Chng III

DAO ONG MANG

TINH THE

I. ONG LC HOC MANG TINH THE

Nhng tnh chat quan trong cua chat
ran eu lien quan en dao ong
mang tinh the.
Trong tinh the cac nguyen t nay dao
ong quanh v tr can bang cua no
(nut mang).
Dao ong nay c lan truyen trong
mang tinh the tao thanh song trong
mang tinh the.
Song nay phu thuoc vao 2 yeu to:
Loai lc lien ket trong tinh the
Cau truc cua mang tinh the.

Loai lc lien ket th lien quan

ti ban chat cua nguyen t
tao nen tinh the va s tng
tac gi chung.
Cau truc cua tinh the th lien
quan ti s sap xep cua cac
nguyen t trong mang.
Moi loai tinh the cho mot kieu
dao ong rieng goi la pho
phonon cua no.
Pho pho non quyet nh phan
ln cac tnh chat quan trong

Xet mau tinh the n gian nhat la argon

Cac nguyen t argon trung hoa xep eu
an vi cac lp vo ien t bao hoa
vng chac.
Chung lien ket vi nhau bang lien ket Van
der Waals tac dung chu yeu gia cac
nguyen t nam lan can gan nhat.
Cac qua trnh vat ly trong tinh the nay
lien quan ti chuyen ong nhiet cua cac
nguyen t quanh v tr can bang cua no.
Theo mau Einstein: moi nguyen t trong tinh
the dao ong ieu hoa trong mot gieng the
tao bi cac lc tng tac cua no vi cac
nguyen t lan can The Lennard - Jones.

Gii

han ca mau
u
i
la xet trong ieu

ri
kien nhiet o kha

cao.
Ri
V tr cua nguyen
O
t th
i trong

mang tinh the c

r

u
i
i
i
xac
nh
bi

Ri
=vvec
vect
tr: t xac nh v tr cua
nut mang th i.
o
uidch chuyen cua nguyen t th i.

Mi = khoi lng cua nguyen

2
1 2 = Pi
t
th i.nang cuaE =
ong
M i u'i

mang la:
l 2M i
i 2


Gi U ( ui ) la the nang ca mang tinh
the. Ham nay cc tieu khi goc

nguyen t nam
tiuiVTCB.
0

Khai trien ham U thanh chuoi Taylor

quanh VTCB va coi dao ong cua
nguyen t la dao ong be.
2
U U0

U
1
.
u

i
2
ui 0

i ,j

ui uj ...
ui uj

Uo = the nang cua mang tinh the khi

cac nguyen t nut mang = const
= chon bang 0. U

.ui 0
Va:
i ui 0

 Vay the nang ca tinh the la the

nang dao ong ieu
hoa
2dang:

1
U
U ieuhoa

ui uj
2 i ,j ui uj

U = Uo + Uieu hoa = Uieu hoa

Phng trnh dao ong co dang phng

trnh dao ong ieu
hoa:

U
mi ui ''= - =Fi
Hay:

ui

,,
2
ui - ui

Lc tac dung gay ra dao ong cua

nguyen t
co dang
lc hoi phuc:

Fi ui = hang so lc.

II. DAO ONG MANG CUA

MANG MOT CHIEU GOM
MOT LOAI NGUYEN T
Xet trng hp mang mot chieu
gom:
Cac nguyen t cung loai co khoi
lng M nam tren cung mot ng
thang
Chung
tngnatac
vi cac
( n -2)ach
(n-1)a
(n +1)a
nguyen
t gan nhat.
(n+2)a
Khoang cach gia cac nguyen t
gan nhat la a.
u(na)

( n -2)a
(n-1)a
+1)a
(n+2)a

na

(n

u(na)

Xet nguyen t th i v tr nut R = na.

o dch chuyen cua nut nay la u(na).
The nang trong trng hp nay co dang:

1
2
2 1
U u (na) u [ (n 1) a ] u (na) u [( n 1) a]
2
2

 U = - [2u(na) u[(n+1)a] u[(n-1)a] (1)

Mu(na) = - U
u(na)
Do tnh tuan hoan mang va coi tinh the la
mot chuoi dai vo han cha N nguyen t
ap dung ieu kien bien Born- von Karman:
u[(N+1)a] = u(a) ; u (0) = u (Na)
at :
u (na,t) = uoe i(kna - t)
(2)

u [(N+1)a,t] = uoe i[k(N+1)a - t] ; u (a,t) = uoe

i(ka - t)
eu kien bien dan ti:
eikNa

2 n
=1k=
; Vi n N
a N

T (1) va (2) ta suy ra c:

M2ei(kna - t) = -[ 2 - e-ika eika ] ei (kna t)

2 u k

= - 2 ( 1 coska) ei (kna ,,

uk

-2
M

t)

( 1 coska) uk = -

Trong o:

ka

2
= 2 (1 coska) = 4
M
M
2
2
sin (
)

ka
(k) = 2 M sin( 2 )

NHAN XET
ieu kien phai thoa cua > 0 va
ham sin la ham tuan hoan co chu
ky 2.
Vay cac dao ongkamang eu nhan
1 sin 1
2
c khi:

ka
-

2
2
2

- k
Vung Brillouin
a
a
o th bieu dien s phu thuoc cua theo
k goi la ng cong tan sac.

Tan so goc (k) la mot ham tuan hoan

theo
Batk.k 1 gia tr nao cua vect
song
k
nam ngoai vung Brillouin eu co the tm
thay mot gia tr cua trung trong vung
V vay ch can khao sat trong
Brillouin.
vung Brillouin.

Khi ka << 1 th:

(k)
4k

ka (k) t le
tuyen tnh vi k

(k) k song an
k
hoi trong moi trng lien

tuc Nhanh am
a
a

Khi k =
th: ham (k) co tiep
a

tuyen nam ngang

III. DAO ONG MANG CUA

MANG MOT
CHIEU
GOM
HAI
LOAI
Xet trng
hp mang
mot
chieu,
trong o
cha 2 loai nguyen
t khoi
lng M1 va M2
NGUYEN
T
co hang so lc bang nhau.
Coi cac nguyen t ch tng tac vi cac
nguyen
tMgan
nhat.
M1 [(n-1)a]
[(n-1)a]
M
M2(na) M1 [(n+1)a]
M2
2
1 (na)
[(n+1)
a] gan
Khoang cach gia cac nguyen
t
nhat la a.
( n -1)a
(n+1)a

(n-1)a
(n+1)a

na

u1(na)

na

i vi nguyen t th nhat:
The nang trong trng hp
1 co dang: 2 1
nay
[u1(na) u2(na)]
{[u1(na) u2[(n 1)a)]}2
2
2
U=
+

Trong o:
u01ei(kna- t)

u1(na) =

i(kna- t)
u
(na)
=
u
e
02
Phng trnh dao2 ong co

dang:

U
M 1 u1
u1
,,
M1 u1 = M12u1 = -2.u1 + 2 cos
,,

2
ka.u
(2
-M

) u1 - 2coska u2 = 0
2 1

(1)

i vi nguyen t th hai:

The nang trong trng hp nay

1
1
co dang:
2
{[u (na) u [(n 1)a)]}2
[u (na) u (na)]

U=

,,

2
+
U

M2 u2= -

M2

,,

u 2

2
=
M

u2 2 u2 = -2.u2 + 2 cos ka.u1

-2coska u1 + (2 - M22) u2= 0

tm ta giai he phng
trnh (1) va (2):
(2)
(2 -M12)u1 - 2coska.u2 = 0
- 2coska.u1+ (2-M22)u2 = 0

 giai phng trnh nh thc:

2 M12 2 cos ka
=0
2
2 cos ka 2 M 2

hng trnh co nghiem:

2 = 1 1 1
M
1

M 2

M
1

Khi k = 0: sinka = 0:

ik=

: sinka =1 :
2a

+2

M2

4sin2 ka

M 1.M 2

1
1

= 2
M1 M 2

+2

2
=
M1

; -= 0
2-2
; =
M2

NHAN XET (k)

o th cua + va +
cho thay:
+ oi vi nghiem

:
k 0: -(k) k dao
ong am hoc (v

O
no tng t nh dao
2a
2a
ong song dai trong
+moi
oi
vi nghiem
+:
trng
lien tuc
an
Nhanh
Khi
k hoi)
0: nhanh
+ nam xa
am nhanh
Khi k tang: nhanh + tien gan

 Neu

thay oi khoi lng nguyen

t se lam xuat hien cac bien

2a
mi
cuacac
vungbien
tai iem (k)
Khi qua
nay tan so thay oi
mot cach gian oan
tao thanh mot khe .

Tng t neu xet

mang dao ong mot
chieu gom 3 nguyen
t:
M1 M2 M3 th ta se
co 3 nhanh dao ong:

a 2a

2a

1 nhanh am hoc va 2 nhanh quang

hoc.

TONG QUAT
Trng hp mang mot chieu co n
nguyen t khac loai se co n
nhanh dao ong mang, trong o:
1 nhanh am hoc va (n-1) nhanh
quang hoc
Trng hp mang 3 chieu co 1 loai
nguyen t, dao ong mang se co
3 nhanh am, trong o:
1 nhanh am doc va 2 nhanh am
ngang
Trng hp mang ba chieu co n
nguyen t khac loai se co 3n

IV. CAC PHONON

Tnh chat cua Trng ien t
+ Tnh chat song: song ien t ac
trng bi bc song
+ Tnh chat hat: cac lng t =
photon
Moi photon se mang mot nang

hc
lng va mot
ong
lng
xac
nh:
P

=
= ,

Trong o:
= tan so goc
k = vec t song cua

Tng t, ta co the coi mang tinh the

dao ong ngoai tnh chat song no
con co tnh chat hat, nhng hat o
goi la phonon.
Moi phonon se mang mot nang

xung
hc lng:

lng va (mot
=
q (P
) =q
), q

ng o
= tan so goc
q t song cua song dao ong mang
= vec
Trong phep gan ung dao ong ieu
hoa, cac phonon coi nh chuyen
ong t do tao thanh kh phonon ly

Trong mang tinh the

co the co nhieu
q trang thai lng t (
phonon cung mot
cung
).
Kh phonon tuan theo phan bo Bose
co
Einstein, tc la so phonon trung bnh
nang lng trung bnh (
) ieu kien
1
can bang nhiet nhiet o
T
la:
n

Nang lng cua dao

q
(q)
ong mang la tong
kBT
e
1

nang lng cua
cac
E (q)n(q)

phonon:
q

n(q)
Vi
= so phonon

co vectsong
q
va nang
lngelectron
(
).
Khac
vi cac
va
nguyen t la
cac phonon khong ton tai ngoai tinh the
ma lien he chat che vi cau truc tinh