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Radiography Sample For Interperation
Radiography Sample For Interperation
AN OVERVIEW
Your guide to proper
processing and interpretation
of radiography films for
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
ndt.carestream.com
INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sections
Sections
Page
Introduction 1
Section I
5
Pressure Marks
Film Handling 7
Crimp Marks
Artifacts
(after exposure)
9
Crimp Marks
(before exposure)
11
Static Marks
13
Poor Definition
15
Spots (fixer)
17
Spots (developer)
19
Hair Lines
21
Screen Marks
23
Paper Marks
25
Black Streaks or Blotches
27
Streaking
29
Pressure Marks
(from automatic processing)
31
Pi Lines
(from automatic processing)
33
Random Black Spots
(from automatic processing)
Section II 34-35 Film handling practices
General Film
in processing
Processing &
environments
Handling 36-37 Darkroom conditions:
Guidelines
practice and
maintenance
38-39 Film processing
Section III
Defects in
Castings
Page
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
Section IV 55
Defects in
57
Welds
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
PRESSURE MARKS
PRESSURE MARKS
STATIC MARKS
STATIC MARKS
10
11
POOR DEFINITION
POOR DEFINITION
12
13
SPOTS (FIXER)
SPOTS (FIXER)
14
15
SPOTS (DEVELOPER)
SPOTS (DEVELOPER)
16
17
HAIR LINES
HAIR LINES
18
19
SCREEN MARKS
SCREEN MARKS
20
21
PAPER MARKS
PAPER MARKS
22
23
24
25
STREAKING
STREAKING
26
27
28
PRESSURE MARKS
(FROM AUTOMATIC PROCESSING)
29
30
31
32
33
II
FILM HANDLING
34
35
II
training
Operators should understand why darkroom
cleanliness is necessary and how they can
contribute to keeping it clean.
Encourage people to spot problems and provide
solutions to maintain a clean darkroom.
FACILITY
Inspect all surfaces of the facility and equipment;
tables, chairs, etc.
EQUIPMENT
DARKROOM CONDITIONS:
PRACTICE AND MAINTENANCE
CLEANING
PHYSICAL LAYOUT
Locate equipment to optimize process flow.
Steps of the workflow should physically follow
each other and not traverse back and across the
work area.
36
37
II
PROCESSOR MAINTENANCE:
Use 10 m filter.
Change weekly.
Water Filtration
25 m or smaller filter is
best. Change weekly.
Daily Maintenance
Weekly Maintenance
38
FILM PROCESSING
FILM PROCESSING
CLEANING FILM
To clean film, use only isopropyl alcohol (91 percent)
or heptane. Soft, lintless, absorbent cotton pads,
Webril Handi-Pads, or their equivalent should be
used. Never use water because it will soften
the gelatin.
Apply cleaner to the cleaning wipe.
Wipe film in a single up-and-down direction, NOT
in a circular motion.
Fold the cleaning wipe frequently to keep dirt
particles away from the film surface.
Change wipes often.
III
SHRINKAGE
SHRINKAGE
40
41
III
GAS VOIDS
GAS VOIDS
42
43
III
INCLUSIONS
INCLUSIONS
44
45
III
46
UNFUSED CHAPLET
UNFUSED CHAPLET
47
III
HOT TEAR
HOT TEAR
48
49
III
CRACKS
CRACKS
50
51
III
CORE SHIFT
CORE SHIFT
52
53
IV
54
CLUSTER POROSITY
CLUSTER POROSITY
55
IV
56
EXCESS PENETRATION
EXCESS PENETRATION
57
IV
58
EXTERNAL UNDERCUT
EXTERNAL UNDERCUT
59
IV
60
61
IV
62
LACK OF PENETRATION
LACK OF PENETRATION
63
IV
64
TUNGSTEN INCLUSIONS
TUNGSTEN INCLUSIONS
65
IV
SLAG LINES
SLAG LINES
66
67
IV
LACK OF FUSION
LACK OF FUSION
68
69
IV
70
SCATTERED POROSITY
SCATTERED POROSITY
71
IV
MISMATCH
MISMATCH
72
73
IV
74
75
IV
76
WELD SPATTER
WELD SPATTER
77
IV
78
LONGITUDINAL CRACKS
LONGITUDINAL CRACKS
79
IV
80
TRANSVERSE CRACKS
TRANSVERSE CRACKS
81
IV
BURN THROUGH
BURN THROUGH
82
83
Carestream, Inc.
150 Verona Street
Rochester, N.Y. 14608
Industrex is a trademark of Carestream, Inc.
Carestream Inc. 2014
ndt.carestream.com