EMF EQUATION

&
TRANSFORMATI
ON RATIO

EMF EQUATION: Consider

Let

the fig. shown:-

the voltage V1 applied to the primary

of a transformer, with secondary open
circuited, be sinusoidal.
Then the current Ie, due to applied voltage
V1, will also be a sinusoidal wave.

 The

mmf NI.Ie and therefore the core flux

will also follow the variation of Ie very closely.
Therefore if the voltage V has a sine
waveform, the flux must also have a sine
waveform.
Let the sinusoidal variation of the flux be
shown as:-

max sin t

Where

max is the maximum value of the flux

and =2f.
Now the emf e1 in volts, induced in the
primary N1 turns by the alternating flux is
given by:d
e1 N1
dt
N1 max cos t

N1 max sin(t / 2)

 Its

maximum value E1max occurs when Sin(/2) is equal to one.

Therefore

E1max N1 max

And

e1 E1max sin(t / 2)

Therefore

the RMS value of emf E1 induced

in primary winding is given by:-

Hence

E1max 2
E1

fN1 max
2
2
---------(a)
E1 2fN1 max
above is the required eqn. for EMF..

TURN RATIO: Consider

The

the fig. shown:

current Ie in the primary is assumed to

flow along the path abcda, as shown in fig.
The emf e1 induced in N1 turns of primary,
must be in such a direction as to oppose the
cause, Ie.
Hence, by Lenz law, e1 will oppose V1.

 Since

primary winding resistance is

negligible,e1 at every instant, must be equal
and opposite to V1:-

V 1=

E1

= - E1

2fN1

and
max -------(a)
Similarly the emf induced in the secondary
d
e

N
N 2 max cos t
is:2
2
dt

N 2 max sin(t / 2)
E2 max sin(t / 2)

RMS

2 max
value ofE E2 Eis
given
by:
2

fN
2
2 max
2

--------(b)

 From

the eqns (a) and (b) we have:-

E1 N1

E2 N 2
Or

E1 E2

2f max
N1 N 2

-------(c)

Hence

EMF per turn in primary= EMF per turn in

secondary.

 In

the fig shown, the secondary mmf F2

being opposite to , tends to reduce the
alternating mutual flux .

Any

reduction in would reduce E1. For

an ideal transformer, V1=-E1. if the
applied voltage V1 is constant, flux
should also remain constant.

 This

can only happen if the primary draws

more current I1 from the source in order to
neutralize the demagnetizing effect of F 2. I1 is
known as Load component of primary current.
The total primary current is then given by:-

If

I1 I1' I e

the magnetizing current Ie is neglected,

then the above equation becomes:-

Since

'
I

I
this load component
of primary current
1
1

will neutralise the secondary mmfTherefore

I 1 N1 I 2 N 2

Or

N1
I 2 ---------(d)

N2
I1

 Thus

from Eqn (c) and (d) we have:V1 E1 N1 I 2

V2 E2 N 2 I1

The

-------(e)

above eqn is known as the

Transformation ratio of transformers.