NAME OF THE CHAPTER

VECTOR
PART-A
ONE
MARKS
QUESTIONS

PART-B
TWO
MARKS
QUESTIONS

PART-C
FIVE
MARKS
QUESTIONS

PART-D
SIX OR FOUR
MARKS
QUESTIONS

PART-E
TWO OR
FOUR
QUESTIONS

TOTAL MARKS
ALLOTED
APPROXIMATELY

16

VECTORS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS :
1.Define a vector and give an example.
Solution; A vector is a physical quantity, which has both magnitude
and direction.
Example; velocity , acceleration , force, etc.
2. Define a scalar and give an example.
Solution ; Scalar is a physical quantity which has only the magnitude
but not the direction.
Example; mass ,volume , density , speed , etc.
3.Define a null vector ( or Zero vector )
Solution ; A vector of magnitude zero is called a null vector .
4. Define a unit vector.
Solution : A vector of magnitude unity is called as unit vector.
Note ; If a is a vector then
= unit vector in the direction of a =

a
|a|

5.Define co-initial vectors.

Solution; Vectors with same initial point are called as co-initial vectors.
6.Define collinear vectors.
Solutions; Two or more vectors are said to be collinear vectors, when
they are along the same lines or parallel lines.
If a and b are parallel vectors then a = kb. For any scalar k.

7. Define coplanar vector.

Solution ; Three or more vectors lie on the same plane are called as
coplanar vectors.
8. Define dierection cosines of a vector
Solution; If a vector a makes angles , & with the positive
direction of x y & z axes respectively, then Cos , Cos & Cos are
called as direction cosines of the vector a.
NOTE; If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k then ,
a1
Cos =
| a|
a2
Cos =
| a|

Cos =

a3
| a|

and

Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos 2= 1

9. Define dot product or scalar product of two vectors.

Solution; If a and b are any two vectors and be the angle between
them, then dot product of a and b is defined by
a b = | a | | b |Cos
b

10.Define cross product or vector product of any two vectors.

Solution; If a and b are any two vectors and be the angle between
Them & unit vector perpendicular to both a & b , then,
a X b = | a | | b | Sin

11. If the position vectors of P & Q are 3i + 2j 7k and 4i + 7j 11k

Then, Find PQ & |PQ|.
Solution ; Let O be the fixed point , then
Position vector of P = OP= 3i + 2j 7k= ( 3 , 2 , -7 )
Position vector of P = OQ= 4i + 7j 11k = ( 4 , 7 , -11 )
Therefore, PQ = OQ-OP = ( 1 , 5 , -4 ) =i + 5j 4k
PQ= |PQ| = ( 1 + 25 + 16 )= 42 units.

12. If a = 2i 3j + k , b = i + 2j k & c = 3i + 2j + 6k , then find

|2a + b 3c |.
Solution ; 2a = 4i 6j + 2k

= ( 4 , -6 , 2 )

b = i + 2j k

= ( 1 , 2 , -1 )

3c= 9i + 6j + 18k = ( 9 , 6 , 18 )
2a + b 3c = ( -4 , -10 . -17 )
|2a + b 3c | = ( 16 + 100 + 289 ) = 405 units.

13. Find the direction cosines of a vector 2i 3j + k

Solution ; Let a = 2i 3j + k = ( 2 , -3 , 1 )
| a | = ( 4 + 9 + 1 ) = 14
Direction cosines of a are
Cos = 2/14 , Cos = -3/14 & Cos = 1/14.
14.If the direction cosines of a vector are 1/4 , 3/4 & n , then find n.
Solution : Let Cos = 1/4 , Cos =3/4 & Cos = n
Since, Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos 2= 1
1/16 + 9/16 + n2= 1
n2 = 1 1/16 9/16 = 6/16=3/8
n = (3) / 22

15. find the scalar product of the vectors 2i + 3j k & i - 2j 5k

Solution : Let a = 2i + 3j k = ( 2 , 3 , -1 )
b = i - 2j 5k = ( 1 , -2 , -5 )
ab =26+5=1
16. If a = 2i j + 3k & b = i + 2j + k & c = 2i + j + k , find
(a + b ) (b c ) .
Solution : a = 2i j + 3k =( 2 , -1 , 3 )
b = i + 2j + k = ( 1 , 2 , 1 )
c =2i + j + k = ( 2 , 1 , 1 )
a + b = ( 3 , 1 , 4 ) & b c = ( -1 , 1 . 0 )
( a + b ) ( b c ) = -3 +1 + 0 = -2
17.Prove that the vectors 3i j 2k & 2i -2j + 4k are orthogonal
vectors.
Solution : Let a = ( 3 , -1 , -2 ) , b = ( 2 , -2 , 4 )
Consider a b = 6 + 2 8 = 0
Therefore a and b are orthogonal vectors.
18. Find m , if the vectors i + 3j 2k & 2i 4j + mk are orthogonal
vectors.
Solution : Let a = ( 1 , 3 , -2 ) & b = ( 2 , -4 , m ) are orthogonal vectors,
Therefore,

ab=0

2 12 2m = 0
-2m = 10
m = -5

19.Find the cosine of the angle between the vectors 3i + j 2k &

3i 5j 2k.
Solution : Let a = ( 3 , 1 , -2 ) b = ( 3 , -5 , -2 )
ab= 95+4=8
|a| = ( 9 + 1 + 4 ) = 14
|b| = ( 9 + 25 + 4 ) = 38
ab
Cos =

8
=

|a| |b|

4
=

14 38

133

20. Find the angle between the vectors 2i + j + 2k & i 2j + 2k

Solution : Let a = ( 2 , 1 , 2 ) b = ( 1 , -2 , 2 )
ab= 2-2+4=4
|a| = ( 4 + 1 + 4 ) = 3
|b| = ( 1 +4 + 4 ) = 3

ab
Cos =

4
=

|a| |b|
= Cos -1 (4/9)

4
=

3x3

21. Find the projection of the vector 2i + 3j 2k in the dierection of

the vector i - 2j + 3k.
Solution : Let a = ( 2 , 3 , -2 ) b = ( 1 , -2 , 3 )
a b = 2 - 6 - 6 = -10
|b| = ( 1 + 4 + 9 ) = 14
ab
projection of a along b =

-10
=

|b|

14

22. Find the angle between the vectors a + b & a - b if |a| =|b|.
Solution; Let |a| =|b| = ( say )
Consider, ( a + b ) ( a - b ) = |a|2 -|b|2 = 2 - 2 = 0.
Therefore angle between ( a + b ) & ( a - b ) is 90.

23.If |a + b|= 5 and a is perpendicular to b , Find |a - b|.

Solution;
Since, |a + b |2 - |a - b|2 = 4 a b.
|a - b|2 = |a + b |2 - 4 a b.
= (5)2 - 4(0)
= 25
|a - b| = 5

since a lar to b , a b = 0

24. If a & b are unit vectors and , |a + b | = 1 , find |a - b|.

Solution;
Since, |a + b |2 + |a - b|2 = 2 { |a|2 + |b|2 }
|a - b|2 = 2 { |a|2 + |b|2 } - |a + b |2
= 2{ 12 + 12 } - 12.

Since, |a| =|b|= 1.

=4-1
=3
|a - b| = 3
25. If a , b , c are 3 vectors , such that a + b + c = 0 and |a| = 1 ,|b| = 2 &
|c|=3 , find the value of a b + b c+ c a.
Solution; a + b + c = 0
| a + b + c |2= 0
|a |2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + 2 { a b + b c + c a } = 0
2 { a b + b c + c a } = - (|a |2 + |b|2 + |c|2 )
=-(1+4+9)
= - 14
a b + b c + c a = -7

26.Find the cross product of the vectors j - 3k & i - j + 2k.

Solution; Let a =

j - 3k

b = I - j + 2k
i
axb=

= ( 0 , 1 , -3 )
= ( 1 , -1 , 2 )

0 1 -3
1 -1 2

=i[2-3]-j[0+3]+k[0-1]
= - i - 3j - k

27. If b = 3a + c , prove that a x b = a x c.

Solution; Given that,
b = 3a + c
a x b = a x (3a + c )
=3(axa)+(axc)
= 3(0) + ( a x c )
=(axc)
28. Prove that (2a + b ) x ( a + 2b ) = 3 ( a x b )
Solution; consider,
(2a + b ) x ( a + 2b ) = 2( a x a ) + 4 ( a x b ) + ( b x a ) + 2 ( b x b )
=2(0) +4(axb)-(axb)+2(0)
=3(axb)

29.Show that the vectors 5i + 6j + 7k, 3i + 20j + 5k & 7i - 8j + 9k

are coplanar.
Solution; Let a = 5i + 6j + 7k = ( 5 , 6 , 7 )
b = 3i + 20j + 5k = ( 3 , 20 , 5 )
c= 7i - 8j + 9k

= ( 7 , -8 , 9 )

consider,
[a b c ]=a(bxc)= 5 6 7
3 20 5
7 -8 9
= 5 [ 180 + 40 ] - 6 [ 27 - 35 ] + 7 [ -24 - 140 ]
=0
Therefore , vectors a , b & c are coplanar.

30. If the vectors 2i - 3j + mk , 2i + j - k & 6i - j + 2k are coplanar,then,

Find m.
Solution; Let a = 2i - 3j + mk = ( 2 , -3 , m )
b = 2i + j - k

= ( 2 , 1 , -1 )

c = 6i - j + 2k

= ( 6 , -1 , 2 ) are coplanar vectors.

Then, [ a b c ] = 0
2 -3 m
2 1 -1

=0

6 -1 2

2 [ 2 - 1 ] + 3 [ 4 + 6 ] + m [ -2 - 6 ] = 0
2 + 30 - 8m = 0
8m = 32
m=4

31.Prove that [ i - j , j - k , k - i ] = 0
Solution; consider,
[i-j,j-k,k-i] =

1 -1 0
0 1 -1
-1 0 1

= 1[1-0]+1[0-1]+0[0+1]
=0

VECTORS
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
1.Prove that the position vector of a point dividing the points A & B
internally in the ration m:n is given by
mb + na
r

=
m+n

where a & b are the position vectors of A & B w.r.t some fixed point.
Solution :
m
Let O be the fixed point . Let P divides the

line joining the points A & B

internally in the ration m : n

O
Let a = position vector of A = OA
b = position vector of B = OB
r = position vector of P = OP
since, P divides the line joining the points A & B internally in the ration m:n,
AP/PB = m/n
nAP = mPB
nAP = mPB

n ( OP - OA ) = m ( OB - OP )
n OP - n OA = m OB - m OP
m OP + n OP = m OB + n OA
OP =

m OB + n OA
m+n

mb+na
m+n

2. ABCD is a parallelogram and E is the point of intersection of two diagonlas, if O

is any fixed point , prove that,
OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OE
Solution :
B

A
E

Since , E is the midpoint of the diagonals AC & BD.

If O is any fixed point,
Then, position vector of E = ( OC + OA) / 2
OE = ( OC + OA) / 2
2 OE = ( OC + OA)

------ ( 1 )

Similarly,
position vector of E = ( OB + OD) / 2
OE = ( OB + OD) / 2
2 OE = ( OB + OD)
By adding ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , we have,
OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OE

------ ( 2 )

3. If A = ( 2 , 3 , -4 ) and B = ( 1 , -1 . -2 ) Find the co-ordinates of the point dividing

AB internally in the ratio 2 : 3.
Solution :

3
A

Let P be a point which divides line joining the points AB internally in the ration 2:3,
If O be the fixed point ,
OP = position vector of P
OA = position vector of A = (2 , 3 , -4 )
OB = position vector of B =( 1 , -1 . -2 ) Then,
2 OB + 3 OA
OP =

( 2 . -2 , -4 ) + ( 6 , 9 , -12 )
=

2+3

( 8 , 7 , -16 )
=

= ( 8/5 , 7/5 , -16/5 )

4. Show that the vectors 2i - j + k , i - 3j - 5k & 3i - 4j - 4k form a right angled

triangle.
Solution : Let a = 2i - j + k
b = i - 3j - 5k
c = 3i - 4j - 4k
since , a + b = c , a , b & c represents sides of the triangle,
a = | a | = ( 4 + 1 + 1 ) = 6 units
b = | b | = ( 1 + 9 + 25 = 35 units
c = | c | = ( 9 + 16 + 16 ) = 41 units
since, c = a + b
therefore, a, b & c forms a right angled triangle.

5. Show that the points with position vectors i + 2j + 3k , - i -j + 8k & - 4i + 4j + 6k

form an equilateral triangle.
Solution: Let O be the fixed point.
Let OA = position vector of A = i + 2j + 3k = ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
OB = position vector of B = - i - j + 8k = ( -1 , -1 , 8 )
OC = position vector of C = - 4i + 4j + 6k = ( -4 , 4 , 6 )
AB = OB - OA = ( -2 , -3 , 5 )
BC = OC - OB = ( -3 , 5 , -2 )
CA = OA - OC = ( 5 , -2 , -3 )
Since , AB + BC + CA = 0
ABC is a triangle.
AB = |AB| = ( 4 + 9 + 25 ) = 38 units,
BC = |BC| = (9 + 25 + 4 ) = 38 units,
CA = |CA| = (25 + 4 + 9 ) = 38 units,
Since, AB = BC = CA , ABC is an equilateral triangle.

6. If a = 5i - j -3k , b = i + 3j + 5k , show that , ( a + b ) & ( a - b ) are orthogonal

vectors.
Solution : consider, a = 5i - j -3k = ( 5 , -1 , -3 )
b = I + 3j + 5k = ( 1 , 3 , 5 )
(a+b)=(6,2,2)
( a - b ) = ( 4 , -4 , -8 )
( a + b ) ( a - b ) = 24 -8 - 16 = 0
therefore ,
( a + b ) & ( a - b ) are orthogonal vectors.

7. Prove that , (i) | a + b | = | a | + | b | + 2 a b

(ii) | a - b | = | a | + | b | - 2 a b
Solution : | a + b | = ( a + b ) ( a + b )
=aa+a b+ba+bb
= | a | + a b + a b + | b |
= | a | + 2 a b + | b |
Next consider,
| a - b | = ( a - b ) ( a - b )
=aa-a b-ba+bb
= | a | - a b - a b + | b |
= | a | - 2 a b + | b |
8. Prove that
( i ) | a + b | + | a + b | = 2 { | a | + | b | }
( i i ) | a + b | - | a + b | = 4 a b
Solution : consider,
| a + b | + | a + b | = { | a | + 2 a b + | b | } + { | a | - 2 a b + | b | }
= 2 { | a | + | b | }

Next consider,
| a + b | - | a + b | = { | a | + 2 a b + | b | } - { | a | - 2 a b + | b | }
=4ab

9. If | a | = 3 , | b | = 5 & | c | = 7 and a + b + c = 0 , find the angle between the

vectors a & b.
Solution:
since, a + b + c = 0 , let be the angle between the vectors a & b
a+b=- c
| a + b | = | -c |
| a | + | b | + 2 a b = | c |
9 + 25 + 2 | a || b | Cos = 49
9 + 25 + 2 ( 3 ) ( 5 ) Cos = 49
30 Cos = 49 - 34
30 Cos = 15
Cos =
= 60
10. If a & b are unit vectors inclined at an angle of 60 to each other , find | a + b |.
Solution:
It is given that | a | = | b |.= 1 and

= 60

Consider, | a + b | = | a | + | b | + 2 a b
= | a | + | b | + 2 | a | | b | Cos
= 1 + 1 + 2 (1) (1) cos60
= 2 + 2( )
=2+1
=3
| a + b | = 3 units.

11.If a & b are unit vectors inclined at an angle to each other , show that
a b = 2 Sin(/2)
Solution : Given that , a = b = 1
consider ,

| a - b | = | a | + | b | - 2 a b
= | a | + | b | - 2 a b Cos
= 1 + 1 2 (1)(1) Cos
= 2 - 2 Cos
= 2( 1 Cos )
= 2 { 2 Sin(/2 )}
= 4 Sin(/2)

Therefore a b = 2 Sin(/2)
12. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side a then prove that,
AB BC + BC CA + CA AB = - 3/2 a
Solution: Since ABC is a triangle,
AB + BC + CA = 0
AB + BC + CA = 0
AB +BC + CA + 2 { AB BC + BC CA + CA AB } = 0
2 { AB BC + BC CA + CA AB } = - {AB +BC + CA }
= - { a + a + a }
= -3 a
{ AB BC + BC CA + CA AB } = -3/2 a

since ,AB=BC=CA=a

13.Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors 2i 2j + k & 4i + j k.

Solution : Let a = 2i 2j + k
b = 4i + j k
i
axb=

2 -2 1

= i [ 2 1 ] j [ -2 -4 ] + k [ 2 + 8 ] = i + 6j + 10k

4 1 -1
a x b = ( 1 + 36 + 100 ) = 137 units
1 { i + 6j + 10k }

axb
=

=
a x b

137

14. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points
( 1 , -1 , 2 ), ( 2 , 0 , -1 ) & ( 0 , 2 , 1 ).
Solution : Let O be the fixed point.
Let OA = position vector of A = ( 1 , -1 , 2 ),
OB = position vector of B = ( 2 , 0 , -1 )
OC = position vector of C = ( 0 , 2 , 1 ).
AB = OB - OA = ( 1 , 1 , -3 )
AC = OC OA = ( -1 , 3 , -1 )
i
AB x AC =

1 1 -3

= i [ -1 + 9 ] j [ -1 -3 ] + k [ 3 + 1 ] = 8 i + 4j + 4k

-1 3 -1
AB x AC = (64 + 16 + 16 ) = 96 = 46 units
AB x AC
=

=
AB x AC

8 i + 4j + 4k

4 { 2i + j + k }
=

46

2i + j + k
=

46

15. Find the Sine of the angle between the vectors 4i + 3j + 2k & i j + 3k.
Solution: Let a = 4i + 3j + 2k
b = i j + 3k.
i
axb=

4 3 2

= i [ 9 + 2 ] j [ 12 2 ] + k [ -4 -3 ] = 11i -10j -7k

1 -1 3
a x b = ( 121 + 100 + 49 ) = 270
a = ( 16 + 9 + 4 ) = 29
b = ( 1 + 1 + 9 ) = 11
axb

270

Sin =

=
a b

2911

16. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjecent sides are represented by
the vectors i + j + k & i j + k.
Solutions: Let a = i + j + k
b=ij+k
i
axb=

1 1

= i [ 1 + 1 ] j [ 1 1 ] + k [ -1 1 ] = 2i + oj 2k

1 -1 1
a x b = ( 4 + 0 + 4) = 8 = 2 2 units
Area of the parallelogram = a x b = 2 2 square units.

17. Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are represented by the
vectors - 4 i +2 j + k & 3 i 2 j - k.
Solutions: Let d1 = - 4 i +2 j + k
d2 = 3 i 2 j - k
i

d1 x d2= - 4 2

k
1

= i [ -2 + 2 ] j [ 4 - 3 ] + k [ 8 6 ] = 0i - j + 2k

3 -2 -1
d1 x d2= ( 0 + 1 + 4 ) = 5 units
Area of the parallelogram = d1 x d2

= ( 5)/2 square units.

2
18. Find the area of the triangle ,two of whose sides are represented by the
vectors 3i + 4j & 5i + 7j + k.
Solutions: Let a = 3i + 4j
b = 5i + 7j + k
i
ax b=

3 4

5 7

= i [ 4 - 0 ] j [ 3 - 0 ] + k [ 21 20] = 4i -3 j + k

a x b= ( 16+ 9 + 1 ) = 26 units
Area of the triangle

= a x b
2

= ( 26) /2 square units.

19. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are represented by the position
vectors i+ 3j + 2k , 2i j + k & - i + 2j + 3k.
Solution : Let O be the fixed point,
Let OA = position vector of A = i+ 3j + 2k = ( 1 , 3 , 2 )
OB = position vector of B = 2i j + k = ( 2 , -1 , 1 )
OC = position vector of C= - i + 2j + 3k = ( -1 , 2 , 3 )
AB = OB OA = ( 1 , -4 , -1 )
AC = OC OA = ( -2 , -1 , 1 )
i
AB x AC =

1 - 4 -1
-2 -1

= i [ - 4 - 1 ] j [ 1 - 2 ] + k [ -1 8] = -5 i + j -9 k

AB x AC = ( 25+ 1 + 81 ) = 107units
Area of the triangle

= AB x AC
2

= (107) /2 square units.

20.Find the perpendicular distance of A ( 1 , 4 , -2 ) from the line segment BC,

where B ( 2 , 1 , -2 ) & C = ( 0 , -5 , 1 ).
Solution :

Here , AP is the perpendicular distance from the line segment BC.

: Let O be the fixed point,
Let OA = position vector of A = ( 1 , 4 , -2 )
OB = position vector of B = ( 2 , 1 , -2 )
OC = position vector of C = ( 0 , -5 , 1 ).
AB = OB OA = ( 1 , -3 , 0 )
AC = OC OA = ( -1 , -9 , 3 )
i
AB x AC =

1 -3 0
-1 -9

= i [ - 9 - 0 ] j [ 3 - 0 ] + k [ -9 3] = -9 i - 3 j -12 k

AB x AC = ( 81+ 9 + 144 ) = 234units = 3 26units

= Area of the triangle

= AB x AC
2

BC = OC OB = ( -2 , -6 , 3 )
BC = BC = 4 + 36 + 9 ) = 49 = 7 units
Since ,

= (BC) (AP)

(326) /2 = 1/2 ( 7 ) AP
AP = (326)/7 units.

= (326) /2 square units.

21. Prove that a x ( b + c ) = 0

Solution : consider,
. a x ( b + c ) = a x ( b + c ) + b x ( c + a ) + c x ( a + b )
=(axb)+(axc)+(bxc)+(bxa)+(cxa)+(cxb)
=(axb)-(cxa)+(bxc)-(axb)+(cxa)-(bxc)
=0
22. prove that , a x b + a b = 2 { a b }
Solution : consider,
a x b + a b = { a b Sin } + { a b Cos }
= a b sin + a b Cos
= a b { sin + Cos }
= a b
23. If a x b = 4 & a b = 2 , Find a b .
Solution : since , we know that,
a x b + a b = 2 { a b }
Therefore, 2 { a b } = 16 + 4 = 20
a b = 10

24. If be the angle between the vectors a & b , find the value of
a x b
ab
Solution : consider,
a x b

a b Sin
=

= tan

ab

a b Cos

25. If a + b + c = 0 , prove that a x b = b x c = c x a

Solution: consider,
a+b+c=0
a x (a + b + c )= a x 0
(a x a ) + ( a x b ) + ( a x c ) = 0
0+(axb)(cxa)=0
(axb)=(cxa)

------- ( 1 )

Again consider,
a+b+c=0
b x (a + b + c ) = b x 0
(bxa)+(bxb)+(bxc)=0
-(axb)+0+(bxc)=0
(bxc)=(axb)
From ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , we have ,
axb=bxc=cxa

------- ( 2 )

26. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose co-terminal edges are
represented by the vectors 2i + j k , 3i 2j + 2k & i - 3j 3k.
Solution: Let a = 2i + j k = ( 2 , 1 , -1 )
b = 3i 2j + 2k = ( 3 , -2 , 2 )
c = i - 3j 3k. = ( 1 , -3 , -3 ) are represent the co-terminal edges of the
parallelepiped object.

Volume of the parallelepiped object =

-1

-2

-3

-3

= 2 [ 6 + 6 ] 1 [ -9 -2 ] -1 [ -9 + 2 ]
= 24 + 11 + 7
= 42 cubic units.
27. Find the vector triple product a x ( b x c ) , when
a = 2i + 3j k , b = i + 2j 5k & c = 3i + 5j - k
Solution : Given that

a = 2i + 3j k = ( 2 , 3 -1 )
b = i + 2j 5k = ( 1 , 2 , -5 )
c = 3i + 5j k = ( 3 , 5 -1 )

we know that,
ax(bxc)=(ca)b(ba)c

------- ( 1 )

now, c a = 6 + 15 + 1 = 22
b a = 2 + 6 + 5 = 13
( 1 ) becomes,
a x ( b x c ) = 22 b 13 c
= ( 22 , 44 , -110 ) ( 39 , 65 , -13 )
= ( -17 , -21 -97 )
= - 17i 21 j 97 k

28. Find the value of ( a x b ) x c , when a = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) , b = ( 2 , 1 , 2 ) &

c=(3 ,3 ,2)
Solution : it is given that, a = ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
b =(2 ,1 ,2)
c=(3 ,3 ,2)
we know that,
(axb)xc =(ca)b(cb)a

----------- ( 1 )

Consider, c a = 3 + 6 + 6 = 15
c b = 6 + 3 + 4 = 13
( 1 ) becomes,
we know that,
( a x b ) x c = 15 b 13 a
= ( 30 , 15 , 30 ) ( 13 , 26 , 39 )
= ( 17 , - 11 , - 9 )
we know that,
( a x b ) x c = ( 289 + 121 + 81 ) = 491 units.
29. prove that,

ax(bxc)=0

Solution : consider,
ax(bxc)=ax(bxc)+bx(cxa)+cx(axb)
={(ca)b(ba)c}+{(ba)c(bc)a}+{(cb)a(ca)b}
=0

VECTORS
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
1. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF , Show that AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = 3 AD
Solution:

Let

AB = a , BC = b
AC = AB + BC = a + b
AD = 2 BC = 2 b
AE = AD + DE = AD ED = 2 b a
AF = CD = CA + AD = - AC + AD = - ( a + b ) + 2 b = - a b + 2b = b a

Consider,
AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = a + ( a + b ) + 2 b + ( 2 b a ) + ( b a )
=6b
=3(2b)
= 3 AD

2. Prove that position vector of the centroid of a triangle ABC is 1/3( a + b + c ),

where, a , b & c are the position vectors of the vertices A , B & C w.r.t. some
fixed point O.
Solution : Let O be the fixed point.
a = position vector of A = OA
b = position vector of B = OB
c = position vector of C = OC

let AD be the median of the triangle ABC ,

Since D is the mip point of BC

Position vector of D = OD = (OB + OC ) / 2

Since , G divides internally AD in the ratio 2 : 1

B

2 ( OD ) + 1 ( OA )
Position vector of G =
3
= 2 {(OB + OC ) / 2 } + 1 ( OA )
3
= OB + OC + OA
3
= OA + OB + OC
3
=a +b +c
3

3. If the position vectors of the points P and Q are 2 i + 3j + 4k and 3 i 2 j 3 k ,

find the direction cosines of the vector PQ and hence prove that,
Cos + Cos + Cos = 1
Solution: Let O be the fixed point.
OP = position vector of P = 2 i + 3j + 4k = ( 2 , 3 , 4 )
OQ = position vector of Q = 3 i 2 j 3 k = ( 3 , - 2 , -3 )
PQ = OQ OP = ( 1 , -5 , -7 )
PQ= ( 1 + 25 + 49 ) = 75
Direction cosines of PQ are Cos = 1/ 75 , Cos = -5/ 75 & cos = - 7 / 75.
Consider, Cos + Cos + Cos = 1/75 + 25 /75 + 49 /75 = 1

4.Show that the points ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 4 , 2 ) ( 4 , 3 , -2 ) & ( 3 , 1 , -3 ) are the

vertices of a parallelogram.
Solution:

A
Let O be the fixed point.
OA = position vector of A = ( 1 , 2 , 1 )
OB = position vector of B = ( 2 , 4 , 2 )
OC = position vector of C = ( 4 , 3 , -2 )
OD = position vector of D = ( 3 , 1 , -3 )
AB = OB OA = ( 1 , 2 , 1 )
BC = OC OB = ( 2 , - 1 , - 4 )
CD = OD OC = ( - 1 , -2 , -1 )
DA = OA OD = ( -2 , 1 , 4 )
AC = OC OA = ( 3 , 1 , - 3 )

BD = OD OB = ( 1 , -3 , -5 )
AB = AB= ( 1 + 4 + 1 ) = 6 units
BC = BC= ( 4 + 1 + 16 = 21 units
CD = CD= ( 1 + 4 + 1 ) = 6 units
DA = DA= ( 4 + 1 + 16) = 21 units
AC = AC= (9 + 1 + 9) = 19 units
BD = BD=(1 + 9 + 25) = 35 units
Since, AB = CD , BC = DA , but, AC BD
Therefore, ABCD form a parallelogram.

5. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors a & b , Also, find the
Sine of the angle between the vectors a & b , where, a = 6 i 2j + k &
b=3i+j2k.
Solution, Consider,
a = 6 i 2j + k = ( 6 , -2 , 1 )

b = 3 i + j 2 k = ( 3 , 1 , -2 )
i
axb =

6 -2 1
3 1

= i [ 4 1 ] j [ - 12 - 3 ] + k [ 6 + 6 ] = 3 i + 15 j + 12 k

-2

axb=3{i+5j+4k}
a x b = 3 ( 1 + 25 + 16) = 342 units
a = ( 36 + 4 + 1) = 41 units
b = ( 9 + 1 + 4) = 14 units

 = unit vector perpendicular to both a & b

a x b
=

3{i+5j+4k}
=

i+5j+4k
=

a x b

342

a x b
Sin =

42

3 42
=

a b

41 14

6. If a , b & c are the position vector of the vertices of a triangle ABC , Prove
that ,Vector area of the triangle ABC = ( a x b ) + ( b x c ) + ( c x a )square
units.
Solution : Let O be the fixed point .

a = OA = position vector of A
b = OB = position vector of B
c = OC = position vector of C
AB = OB OA = b a

AC = OC OA = c a
AB x AC = ( b a ) x ( c a )
=(bxc)(bxa)(axc)+(axa)
=(bxc)+(axb)+(cxa)+0
=(bxc)+(axb)+(cxa)
AB x AC = ( b x c ) + ( a x b ) + ( c x a )
Area of the triangle ABC = 1/2AB x AC
= ( b x c ) + ( a x b ) + ( c x a ) square units.

7. Prove that , [ a + b b + c c + a ] = 2 [ a

b c ]

Solution : Consider,
[a+b b+c c+a]=(a+b){(b+c)x(c+a)}
=(a+b){(bxc)+(bxa)+(cxc)+(cxa)}
= ( a + b ) {( b x c ) + ( b x a ) + 0 + ( c x a ) }
= { a ( b x c ) + a (b x a ) + a (c x a) }
+ { b (bxc)+b (bxa)+b (cxa)}
=[a

c]+[a

=[a

c]+0+0+0+0+[a

=2[a

c]

a]+[a

a ]+[b
b

c]

c]+[b

a]+[b

a]

8.Find a unit vector which should lie on the plane determined by the vectors
2 i + j + k & i + 2 j + k and perpendicular to i + j + 2k.
Solution: Let a = 2 i + j + k = ( 2 , 1 , 1 )
b=i+2j+k=(1,2,1)
c = i + j + 2k = ( 1 , 1 , 2 )
consider , ( a x b ) x c = (c a) b ( c b ) a

---------- ( 1 )

c a=2+1+2=5
c b=1+2+2=5
(a x b) x c= 5 b 5 a
=5( b a )
= 5 ( -1 , 1 , 0 )
|( a x b ) x c | = 5 ( ! + 1 + 0 ) = 52 units

unit vector coplanar with a & b and perpendicular to c

( a x b) x c
=

5 { - I + j + 0k}
=

|( a x b ) x c|

- i + j + 0k
=

52

9.Show that , i x ( a x i ) = 2 a
Solution : Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k = ( a1 , a2 , a3 )
Consider,

i
axi

a1 a2 a3
1 0 0
= i [ 0 0 ] j [ 0 - a3 ] + k [ 0 - a2 ]

= 0i + a3 j - a2 k

Next, ,

i
i x (a x i )

= 1

0 0
a3 - a2

= i [ 0 0 ] j [- a2 - 0 ] + k [ a3 - 0 ]
= 0i + a2 j + a3 k
Again, consider,
,

i
axj

a1 a2 a3
0 1 0
= i [ 0 a3 ] j [ 0 - 0 ] + k [a1 - 0 ]

= - a3 i + 0 j + a1 k
Therefore,

,
j x (a x j ) =

1 0

- a3 0 a1
= i [a1 0 ] j [0 + 0 ] + k [ 0 + a3 ]
= a1 i + 0 j + a3 k

Similarly we may show that,

k x (a x k ) = a1 i + a2 j + 0 k
hence,
, i x ( a x i ) = { i x (a x i ) } + { j x (a x j ) } + { k x (a x k ) }

= 2 a1 i + 2 a2 j +2 a3 k
= 2 { a1 i + a2 j + a3 k }
= 2a

10.Show that the points ( - 6 , 3 , 2 ) , ( 3 , -2 , 4 ) , ( 5 , 7 , 3 ) & ( -13 , 17 , -1 ) are

coplanar.
Solution : Let O be the fixed point.
OA = position vector of A = ( - 6 , 3 , 2 )
OB = position vector of B = ( 3 , -2 , 4 )
OC = position vector of C = ( 5 , 7 , 3 )
OD = position vector of D = ( -13 , 17 , -1 )
Therefore,
AB = OB OA = ( 9 , -5 , 2 )
AC = OC OA = ( 11 , 4 , 1 )
AD = OD OA = ( -7 , 14 , -3 )
Consider,

-5

[ AB , AC , AD ] =

11

-7

14 - 3

= 9 [ -12 14 ] + 5 [ -33 + 7 ] + 2 [ 154 + 28 ]

=0
Therefore, the points A , B , C & D are coplanar.

VECTORS
4 OR 5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A , B , C & D are the points with position vectors 3 i 2 j k , 2 i + 3 j 4 k ,
- i + 2 j + 2 k & 4 i + 5 j + k respectively . If the points A , B , C & D lie on a plane, Find
the value of .
Solution : Le O be the fixed point.
OA = position vector of A = 3 i 2 j k

=(3 ,-2 , -1)

OB = position vector of B = 2 i + 3 j 4 k = ( 2 , 3 , - 4 )
OC = position vector of C = - i + 2 j + 2 k = ( -1 , 2 , 2 )
OD = position vector of D = 4 i + 5 j + k = ( 4 , 5 , )
AB = OB OA

= ( - 1 , 5 , -3 )

AC = OC OA = ( - 4 , 4 , 3 )
AD = OD OA = ( 1

, 7 ,+1)

Since , A , B , C & D are coplanar ,

[ AB AC AD ] = 0
[ AD AC AB ] = 0
1

+1

-4

-1

-3

=0

1 [ - 12 15 ] 7 [ 12 + 3 ] + ( + 1) [ - 20 + 4 ] = 0
- 27 - 105 - 16 16 = 0
- 148 16 = 0
16 = - 148
= - 148/8 = - 37/4

2.Find a unit vector which is coplanar with a & b and perpendicular to a, where,
a = 2i + j + k &

b = i + 2j k

Solution : Given that,

a = 2i + j + k = ( 2 , 1 , 1 )
b = i + 2j k = ( 1 , 2 , - 1 )
consider,
(a x b)x a =(aa)b(ab)a

-------- ( 1 )

Now, a a = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
ab=2+21=3
from ( 1 ) , we have,
(a x b)x a =6b3a
= 3 { 2b a }
=3{(2 ,4 ,-2)(2 ,1 ,1)}
=3(0 ,3 ,-2)
=3{0i+3j3k}
=9{0i+ j k}
|( a x b ) x a | = 9 ( 0 + 1 + 1 ) = 9 2 units
= unit vector coplanar with a & b and perpendicular to a
(a x b)x a
=

9{0i+ j k}
=

|( a x b ) x a |

0i+ j k
=

9 2

3. If ( a x b ) x c = a x ( b x c ) , then prove that either a is parallel to c or b is

perpendicular to both a & c
Solution : Given that,
(axb)xc=ax(bxc)
(ac)b(bc)a =(ca)b(ba)c
Since , ( a c ) = ( c a )
( b c ) a =( b a ) c
pa =qc

by taking, ( b c ) = p & ( b a )= q
where , p & q are scalars

therefore , a is parallel to c
Next consider, ( b c ) a =( b a ) c
(bc)a -(ba)c=0
b is perpendicular to both a & c.

5. Prove by vector method , that the medians of a triangle are concurrent.

Solution :
A

Q
G

Let us consider a triangle ABC. Let O be the fixed point,

Solution : Let O be the fixed point.

OA = position vector of A = a
OB = position vector of B = b
OC = position vector of C= c
Position vector of the mid point P is OP = (OB + OC) = ( b + c )
If G divides AP in the ratio 2 : 1
Then, the position vector of G = OG = 2{( b + c )} + 1 (a)
2+1
=b+c+a
3
The symmetry of this result show that , the point which divides the other two medians in
the ratio 2 : 1 will also have the same position vector b + c + a
3
Hence, the medians of a triangle are concurrent at G.

5. Prove that diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each each other.

Solution:

Let the diagonals AC and BD of the parallelogram ABCD intersect at P. Opposite sides
of a parallelogram are equal and parallel.
Therefore,

AB = CD

If O be the Origin of reference,

OA = position vector of A
OB = position vector of B
OC = position vector of C
OD = position vector of D
Since , AB = DC
OB OA = OC OD
OB + OD = OA + OC

OB + OD

OA + OC

=
2
2
That is mid points of BD & AC are coincide.
Therefore , the diagonals AC & BD are bisect each other.

6. Prove by vector method that, The angle in a semi circle is a right angle.
Solution:

Let AB be a diameter and O be the centre of a circle.

Let P be a point on the semi-circle.
Join PA , PB & PO.
By the law of triangle of vectors
PA = PO + OA
PB = PO + OB = PO OA

since OB = - OA

Consider,
PA PB = ( PO + OA ) ( PO OA )
= PO - OA
=0
Therefore PA perpendicular to PB
Therefore, APB = 90

since , PO = OA= radius of the circle.

7. In any triangle ABC, prove by vector method

a

(a)

=
SinA

c
=

SinB

SinC

( b ) a = b + c - 2bcCosA
( c ) a = bCosC + c CosB

-C
B

Solution : Let BC = a , CA = b & AB = c

Then, a + b + c = 0
Solution for ( a ): consider, a + b + c = 0
ax( a+b+c)=ax0
(axa)+(axb)+(axc)=0
0 + (axb)(cxa)=0
(axb)=(cxa)

------ ( 1 )

Next, consider,

a + b + c =0

Similarly , as above,

bx( a+b+c)=bx0
(bxa)+(bxb)+(bxc)=0
-(axb)+ (bxb)+(bxc)=0
-(axb)+0+(bxc)=0
(axb)=(bxc)

------ ( 2 )

from ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , we have,

(axb)=(bxc)=(cxa)
a x b = b x c = c x a
abSin( C) = bcSin( A) = caSin( B)
a b SinC = bcSinA = caSinB
dividing through out by abc, we have,
a

b
=

SinA

c
=

SinB

SinC

Solution for ( b ): consider,

a + b + c =0
a=-bc
a = - b c
a = b + c + 2 b c
a = b + c + 2 bcCos( A )
a = b + c - 2 bcCosA

since , Cos( A ) = - CosA

Solution for ( c ): consider,

a + b + c =0
a=-bc
a a = - (a b ) ( a c )
a = - abCos( C) - acCos( B)
a = - ab { - CosC } ac { - CosB }
a = abCosC +ac CosB
a = bCosC + c CosB
8. Show that the points with position vectors,
( i ) i + j + k , 2i + 3 j + 4 k , 3 i + j + 2 k & - i + j
( ii ) - 6a + 3 b + 2 c , 3 a 2 b + 4 c , 5 a + 7 b + 3 c & - 13 a + 17 b c
are coplanar.
Solution : ( i ) Let O be the fixed point.
OA = position vector of A = ( 1 , 1 , 1 )
OB = position vector of B = ( 2 , 3 , 4 )
OC = position vector of C = ( 3 , 1 , 2 )
OD = position vector of D = ( - 1 , 1 , 0 )
AB = OB OA = ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
AC = OC OA = ( 2 , 0 , 1 )
AD = OD OA = ( - 2 , 0 , -1 )

Consider,
[ AB AC AD ] =

-2 0

-1

= -

=0

{ since, second and third rows are identical }

Therefore the points A , B , C & D are coplanar.

Solution : ( ii ) Let O be the fixed point.
Let O be the fixed point.
OA = position vector of A = - 6a + 3 b + 2 c
OB = position vector of B = 3 a 2 b + 4 c
OC = position vector of C = 5 a + 7 b + 3 c
OD = position vector of D = - 13 a + 17 b c
AB = OB OA = 9a 5b + 2c
AC = OC OA = 11a + 4b + c
AD = OD OA = - 7a + 14b 3c
Consider,
[ AB AC AD ] =

-5

11

14

-3

-7

= 9 [ - 12 14 ] + 5 [ - 33 + 7 ] + 2 [ 154 + 28 ]
= 0
Therefore the points A , B , C & D are coplanar.

VECTORS
6 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Define Dot product and vector product of any two co-initial vectors.
If a = a 1 i + a 2 j + a 3 k and b = b 1 i + b 2 j + b 3 k , Prove that ,
a b = a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b 3 and
i
a x b

a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b2 b3

Definition of dot product ( scalar product ) of any two vectors:

If a & b are any two co-initial vectors, & if is the angle between the vectors ,
then,
a b = | a | | b | Cos

Definition of vector product ( cross product ) of any two vectors:

If a & b are any two co-initial vectors, if is the angle between the vectors , and
be the unit vector perpendicular to both a & b then,
a x

b = | a | | b | Sin

B
b

A
a

Derivation of a b

Y
j

k
Z

i , j & k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors along X , Y & Z axes,

ii=jj=kk=1 & ij=jk=ki=0=ji=kj=ik
consider,
a b = { a1i+a2j+a3k

} { b1i+b2j+b3k }

=a1 b1(ii)+a1 b2(ij)+a1 b3(ik)+a2 b1(ji)

+a2 b2(jj)+a2 b3(jk)+a3 b1(ki)+a3 b2(kj)
+a3 b3(kk)

=a1 b1(1)+a1 b2(0)+a1 b3(0)+a2 b1(0)

+a2 b2(1)+a2 b3(0)+a3 b1(0)+a3 b2(0)
+a3 b3(1)

=a1b1+a2b2+a3b3

Derivation of a x b

Y
j

k
Z

i , j & k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors along X , Y & Z axes,

i x i = j x j = k x k = 0 & i x j = k , j x k = i , k x I = j , but ,
jxi=-k ,kxj=-i

&

ixk=-j

consider,
a x b = { a1i+a2j+a3k

}x { b1i+b2j+b3k }

=a1 b1(ixi)+a1 b2(ixj)+a1 b3(i xk)+a2 b1(jxi)

+a2 b2(jxj)+a2 b3(jxk)+a3 b1(kxi)+a3 b2(kxj)
+a3 b3(kxk)

=a1 b1(0)+a1 b2(k)+a1 b3(-j)+a2 b1(-k)

+a2 b2(0)+a2 b3(i)+a3 b1( j)+a3 b2(-i)
+a3 b3(0)

=a1 b2(k)+a1 b3(-j)+a2 b1(-k)

+a2 b3(i)+a3 b1( j)+a3 b2(- i)
= i { a 2 b 3 - a 3 b 2 } j { a 1 b 3 - a 3 b 1 } + k { a 1 b 2 - a 2 b 1}

i
a x b

a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b2 b3

2. Prove that [ a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b ] & also show that

[a b b]=0
Solution :Let a = m i + nj + l k
b=xi+yj+zk
c = p i + q j + rk
consider,

m n l

[a b c] = x y z
p q
perform C2

r
C1
l n m

[a b c] = -

z y x
r q

perform C2

[a b c] =

C3
l

[a b c] = [c a b]
Simmillary , we may show that ,

[a b c] =[b c a]

Therefore, [ a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b ]

Nest consider,

m n n

[a b b] = x y y
p q

since, second and third columns are identical,

[a b b] =0

3. Prove that [ a x b , b x c , c x a ] = [ a , b , c ] & Also, If

a x b , b x c & c x a are coplanar , then prove that , a , b & c are coplanar.
Solution : consider,
[axb ,bxc ,cxa]= ( axb){( b xc) x( c xa)}

------ ( 1 )

Let ( b x c ) = p, then,
( b xc) x( c xa)= p x ( c x a )
= (ap)c- (cp)a
Now, a p = a ( b x c ) = [ a , b , c ] = ( say )
c p = c(b x c ) =[c ,b ,c ]=0
therefore, ( 2 ) becomes,
( b xc) x( c xa)= ()c(0)a=c
Therefore ( 1 ) becomes,
[axb ,bxc ,cxa]= ( axb)c
= {( axb) c}
= { c( axb)}
= [ c , a, b ]
= [ a , b, c ]
=
= [ a , b , c ]

------- ( 2 )

If a x b , b x c & c x a are coplanar , then,

[axb ,bxc ,cxa]= 0
[ a , b , c ] = 0
[ a , b, c ] =0
Therefore , a b & c are coplanar vectors.
3. prove that ( a x b ) x c = ( a c ) b - ( b c ) a
Solution : Since , ( a x b ) x c lies in the plane determined by a & b , their exits
scalars x & y such that ,
(a x b) x c = x a+y b

---- ( 1 )

Taking dot product with c on both sides , we have,

c {(a x b) x c } = x(ca)+y(cb)
[c , (a x b) , c ] =x(ca)+y(cb)
0= x(ca)+y(cb)
x(ca) =- y(cb)
x

- y
=

(cb)

= ( say )
(ca)

Therefore,
x = ( c b )

y = -(ca)

therefore ( 1 ) becomes,
( a x b ) x c = { ( c b ) } a + { - ( c a )} b ------- ( 3 )
To find , take a = i , b = j & c = j

in ( 3 ), we have,

( i x j ) x j = { ( j j ) } i + { - ( j i )} j
k x j =(1)i+(0)j
-

i =i

=-1
substitute value of in ( 3 ) , we have,
( a x b ) x c = { ( - 1)( c b ) } a + { ( 1 ) ( c a )} b ------- ( 3 )
(a x b) x c =(ac)b - ( b c )a

4. Prove that , Cos ( A - B ) = CosACosB + SinA SinB

&

Cos ( A - B ) = CosACosB + SinA SinB

Solution : Consider a unit circle, x + y = 1
Let o be the point of reference, and it is fixed,
Let OP = position vector of P = ( CosA , SinA ) = CosA i + SinA j + 0 k
OQ = position vector of Q = (CosB , SinB ) = CosB i + SinB j + 0 k
are any two points on the circumference of the circle.

Let XOP = A & XOQ = B

Therefore, QOP = (A B)

|OP|= (CosA + SinA) = 1

Q
AB

|OQ|= (CosB + SinB) = 1

X
O

OP OQ = |OP||OQ|Cos( A B )
= ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Cos( A B )
= Cos( A B )

------- ( 1 )

But,
OP OQ = CosACosB + SinA SinB + 0
= CosACosB + SinA SinB
From ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , we have,
Cos ( A - B ) = CosACosB + SinA SinB

---------- ( 2 )

Next, since, Sin ( - ) = - Sin

& Cos( - ) = Cos

Consider,
Cos( A + B ) = Cos{ A (- B) }
= CosACos( - B ) + SinA Sin( - B )
= CosACosB - SinA SinB

5. prove that , Sin ( A B ) = SinACosB CosASinB

and

Sin ( A + B ) = SinACosB + CosASinB

Solution : Consider a unit circle, x + y = 1

Let o be the point of reference, and it is fixed,
Let OP = position vector of P = ( CosA , SinA ) = CosA i + SinA j + 0 k
OQ = position vector of Q = (CosB , SinB ) = CosB i + SinB j + 0 k
are any two points on the circumference of the circle.

Let XOP = A & XOQ = B

Therefore, QOP = (A B )

|OP|= (CosA + SinA) = 1

Q
AB

|OQ|= (CosB + SinB) = 1

X
O

|OP x OQ| = |OP||OQ|Sin( A B )

= ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Sin( A B )
= Sin( A B )
But,

------- ( 1 )

OP x OQ =

CosA

SinA

CosB

SinB

= i [ 0 0 ] j [ 0 0 ] + k [ CosASinB SinACosB]
= 0i + oj k

take , = SinACosB - CosASinB

|OP x OQ| = ( 0 + 0 + ) = = = SinACosB - CosASinB

Therefore , from (1) & (2) , we have,
Sin ( A B ) = SinACosB CosASinB
Next, since, Sin ( - ) = - Sin

& Cos( - ) = Cos

Consider,
Sin ( A + B ) = SinACosB + CosASinB
= SinACos( - B ) + CosASin( - B )
= SinACosB - CosASinB

------ ( 2 )