EN1992 2 Mancini

EN 1992-2
EUROCODE 2 Design of concrete structures

Concrete bridges: design and detailing rules
Approved by CEN on 25 April 2005
Published on October 2005
Supersedes ENV 1992-2:1996
Prof. Ing. Giuseppe Mancini

Politecnico di Torino
EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008
Prof. Ing. Giuseppe Mancini - DISTR - Politecnico di Torino
- EN 1992-2 contains principles and

application rules for the design of bridges
in addition to those stated in EN 1992-1-1
- Scope: basis for design of bridges in
plain/reinforced/prestressed concrete
made with normal/light weight aggregates

Section 3 MATERIALS
- Recommended values for Cmin and Cmax
C30/37
C70/85
(Durability)
(Ductility)
- cc coefficient for long term effects and unfavourable

effects resulting from the way the load is applied
Recommended value: 0.85 high stress values during construction
- Recommended classes for reinforcement:

B and C
(Ductility reduction with corrosion / Ductility for bending and shear mechanisms)
Section 4 Durability and cover to

reinforcement
- XC3 class recommended for surface protected by
waterproofing
- When de-icing
salt is used
Exposed concrete surfaces within (6 m) of the

carriage way and supports under expansion
joints: directly affected by de-icing salt
Recommended classes for surfaces directly
affectd by de-icing salt: XD3 XF2 XF4, with
covers given in tables 4.4N and 4.5N for XD
classes

- Bare concrete decks without waterproofing or

surfacing should be classified as abrasion class XM2
- When concrete surface is subject to abrasion by ice

or solid transportation in running water increase
the cover by 10 mm, min

Section 5 Structural analysis

- Geometrical imperfections
Piers
Arches
l = 0 n
1/200
(recom.)
2 l 1
Shape of imperfections based on

the shape of first horizontal and
vertical buckling mode, idealised by
a sinusoidal profile having amplitude
a = l
l
2
(l = half wavelength)

- Linear elastic analysis with limited redistributions
Limitation of due to uncertaintes on size effect

and bending-shear interaction
0.85
(recommended value)

- Plastic analysis
Restrictions due to uncertaintes on size effect and bending-shear

interaction:
xu
0.15 for concrete strength classes C50/60


- Rotation capacity
Restrictions due to uncertaintes on size effect and bending-shear

interaction:
in plastic
hinges
xu


Numerical rotation capacity

10
- Nonlinear analysis Safety format
Reinforcing steel
Mean values
1.1 fyk
1.1 k fyk
Prestressing steel
Mean values
Concrete
Sargin modified
mean values
1.1 fpk
cf fck
cf = 1.1 s / c

11
Design format
Incremental analysis from SLS, so to reach
G Gk + Q Q in the same step
Continuation of incremental procedure up to the
peak strength of the structure, in corrispondance
of ultimate load qud
Evaluation of structural strength by use of a
global safety factor 0
qud
R
0
12
Verification of one of the following inequalities
qud
Rd E G G + Q Q R
qud
E GG + QQ R
Rd O
qud
O'
(i.e.) R
qud
Rd Sd E g G + q Q R

13
Rd = 1.06 partial factor for model uncertainties (resistence side)

With
Sd = 1.15 partial factor for model uncertainties (actions side)

0 = 1.20 structural safety factor
If Rd = 1.00 then 0 = 1.27 is the structural safety factor

14
Application for scalar combination of internal actions

and underproportional structural behaviour
Safety format
E,R
R
qud
R (qud O )
R (qud O )
O E
Rd
Rd Sd
G
G
C
qud
B
qud

15
Safety format
Application for scalar combination of internal actions

and overproportional structural behaviour
E,R
A
R
qud
R (qud O )
R (qud O )
Rd
G
G
F
Rd Sd
H H
C
qud
B
q

16
Application for vectorial combination of internal

actions and underproportional structural behaviour
Safety format
M sd,M rd
IAP
M (q ud )
q
M ud
O
q
M ud
O
A
B
D
C
Rd
a
b
q
N ud
O
N (q ud )
Rd
q
N ud
O
N sd,N rd

17
Application for vectorial combination of internal

actions and overproportional structural behaviour
Safety format
M sd
,M rd
IAP
M (qud )
q
M ud
O
A
b
B
C
D
q
M ud
O
O
Rd
q
N ud
O
Rd
(
q
N ud
O
N sd,N
rd

18
For vectorial combination and Rd = Sd = 1.00 the safety

check is satisfied if:
M ED
qud
M Rd
0'
N ED
qud
N Rd
0'
and

19
Example 1:
Two spans R. C. bridge (l = 20 + 20 m)
Advance shoring (20+5 m / 15 m)
Dead load at t0 = 28 days and t1 = 90 days
(28, 90, ) = 0.51
N. L. analyses at
t1 (no redistribution due to creep)

t (full redistribution due to creep)

20
650
115
300
115
60
110
140
30
60
125
50
300
50

125
21
300 kN
q = 32.75 kN/m
300kN
g = 101.4 kN/m
8 9 10 11
20 21 22 23 24
30 31
10,80
Load distribution for the design of the region close to the central support
300 kN
q = 32.75 kN/m
12,00
300kN
g = 101.4 kN/m
8 9 10 11
8,00
9,20
20 21 22 23 24
30 31
Load distribution for the design of the midspan

22
Incremental loading process

Application of self weight in different statical schemes with G = 1
Modification of internal actions by creep by means of function
(G = 1) only for t = t
Application of other permanent actions (G = 1) on the final statical
scheme
Application of live loads with G = 1
Starting of incremental process so that G = 1.4 and Q = 1.5
is reached in the same step
Continuation of incremental process up to attainment of peak load
(Critical region: central support section)

23
Safety format : Gl

24
Safety format : gl

25
Gain =
Gu 1.4
1.4
Qu 1.5
1.5
Critical section : number 22

Reduction of gain by application of model uncertaintes only in
case Y due to the increase of negative bending moment by
creep and consequent translation of N.L. behaviour

26
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
1.00
14000
14000
12000
12000
10000
10000
8000
8000
6000
6000
4000
4000
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
Sectio n 30
Sectio n 8
Sectio n 31
2000
Sectio n 9
2000
Sectio n 10
Sectio n 10
Sectio n 11
Sectio n 11
Sectio n 20
Sectio n 20
Sectio n 21
Sectio n 21
Sectio n 22
Sectio n 22
Sectio n 23
-2000
2.00
Sectio n 23
-2000
Sectio n 24
Sectio n 24
-4000
-4000
-6000
-6000
-8000
-8000
-10000
-10000
-12000
-12000
-14000
1.00
1.28
1.50
1.71
1.93
2.14
Bending moment for load case X (max. negative t = t 1)
-14000
1.00
1.28
1.50
1.71
1.93
2.14
Bending moment for load case W (max. positive t = t 1)

27
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
1.00
14000
14000
12000
12000
10000
10000
8000
8000
6000
6000
4000
4000
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
Sectio n 8
2000
Sectio n 9
2000
Sectio n 30
Sectio n 10
Sectio n 31
Sectio n 11
Sectio n 10
0
Sectio n 20
Sectio n 11
Sectio n 21
Sectio n 20
Sectio n 22
Sectio n 21
-2000
Sectio n 23
-2000
Sectio n 22
Sectio n 24
Sectio n 23
Sectio n 24
-4000
-4000
-6000
-6000
-8000
-8000
-10000
-10000
-12000
-12000
-14000
-14000
1.00
1.28
1.50
1.71
1.93
2.14
Bending moment for load case Y (max. negative t = )
1.00
1.28
1.50
1.71
1.93
2.14
Bending moment for load case Z (max. positive t = )

28
Example 2: Set of slender piers with variable section

Depth: 82 / 87 / 92 / 97 m
Unforeseen eccentricity: 5/1000 x depth
G = Q = 1.5 (for semplification)
Critical section at 53.30 m from plinth in
which both thickness and reinforcement
undergo a change
Safety format applied to

that section

29
Section A-A
Section B-B
Pier geometry and

reinforcement arrangement

30
Safety format : Gl

31
Safety format : gl

32

33
Safety format : gl
4.0E+05
Collapse surface
for section11
82 m Pier
Bending moment [kNm]
3.5E+05
87 m Pier
3.0E+05
92 m Pier
97 m Pier
2.5E+05
2.0E+05
1.5E+05
1.0E+05
5.0E+04
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
-5.0E+04
-1.0E+05
-1.5E+05
-2.0E+05
-2.5E+05
-3.0E+05
-3.5E+05
-4.0E+05
Axial force N [kN]

34
Safety format : gl - enlargement of the most interesting

region of the omothetic curves
Bending moment [kNm]
4.0E+05
3.5E+05
3.0E+05
Collapse surface
for section11
82 m Pier
2.5E+05
87 m Pier
92 m Pier
97 m Pier
2.0E+05
1.5E+05
-9.0E+04
-1.1E+05
-1.3E+05
-1.5E+05
-1.7E+05
-1.9E+05
-2.1E+05
-2.3E+05
Axial force N [kN]

35
Example 3: Continous deep beam experimentally tested

(Rogowsky, Mac Gregor, Ong)
Adina N.L. code

Concrete strength criterion by
Carbone, Giordano, Mancini
Peak load reached at the crushing of second
element (model unable to reach the equilibrium
for further load increments)

36
R/C deep beam: FE half mesh (right) load-displacement curve of point A (left)

37
Application of safety format in the

vectorial space of internal actions
Resisting interaction surface

x, y, xy

38
Set of external and internal actions
Behaviour with limited non linearity
Very limited effect of

model uncertaintes

39
Section 6 Ultimate limit state (ULS)
- Robustness criteria for prestressed structures
3 different approaches

40
a) Verification of load capacity with a reduced area of

prestressing
Evaluation of bending moment in frequent combination of
actions: Mfreq
Reduction of prestressing up the reaching of fctm at the extreme
tensed fibre, in presence of Mfreq
Evaluation of resisting bending moment MRd with reduced
prestressing and check that:
MRd > Mfreq
Redistributions can
be applied
Material partial safety

factors as for accidental
combinations

41
b) Verification with nil residual prestressing

Provide a minimum reinforcement so that
As ,min
M rep Ap p
=
zs f yk
f yk
p < 0.4 fptk and 500 MPa
where Mrep is the cracking bending moment evaluated with fctx

(fctm recommended)
c) Estabilish an appropriate inspection regime

(External tendons!)

42

43

44
Tendon layout

45
Brittle failure
1. Reduction of prestressing up to reaching of fctm at the
extreme tensed fibre in presence of Mfreq
In such condition add ordinary reinforcement so that

MRd Mfreq, with C = 1.3 and S = 1.0

46
Take care of preelongation for the contribution of tendons to

the evaluation of MRd
Such condition is reached for an addition of 114 / 150 mm in the

bottom slab and 112 / 150 mm in the webs and top slab

47
2. Provide a minimum reinforcement evaluated as
As ,min =
M rep
zs f yk
Mrep = cracking moment evaluated with fctm and nil prestressing

zs
= lever arm at USL = 1.62 m

The required ordinary reinforcement results
112 / 150 mm in the bottom slab

48
- Shear design of precast prestressed beams

High level of prestress cp/ fcd > 0.5
Thin webs
End blocks
Redundancy in compressed and tensed chords
Web verification only for compression field due to shear (cw = 1)
Pd,c
Pd = Pd,c + Pd,t
Pd
Pd,t

49
- Superimposition of different truss models
2
1

50
- Bendingshear behaviour of segmental precast

bridges with external prestressing (only)
Tension chord of truss
(external tendon)
Axes of theoretical
tension tie
Axes of theoretical
compression struts
hred =
hred
min
max
Field A
Field B
VEd
( cot + tan )
bw f cd
Asw
VEd
=
s
hred f ywd cot
hred,min = 0.5 h
(recommended value)
Field A : arrangement of stirrups with max (cot = 1.0)

Field B : arrangement of stirrups with min (cot = 2.5)

51
- Shear and transverse bending interaction
Web of box girder
Semplified procedure
VEd
VRd ,max
When
< 0.20
or
M Ed
< 0.10
M Rd ,max
The interaction can

be disregarded

52
- Combination of shear and torsion for box sections
Torsion
Shear
Combination
Each wall should be designed separately

53
- Bendingshear-torsion behaviour of segmental

precast bridges with external prestressing (only)
Self- balanced
Bredt
Qb0
2h0
Q
2
Qb 0
2h0
Q
2
Qb0
2h0
Q
2
Q
2
Qb 0
2h0
b0
Q
D=
Q
2
Qb0 2
2h0
h0
De Saint Venant
Qb 0
Warping
(1-) Qb0
b0
(1-)Qb 0
(1-)Qb0
b0
Design the shear keys so that circulatory torsion can be maintained !

54
- Fatigue
Verification of concrete under compression or shear
Traffic data
S-N curves
Load models
National authorities
values semplified approach (Annex NN, from ENV 1992-2)

55
Application of Miner rule
ni
1
i =1 N i
m
Given by national authorities (S-N curves)
Ni
where:
1 Ecd ,max,i
N i = 10 exp 14
1 Ri
Ri =
Ecd ,min,i
Ecd ,max,i
; Ecd ,min,i =
cd ,min,i
f cd , fat
; Ecd ,max,i =
cd ,max,i
f cd , fat
fcd,fat = k1cc ( t0 ) fcd 1 ck

250
K1 =0.85 (Recommended value)

56
Edy
Edxy
- Membrane elements
Edxy
Edx
Edxy
Edx
Edxy
Edy
Compressive stress field strength defined as a function

of principal stresses
If both principal stresses are comprensive
cd max = 0.85 f cd
1 + 3,80
(1 + )
is the ratio between the two

principal stresses ( 1)
57
Where a plastic analysis has been carried out with = el

and at least one principal stress is in tension and no
reinforcement yields
cd max
s
= f cd 0,85
( 0,85 )
f yd
is the maximum tensile stress

value in the reinforcement
Where a plastic analysis is carried out with yielding of any

reinforcement
cd max = f cd (1 0, 032 el
is the angle to the X axis of plastic
compression field at ULS
(principal compressive stress)
el 15 degrees
)
is the inclination to the X axis of
principal compressive stress in
the elastic analysis

58
Model by Carbone, Giordano, Mancini

Assumption: strength of concrete subjected to biaxial
stresses is correlated to the angular deviation
between angle el which identifies the
principal compressive stresses in incipient
cracking and angle u which identifies the
inclination of compression stress field in
concrete at ULS
With increasing concrete damage increases

progressively and strength is reduced accordingly

59
Plastic equilibrium condition

60
Graphical solution of inequalities system

0.50
0.45
Eq. 70
Eq. 72
0.40
Eq. 71
0.35
0.30
Eq. 69
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
x = 0.16
y = 0.06
nx = ny = -0.17
el = 45
Eq. 73
0.05
0.00
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
pl

61
Resisting domain for vmax (a) and vmin (b)

with el=45, x=y=0.3

62
Experimental versus calculated panel strenght by Marti and Kaufmann (a)

and by Carbone, Giordano and Mancini (b)

63
Skew reinforcement
yr
xyr
xr
xr
Plates
conventions
r
X
yr
xyr
Thickness = tr

64
br
r sr br
1
r sr ar
ar
xr sinr
xyr sinr
sinr
Equilibrium of the
section parallel to
the compression
field
yr cosr
xyr cosr
cosr

65
br
r sr br
cr
ar
xr cosr
cosr
r sr ar
xyr cosr
xyr sinr
Equilibrium of the
section orthogonal to
the compression
field
yr sinr
sinr

66
Use of genetic algorithms (Genecop III) for the optimization of

reinforcement and concrete verification
Objective: minimization of global reinforcement

Stability:
find correct results also if the starting point is very

far from the actual solution

67
Section 7 Serviceability limit state (SLS)

- Compressive stresses limited to k1fck with exposure
classes XD, XF, XS (Microcracking)
k1 = 0.6
(recommended value)
k1 = 0.66 in confined concrete (recommemded value)

68
- Crack control
Exposure
Class
X0, XC1
Reinforced members and

prestressed members with
unbonded tendons
Prestressed members with

bonded tendons
Quasi-permanent load
combination
Frequent load combination
0,31
0,2
XC2, XC3, XC4
0,22
0,3
XD1, XD2, XD3

XS1, XS2, XS3
Decompression
Note 1: For X0, XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on durability and
this limit is set to guarantee acceptable appearance. In the absence of
appearance conditions this limit may be relaxed.
Note 2: For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be checked
under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.
Decompression requires that concrete is in compression within a distance

of 100 mm (recommended value) from bondend tendons
69
- Minimum reinforcement areas
Clarification about T and Box beams
Component section
flange
Sflange
Component section
flange
Sflange
Sm
WebFlange
fct,eff
fct,eff
+
+
Sflange
Sm
Component
section
Sweb
web
Sweb
c,flange
c,web
Component
section
web

70
- Control of shear cracks within the webs

Concrete tensile strength fctb is:
f ctb
3
= 1 0,8
f ctk ,0.05
f ck
3 is the larger compressive principal stress

(3 > 0 and 3 < 0.6 fck)
- The larger tensile principal stress 1 is compared

with fctb
1
f ctb
< 1 minimum longitudinal reinforcement

1 crack width controlled or calculated
considering the skewness of
reinforcement

71
Section 8 Detailing of reinforcement

and prestressing tendons
- Couplers for prestressing tendons
- In the same section maximum 67% of coupled tendons
- For more than 50% of coupled tendons:
Continous minimum reinforcement
or
Residual stress > 3 MPa in characteristic
combination

72
- Minimum distance of sections in which couplers

are used
Construction depth h
Distance a
1,5 m
1,5 m
1,5 m < h < 3,0 m
a=h
3,0 m
3,0 m
- For tendons anchored at a construction joint a

minimum residual compressive stress of 3 MPa is
required under the frequent combination of actions,
otherwise reinforcement should be provided to
carter for the local tension behind the anchor
73
Baricentric prestressing, two coupled tendons over two

t = 14 gg
deformation

74
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t = 41 gg
two coupled tendons

over two

75
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t = 42 gg
two coupled tendons

over two

76
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t = 70 gg
two coupled tendons

over two

77
two coupled tendons

over two
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t=

78
Baricentric prestressing, one coupled tendon over two

t = 14 gg
deformation

79
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t = 41 gg
one coupled tendons

over two

80
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t = 42 gg
one coupled tendons

over two

81
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t = 70 gg
one coupled tendons

over two

82
one coupled tendons

over two
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t=

83
Baricentric prestressing, two anchored tendons over two

t = 14 gg
deformation

84
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t = 41 gg
two anchored
tendons over two

85
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t = 70 gg
two anchored
tendons over two

86
two anchored
tendons over two
deformation
Baricentric
prestressing
t=

87
Baricentric
prestressing
two anchored
tendons over two
t=
Zoomed areas
near anchorages

88
Section 113 Design for the execution stages
Construction stages
Take account of
construction
procedure
Redistribution by creep in the section

Redistribution by creep for variation of
statical scheme

89
- Actions during execution
Cross reference to
EN1991-1-6
Statical equilibrium of cantilever bridge unbalanced

wind pressure of 200 N/m2 (recommended value)
For cantilever construction
Fall of formwork
Fall of one segment
For incremental launching Imposed deformations!

In case in SLS decompression is required, tensile stresses
less then fctm (recommended value) are permitted during the
construction in quasi-permanent combination of actions

90
Annex B Creep and shrinkage strain
HPC, class R cement, strength 50/60 MPa with or

without silica fume
Thick members kinetic of basic creep and drying
creep is different
Distiction between
Autogenous shrinkage:
related to process of hydratation
Drying shrinkage:
related to humidity exchanges
Specific formulae for SFC (content > 5% of cement by

weight)
91
- Autogenous shrinkage
For t < 28 days fctm(t) / fck is the main variable
f cm ( t )
f ck
f cm ( t )
f ck
< 0.1
ca ( t , f ck ) = 0
0.1
ca ( t , f ck ) = ( f ck 20 ) 2.2
f cm (t )
0.2 106
f ck
For t 28 days
ca (t ,f ck ) = ( f ck 20) [ 2.8 1.1exp(t / 96) ] 106

97% of total autogenous shrinkage occurs
within 3 mounths
92
- Drying shrinkage (RH 80%)
cd (t , ts , f ck , h0 , RH ) =
with:
K( f ck ) 72 exp(0.046 f ck ) + 75 RH ( t ts )106
(t ts ) + cd h0 2
K ( f ck ) = 18
if fck 55 MPa
K ( f ck ) = 30 0.21 f ck
if fck > 55 MPa
0.007
cd =
0.021
for silica fume concrete

for non silica fume concrete

93
- Creep
cc ( t , t0 ) =
( t0 )
Ec 28
Basic creep
b ( t , t0 ) + d ( t , t0 )
Drying creep

94
- Basic creep
b ( t , t0 , f ck , f cm ( t0 ) ) = b 0
with:
t t0
t t0 + bc
3.6
f ( t )0,37
b0 = cm 0
1.4
bc
fcm ( t 0 )
0.37
exp
2.8
ck
0.4 exp 3.1 fcm ( t 0 )

ck

95
- Drying creep
d (t , ts , t0 , f ck , RH , h0 ) = d 0 cd (t , ts ) cd (t0 , ts )
with:
d 0
1000 for silica - fume concrete
=
3200 for non silica - fume concrete

96
- Experimental identification procedure
At least 6 months
- Long term delayed strain estimation
Formulae
Experimental
determination

97
- Safety factor for long term extrapolation lt

98
Annex J Detailing rules for particular

situations
Bearing zones of bridges
Consideration of brittleness of HSC with a factor to be

applied to fcd
0, 46. f ck2 / 3
. f cd
1 + 0,1. f ck
( 1)
Edge sliding
AS . fyd FRdu / 2

= 30
99
- Anchorage zones of postensioned members

Bursting and spalling in anchorage zones controlled by
reinforcement evaluated in relation to the primary
regularisation prism
Pmax
0,6 f ck (t )
c c'
where c,c are the dimensions of the associate rectangle
similar to anchorage plate
c/a
c/a
1, 25
cc'
aa'
being a,a the dimensions of smallest rectangle including

anchorage plate
100
Primary regularisation prism represents the volume in which

the stresses reduce from very high values to acceptable
values under uniaxial compression
The depth of the prism is 1.2 max(c,c)
Reinforcement for bursting and spalling
(distributed in each direction within the prism)
Pmax
AS = 0,15
P ,unf
f yd
(with P,unf = 1.20)
Surface reinforcement at the loaded face
Asurf 0, 03
Pmax
P ,unf
f yd
(in each direction)

101
Annex KK Structural effects of time

dependent behaviour of
concrete
Creep and shrinkage indipendent of each other
Assumptions
Average values for creep and shrinkage within

the section
Validity of principle of superposition (Mc-Henry)

102
Type of analysis
Comment and typical

application
General and incremental step-by-step

method
These are general methods and are

applicable to all structures. Particularly
useful for verification at intermediate
stages of construction in structures in
which properties vary along the length
(e.g.) cantilever construction.
Methods based on the theorems of linear

viscoelasticity
Applicable to homogeneous structures with

rigid restraints.
The ageing coefficient method
This mehod will be useful when only the

long -term distribution of forces and
stresses are required. Applicable to
bridges with composite sections (precast
beams and in-situ concrete slabs).
Simplified ageing coefficient method
Applicable to structures that undergo

changes in support conditions (e.g.) spanto- span or free cantilever construction.

103
- General method
1
(t , ti )
+ (t , t0 )
+
+
c (t ) =
( ti ) + cs ( t , ts )
Ec (t0 )
Ec (28) i =1 Ec ( ti ) Ec (28)
A step by step analysis is required
- Incremental method
At the time t of application of the creep strain cc(t),
the potential creep strain cc(t) and the creep rate are
derived from the whole load history

104
The potential creep strain at time t is:
d cc (t ) d (, t )
=
dt
dt Ec 28
t te
under constant stress from te the same
cc(t) are obtained
cc(t) and
cc ( t ) c ( t , te ) = cc ( t )
Creep rate at time t may be evaluated using the creep
curve for te
c ( t , te )
d cc (t )
= cc ( t )
dt
t
105
For unloading procedures

|cc(t)| > |cc(t)|
and te accounts for the sign change
ccMax (t ) cc (t ) = ( ccMax (t ) cc (t ) ) c ( t , te )
d ( ccMax (t ) cc (t ) )
dt
= ( ccMax (t ) cc (t ) )
c ( t , te )
t
where ccMax(t) is the last extreme creep strain reached before t

106
- Application of theorems of linear viscoelasticity

J(t,t0) an R(t,t0) fully characterize the dependent properties
of concrete
Structures homogeneous, elastic, with rigid restraints
Direct actions effect
S (t ) = Sel ( t )
t
D(t ) = EC J ( t , ) dDel ( )
0

107
Indirect action effect
D(t ) = Del ( t )
1 t
S (t ) =
R ( t , ) dSel ( )
EC 0
Structure subjected to imposed constant loads whose initial
statical scheme (1) is modified into the final scheme (2) by
introduction of additional restraints at time t1 t0
S 2 ( t ) = Sel ,1 + ( t , t0 , t1 ) Sel ,1
t
( t , t0 , t1 ) = R ( t , ) dJ ( , t0 )
( t , t0 , t
t1
+
0
R ( t , t0 )
) = 1 E (t )
C

108
When additional restraints are introduced at different times

ti t0, the stress variation by effect of restrain j introduced at
tj is indipendent of the history of restraints added at ti < tj
j
S j +1 = Sel ,1 + ( t , t0 , ti ) Sel ,i
i =1
- Ageing coefficient method

Integration in a single step and correction by means of
(0.8)
Ec (28)
Ec (28)
E ( ) + 28 ( t , ) d ( ) = E (t ) + ( t , t0 ) 28 ( t , t0 ) t0 t
= t0
c
c 0

109
- Simplified formulae
(, t0 ) (t1 , t0 ) Ec (t1 )
S = S0 + ( S1 S0 )
1 + ( , t1 ) Ec (t0 )
where:
S0 and S1 refer respectively to construction and

final statical scheme
t1 is the age at the restraints variation

110
Annex LL Concrete shell elements

A powerfull tool to design 2D elements

111
Axial actions and bending

moments in the outer layer
Membrane shear actions and

twisting moments in the outer layer

112
RANTIVA BRIDGE
Sandwich model:
Numerical example

113
Mesh
2215 shell elements
2285 nodes
6 D.o.F. per node
13710 D.o.F. in total

114
Element chosen: n682
Y = 33
X = 22
115
Symbols, conventions
and general data
= 0 transverse reinforcement, Asx, direction 22
= 0 longitudinal reinforcement, Asy, direction 33
Concrete properties
fcd = 20.75 MPa

fctm = 3.16 MPa
fctd = 1.38 MPa
Steel properties
fyd = 373.9 MPa

116
Dimensioning of
reinforcement (transverse)
in the inferior layer
Distance of reinforcement from the outer surface = 6 cm
Combination Nsd22 Nsd33 Nsd23 Msd22 Msd33 Msd23 Vsd12

type
(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (KNm/m) (KNm/m) (KNm/m) (KN/m)
Max M33
277
-5134
-230
616
1121
-476
95
Vsd13
(KN/m)
-212
Load combination that maximizes this reinforcement

117
Layers
thicknesses
H sez. tsup
tinf
(m)
(m)
(m)
1.0000 0.23
0.18
Increment of internal actions

due to shear
(for the single layer)
nsd22
nsd33
nsd23
(KN/m)
(KN/m)
(KN/m)
0

118
Upper layer verification

Internal actions on the
layer
Cracked
?
nsd22
(KN/m)
nsd33
(KN/m)
nsd23
(KN/m)
case
(-)
-633
-4070
481
no.
Concrete
parameters
c(f)
fcd
(N/mm)
()
65.0 17.6 17.6
Actions in
reinforcement
at tsup/2
nR2(y)
nR1(x)
(kN/m) (kN/m)
0.0
Reinforcement
calculated at
c+/2
As(x)nec
(cm2/m)
As(y)nec
(cm2/m)
15.7
15.7
0.0
Minimum reinforcement 20/20 = 15.7 cm2/m
Lower layer verification

layer
Cracked
?
nsd22
(KN/m)
nsd33
(KN/m)
nsd23
(KN/m)
case
(-)
909
-1064
-711
yes
Concrete
parameters
()
c(f)
fcd
(N/mm)
Actions in
reinforcement
at tsup/2
nR2(y)
nR1(x)
(kN/m) (kN/m)
23.1 11.1 11.1 1212.0 607.2
Reinforcement
calculated at
c+/2
As(x)nec
(cm2/m)
As(y)nec
(cm2/m)
31.3
15.7

119
Dimensioning of
reinforcement (longitudinal)
in the inferior layer

type
Max M22
261
-5134
-219
657
1014
-464
79
Vsd13
(KN/m)
-197

120
Layers
thicknesses
H sez. tsup
tinf
(m)
(m)
(m)
1.0000 0.23
0.19

due to shear
nsd22
nsd33
nsd23
(KN/m)
(KN/m)
(KN/m)
0

121

layer
Concrete
parameters
Cracked
?
nsd22
(KN/m)
nsd33
(KN/m)
nsd23
(KN/m)
case
(-)
-695
-3904
474
no
()
c(f)
fcd
(N/mm)
45.0 17.6 17.6
Actions in
reinforcement
at tsup/2
Reinforcement
calculated at
c+/2
nR2(y)
nR1(x)
(kN/m) (kN/m)
0.0
0.0
As(x)nec
(cm2/m)
As(y)nec
(cm2/m)
15.7
15.7

layer
Cracked
?
nsd22
(KN/m)
nsd33
(KN/m)
nsd23
(KN/m)
case
(-)
956
-1229
-693
yes
Concrete
parameters
()
c(f)
fcd
(N/mm)
Actions in
reinforcement
at tsup/2
nR2(y)
nR1(x)
(kN/m) (kN/m)
Reinforcement
calculated at
c+/2
As(x)nec
(cm2/m)
As(y)nec
(cm2/m)
31.3
15.7
20.6 11.1 11.1 1216.7 611.5

122
Dimensioning of
reinforcement (transverse)
in the superior layer

type
Max M22
261
-5134
-219
657
1014
-464
79
Vsd13
(KN/m)
-197

123
Layers
thicknesses
H sez. tsup
tinf
(m)
(m)
(m)
1.0000 0.23
0.19

due to shear
nsd22
nsd33
nsd23
(KN/m)
(KN/m)
(KN/m)
0

124

layer
Cracked
?
nsd22
(KN/m)
nsd33
(KN/m)
nsd23
(KN/m)
case
(-)
-695
-3904
474
no
Concrete
parameters
c(f)
fcd
(N/mm)
()
45.0 17.6 17.6
Reinforcement
calculated at
c+/2
Actions in
reinforcement
at tsup/2
nR2(y)
nR1(x)
(kN/m) (kN/m)
0.0
As(x)nec
(cm2/m)
As(y)nec
(cm2/m)
15.7
15.7
0.0

layer
nsd22
(KN/m)
956
nsd33 nsd23
(KN/m) (KN/m)
-1229
-693
Cracked
?
case
(-)
yes
Actions in
Reinforcement
reinforcement
calculated at
at tsup/2
c+/2
fcd c(f) nR1(x) nR2(y) As(x)nec As(y)nec
(N/mm) (kN/m) (kN/m) (cm2/m)
(cm2/m)
Concrete
parameters
()
20.6 11.1 11.1 1216.7 611.5
31.3
15.7

125
Dimensioning of
reinforcement (longitudinal)
in the superior layer

type
Max M22
261
-5134
-219
657
1014
-464
79
Vsd13
(KN/m)
-197

126
Layers
thicknesses
H sez. tsup
tinf
(m)
(m)
(m)
1.0000 0.23
0.19

due to shear
nsd22
nsd33
nsd23
(KN/m)
(KN/m)
(KN/m)
0

127

layer
nsd22
(KN/m)
-695
nsd33 nsd23
(KN/m) (KN/m)
-3904
474
Cracked
?
case
(-)
no
Actions in
Reinforcement
reinforcement
calculated at
at tsup/2
c+/2
(cm2/m)
Concrete
parameters
()
45.0 17.6 17.6
0.0
0.0
15.7
15.7

layer
nsd22
(KN/m)
956
nsd33 nsd23
(KN/m) (KN/m)
-1229
-693
Cracked
?
case
(-)
yes
Actions in
Reinforcement
reinforcement
calculated at
at tsup/2
c+/2
(cm2/m)
Concrete
parameters
()
20.6 11.1 11.1 1216.7 611.5
31.3
15.7

128
Annex MM Shear and transverse bending
Webs of box girder bridges

129
Modified sandwich model

130
Annex NN Damage equivalent stresses

for fatigue verification
Unchanged with respect to ENV 1992-2
To be used only for simple cases

131
Annex OO Typical bridge discontinuity

regions
Strut and tie model for a solid

type diaphragm without manhole

132
Strut and tie model for a solid

type diaphragm with manhole

133
Diaphragms with indirect

support. Strut and tie model
reinforcement

support. Anchorage of the
suspension reinforcement

134

support. Links as
suspension reinforcement
Diaphragm in monolithic
joint with double diaphragm:
Equivalent system of struts
and ties.
diaphragm
pier
longitudinal section
135
Torsion in the deck slab and

reactions in the supports
Model of struts and ties for a

typical diaphragm of a slab

136
EN 1992-2 A new design code to help in

conceiving more and more
enhanced concrete bridges

137
Thank you for the

kind attention

138

EN1992 2 Mancini

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EN 1992-2

EUROCODE 2 Design of concrete structures

Prof. Ing. Giuseppe Mancini

- EN 1992-2 contains principles and

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

- cc coefficient for long term effects and unfavourable

- Recommended classes for reinforcement:

Section 4 Durability and cover to

Exposed concrete surfaces within (6 m) of the

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

- Bare concrete decks without waterproofing or

- When concrete surface is subject to abrasion by ice

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Section 5 Structural analysis

Shape of imperfections based on

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

- Linear elastic analysis with limited redistributions

Limitation of due to uncertaintes on size effect

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Restrictions due to uncertaintes on size effect and bending-shear

0.15 for concrete strength classes C50/60

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Restrictions due to uncertaintes on size effect and bending-shear

0.30 for concrete strength classes C50/60

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Numerical rotation capacity

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

- Nonlinear analysis Safety format

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Verification of one of the following inequalities

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Rd = 1.06 partial factor for model uncertainties (resistence side)

Sd = 1.15 partial factor for model uncertainties (actions side)

If Rd = 1.00 then 0 = 1.27 is the structural safety factor

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Application for scalar combination of internal actions

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Application for scalar combination of internal actions

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Application for vectorial combination of internal

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Application for vectorial combination of internal

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

For vectorial combination and Rd = Sd = 1.00 the safety

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

t1 (no redistribution due to creep)

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Load distribution for the design of the midspan

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Incremental loading process

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Critical section : number 22

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Bending moment for load case X (max. negative t = t 1)

Bending moment for load case W (max. positive t = t 1)

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Bending moment for load case Y (max. negative t = )

Bending moment for load case Z (max. positive t = )

EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008

Example 2: Set of slender piers with variable section

Safety format applied to