Dr.

Mohan Joshi
Asso Prof,Samhita Siddhant Dept.

(n.) The act of citing a passage from a book,

or from another person, in his own words;

also, the passage or words quoted; quotation.
(n.) An official summons or notice given to a
person to appear; the paper containing such
summons or notice.
(n.) A reference to decided cases, or books of
authority, to prove a point in law.
(n.) Enumeration; mention; as, a citation of
facts.

A bibliography is a list of the resources

books,
Journals
Articles
News
magazines,
Souvenirs
Web site
videos,
computer programs

Aggregated Database
Ancient Text
Artwork
Audiovisual Material
Bill
Blog
Book
Book Section
Case
Catalog
Chart or Table
Classical Work

Computer Program
Conference Paper
Conference Proceedings
Dataset
Dictionary
Edited Book
Electronic Article
Electronic Book
Electronic Book Section
Encyclopedia
Equation
Figure

Film or Broadcast
Government Document
Grant
Hearing
Journal Article
Legal Rule or Regulation
Magazine Article
Manuscript
Map
Music
Newspaper Article
Online Database

Online Multimedia
Pamphlet
Patent
Personal Communication
Report
Serial
Standard
Statute
Thesis
Unpublished Work
Web Page

o show what information

sources you use for your
research.
To help the reader find more
information.
To prevent being charged with
a crime called plagiarism.
T

Acknowledging a source is a courtesy to the person

whose idea you have used or referred to.
By giving the source you make it clear to the reader
that you are not trying to pretend that someone else's
work is your own.
The reference helps your readers to find the original
information source for themselves if they wish to
undertake further study of the subject.
It may be a fundamental requirement of your course
that a bibliography is included with each piece of
written work and without it your work will lose marks.
It shows the extent of your research and lets the
examiner see that you have done sufficient work.

It shows that you are aware of and have used a wide

variety of information sources.
It shows that you have taken care to use information
which is up to date.
It is a record of which books etc. you have read and
makes it easier to find those sources again should
you need them later.
People will have more confidence in your work if they
know where your information comes from; taking
care with your references suggests that you have
taken care to check your facts as well.
It is professional and good practice to produce a
bibliography especially if you intend to progress for
scientific Publications.

MLA - Modern Language Association

APA American Psychological association

Chicago :Manual of Style

Journal specific styles

1. BOOKS
Format: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Publication Year.
a. One Author
Al Fahim, Mohammed. From Rags to Riches: a story of Abu Dhabi. London:
London Centre for Arab Studies, 1995.
b. Two Authors
McCarthy, Michael, and Felicity O'dell. English vocabulary in use:
elementary, with answers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
c. Three or more Authors
Hallows, Richard, Martin Lisboa, and Mark Unwin. IELTS express:
intermediate. London: Thomson, 2006.
Tietz, Norbert W. et. al. Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests.
Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1995.
d. Corporate Authors (e. g. Red Crescent Society or Friends of the Arabian

Leopard)

St. John Ambulance Association. Caring for the Sick. London: Dorling
Kindersley,1988.

Format: Author Last Name, Author First Name.

Title of Article. Name of Magazine/Newspaper.
Issue
Date: Page.
a. Magazine
Morris, John. "Keeping your Computer VirusFree." PC Magazine Oct. 2000:
18-19.
b. Newspaper
Simpson, L. "Tasmania's railway goes private."
Australian Financial Review
13 Oct. 2001:10.

a. Print format
Format: Title of Article. Name of Encyclopedia. Edition.
Publication Year.
"Mexico." The WorldBook Encyclopedia. 2003.
b. Electronic format
Format: Title. Name of Encyclopedia. Format. Date of
Publication.
Paris. Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. 2007.
c. Online format
Format: Title. Name of Encyclopedia. Format. Date of
Publication. Name of Website. Date Accessed.
<complete URL>.
Paris. Encyclopedia Britannioca. 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. 19
Sep. 2007. <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article60484.html>.

Format: Author Last Name, First Name. Title.

Place of Publication: Publisher. Publication Year.
Millard, Anne, Dr, ed. The Atlas of Ancient
Worlds. London: Dorling
Kindersly,1994.

Format: Title of Page or Article. Name of

Website or Organisation. Date Accessed.
<complete URL>
"Discover Trinidad and Tobago." World Travel
Guide. 6 Sept. 2002
http://www.carib-link.net/discover /main.html

a. Personal Interview
Format. Persons Last Name, First Name. Type of
Interview. Date.
Napier, Wendy. Personal interview. 26 Sept.
1998.
Al Shamsi, Mohammed. Telephone interview. 25
Oct. 1998.
b. Interviewed by others
Format. Persons Last Name, First Name. Title
Interviewer. Name of Source. Date: Page.
Clooney, George. "Ready for Politics?" Interview
with Nadia Ali. Ahlan 14 June
2004: 20.

Format. Author Last Name, First Name. Title of the

article. Title of the publication. Database location.
Date of access <full Internet address>.
Anderson, Janet Byron. "Rabies." The Gale
Encyclopedia of Medicine. Al Ain
Men's College. 6 Sept. 2007 <http://0Galenet.gale
group.com.library.hct.ac.ae:80
/servlet/HWRC?locID=hcot Web>.
8. PERSONAL LETTER
Format. Writers Last Name, First Name. Type of
Letter. Date.
Ismail, Ahmed. Letter to the author. 17 May 1997.

9. LECTURE
Format. Speakers Last Name, First Name.
Title or Description. Event. Place. Date.
Watson, John. Opening Address. HCT Annual
Conference. Dubai. 30 Aug. 1998.
10. TELEVISION OR RADIO PROGRAM
Format. Title of Episode Program Title.
Network. Location. Date.
"Walking with Dinosaurs." National
Geographic: Science. Orbit. Dubai. 20 June
2006.

11. COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Format. Author Last Name, First Name. Title. Format.
Number of Disks. Place of Publication: Publisher,
Publication Year.
Freebairn, Ingrid, and Hilary Rees Parnall. The
Grammar-ROM 1. CD-ROM. 2
disks. London: Longman, 1995.
12.VIDEO OR DIGITAL VIDEO DISC
Format. Title. Year Released. Format. Distributor,
Year Distributed.
Ahmed the Cheat. 1999. Videocassette. HCT, 1999.
Wallace and Gromit. 2001. DVD. Deltamac, 2002

13. PHOTOGRAPHS AND GRAPHICS

Format. Title. Format. Year Created. Owner or
Artist. Name of Website. Date Released. Date
Accessed.
<Complete URL>.
Plymouth and Philippines. Photographs.
2007. Nico Sepe, Devon. BBC Devon. 5
May 2007. 6 Sept. 2007
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/imag
e_galleries/
nico_sepe_gallery.shtml>.

Time consuming

In word process Microsoft, open office etc.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Operating system support

Export file formats
Import file formats
Citation styles
Reference list file formats
Word processor integration
Database connectivity
Password "protection" and network versions

Software

Developer

First public
release

Latest stable
version

Cost (USD)

Open source

License

Notes

Aigaion

Aigaion developers

2005-01

2009-03-12
(2.1.2)

Free

Yes

GPL

web-based

Bebop

ALaRI Institute

2007-11-08

2009-11-10 (1.1)

Free

Yes

BSD

web-based BibTeX front-end

BibDesk

BibDesk developers

2002-04

2011-05 (1.5.4)

Free

Yes

BSD

BibTeX front-end + repository

Biblioscape

CG Information

1998

2009-05-09 (8.01)

US$79-299[1]

No

proprietary

ODBC; web access in Pro ed;

optional client/server

BibSonomy

University of Kassel

2006-01

Free

No

proprietary

centrally-hosted website

Bibus

Bibus developers

2004-06-03

200910 (1.5.0)

Free

Yes

GPL

Bookends

Sonny Software

1988 (Mac) / 1983

(Apple II+)

2009-1-15
(10.4.3)

US$99[1]

No

proprietary

Citavi

Swiss Academic Software

2006-02-13

2011-09-29
(3.0.15)

US$111-231 / Free for

projects up to 100
references

No

proprietary

integrated web search, pdf

download, auto-completion

Software

Windows

Mac OS X

Linux

BSD

Unix

Aigaion

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Bebop

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

BibDesk

No

Yes

No

No

No

Biblioscape

Yes

No

No

No

No

BibSonomy

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Bibus

Yes

Experimental

Yes

Yes

Yes

Bookends

No

Yes

No

No

No

Citavi

Yes

No

No

No

No

CiteULike

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Connotea

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

EndNote

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Software

BibTeX

Endnote/Refe
r/BibIX

Medline

MODS XML

RIS

Aigaion

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Bebop

Yes

No

No

No

No

BibDesk

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Biblioscape

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

BibSonomy

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Bibus

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Bookends

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Citavi

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

SciF
Pub
RIS inde
Med
r

Software

BibTeX

Copac

CSA

Endnote/R
efer/BibIX

ISI

Medline

MODS
XML

Ovid

Aigaion

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Bebop

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

BibDesk

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Biblioscape

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

BibSonomy

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Software

APA

Chicago/Turab
ian

Harvard

MLA

Other

Aigaion

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

BMJ, IEEE

Bebop

No

No

No

No

none

BibDesk

Yes

No

No

No

various

Biblioscape

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

BibSonomy

Yes

No

Yes

No

none

Bibus

Yes

No

No

No

usercontributed

Bookends

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Citavi

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

2000+ styles[citation
needed]

various[citation
needed]

1000+ styles

RTF

Plain
text

Software

HTML

LaTeX[13]

Aigaion

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Bebop

Yes

No

No

No

BibDesk

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Biblioscape

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

BibSonomy

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Bibus

Yes

No

No

No

Bookends

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Software

Microsoft Word

OpenOffice.org
Writer

Kile/LyX

RTF scan[15]

Aigaion
Bebop

No
No

No
No

No
No

No
No

BibDesk

No

No

Yes

Biblioscape

Yes

No

No

BibSonomy

No

No

No

No

Bibus

Yes

Yes

No

Bookends

Yes

No

No

Yes

Citavi

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Software

IEEE
ArXiv CiteSeer
PubMed
Xplore

Biblioscape

No

No

No

Yes

BibSonomy

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Bibus

No

No

No

Yes

Bookends

Yes

No

No

Yes

Citavi

No

No

Yes

Yes

CiteULike

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Connotea

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

EndNote

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Networking

Passworde
Software
d

User-specific
permissions[19]

Simultaneous write access

Zotero

Yes[22]

Yes

Yes

Mendeley

Yes[21]

Yes

Yes

Jumper 2.0
EndNote[20]
CiteULike
Aigaion
BibSonomy
Biblioscape

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

perfect reference management

tool for research.

Gathering

Publishing

Planning

It supports you through the

entire process: from planning
to searching online, to working
with your sources and
organizing knowledge, and of
course preparing your
manuscript.
On your own or in a team.

Organizing
Knowledge

Studying

Navigation on the left,

edit-ing in the middle,
preview on the right for
PDF and text
documents, images,
Web pages and your
own knowledge items.
Import EndNote
libraries, RIS, BibTeX,
ENW, or other text files.

Gatherin
g
Publishi
ng

Organizin
g
Knowledg
e

Planning

Studying

Add columns, sort, and

group your data.
Export to Microsoft
Excel
and OpenOffice.org
Calc.

Gatherin
g
Publishi
ng

Organizin
g
Knowledg
e

Planning

Studying

Citavi lets you search

over 4000 online
resources, including
shared library catalogs
and bibliographic
databases and
countless university
libraries.
Citavis online search
offers the same search
fields as each catalogs
website.
If you search multiple
catalogs at once, Citavi
offers all the options
they have in common.

Gatherin
g

In cooperation with:

Publishi
ng

Organizin
g
Knowledg
e

Planning

Studying

With Citavi you can

search your local library
catalog, add your
favorite librarys call
numbers to books you
found somewhere else,
and check the
availability of your
references with
OpenURL.
Citavi autodetects
databa-ses your
organization has
subscribed to and helps
your organizations IT
department to easily set
the administra-tive
settings for all users.
Gatherin
g

Publishi
ng

Organizin
g
Knowledg
e

Planning

Studying

Task Planner lets you

manage your project
tasks, remind you of
deadlines, and make
sure you stay on track.
Designed specifically
for scholarly work, the
Task Planner makes
sure nothing falls
through the cracks.

Gatherin
g
Publishi
ng

Organizin
g
Knowledg
e

Planning

Studying

Use the preview to

view images, videos,
and presentations,
and to read and
evaluate PDFs and
other full texts.

Click to copy a
passage to the
reference as a
quotation, abstract or
table of contents.

Gatherin
g
Publishi
ng

Organizin
g
Knowledg
e

Planning

Studying

By saving knowledge
items quotations,
thoughts, and
comments in the
Knowl-edge Organizer,
Citavi helps you make
sense of content and
create knowledge from
information.
Citavi gives you two
tools for organizing
and structuring your
collected knowledge:
Keywords help you
describe items,
while
Gatherin
categories letg you
structure
and group.
Publishi
ng

Organizin
g
Knowledg
e

Planning

Studying

With the Publication

Assist-ant, you insert
citations and
quotations into your
manu-script. When
you're done, Citavi
formats your paper in
the citation style you
need, complete with
bibliography.
Choose from over 700
citation styles or create
your own.
Add-In for Microsoft
Gatherin
Word coming
soon.
g
Publishi
ng

Organizin
g
Knowledg
e

Planning

Studying