1

UNIT 3

TRANSFORMERS

INTRODUCTION

 A transformer is a device which transfers electrical energy (power) from one voltage level to
another voltage level without change in frequency.

 Unlike in rotating machines, there is no energy conversion in a transformer. The transfer of

energy takes place through the magnetic field.

 A Transformer consists of two windings, the primary and secondary, wound on a common
laminated magnetic core.

 The winding connected to the A.C. source is called primary winding and the one connected to
the load is called secondary winding.

 If e2 < e1, it is called a step-down transformer and if e2>e1, it is called a step-up transformer.

Where e2 = secondary emf; e1 = primary emf

Note

1. The transformer action is based on the laws of electromagnetic induction (mutual

induction).

2. There is no electrical connection between the primary and secondary. The A.C. power is
transferred from primary to secondary through magnetic flux.

3. There is no change in frequency. i.e. the output power has the same frequency as the input
power.

4. The losses that occur in a transformer are:

1. Core losses – eddy current and hysteresis losses

2. Copper losses – in the resistance of the windings.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF TRANSFORMER

 Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction between two magnetically coupled
coils.

 When the primary winding is connected to an alternating voltage of rms value, V1 volts, an
alternating current flows through the primary winding and sets up an alternating flux Φ in the
material of the core.

 This alternating flux Φ links both the primary windings and the secondary windings.
Therefore, an e.m.f e1 is induced in the primary winding (self-induced emf) and an e.m.f e2 is
induced in the secondary winding (mutual induced emf).
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Fig: Construction of Transformer

Fig: Symbolic Representation

𝐞𝟏 , 𝐞𝟐 are given by the equations

𝐝𝛗
𝐞𝟏 = −𝐍𝟏 − − − (𝐚)
𝐝𝐭

𝐝𝛗
𝐞𝟐 = −𝐍𝟐 − − − (𝐛)
𝐝𝐭

If the induced e.m.f’s e1 and e2 are represented by their rms values E1 and E2 respectively, then

𝐝𝛗
𝐄𝟏 = −𝐍𝟏 − − − (𝟏)
𝐝𝐭

𝐝𝛗
𝐄𝟐 = −𝐍𝟐 − − − (𝟐)
𝐝𝐭
𝐄𝟐 𝐍𝟐
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞, = = 𝐤 − − − (𝟑)
𝐄𝟏 𝐍𝟏

Where K is known as the transformation ratio of the transformer

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 When a load is connected to the secondary winding, a current I2 flows through the load, V2 is
the terminal voltage across the load.

 As the power transferred from the primary winding to the secondary winding is same, hence

Power input to the primary winding = Power output from the secondary winding

i.e. E1I1 = E2I2

𝐄𝟐 𝐈𝟏
𝐎𝐫, = = 𝐤 − − − (𝟒)
𝐄𝟏 𝐈𝟐

From equations (3) and (4), we have

𝐄𝟐 𝐍𝟐 𝐈𝟏
= = = 𝐤 − − − (𝟓)
𝐄𝟏 𝐍𝟏 𝐈𝟐

 The directions of emf’s E1 and E2 induced in the primary and secondary windings are such
that, they always oppose the primary applied voltage V1.

EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER

 Let us consider a transformer with

N1 = Primary turns;

N2 = Secondary turns

Φm = Maximum flux in the core

= Bm × A webers (Where Bm=flux density in Tesla or weber/m2)

f= frequency of ac input in hertz (Hz)

 The flux in the core will vary sinusoidal as shown in figure, so that it increases from zero to
1
maximum ‘Φm’ in one quarter of the cycle i.e, (4𝑓) second
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Fig: alternating flux in a transformer

𝜙𝑚
Therefore, average rate of change of flux = 1 = 4f𝜙𝑚
( )
4𝑓

We know that, the average rate of change of flux per turn is the induced emf in volts.

Therefore, average emf induced per turn = 4fΦm volts.

 Since the flux is varying sinusoidally, the rms value of induced emf is obtained by multiplying
the average value by the form factor.

Therefore, rms value of emf induced per turn = 1.11×4f×Φm = 4.44fΦm volts

 The rms value of induced emf in the entire primary winding = [ (induced emf per turn) ×
number of primary turns ]

Therefore E1 =4.44fΦm×N1 = 4.44fBm×A×N1 and

Similarly, E2= 4.44fΦm×N2 = 4.44fBm×A×N2

Problems

1. A single phase, 50Hz transformer has 80 turns on the primary winding and 400 turns on the
secondary winding. The net cross-sectional area of the core is 200 cm2. If the primary
winding is connected to a 240V, 50Hz supply. Determine 1) the emf induced in the
secondary winding 2) the maximum value of the flux density in the core.

2. The no-load ratio required in a single phase 50Hz transformer is 6600/300V. If the
maximum value of flux in the core is to be 0.09W find the number of turns in each winding.

3. A single phase 25Hz transformer has 50 primary turns and 600 secondary turns. The cross
sectional area of the core is 400sq.cm. If the primary of the transformer is connected to 230V
supply, find 1) the secondary induced emf 2) the flux density in the core.

4. For a single phase transformer having primary and secondary turns of 440 and 880
respectively, determine the transformer KVA rating if half load secondary current is 7.5A
and maximum value of core flux is 2.25mWb.
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TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

 Depending on the manner in which the primary and secondary are wound on the core,
transformers are of two types

1. Core-type transformer
2. Shell-type transformer

Core-type transformer

 In a core-type transformer, half of the primary winding and half of the secondary winding are
placed round each limb. This reduces the leakage flux.

 Usually the low-voltage winding is placed below the high-voltage winding for mechanical
considerations.

Fig: core type transformer

Shell-type transformer

 This method of construction involves the use of a double magnetic circuit. Both the windings
are placed round the central limb. The other two limbs act simply as a low reluctance flux
path.

 Usually the core-type is generally more suitable for high voltage and small output, while the
shell-type is generally more suitable for low voltage and high output.
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Fig: shell type transformer

Core type Shell type

1 The winding encircles the core
2 It has single magnetic circuit
3 The core has two limbs
4 The cylindrical coils are used
5 The windings are uniformly distributed
on two hence natural cooling is effective
6 Preferred for low voltage transformers
The core encircles most part of the winding
It has a double magnetic circuit
The core has three limbs
The Multilayer disc or sandwich type coils are
used
The natural cooling does not exist as the
windings are surrounded by the core
Preferred for high voltage transformers

IDEAL TRANSFORMER

 An ideal transformer is one that has

1. No winding resistance

2. No leakage flux i.e. the same flux links both the windings

3. No iron losses in the core (i.e. eddy current and hysteresis losses)

 Consider an ideal transformer on no load (i.e. with secondary open-circuited). Under such
conditions, the primary is simply a coil of pure inductance.

 When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary, it draws a small magnetising

current Im which lags behind the applied voltage by 900. This alternating current Im
produces an alternating flux Φ which is proportional to and in phase with it.

 The alternating flux Φ links both the windings and induces emf E1 in the primary and an
emf E2 in the secondary. E1 is equal and in opposition to V1. Both emf’s E1 and E2 lag behind
flux Φ by 900.
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Fig: Phasor Diagram of Ideal Transformer on NO- Load

 The phasor diagram of an ideal transformer on No-Load is shown in figure above. Since flux Φ
is common to both the windings, it is taken as the reference.

 It can be seen that the primary emf E1 and the secondary emf E2 lag behind the flux Φ by 900.
E1 and E2 are in phase, but E1 is equal to V1 and 1800 out of phase with it.

Ideal Transformer ON-Load

 Consider a load is connected across the secondary of an ideal transformer. The secondary emf
E2 will cause a current I2 to flow through the load.

 The angle at which I2 leads or lags V2 (or E2) depends upon the resistance and reactance of the
load. For an inductive load, current I2 lags behind V2 (or E2) by Φ2. Also a current I2 will flow in
the primary winding.

Fig: Phasor Diagram of an Ideal Transformer ON-Load

 In the phasor diagram, the K is assumed as unity (so that primary phasors are equal to
secondary phasors). The secondary current I2 lags behind V2 (or E2) by φ2. This causes a
primary current I1 = KI2 which is in anti-phase with it.
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 The power factor on the primary side is equal to the power factor on the secondary side. Since
there are no losses in an ideal transformer, input primary power is equal to the secondary
output power. i.e. V1I1Cosφ1 = V2I2Cos φ2

 A practical transformer differs from the ideal transformer in that it has iron losses, winding
resistances and magnetic leakage leading to leakage reactance.

Practical Transformer on NO -Load

 Consider a practical transformer on No-Load. i.e., secondary is on open-circuit. The primary

will draw a small current IO to supply

1. The iron losses and

2. A very small amount of copper loss in the primary.

 Hence the primary no load current IO is not 900 behind the applied voltage V1 but lags it by an
angle φO < 900 as shown in the phasor diagram.

Fig Phasor diagram of practical transformer on NO- Load

 From the phasor diagram, the no-load primary current IO can be resolved into two rectangular
components:

1. The component Iw is in phase with the applied voltage V1. This is known as active or
working or iron loss component and supplies the iron loss and a very small primary
copper loss.

2. The component Im lags behind V1 by 900 and is known as magnetising component, which
produces the mutual flux φ in the core.

 The no-load primary copper loss is very small and may be neglected. Therefore the no-load
primary input power is practically equal to the iron loss in the transformer.
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Practical Transformer ON-Load (with no winding resistance and leakage flux considered)

It is assumed that the resistance and leakage reactance of the windings are negligible. With this
assumption, V1= E1 and V2=E2. With an inductive load considered, the total primary current I1 must
meet the two requirements:

(i) It must supply the no-load current IO to meet the iron losses in the transformer and to
provide flux in the core.
(ii) It must supply a current I2’ to counteract the demagnetising effect of secondary current I2.

The total primary current I1 is the phasor sum of I2’ and IO. Also this I2’ is 1800 out of phase with I2.

Fig Phasor Diagram of Practical Transformer ON-Load

From the phasor diagram, we see that E1 and E2 lag behind the mutual flux φ by 900. The current I2’
represents the primary current to neutralize the demagnetising effect of secondary current I 2. The
current I2’ is antiphase with I2. IO is the no-load current of the transformer. The phasor sum of I2’ and IO
gives the total primary current I1.

Important and Previous JNTUK Questions:

1) A 50Hz single phase transformer has 6600V/400V. Having e.m.f per turn is 10V and the
maximum flux density in the core is 1.6 Tesla. Find the i) Suitable number of primary and
secondary turns ii) Cross sectional area of the core [June-2015, Set-1, Q4(b), 8Mark].

2) The maximum flux density in the core of 250 /3000 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer is 1.2
Wb per square meter. If the e.m.f per turn is 8 volts determine primary and secondary turns
and area of the core.

3) A single phase transformer has 350 primary and 1050 secondary turns. The net cross sectional
area of the core is 55 cm2. If the primary winding in connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz single phase
supply. Calculate: i) the maximum value of flux density in the core and ii) the voltage induced
in the secondary winding. [Sept. 2014, Set-1, Q3(b), 8M].

4) A single phase core type 50Hz transformer has a square having 25cm side, the maximum flux
density in the core 1.2 wb/m2 .Calculate the number of turns per limb on H.V. side and L.V side
for a 3400V/240V ratio. [June-2015, Set-2, Q4(b), 8M].
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5) The maximum flux density in the core of 250 /3000 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer is 1.2
Wb per square meter. If the e.m.f per turn is 8 volts determine primary and secondary turns
and area of the core.

TRANSFORMER RATING IN KVA

The copper loss depends on current and iron loss depends upon voltage. Hence the total loss in a
trasformer depends upon volt-ampere (VA) only, and not on the phase angle between the voltage
and current. i.e. it is independent of load power factor. That is why the rating of a transformer is
given in KVA and not in KW.

LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER

The losses of a transformer are divided mainly into two types

1. Iron Loss or core loss

2. Copper Losses

Iron Losses

 This is the power loss that occurs in the iron part. It is caused by the alternating flux in the
core and consists of Eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss. The core flux in a transformer
remains practically constant for all loads and so the core loss is practically same at all loads.

 These can be determined by open-circuit test

Eddy Current loss = kef2Bm2t2 watts/m3 and

Hysteresis Loss = khfBm1.6 V watts/m3

Eddy Current Loss

 This power loss is due to the alternating flux linking the core, which will induced an emf in the
core called the eddy emf, due to which a current called the eddy current is being circulated in
the core.

 As there is some resistance in the core, this eddy current circulation causes heat and is called
the eddy current power loss. Eddy current loss is proportional to the square of the supply
frequency.

 Eddy current loss can be minimized by using the core made of thin sheets of silicon steel
material, and each lamination is coated with varnish insulation to suppress the path of the
eddy currents.

Hysteresis Loss

 This is the loss in the iron core, due to the magnetic reversal of the flux in the core, which
results in the form of heat in the core. This loss is directly proportional to the supply
frequency.

 Hysteresis loss can be minimized by using the core material having high permeability i.e.
using steel of high silicon content.
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The Iron or core losses Pi = Hysteresis loss + Eddy Current loss = Constant Losses

Copper Losses

 This is the power loss that occurs in the primary and secondary coils when the transformer
is on load. This power is wasted in the form of heat due to the resistance of the coils.

 This loss is proportional to the sequence of the load hence it is called the Variable loss
whereas the Iron loss is called as the Constant loss as the supply voltage and frequency are
constants. These can be determined by short-circuit test.

Therefore

Total Copper losses PC = I12R1 + I22R2

Efficiency of a transformer

 The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the output power (in watts or
KW) to the input power (watts or KW)

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑤)

i. e. Efficiency =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑤)

 In practice, open-circuit and short-circuit tests are carried out to find the efficiency.

Output power Output power

Efficiency = =
Input power Output power + Losses

Output power
=
Output power+iron Losses+copper losses

Output power= V2I2𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜱

Where V2 = secondary terminal voltage on load

I2 = secondary full load current
cos Φ = power factor of the load
Wcu = full load copper losses=𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐𝒆

% full load Efficiency =

Output power V2I2 cos Φ (VA rating) cos Φ

= = =
Output power+iron Losses+copper losses V2I2 cos Φ+Wi +I22 R2e (VA rating) cos Φ+Wi ++I22 R2e

𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
Let n=fraction of full laod=
𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
=1/2 for half load
=3/4 for 3/4th load

New load current 𝑰𝟐𝒏 = 𝒏𝑰𝟐

New copper losses 𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏𝟐 𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒇𝒍
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In general for fractional load ‘n’ the efficiency is givenby

Output power
% (Efficiency)n = X100
Output power + iron Losses + copper losses

𝐧𝐕𝟐𝐈𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜱
= 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝟐𝐈𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜱+𝑾𝒊 +𝒏𝟐 𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒇𝒍

(𝑽𝑨 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜱

= 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝑽𝑨 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜱+𝑾𝒊 ++𝒏𝟐 𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐𝒆

Efficiency from Transformer Tests

Let

Iron Loss = Wi (from Open-circuit test)

Full Load Copper Loss = WCufl (from Short-circuit test)
Total Full Load Losses = Wi + WCufl
Now, we can find the full-load efficiency of the transformer at any power factor
without actually loading the transformer.

(Full Load VA)X(p. f. )

Full Load Efficiency, ȠF.L. =
(Full Load VA X p. f. ) + Wi + WCufl

 For any load equal to (n) X (full-load), the corresponding total losses will be equal to,

Total losses = Wi + 𝑛2 𝑊𝐶𝑢𝑓𝑙

(n X full−load VA) X (p.f.)

Corresponding efficiency Ƞn =
(n x full−load VA X p.f.)+ Wi +(n2 Wcufl )

 It should be noted that the iron loss remains the same at all loads.

Condition for Maximum Efficiency

The efficiency is a function of load current I2 so for maximum efficiency,

𝑑ƞ
=0
𝑑𝐼2
V2I2 cos Φ
𝑑[ ]
V2I2 cos Φ+Wi +I2
2 R2e
=0
𝑑𝐼2
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑊𝑖 = 𝐼22 𝑅2𝑒 = 𝑊𝑐𝑢

Therefore the efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when copper losses are equal to constant
or iron losses.
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Load current 𝑰𝟐𝒎 at maximum efficiency

2
𝑊𝑖 = 𝐼2𝑚 𝑅2𝑒
𝑊𝑖
𝐼2𝑚 = √
𝑅2𝑒

𝐼2𝑚 1 𝑊𝑖
= √
𝐼2𝑓𝑙 𝐼2𝑓𝑙 𝑅2𝑒

𝑊𝑖
𝐼2𝑚 = 𝐼2𝑓𝑙 √ 2
𝐼2𝑓𝑙 𝑅2𝑒
𝑊𝑖
=𝐼2𝑓𝑙 √
𝑊𝑐𝑢𝑓𝑙

KVA supplied at maximum efficiency

𝑊𝑖
KVA at ƞ𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑉2 𝐼2𝑚 = 𝑉2 𝐼2𝑓𝑙 √𝑊
𝑐𝑢𝑓𝑙

𝑊𝑖
=𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑓𝑙 √𝑊
𝑐𝑢𝑓𝑙

 Output KVA corresponding to Max.Efficiency = (x) X full-load KVA

𝑰𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
= Full-load KVA X √𝑭𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔

Voltage regulation

When current flows through the transformer winding, the voltage drop takes place across the winding
impedance.
The decrease in the secondary terminal voltage expressed as a fraction of the no load secondary
terminal voltage is called regulation of a transformer.

 Expressed in symbolic form we have,

|𝐕𝐧𝐥 |−|𝐕𝐟𝐥 | 𝑬𝟐 −𝑽𝟐

𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = |𝐕𝐧𝐥 |
=
𝑬𝟐

Vnl is the no-load terminal voltage. Vfl is load voltage. Normally full load regulation is of interest
as the part load regulation is going to be lower.
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 The voltage regulation of a transformer is the arithmetic difference between the no-load
secondary voltage and the secondary voltage on load, expressed as percentage of no-load
voltage.

𝑽𝑵𝑳 − 𝑽𝑭𝑳 𝑬𝟐 −𝑽𝟐

% 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎= 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑭𝑳 𝑬𝟐

Where, 𝑽𝑵𝑳 = no-load secondary voltage, 𝑽𝑭𝑳 = secondary voltage on load.

Testing of transformer

 To determine the efficiency and regulation of transformer the following two tests are
conducted

1. open-circuit test and

2. short-circuit test

Open circuit (OC) test

 This test is performed to find out the shunt or no load branch parameters of equivalent circuit
of a transformer. This test results the iron losses and no load current values, thereby we can
determine the no load branch parameters with simple calculations.
 As the name itself indicates, secondary side load terminals of the transformer are kept open
and the input voltage is applied on the other side. Since this test is carried out by without
placing any load, this test is also named as no load test.
 The OC test is carried out by connecting LV side (as primary) of the transformer to the AC
supply through variac, ammeter and wattmeter instruments. The secondary side or HV side
terminals are left open.
 The primary side voltmeter reads the applied voltage to the transformer, ammeter reads the
no load current, wattmeter gives the input power and the variac used to vary the voltage
applied to transformer so that rated voltage is applied at rated frequency. The OC test
arrangement of a transformer is shown in below figure.

 When the single phase supply is given to the transformer, the rated value of the primary
voltage is adjusted by varying the variac. At this rated voltage, the ammeter and wattmeter
readings are to be taken. From this test, we get rated voltage Vo, input or no load current Io
and input power Wo.
 As we know that when the transformer is on no load, the no load current or primary current is
very small, typically 3 to 5 percent of the rated current value. Thus, the copper loss in the
primary winding is negligible. In OC test, transformer is operated at rated voltage at rated
frequency so the maximum will be the flux in the core. Since the iron or core losses are at rated
voltage, the power input is drawn to supply the iron losses by the transformer under no load.
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Wo = Iron losses

 The no load shunt parameters are calculated from the OC test as

The no load power factor, Cos Φo = Wo/VoIo

 Once the power factor is obtained, the no load component currents are determined as

Magnetizing component of no load current, Im = Io sin Φo Amps

Core loss component of no load current, Im = Io cos Φo Amps

Then, the magnetizing branch reactance, Xo= Vo / Im Ω

Resistance representing core loss, Ro = Vo / Ic Ω

 When the transformer is operating on no load, the current drawn by the shunt or parallel
parameters is very small about 2 to 5 percent of the rated current. Thus, a low current will
flow through the circuit during OC test

Short Circuit Test on Transformer

 This test is performed to find series branch parameters of an equivalent circuit such as
equivalent impedance (Zo1 or Zo2), total winding resistance (Ro1 or Ro2), and total leakage
reactance (Xo1 or Xo2). Also, it is possible to determine copper losses at any desired load and
total voltage drop of the transformer referred to primary or secondary.
 In this test, usually LV winding is shorted by a thick wire. And the other side, i.e. HV side this
test is conducted.

 In this test, the primary or HV winding is connected to the AC supply source through
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and a variac as shown in figure. This test is also called as
reduced voltage test or low voltage test.
 This is because as the secondary winding is short circuited, at rated voltage the transformer
draws a very large current due to its very small winding resistance.
 Such high current can cause the overheating and also burning of the transformer. Thus, to limit
the high current, the primary winding must be energized with a low voltage which is just
enough to produce the rated current in the transformer primary.
 The SC test is conducted on HV side due to the two main reasons. The first one is, the SC test
conducted by applying rated current and the HV side rated current is much less than the LV
side. Therefore, the rated current is easily achieved at HV side (due to the low current value) as
compared to the LV side.
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 On the other hand, if we short the HV terminals by connecting measuring instrument on LV

side, voltage in the secondary is zero. Therefore, the current flow through HV side is very high
(as VA rating is constant) compared to the LV side and hence it will cause to burn the
transformer.
 During this test, by varying the variac slowly, we apply a low voltage to the primary typically 5
to 10 percent of the rated voltage to cause a rated current to flow in both primary and
secondary windings that we can observe on ammeter reading (some cases secondary is
shorted through an ammeter). At this rated current, we are to record the voltmeter (V sc),
ammeter (Isc) and wattmeter (Wsc) readings.
 In this test, the current flow is rated value and hence no load current is very small and is 3 to
5% percent of rated current. In other words, the voltage applied to the primary winding is very
low, thereby the flux level in the core is very small. In turn there is negligible core loss.
Therefore, the no load shunt branch is considered as absent in equivalent circuit of this test as
core loss is negligible.
 As the iron or core losses are function of voltage, these losses are very small. Therefore the
wattmeter reading shows the power loss or I2 R loss equal to the full load copper losses of the
whole transformer.

Wsc = Full load copper losses

 Form the test results we determine the series branch parameters of an equivalent circuit as

Equivalent resistance referred to HV side, R01 = Wsc/ Isc2

Equivalent impedance referred to HV side, Z01 = Vsc / Isc

Equivalent leakage reactance referred to HV side, X01 = √ (Z201 – R201)

And also short circuit power factor, Cos Φsc = Wsc/VscIsc

Important university questions:

1. In a 100KVA transformer, the iron loss is 1.2 KW and full load copper loss is 2 KW. If the
load pf is 0.8 lagging, find the efficiency at (i) full-load and (ii) half load.

2. The primary and secondary windings of a 500 KVA transformer have resistances of 0.42Ω
and 0.0011Ω respectively and the iron loss is 2.9 KW. Calculate the efficiency at (i) full-
load and (ii) half-load, assuming the power factor of the load to be 0.8 lagging.