : 1
B.
1:2
C. 1 : 3
D.
3:1

14. Diagram 4 shows thehereditary scheme in human beings.


Rajah 4 menunjukkan skema kewarisan pada manusia.

Diagram 4
Rajah 4
What are the chromosomes of Q
Apakah kromosom bagi Q?
A. 22 + XY
C. 44 + XY

B. 22 + XX
D. 44+ XX

15. Which chromosomes are found in a sperm?


Kromosom manakah yang terdapat di dalam sperma?
A. 22 + Y
C. 44 + XX

B. 22 + XX
D. 44+ XY

3.3 SEX DETERMINATION AND THE OCCURRENCE OF TWINS


JAWAPAN
Bahagian A
11 B
12 B
13 A
14 C
15 A

3.4 MUTATION
Bahagian A
16. Which of the following is caused by chromosome mutation?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah disebabkan oleh mutasi kromosom?
A. Haemophilia
B. Colour blindness
Hemofilia
Buta Warna
C. Downs syndrome
D. sickle-cell anaemia
Sindrom Down
anemia sel sabit
17. Diagram 6 shows a flag.
A student cannot differentiate the colours of the flag.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan satu bendera.
Seorang murid tidak dapat membezakan warna pada bendera itu.

Diagram 6

Rajah 6
What is the student suffering from?
Apakah yang dihadapi oleh murid itu?
A. Albinism
B. Thalassemia
Albinisme
Talasemia
C. Colour blindness
Buta warna

D.

Downs syndrome
sindrom Down

18. The following information shows the characteristics of a genetic disease.


Maklumat berikut menunjukkan ciri-ciri sejenis penyakit genetik.

Caused by gene mutation


Disebabkan oleh mutasi gen
Cannot differentiate between red and green
colours
Tidak boleh membezakan antara warna merah
dan warna hijau

What is the genetic disease?


Apakah penyakit genetic itu?
A. Albinism
Albinisme
C. Colour blindness
Buta warna

B. Haemophilia
Hemofilia
D. Downs syndrome
Sindrom Down

19. The following information shows the characteristics of a man suffering a disease
caused by mutation.
Maklumat berikut menunjukkan ciri yang terdapat pada seseorang lelaki yang
menghidap penyakit akibat mutasi.

Has three sex chromosomes, XXY


Mempunyai tiga kromosom seks, XXY
Has a small testis
Mempunyai testisyang kecil
Sterile
Mandul
What is the disease?
Apakah penyakit itu?

A. Albinism
Albino
C. Downs syndrome
Sindrom Down

B. Haemophilia
Hemofilia
D . Klinefelters syndrome
Sindrom Klinefelter

20. Which substance can cause mutation?


Bahan manakah yang boleh menyebabkan mutasi?
A. Radioactive radiation
Sinaran radioaktif
B. Alcohol drink
Minuman beralkohol
C. Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida
D. Radio wave
Gelombang radio

21. Which of the following is caused by a chromosome mutation?


Antara yang berikut, yang manakah disebabkan oleh mutasi kromosom?
A. Albinism
B. Haemophilia
Albinisme
Hemofilia
C. Downs syndrome
D. Colour blindness
Sindrom Down
Buta Warna
22. The following information shows the symptoms of an inherited disease.
Maklumat berikut menunjukkan gejala penyakit baka.

Mentally retarded
Terencat akal
Extra chromosome is at pair 21
Berlebihan kromosom pada pasangan 21

What is the disease?


Apakah penyakit itu?
A. Albinism
Albinisme
C. Downs syndrome
Sindrom Down

B. Haemophilia
Hemofilia
D. Turners syndrome
Sindrom Turner

3.4 MUTATION
JAWAPAN
Bahagian A
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

C
C
C
D
A
C
C

3.5 THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC RESEARCH ON HUMAN LIFE


Bahagian A
23.

Diagram 3 shows the selective breeding of an oil palm


Rajah 3 menunjukkan pembiakkan pilihan kelapa sawit.

Diagram 3
Rajah 3
What is he trait characteristic obtained in this selective breeding?
Apakah ciri baka yang di peroleh dalam pembiakbakaan pilihan ini?
A. Hard skin
B. Thick shell
Kulit keras
Tempurung tebal
C. Thin kernel
D. Thick mesocarp
Isirung nipis
Sabut tebal

3.5 THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC RESEARCH ON HUMAN LIFE


JAWAPAN
Bahagian A
23

3.6 VARIATION
Bahagian A
24.

Which of the following is an examole of a discontinuous


Antara berikut yang manakah contoh variasi tak selanjar?
A. Heigh
B. skin colour
Ketinggian
Warna kulit
C. Body weight
D. Blood group
Berat badan
Kumpulan darah

25.

Which of the following is anexample of a continuous variriation?


Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan contoh variasi selanjar?
A. Heigh
B. Blood group
Ketinggian
Kumpulan darah
C. Type of ear lobe
D. ability to roll the tongue
Jenis cuping telinga
Kebolehan menggulung lidah

26.

Which human trait shows continuous variation?


Trait manusia yang manakah menunjukkan variasi selanjar?
A. Body weight
Berat badan
B. Blood group
Kumpulan darah
C. Type of ear lobe
Jenis cuping telinga
D. Ability to roll tongue
Kebolehan darah menggulung lidah

27.

What is the importance of variation to certain species?


Apakah keprntingan variasi kepada spesies tertentu?
A. Increase diversity
Meningkatkan kepelbagaian
B. Decrease survival
Mengurangkan kemandirian
C. Increase the risk of extinction
Meningkatkan risiko kepupusan
D. Decrease the ability to adapt to environmental changes

Mengurangkan kemampuan untuk menyesuaikan diri kepada perubahan alam


sekitar

28.

Diagram 4 shows a histogram representing a type of variation


Rajah 4 menunjukkan histogram yang mewakili sejenis variasi.

Diagram 4
Rajah 4
What trait is represented by the histrogram?
Trait manakah yang mewakili oleh histogram itu?
A. Height
ketinggian
B. Blood group
Kumpulan darah
C. Type of ear lobe
Jenis cuping telinga
D. Type of finger print
Jenis cap jari

Bahagian B
1.

The Form 4 Mawar carried out an experiment to study the variation of thumb prints.
There are four group of thumb prints; curve, loop,whorl and composite.
Figure 4 shows the thumb prints of 25 pupils from the class.
Kelas 4 Mawar menjalankan experimen untuk mengkaji variasi cap ibu jari.
Terdapat empat kumpulan cap ibu jari iaitu lengkung, gelung, sepusar dan komposit.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan cap ibu jari 25 orang murid dalam kelas itu.

Figure 4
Rajah 4
a) Based on Figure 4, determine the number of pupils in each group.
Complete Table 4.
Berdasarkan Rajah 4, ditentukan bilangan murid bagi setiap kumpulan.
Lengkapkan jadual 4.
Curve
Lengkung
Groups of
thumb print
Kumpulan
cap ibu jari

Loop
Gelung

Whorl
Sepusar

Composite
Komposit

Number of
pupils
Bilangan
murid
Table 4
Jadual 4
[2 marks]
[ 2 markah]
b) Based on the result in Table 4, draw a bar chart to show the numbers of
pupils against the group of thumb prints.
Berdasarkan keputusan dalam Jadual 4,lukiskan carta bar yang
menunjukkan bilangan murid melawan kumpulan cap jari ibu.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
c) Write a conclusion on the type of variation based on the bar chart in (b).
Tuliskan kesimpulan tentang jenis variasi berdasarkan carta bar di (b)
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

2. The From 4 Jujur students carry out an experiment to study the variation of
massamong them.
Table 1.1 shows the mass the mass of 30 student in the class.
Murid Tingkatan 4 Jujur manjalankan experiment untuk mengkaji variasi jisim di
kalangan mereka.
Jadual 1.1 menunjukkan jisim bagi 30 orang murid dalam kelas itu.
40
60
54
50
47

50
41
53
49
58

52
56
42
57
59

51
43
52
67
53
Table 1.1
Jadual 1.1

62
59
46
63
45

55
64
48
69
54

a) Based on the data inTable, complete Table 1.2.


Berdasarkan data dalam Jadual 1.1, lengkapkan Jadual 1.2
Mass(kg)
Jisim (Kg)
Number of student
Bilangan murid

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

Table 1.2
Jadual 1.2
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
b) Based on the result in table 1.2, draw a histogram to show the number of
student against mass.
Berdasarkan keputusan dalam Jadual 1.2, lukis histogram yang menunjukkan
bilangan murid melawan jisim.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
c) Write the type of variation based on the histogram in 1 (b) .
Tulis jenis variasi berdasarkan histogram di 1 (b).
[1 marks]
[1 markah]
3.

A student conducted an experiment to study the continuous variation of leaves.


Diagram 1 shows one of the leaves pluked from a tree.
Seorang murid menjalankan 1 experimen untuk mengkaji variasi selanjar pada
tahun.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan sehelai daun yang dipetik daripada sebatang pokok.

Diagram 1
Rajah 1
(a) Measure and write down the length of the leaf.
Ukur dan tulis daun tersebut
________________cm
[1 marks]
[1 markah]
(b) Table 1.1 shows the lengths, in cm, of 20 leaves plucked from the same tree.
Jadual 1.1 menunjukkan panjang, dalam cm, bagi 20 helai daun yang dipetik
darida pokok yang sama
2.0
5.5
3.7
1.9

3.8
3.9
1.6
3.4

5.5
4.7
3.6
1.9

3.4
3.5
3.6
4.8

3.5
4.5
3.6
5.2

Table 1.1
Jadual 1.1
Length of leaf interval
(cm)
number of leaves
bilangan daun

0.1-2.0

2.1-4.0

4.1-6.0

Table 1.2
Jadual 1.2
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(c) Based on the Table 1.2, draw a bar chart to show the number of leaves against
the lengths the lengths of leaf.
Berdasarkan Jadual 1.2, lukis carta palang untuk menunjukkan bilangan daun
melawan panjjang daun

[2 marks]
[2 markh]

4. A student has student the characteristic of the ability to roll the tongue among student
in his class.
The observed result is shown in diagram 1.
Seorang muris telah mengkaji ciri kebolehan menggulung lidah di kalangan murid di
dalam kelasnya.
Keputusan pemerhatian di tunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.

Diagram 1
Rajah 1
a) Based on Diagram 1, determine the number of students in each group.
Complete Table 1.1
Berdasarkan rajah 1, tentukan bilangan murid bagi setiap kumpulan.
Lengkapkan Jadual 1.1
Characteristic
Ciri
Number of student

Able to roll the tongue


Boleh menggulung lidah

Unable to roll the tongue


Tidak boleh menggulung
lidah

Bilangan murid
Table 1.1
Jadual 1.1
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

b) Based on the result in Table 1.1, draw a bar chart showing the number of
student against the characteristic of the ability to roll the tongue.
Berdasarkan keputusan dalam Jadual 1.1, lukiskan carta palang yang
menunjukkan bilangan murid melawan ciri kebolehan menggulung lidah

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
c) State the type of variation based on the bar chart in 1 (b).
Nyatakan jenis variasi berdasarkan carta palang di 1(b).
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

d) In table 1.2, tick ( / ) the characteristic which has the same type of variation as
in 1(c).
Dalam Jadual 1.2, tandakan ( / ) bagi ciri yang mempunyai jenis variasi yang
sama seperti di 1 (c).
Body weight
Berat badan

Type of ear
lobes
Jenis cuping
telinga

Height
Ketinggian

Blood group
Kumpulan darah

Table 1.2
Jadual 1.2
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

3.6 VARIATION
JAWAPAN
Bahagian A
24
25
26
27
28

D
A
A
A
A

Bahagian B
1

(a)
Curve
Lengkung

Loop
Gelung

Whorl
Sepusar

Composite
Komposit

Groups of
thumb print
Kumpulan
cap ibu jari

Number of
pupils
Bilangan
murid
(b)

(c) Variasi tak selanjar


2

(a)
Mass(kg)
Jisim (Kg)
Number of
student
Bilangan murid
(b)

(c) Variasi selanjar

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

(a)
(b)
Length of leaf interval
(cm)
number of leaves
bilangan daun

0.1-2.0

2.1-4.0

4.1-6.0

10

(c)

(a)
Characteristic

Able to roll he tongue

Unable to roll the tongue

Ciri

Boleh menggulung lidah

Number of student
Bilangan murid

15

Tidak boleh menggulung


lidah
10

(b)

(c)

Variasi tak selanjar

(d)
Body weight
Berat badan

Type of ear
lobes
Jenis cuping
telinga

Height
Ketinggian

Blood group
Kumpulan darah

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