Yokohama Conveyor Belts PDF

CONVEYOR BELTS
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
.c YOKOHAMA CONVEYOR BELTS
.li
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
11/22/2010
Created by U Thaung Myint
Monday
YOKC)HAMA CONVEYOR EEUS
11/22/2010
Monday
PREFACE
CHAPTER
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
NAME
...........................................................
...
1 HOW TO SELECT CONVEYOR BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........
OF EACH PART OF CONVEYOR BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
6
6
1.1.1 Drive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.1.2 Take-up System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
SIZE OF CONVEYING MATERIAL & BELT WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

CONVEYING MATERIAL & CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.4.1 Size of Conveying Material & Belt Width . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.2 Calculation Formula of Conveying Quantity . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.3 Conveyable Inclination Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.4 Bulk Density of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.5 Running Speed of Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 CALCULATION OF REQUIRED POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.5.1 Power required for operating unloaded belt . . . . . . . . 14
1.5.2 Power for moving loaded material horizontally . . . . . . 14
.m I 1.5.3 Power required for elevating and lowering belt . . . . . . 14
1.5.4 Power required for moveable tripper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5.5Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
..
7.6 CALCULA'i70N' OF BELT TENSION AND TAKE-UP WEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.1 Effective Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.2 Slack Side Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.6.3 Slope Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.6.4 MinimumTension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6.5 Running Resistance of Return Side Belt . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6.6 MaximumTension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6.6.1 Belt Tension of Standard Conveyor Line Belt . . . . . 20
1.6.7 Multi-Drive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.6.7.1 Purpose of Multi-Drive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.6.7.2 Procedure of Calculating Multi-Drive System . . . . . . 23
1.6.7.3 Explanation of Symbols of Multi-Drive System . . . . 24
1.6.7.4 Calculation Example of Multi-Drive System . . . . . . 24
1.6.7.5 Typical driving positions and tension distribution
of Multi-Drive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Tension distribution of the typical dual drive system. 26
1.6.8 Tension distribution of the reversible conveyor . . . . . . . 27
1.6.9
Accelerating Resistance and Accelerating Time . . . . . . 28
I
1 ".I0 Calculation of Take-up Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.7 BELT CARCASSSELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
1.7.1 Determination of Kind of Carcass and Number of Ply . . 31
1.7.2 Study of Maximum Plies for Troughing . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.7.3 Study of Minimum Plies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.7.3.1 Problem of Sag due to Concentrated Stress . . . . . . . 33
1.7.3.2 Problem of Impact at the Chute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.7.3.3 Problem of Load Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.7.3.4 Method for Determining Minimum Plies . . . . . . . . 38
1.8 MINIMUM PULLEY DIAMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
1.9 COVER THICKNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
1.9.1 Fabric Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.9.2 Steel Cord Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
1.10 BREAKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
...
FA
L.
CHAPTER 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
HOW TO SELECT BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
KIND OF BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
CALCULATION OF TEPISION TO BE APPLIED TO BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2.1 Vertieal Type Bucket Elevator Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2.2 Sloped ~ y ~ e b u c kElevator
et
Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
CALCULATION OF REQUIRED POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
DETERMINATION OF'TENSION MEMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4.1 Study from the Condition of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 4
2.4.2 Study of Carcass Strength against Maximum Tension . . 43
2.4.3 Study of Minimum Pulley Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4.4 Studv of Bolt Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
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HOD OF SPLICING BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

2.5.1 Lap Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.5.2 Splicing by Metalic Clamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.5.3 Vulcanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
EQUIPMENT OF CONVEYOR SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
PREVENTION OF IMPACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
PREVENTION OF DEPOSITE OF CAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
PREVENTION OF CARRYING MATERIAL FROM BEING TRAPPED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . 52
PREVENTION OF CROOKED RUNNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
PREVENTION OF ABNORMAL WEAR AT THE SKIRT. THE SCRAPER OR THE CHUTE POINT . . . . . . 55
DETECTION OF MATERIAL PILE-UP AT THE CHUTE OR DISCHARGING PQlNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
VERTICAL CURVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
DISTANCE BETWEEN TROUGH TYPE ROLLER AND PULLEY AND THEIR DISPOSITION
(TRANSITION DISTANCE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
3.9 PREVENTION OF OVERLOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
3. 113 DISPOSITION OF CARRIER AND RETURN ROLLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
CHAPTER 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.8
CHAPTER 4
HOW TO USE CONVEYOR BELT PROPERLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
SPLICING METHOD AND REPAIRING METHOD FOR CONVEYOR BELT . . . . . . . 66

MERIT AND DEMERIT OF EACH SPLICING METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
SPLICING BY METAL FATENERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
SPLICING BY VULCANIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.3.1 Factory Splicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.3.2 Field Splicing (Multi-Ply Conveyor Belt) . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.3.3 Dimension for Steel Cord Conveyor Belt . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.3.4 Unicon Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
SPLICING BY NATURAL VULCANIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
REPAIR OF CONVEYOR BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
5.5.1 Small injury of cover rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5.2 Large injury of cover rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5.3 Small injury reaching carcass ply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5.3.1 Fabric Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5.3.2 Steel Cord Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.5.4 Large injury reaching carcass ply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
. . . . . . 73
5.5.5 Injury of Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. CHAPTER 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
CHAPTER 6 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
.
.&ILIFE EXPECTANCY OF CONVEYOR BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
'8.2 DIMENSION AND WEIGHT OF BELT PACKAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
6.2.1 Dimension and Weight of Wooden Drum Package . . . . 76
6.2.2 Dimension and Weight of Simple Wooden Drum Package 77
VARIOUS TESTING DEVICES . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
.
6.3.1 Separation Tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.3.2 AMSLER's Type Tensile Tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.3.3 SCHOPPER Tensile Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
6.4 CONVERSION TABLE . . .
'k
Ib
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In order t o operate coriveyor belt efficiently, it is

necessary to analyze our customer's condition of
use and to select and design the belt in conformity
with the actual condition. The Yokohama Rubber
Co., Ltd. has now edited this "Technical Information of YOKOHAMA CONVEYOR BELT" which
is to be the criterion of designing technique of
Conveyor Belt. We shall be very happy if this book
will be of help for our customers when studying
and selecting Conveyor Belt.
"Before you read this book"
The techniques and types of Conveyor Belt are
ever progressing day by day making it necessary for
us to change parts of this book in future. So, please
make much use of this book taking into consideration of the following points.
1. Calculation Method of Belt Tension

The calculation method of belt tension is based
upon JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) established in 1965. But, there are some indefinite points
in JIS, which fequire user's decision. Consequently,
there are such portions in this book where values
and coefficients are determined in accordance with
our own idea.
2. Selection Method of Conveyor Belt
It is almost impossible, when selecting belt, to

catch the conditions of use and degree of
maintenance for each case. Accordingly, there are
some parts in this book where safety factor is
taken into account for selecting Conveyor Belt. If
the belt presently used by our customer is lower
with respect to the kind of belt carcass and number
of ply etc. then the selection method of this book
(or if the belt is used with satisfaction as-to the
belt life), it is to be considered that the belt meets
with the actual condition of use.
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3. Requirements for Selecting Belt
4. Necessary Properties of Conveyor Belt
It is fundamentally necessary to know the condition of use accurately and to select the belt
suitable for the condition of use so as to attain
long belt life. There are two stages in selecting belt,
viz. planning stage prior to using the belt and
studying stage regarding the belt already used.
( 1 ) When conveying material from A to B:
I t is the most indefinite example, if the desired
quantity to be conveyed is known but the belt
width and running speed are not clear. I t is
required in such a case to study line length,
belt width and belt speed dividing into several
plans.
(2) When the conveying quantity, conveyor length
and belt width are known:
It is necessary to determine the running speed
of the belt.
(3) When all the conditions are known:
I t is required:a. to investigate if the belt width is adequate for
the maximum lump size of the conveying
material,
b. to investigate if it is possible to attqin the
maximum conveying volume depending upon
the belt width, kind of conveying material,
bulk density and belt speed,
c. to calculate the reqyired power and the maxi'
mum tension to be applied t o the belt,
d. to determine the kind of belt carcass and the
number of carcass ply to be expected from the
maximum tension as calculated above,
to investigate if there is no problem in conveying the material and to study the maximum
number and minimum number of ply, and beat
resistance and chemical resistance,
f- to investigate the kind and thickness of cover
rubber and the breaker depending upon the
kind of material to be conveyed and the
cc:idition of use,
g. to study if the kind and the construction of the
selected belt are suitable for the pqlley diameter and the take-up system.
The followings are the necessary properties of

convey or belt.
(1) Carcass strength sufficient for resisting working
tension
(2) Adhesion between each ply
(3) Wear resistance and cutting resistance
(4) Fatigue resistance
a. Resistance against repeated flexure by pulley
and variation of working tension
b. Resistance of cover rubber against deterioration due to sunlight, ozone and conveying
material
c. Resistance against deterioration of performance due to water permeation
d Resistance against concentrated stress due to
partial injury
(5) Troughability against carriers
When the lateral rigidity of the belt is high, the
belt does not easily become adaptable to
carriers and is liable to cause crooked running.
( 6 ) lmpact resistance
The resistance against the impact by conveying
material a t the chute.
(7) Spliceability
(8) Elongation of belt during operation
Adaptability of take-up movement and elongation of belt.
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CHAPTER 1
I HOW T O SELECT CONVEYOR BELT
1.1 NAME OF EACH PART OF CONVEYOR BELT
(m)
1.1.1 DRIVE SYSTEM
Although there are different names of drive

system, our company takes the following classification.
a) Single Drive
b) Snubbed Single Drive
The pulley to be provided closely so as to
increase the wrapping angle of the driving
pulley is called as "snub pulley". The drive
system of this type is called as "snubbed
single drive".
c) Tandem Type Single Drive
This system drives only one shaft.
d) Tandem Type Drive
One shaft is directly driven and another snan
receives the power through the gear br the
chain, thereby two shafts are driven.
e)f) Dual Drive
Two shafts are driven respectively by a separate
motor. This system is used when two shafts are
closely positioned and the running resistance
between two shafts can be ignored.
g)h) Multi-Drive System
This is the system for driving more than two
shafts respectively by a separate motor, where
each drive is positioned as apart as possible (for
example when driving the head and the tail).
(a)
a) b)
S ~ n g l eDrlve
b) Snubbed S ~ n g l eDrive
c ) Tandem T y p e Single Drive
dl Tandem ~ y p Drive
e
a-
1
e ) f ) Dual Drive
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(a) Screw Type
g) h ) Multi-Drive System
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(b) Gravity Type
Horizontal Gravity Take-Up
(c) Carriage with Gravity Weight Suspended Type
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1.2 REQUIREMENTS
(KAutomatic
) Tension Controling Type
Take-up System (Power Take-up)
@)=
Power Take-up System & Tension

Detector
When selecting conveyor belt the following require

ments should be satisfied.
a) Relation of the size and shape
of conveying
'
material with the belt width.
bJ Relation of the desired conveying volume with
the belt width, carrier anglq and running speed
of belt.
c) Relation between the inclination angle and
slipping of conveying material
d) Relation between the tension to be applied to
the belt and the ultimate strength of the belt
e) Number of carcass ply suitable for use (Relation between required maximum and minimum
number of ply)
i) Conveyor belt is supported mainly by means of
carriers and the belt requires sufficient rigidity
to hold conveying material.
ii) Belt should adapt to carriers well so as not to
make crooked running.
iii) Belt shou Id have enough impact resistance,
because it is subjected to the impact caused by
conveying material a t the chute.
f) Wear out of the belt by conveying materials,
and the cover rubber and other construction of
the belt.
g) Other Requirements
i) Fatigue due to flexure at the pulley
ii) Splicing method of the belt
Motor
\
Brake
Take-up carriage
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Wire rooe
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SIZE OF CONVEYING MATERIAL & BELT WIDTH
The recommendable maximum lump sizes of the conveying material are as shown in Table 1.1
Belt Width
In case of
uniform lump size
(mm)
Belt Width
(mm)
10% of load is
maximum lump size
In case of
uniform lump size
10% of load is
maximum lump size
I
t
Maximum Lump Size (mm)
Maximum Lump Size (rnm)
350
50
100
1,500
305
505
400
50
125
1,600
330
550
450
75
150
1,800
355
610
500
100
180
2,000
380
660
600
125
205
2,200
430
760
750
150
255
2,400
455
810
900
175
305
2,600
485
865
1,050
200
355
2,800
510
910
<
1,200
250
405
3,000
580
1,010
1,350
280
450
3,200
6 10
1,065
1.4 CONVEYING MATERIAL & CAPACITY -
1.4.1 SIZE OF CONVEYING MATERIAL & BELT WIDTH
When the size of conveying material is too large

in comparison with the belt width, various kinds of
trouble may take place during operation. So, it i s
desireable that the belt is used in accordance with
the following standards as shown in Table 1.2
[TGEjT]
Maximum size of materid & minimumbdt

width (mm)
Max. diagonallength
of lump
Q t = 6 0 . A . r - v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Qt : Conveyor capacity (t/h)
A : Loaded cross sectional area of conveying material (m 2 ) ... Refer to Fig. 1.4.1 & Table 1.4.
7 : Bulk density of conveying material (t/m3)
... Refer to Table 1.8.
v : Belt speed (mlmin.)
100 150 200 250 300
400
500
1.4.2 CALCULATION FORMULA OF CONVEYOR CA-
PACITY
Conveyor capacity is calculated in accordance

with the following formula. When the belt i s
inclined, it is required to take into consideration of
t h ~~mpensation.
~
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(-7)
m
l
.
s
Troughed
) belt
Flat belt
s
Surcharge Angle
~ Value of K3
Angle
Surcharge Angle
20
30"
0.0292
0.059 1
0.0906
20
0.0963
0.1245
0.1 538
I0"
Trough Angle
0 (Flat)
25
0.1 112
0.1285
0.1660
30
0.1248
0.1488
0.1757
45
0.1485
0.1698
0.1915
)4- (
Value of A (Load Cross Section)
Trough Angle
0"
Unit: 10-2rnz
20"
25'
45"
30"
Surcharge Angle \.
19"
m0
400
0.28
0.56
450
0.37
0.74
Belt Width (rnm
30"
100
20
0.86
0.93
1.20
1.13
1.21
1.57
lo0
200
300
1.48
1.07
1.24
1.60
1.94
1.40
1.62
2.09
30
To be safe for design capacity of high speed belt (over 200m/min.), a
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200
300
10"
200
1.20
1.43
1.69
1.43
1.63
1.84
1.57
1.86
2.22
1.86
2.14
2.41
10"
lo0surcharge angle had best be considered.
Monday
300
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1.4.3 CONVEYABLE INCLINATION ANGLE
1.4.4 BULK DENSITY OF MATERIALS
The conveyable inclination angle varies depending upon the nature and the shape of the material
to be conveyed, but the angles as shown in Table
1.7 are the norminal ones for the ordinary belt
with the through angle of 20". Table 1.7 Conveyable inclination angle
37-(
Bulk density of materials
)8- (
Material
Sand
Max. Angle
Cement
Coal
Coke
Concrete
Sand
Grain
Gravel
Lime
Wood
Ore
Paper Package
*Paper Package
Macadam
(Powder)
(Crude)
22"
16 18"
(Slack)
22"
18
20"
. - -- 12 26"
20"
20"
15"
23"
25"
(Powder)
(Chip)
"
1
(Crushed)
(Mixed)
(Lump)
(Powder, rock)
(Ordinary)
(Dried)
Stone Aggregate (Powder)
Sulfar
(Powder)
Salt
Sand
* In case of package conveyor belt.
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10"
20"
(Log)
(Crushed)
(Mixed)
(Luma)
16"
"25 - 45"
20"
18"
16"
20"
20"
15O
23"
21"
(Dry)
(Common)
(Wet)
(Foundry)
CONVEYABLE INCLINATION ANGLE

Material
Bulk Density
Gravel
Macadam
Limestone
Powdered Limestone
Clay
(Dry)
Earth
(Wet)
(Common)
(Wet)
Mud
Cement
(Powder)
(Clinker)
(Portand Cement)
Concrete
Ammonium Sulphate (Dry-Wet)
Cinder
Coal
Crude
Lump
(Lump)
Coke
(Dust)
Gypsum
Quick Lime
Grains
Soya beam
Rice
Wheat
Sugar
Raw
Refine
Wood
(Hardwood)
(Softwood)
(Hardwood)
Woodchip
(Softwood)
Pulp
(Wet)
Bark
Fuel wood
Lumber
Sawdust
wood AS^
(Dw)
(Wet)
Ore
lron
Copper
Zink
Potash
Nickel
Monday
1.4.5 RUNNING SPEED OF BELT
Bulk Density
cific Gravity)
Running speed of the belt is a principal factor

to increase the conveying quantity. But, the speed
is critical depending upon the nature of conveying
material.
Brass
I
11/22/2010
Monday
1.5 CALCULATION OF REQUIRED POWER There are two methods of calculating required
power, viz. to calculate based upon experiment and
to calculate by respectively calculating frictional
force and gravity a t each portion of the belt and
also the effective tension to be applied to the belt.
But, the method based upon experiment is usually
employed, because generally the carrier weight and
other details are not clear.
Further, this calculation method is classified
into DIN (German standard), Hetzel, Goodyear
and Goodrich systems. Although thet-e are slight
differences among them, it cannot be said which is
definitely accurate.
Moreover, there is no remarkable error in either of
them causing trouble with the belt.
The following formula is in accordance with JIS
(Japanese lndustrial Standards) established in
1965.
1.5.1 POWER REQUIRED FOR OPERATING UNLOAD

ED BELT
The required power is not proportional to the

conveyor length. It is because the abrasion loss of
pulley, skirt board and etc. and the energy loss
required for bending the belt exist without relating
to the conveyor length, particularly because of
which the conveyor length of the belt plus
compensated value is experimentally proportionated to the required power.
1.5.2 POWER FOR MOVING LOADED MATERIAL
HORIZONTALLY
1.5.3 POWER REQUIRED

LOWERING BELT
FOR
ELEVATING
AND
P : Required power (kW)

PI : No load power (kW)
P2
: Horizontal load power (kW)
Note:
the lowering belt.
P3 : Lifting load power (given with negative sigh

for descending belt) (kW)
f
: Coefficient of rotational friction of the idler
W : Weight of moving part other than the conveying material (kg/m)

v : Belt speed (mlmin.)
Q : Conveyor length (horizontal center distance

between head and t a i l pulleys) (m)
Q, : Corrected value of the center distance (m)

7 : Bulk density of conveying material (t/m3)
h he value becomes negative in case of
1.5.4 POWER REQUIRED FOR MOVEABLE TRIPPER
When the power required for operating the

moveable tripper is unkonwn actually, it is
necessary to apply the required power in accordance with Table 1.9.
The moveable tripper is such a tripper as to run by
taking power from the conveyor belt.
The required power of moveable tripper i s to be
preferably as shown in Table 1.9.
Qt : Capacity (tlh)
Qt = Qm y Om: Conveying volume ( m3/h)
h : Vertical height of ascending and descending

lift including the height of the tripper, if any.
(m)
11/22/2010
Monday
POWER REQUIRED FOR MOVEABLE

TRIPPER (Pt) (kW)
--
Kind of
Carcass
I
f
W1
WI = Belt Weight per mtr. length (kglm)
50
0.7
JNN-100
NN-120
100
120
0.8
0.8
NN-150
150
0.9
N N-200
200
1 .O
Nylon
NN-250
250
1 .I
Fabric
N N-300
300
1.2
NN-350
350
1.3
NN-400
400
1.4
NN-450
450
1.5
NN-500
500
1.6
NN-600
600
1.7
VN-100
100
1 .O
VN-120
120
1 .O
VN-150
150
1.1
Vinylon
Fabric
= Belt Width (cm) x No. o f Ply (P) x
Carcass Thickness (mm/P) + T o p

Cover Thickness (mm) + Bottome
Cover Thickness (rnm) x p x 1/100..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)
Tensile
Thickness
Strength
( ~ ~ l ~ ~ (mm/P)
p )
NV- 50
1.5.5 DATA
(1) Belt Weight (W, ) (kglm)

i) The weight o f fabric belt is calculated i n
accordance w i t h t h e following formula.
Carcass
Designation
= Coefficient depending upon k i n d o f
belt carcass.
ii) I n case o f Steel Cord Conveyor Belt calculation

is made i n accordance w i t h the following forrnula. (Please refer t o o u r ST Belt catalogue regarding t h e standard value.)
WI = Belt Width ( m ) x Std. Value (kg/m 2 ) ?
lncrease o r Decrease against Std. Cover Rubber
Thickness (mm) x 1.2 (kg/m2
. . . . . . . . . (7)
(2) Idler Weights

The idler referred here is made o f steel pipe, althrough there are many other kinds o f roller.
11/22/2010
Monday
Idler Diam.
(mm)
3-equal-roll
Troughing
Idler(Kg/set)
400
89.1
6.6
5.0
400
4.5
450
89.1
7.1
5.4
450
500
89.1
7.5
5.9
500
7.2
22
24
600
89.1
8.3
6.8
600
28
750
114.3
13.2
1 1.6
750
13
42
900
1 14.3
15.1
13.4
900
15.5
49
1050
139.8
21.3
18.9
1050
23
72 .
1200
139.8
23.6
21 .I
1200
26
81
1400
165.2
36.6
32.6
1400
33
112
1600
165.2
41.4
36.6
1600
38
125
1800
165.2
47.4
42.5
1800
46
150
2000
165.2
52.2
46.5
2000
51
160
Belt Width
(mm)
Flat Type
Return-Idler
(Kglset)
(3) Value of moving part, W for calculation (kglm)

When calculating actual required power, it is
difficult to preliminarily know W value accurately. So, a certain assumption is to be set.
The standard value used by our company is as
shown below.
WI : Belt Weight (kglm)

W'c: Weight of rotational part per set of carrying idlers (kg)
Qc
Belt Weight WI
(Kglm)
Weight
of Moving Part
W (Kglm)
17
A
Note: Calculation is made in accordance with Was shown abow ir

principle. I t is necessary, however, to make recalculatior
accurately ascertaining the weight of carrying idler, returr
idler and belt tare in case of long span and high tensilt
strength belt.
(4) Coefficient of rotational friction of the idler (f]

and corrected value of the center distance (Qo]
The Coefficient of rotational friction of idle1
( f ) is not exactly kn0w.n because it depends i
upon the method of bearing seal of idler and j
working condition, but it- is nominally
shown in Table 1.14.
: Carrying idler spacing (m)
W'R:
QR
Belt Width
(mm)
Weight of rotational part per set of return idler (kg)
: Return idler spacing (m)
Wc : Carrying idler weight (kglm)
W R : Return idler weight (kg/m)

Table 1.13 shows the medium values for the belt
weight of each width provided that the carrying
idler spacing is 1.2 m and the return idler spacing is
2.4 m. Special care must be taken for Steel Cord
Conveyor Belt, because the belt weight considerably differs.
11/22/2010
Monday
1.6 CALCULATION OF BELT TENSION AND

TAKE-UP WEIGHT
@bnstructionCharacter
of System
w m using idlers with

Minary rotational friction
mnce, of which installabn is not so good.
n using idlers with
&cularly little rotational
WTm yesistance,of which
allatisn condition is
1.6.1 EFFECTIVE TENSION
The difference between the tension on the tight

side and that on .the slack side is called as
"effective tension". Namely, the'effective tension
is created by transmitting motor power.
calculating braking
lowering conveyor
mx of
(322
66
I "." . -
156
n,,
gutput of Electric Motor (Pm)

The output of electric motor is calculated by
h e following formula.
The effective tension (Fp) is calculated in accordance with the following formula.
FP
: Effective Tension (kg)
: Required Power (kW)
: Belt Speed (mlmin.)
F1 : Tight Side Tension (kg)

F2
i:
Output of Electric Motor (kW)
: Slack Side Tension (kg)
Fig. 1.9
: Required power (kW)

Efficiency of machine
11/22/2010
Monday
1.6.2 SLACK SIDE TENSION
1.6.3 SLOPE TENSION
Slack side tension is the minimum necessary

tension required for creating frictional force
corresponding to the effective tension on the
driving pulley.
Slope tension is the tension to be created a t the

upper pulley by the belt tare when conveyor is
sloped and it is calculated in accordance with the
following formula.
F3 =WIQ1
sina=W,h
.. . . . ...... . . .
FJ : Slope tension while running (kg)

p
: Coefficient of friction between driving

pulley and belt (See Table 1. 15.)
: Angle of belt wrap a t drive
: Base of natural logarithm

1
- : Drive factor.... Refer to Table 1.16.
W, : Belt weight (kglm)

i?,
: Length of the conveyor slope (m)
a : Angle of inclination (")

h : Lift (m)
If assumed to be:1
@e-l=R
R: Drive factor
11/22/2010
Monday
(12)
11/22/2010
Monday
1.6.4 MINIMUM TENSION
1.6.6 MAXIMUM TENSION
It is not advisable, from the standpoint of operating belt, that the belt sags too much between
idlers. The tension required for preventing such sag
is called as "minimum tension"
1.6.6.1
Carrying Side F4 =
Return Side
50
8.
Rc(=
50
Qt
+ W l1.
. . (13.1 )
F4 = 8' 1 1 ~ W1 ......... (13.2)
F,
: Minimum Tension (kg)
R,
: Carrying ldler Spacing (m)
W,
: Belt Weight (kglm)
QR
: Return ldler Spacing (m)
Belt tension of standard conveyor line belt
The method of calculating the maximum tension

to be applied to the belt differs depending upon
the driving system and the form of the conveyor
line, so please calculate the maximum tension in
accordance with the following method respectively.
Whichever larger value of (13.1 ) or (13.2) shall be

taken up. In order to make the calculation simple
the carrying idler spacing is determined as 1.2 m.
1.6.5 RUNNING RESISTANCE OF RETURN SIDE BELT
Although it is not necessary to take into consideration of the running resistance in case of a short
belt, that of the return side belt should be
calculated when the conveyor belt is of long span
or a reversible one.
FR = f (W,
+ WR (I1 + Ro) (kg)
11/22/2010
..........
(15)
Monday
"'
Drive a t or near
Elevating Conveyor with Drive at or near Head.
'""
F, + Fp- FR
FM
@-
T-I
F,
-@
or
F4
F M = F ~ ( I R) or
b) Horizontal Conveyor with Drive at or near Tail.
FP(I + R)
+ F3+ Fp- F
-@
+F3+Fp-FR Use the larger one for Fm
d) Elevating Conveyor with Drive at or near Tail.
FpR
Or
F,
\-
FM
T-
F4F
a
:
+ Fp-
FR
-@
FP(;:N}
@- F,
FM
+ Fp.
+F4 Use, t h e larger one for Fm
F ~ (+R)-FR+F~
I
F4 F3 Fp- FR
+ +
11/22/2010
Use the larger one for Fm
Monday
e) Lowering Conveyor with Tail End Drive.

[P,
+ P, < P,
Lowering Conveyor with Head End Drive.

[PI +P, <P3 (Absolute rate)
(Absolute rate)
(Hold back)
FM{
g)
(Hold back)
+ F3+ F
Fp+ F, + F3+F
Fp( I + R)
or
Use the larger one for FH

Use the larger one for Fp
FPI( I +R)
f) Lowering Conveyor with Tail End Drive
h) Lowering Conveyor with Head End Drive
IP, +P2 >P, (Absolute rate)
[PI
+ P2 > Pa(Absolute rate)
(No Hold back)
(No Hold back)
@ FPR
@ F,+F,
I
+FR-FP
+ +
&j~,
F3 FR
Use the larger one for Fp
Use the larger one for F r
11/22/2010
Monday
i) Elevating Conveyor with Drive located part

way down the slope in the return run.
1.6.7 MULTI-DRIVE SYSTEM

1.6.7.1 Purpose of Multi-drive system
In case of a comparatively horizontal and long span

line the value of the running resistance in the
return side becomes considerably large. In such a
case this system is good for reducing the return
side running resistance, which was absorbed a t the
tail driving portion from the head driving portion.
1.6.7.2 PROCEDURE OF
DRIVE SYSTEM
Use the larger o m for Frn
The running resistance on the return side ( F R ) m a y be

omitted in other cases than long span or reversible belt for
a ) - hl lines.
F,f is the effective tension in the case of horizontal no
1 2 belt.
11/22/2010
CALCULATING
MULTI-
(1) Obtain total required power, P.

(2) Obtain the running resistance in the carrying
side (Fc) and the running resistance in the
return side (F R ) respectively.
(3) Consider the number of standard motors to
satisfy the total required power, P. Further,
consider the tail motor with the power of more
than 0.4 times of the horizontal no load power,
P, and also corresponding to the required
number of motors having the standard power.
(4) The effective tension of each driving pulley
from each motor shall be considered similar.
(The consuming ampere of each motor shall be
checked and set so as to be equal after
installation).
(5) Calculate the necessary tension and the tension
to be applied to each portion of the belt in
accordance with (4).
Monday
1.6.7.3
EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS OF MULTIDRIVE SYSTEM
The following symbols are used for the tension

calculation formula for obtaining the maximum
tension of the multi-drive system. These symbols
are in addition to those contained in JIS-6-8805.
Fp: Total effective tension (kg)
F ~ HHead
:
effective tension (kg)
F P H ~F p ~ 2 : Effective tension of 1st and 2nd
head drives
F ~ TTail
: effective tension (kg)
Fc: Carrier side running resistance (kg)
FR: Return side running resistance (kg)
6 H: Angle of belt wrap at head drive (radian)
6 ~ :Angle of belt wrap at tail drive (radian)
p ~ Coefficient
:
of friction between head drive
pulley and belt
p ~ Coefficient
:
of friction between t a i l &e
pulley and belt
F1H: Head tight side tension (kg)
FIT: Tail tight side tension (kg)
F ~ HHead
:
slack side tension (kg)
F ~ TTail
: slack side tension (kg)
FH1.2 or F 1.2: Tension between Is t and 2nd head
drives
Wc: Carrying idler roller weight (kglm)
F c = f ( W , + W C + W M )(Q+Q,)+-W~h(kg)(16.2)
FR .......... Refer t o the formula (15).
Qt
WM = 0.06.v (kglm) ................ (16.3)
- --
WM : Carrying quantity per mtr. (kgJm)
Coefficient of rotational friction of the idler

f:
h:
lift (m)
Qt: Carrying quantity (tlh)
Q:
Horizontal conveyor length (m)
Corrected
value of the center distance (m)
Q :
V:
Belt speed (mlmin)
Required power (s'hafthorsepower) (kw)
P:
1.6.7.4
CALCULATION EXAMPLE OF MULTI-DRIVE

SYSTEM
Belt width: 900 mm

Trough angle: 20"
Belt speed: 200mlmin. Carrying material: LimesCarrying quantity: 1500 t/h
tone
Horizontal conveyor
(1) Obtain the required power.

PI = 0.06 x 0.022 x 76.3 x 200 x
367
66 =
(2) Obtain the total effective tension (Fp), the return side running resistance ( F R ) and the
minimum tension ( F, ).
F R = 0.022 x (25 + 6.3) x 5066 = 3,490 kg
6120 x 733.7
= FPH+ FPT= 22,451 kg
Fp=
200
Fc = F p - F R = 18,961 kg
= 1,875 kg (Sag = 1 %)
;
g
Qc = 1.0 m
(3) Motors with the total ~apacityof 1,000 KW

shall be installed based upon the total required
power of 917 KW as calculated in (1).
(4) The following plans are considered for determining the driving position and distributing the
motors with the total capacity of 1,000 KW
based upon the formula of "Horizontal no load
power PI x 0.4 = 278.1 x 0.4 = 120 KWH.
Plan 2
Plan 1
Installed motor
drive at
;Iriv:at
ea
Tail
drive
11/22/2010
51000
'
200kW x 2 Sets
Installed motor 2OOkW x 2 Sets

Effective tension F M 8,981 kg
Installed motor 200kW x 1 Set
Effective tension Fm 4.490 ka
250kW x 2 Sets
1 1,226 kg
250kW x I Set
5,613 kg
250kW x 1 Set
5.61 2 kn
Monday
in the driving positions and the tension at
=0.25,
Tension at each point
Plan 1
21.956 ka
Plan 2
22.705 ka
I
Point A
( 1 ) Horizontal Conveyor with Drives at Head anc'

Tail
&1=&2=
Point B
FPHZ
Point C
12,975 "
8,980 "
3.995 "
1 1,479 "
5,613 "
5.866 "
Point D
7,485 "
4.490 "
2,995 "
18,961 "
9,356 "
5.61 2 "
3,744 "
18,961 "
Fm
Point E
Fc
1.6.7.5(A) Typical driving positions and tension

distribution of the multi-drive system
Whichever larger value of:
FM=FPT.RT+Fp-F~+Fa Or FI f Fs +FP-FR
11/22/2010
Monday
I CHAPTER 1
(3) Lowering Conveyor (No holdback) with Drives

at Head and Tail
(4) Horizontal Conveyor with Multi-Drive System
Or
@ F, +FP-FR-FPHI

F u = F p ~ . R ~ + F P - F R - F ~ :Or:F, +FP-FR-F~
e ~ 022
FP2 =
eP202
-1
Fp (kg). . .
e ~ ~ 1e ~ -
. . . . . . (16.5)
Whichever larger value of:FM= FPT.RT + Fp- F R or F4 + Fp- FR

Effective tension distribution of tandem drive
system:
e ~ 2 8 2- 1
FP (kg)
Fp2 =
&282eP18~- 1
When the frictional connection is perfectly utilized,
the effective tension distribution of the tandem
drive system is similar to that of the dual drive
system. There are problems regarding both tandem
and dual drive. So, please consult with us.
11/22/2010
Monday
.& TENSION DISTRIBUTION
.,
OF THE TYPICAL DUAL
DRIVE SYSTEM
' Horizontal
Convevor with Dual Drive at or near
F M= Fp2-&
+F
Or F4
1.6.8 TENSION DISTRIBUTION OF THE REVERSIBLE

CONVEYOR
1. Operation in reverse direction
+ FF- FR
2. Operation in regular direction
a) I n case of F MR> F ~ or
N F ~ N
FM=FPR(I+R)+F~N
Or FIR+ FPR+FPN
11/22/2010
Monday
1.6.9 ACCELERATING RESISTANCE AND ACCELERATING TIME
or F4N
b) In case of F M R < F ~ N
The relation between accelerating resistance and

accelerating time, when starting the belt, is a:
shown below.
FA: Accelerating resistance (kg)

: Accelerating time (sec.)
The starting tension when starting the belt gently is

calculated as 135% of the maximum tension a t the
time of normal loaded running (the accelerating
resistance is 35% of the maximum tension at the
time of normal loaded running). The starting time
can be determined by the formula (19), which is
developed from the formula (17).
FM=FPN(
I +R)
or
F, N+FCN
t=
c) Other combinations may be considered, about
which calculation will be made by us upon
request.
50
v(Q+Q,) (W, +-Qt)
3v
206F~
....................... (18)
1.6.10 CALCULATION OF TAKE-UP WEIGHT
(1) Types of take-up

There are screw type, gravity type, carriage with
gravity weight suspended type, and power take-up
type, about which please refer to 1.1.2.
(2) Calculation of Take-up Weight
2.1 The take-up weight is fundamentally 2 times of
the tension applied to the take-up position.
2.2 Method of determining take-up weight depending upon the take-up position.
11/22/2010
Monday
(a) Horizontal Conveyor with Drive a t or near

Head and with take-up system provided a t
Head '-
..
(c) Horizontal Conveyor with Drive at or near

Head and with take-up system provided a t Tail
Take-up weight =~(FP.R+FR)or 2F,

(whichever larger value)
Take-up weight = 2Fp- R or 2(F4- FR)

rlh~hicheverlarger value)
~rizontalConveyor with Drive a t or near

and with take-up system provided middle
~ ~ between
d n
Head and Tail.
11
-F4 -.FR
'
-1
I'
I
Take-upweight =2(FpqR+-Fa)
or 2(F4
I -I'
-TF~)
(whichever larger value)
11/22/2010
Monday
@5iiii$z)
(a) Elevating Conveyor w i t h Drive a t o r near Head
and w i t h Take-up System provided a t Head
(c) Elevating Conveyor w i t h Drive a t o r near Head

and Take-up System provided a t Tail
(b) Elevating Conveyor w i t h Drive a t o r near Head

and w i t h Take-up System provid& middle
portion between Head and Tail
I n case o f (a):
Whichever larger value o f 2FpR o r 2 ( F 4
FR)
+ F3 -
I n case o f (b):
F 3 = Wl h
F3'= W1 h- Q'
Consequently, the take-up weight shall be whichever larger value of 2 [ F P R
+yr
2 [F~
+y( F R- F B
Qr
(F3- FR)]
I n case o f (c):
Whichever larger value o f 2(FPR
2F4
11/22/2010
OT
F R - F3) or
Monday
1.7 BELT CARCASS SELECTION

.7.1 DETERMINATION OF CARCASS AND NUMBER
OF PLY STUDY FROM TENSION
he maximum tension, FM to be applied to the
Standard Permissible Tension for Vulcanized Splices
.-0
e belt width is usually used for b Value. More
2m
LL
C
>.
0
z
the number of ply shall be determined from
Standard Permissible Tension Table.
relation between breaking tension of the fiber
the standard permissible tension is called as the
SF:
FM:
b:
n:
BS:
$4
In case of the fibrous tension layer:

b x n x B S
0 .0
-
Carcass
Designation
Pexmissibl~Tension
NV- 50
NN-100
NN--120
NN-150
4.1 kglcm ply

8.3 kglcm ply
10.0 kglcm ply
12.5 kglcm ply
NN-200
NN-250
NN-300
NN-350
NN-400
NN-500
NN-600
VN-100
VN-120
VN-150
16.6
20.8
25.0
29.1
33.3
41.6
50.0
8.3
10.0
12.5
kglcm ply
kglcm ply
kglcm ply
kglcm ply
kg/cm ply
kglcm ply
kglcm ply
kglcm ply
kglcm ply
kglcm ply
. . . . . . . . . . . . .(20)
Safety Factor
Maximum tension (kg)
Belt width (cm)
Number of ply
Breaking strength of tension layer (kglcmp)
(b) In case of the steel cords tension layer:

FM x SF,
.............. (21)
b
ST - No: Breaking Strength of Steel Cord
belt per 1 cm width (kg/cm)
FM :
Maximum Tension (kg)
1st Safety Factor (Safety factor
SF, :
against maximum static load).
Generally more than 7.
ST-NO=
11/22/2010
Monday
1.7.2 STUDY OF MAXIMUM PLIES FOR TROUGHING
When the belt is not adaptable to the carrier angle,

it is liable to cause crooked running. Ideally it is
necessary that the belt touches the center roller
without being loaded. It is quite indispensable in
the case of U-Type Conveyor. When the trough
angle is 20" - 30,the belt will become adaptable
to the trough while using, even if the initial
condition of the trough is slightly unsatisfactory. It
is, however, the matter of degree. It is required to
select less ply depending upon the trough angle.
.\
Maximum Plies for Trough Angle of 20

Belt width
NV- 50
NN-100
With these widths and kjnds of canvas

there i s no problem as the maximum
number of ply.
Maximum Plies for Trw* .Angle of 30
there is no problem as the maximum

number of ply.
NN-600
VN-100
VN-120
VN-150
NN-500
11/22/2010
Monday
1.7.3 STUDY OF MINIMUM PLIES
Some degree of safety factor is taken into

consideration when determining the minimum
number of ply. So, our users should employ the
specification of belt being actually used as the
proper specification, if no trouble has been taken
place for more than two years in the past due to
the following causes.
Belt must be of over ply due to the concentrated
load given by big lumps of the material between
carriers and impact at the chute. Namely, the
number of ply should be determined finally after
studying the necessary number of ply for each item
as mentioned later.
1.7.3.1 Problem of Sag due to Concektrated Stress
Study of minimum number of ply against the

problem of sag being increased between carriers by
lumps of carrying material.
As t o the problem of sag it is usual that the sag is
applied in such a manner that it is kept within 2%
of the carrier spacing. But, abnormal sag is created
between two carriers when big lumps are loaded,
even i f the total carrying quantity is unchanged.
Table 1.24 shows the minimum numbers of ply
against this problem.
11/22/2010
Monday
1.7.3.2 Problem of Impact at the Chute
1.7.3.3 Problem of Load Support
Study of minimum number of ply against impact

a t the chute, Various types of carrier are used a t
the chute such as ordinary carriers, cushion rollers
and zero pressure rubber tires etc. Further, the
materials may fall down between carriers or upon
carriers (or cushion rollers). When the impact is
considered, i t s force must naturally be taken into
consideration. In this case the following factors
shall be taken up.
(a) Weight and Shape of Maximum Lump
Various shapes may be considered, but generally
they are to be considered quite irregular. (There is
such an exceptional case like boulders before being
crushed).
(b) Dropping Speed
The dropping speed is affected by the dropping
height (height of chute).
(c) Chute Angle
Component of a force varies depending upon the
chute angle and the impact force against the belt
differs accordingly.
It is stated in Para. 1.7.2, "Study of Maximum

Plies for Troughin" that the belt must be adaptable
to the carrier angle. I f the belt is too soft, it may
be deformed and caught in the gap between 3-roll
troughing idlers because the carriejs are angular. In
such a case it is feared that the belt will cause ply
separation. Table 1.27 shows the study of minimum number of ply in such a case.
]C-T
Table 1.23 Weight of Lump (kg)

When the actual weight of the lump i s known (or
can be calculated), i t s value is to be used. As an
expedient please use the following Table. -Please
note, however, that in this Table cubic materials
are used for the sizes up to 150 mlm, and rectangular or plate like materials are used for the sizes of
more than 150 mm.
Weight of Lump (kg)

Lump S;re (mm)
Bulk Density
(tonlm3
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
300
350
400
11.5
20
28
42.3
0.5
0.1
0.38
0.85
1.6
2.9
4.0
5.9
8.4
0.8
0.16
0.6
1.4
2.5
4.5
6.4
9.5
13.5
18
32
45
67.5
1 .O
0.2
0.75
1.7
3.1
5.7
7.9
11.8
16.8
23
40
56.5
84.5
1.2
0.24
0.9
2.0
3.7
6.8
9.5
14.2
20.2
28
48
68
101
1.5
0.3
1.1
2.6
4.7
9.6
17.7
25.2
34
60
85
127
2.0
0.4
1.5
3.4
6.3
8.5
11.4
15.9
23.6
33.6
46
79.5
113
169-
2.5
0.5
1.8
4.2
7.9
14.2
19.9
29.5
42
57.5
99.5
141
212-
11/22/2010
Monday
Value of sin2 A
Chute angle
Sin2 A
15
0.067
20
0.1 17
25
0.179
30
0.250
35
0.329
40
0.413
45
0.500
50
0.587
55
0.671
60
0.750
65
0.821
70
0.883
1.25 & 1.26 - Study of Minimum Number

use Table 1.23 for the weight of
rding the speed and the chute angle a
in standard fall shall be considered.

straight dropping.
11/22/2010
Monday
Example of compensating the weight of carrying

material when using Table 1.26.
Actual lump weight: 20 kg, Chute construction Total fall: 2.0 m, Chute angle: 45, & Direct fall
height: 0.3 m.
If this formula is used, it is unable to design when
the chute condition is unknown. So, it is necessary
to investigate the condition of use. If it is obliged
to design with the condition of use unknown, the
chute condition designed should be clearly stated.
When the condition of use i s unknown, the
standard calculation shall be made with the total
fall of 1.5 m, chute angle of 60" and the direct fall
height of 30cm from the extreme point of the
chute to the belt. In this case the compensation
value shall be 0.8 as calculated below.
(T-8
Problem of Load Support

Spacing of carrying idler is assumed to be 1.2 m.
The unit carrying quantity between carriers will
come into question. So, firstly calculate the
carrying quantity per mtr and make study by
putting the calculated quantity into Table 1.27.
Qt x 16.6
v
(16-2)
Carrying quantity per mtr. WM :
....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
v : Belt speed (rnlmin.)
Ordinary Belt
Note: I. Each figure above the oblique line I/)is m e value in the
case of ordinary carrier and the figure below the oblique
line shows the value in the case of cushion roller or zero
pressure tire.
2. When the distribution of the maximum lump is more than
25%,please use the carcass of I ply over.
11/22/2010
Monday
(kglm)
Carrying Quantity (kglm)
Belt Width
Carcass PIy
'1 00
r
120
100
120
1 50
150
I
90
126
350
over
11/22/2010
90
60
1 54
120
901-1200
1 200 over
128
85
225
177
406
345
up to QOO
1 28
255
112
233
75
225
1 58
1 1 5 0 1
457
316.
90
315
221
126
225
693
38
60
200
1250
15
496
360
QOl"1209
1200 over
901-1200
1200 over
900
698
495
1200 over
up to 900
504
1260
978
901-1200
315
M3
1200 over
Monday
1.7.3.4 Method for Determining Minimum Plies
@TzFm8)
1.8 MINIMUM PULLEY DIAMETER
If the pulley diameter is small, it is advantageous

from the standpoint of equipment cost. But, the
smaller the pul!ey diameter and the thicker the belt
fabric, the more violent becomes the carcass
fatigue. So, the standard minimum required pulley
diameter was determined as below. Namely, the
values of head, drive and tripper pulleys are as
shown in Table 1.29. The tail take-up pulley is to
be 80% of the standard value, and the values of
bend, rotation snub pulleys are 60% of the
standard values.
Safety Factor and Pulley Diameter:
The ratio of actual working tension to standard
permissible tension is assumed to be A.
A =
Fb
x 100..(23.1)
Std. Permissible Tension x n
Fb = FM (kg)
b
FM : Maximum Tension (kg)
b:
Width (mm)
~ t d Permissible
.
Tension =
BS
SF Std.
. . . . . . . (23.2)
BS: Breaking Strength (kg/cmP)

SF Std.: Std. Safety Factor
In case of ordinary carcass fabric:
For general use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
For heat resisting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
n: Number of plies
Obtain K value based upon A value in Table 1.29
and the minimum value shall be obtained by
multiplying the standard value by K%.
Note: When the value of more than 7 p l y is selected in determining

the number of ply, the maximum number of ply in principle
shall be within 6 ply by selecting the carcass in one rank or
more.
11/22/2010
Monday
(TABLE 1.30)
Std. Minimum Pulley Diameter (Head &
Drive Pulley)
(unit: (mrn)
No. of Plies
Fabric
11/22/2010
3P
4P
5P
6P
7P
8P
Monday
1.9 COVER THICKNESS

1.9.1 FABRIC BELT
)1-~(
It is very difficult to determine the kind and

thickness of cover rubber. For example, although it
is understood that the cover rubber of 6 mm thick
will be more advantageous than that of 5 mm thick
in i t s life expectancy, it is unknown if the latter
cover rubber will be damaged or to what extent i t s
life will be shorter than the former. (For heat
resisting and oil resisting uses it is of cource
necessary to select the belt suitable for the use).
The following Table shows the nominal standard
thickness. However, the actual thickness' shall be
determined in accordance with the user's intention.
Cover Rtrbber Thickness for General Use

Carrying Material
(1)
Thickness (mm)
Top Cover Bottom Cover
Non-abrasive materials
such as cereals, chips,
cotton, cement & dust
coal
(2)
Slightly abrasive materials such as sand, soil

& small lump coal
(3)
Limestone, refuse &

crushed stone of which
lump sizes are below 50
mm but angular, and
coke
(4)
Crude coal, limestone,

refuse & crushed stone
of which lump sizes are
over 50m/m, and angular
(5)
Big lumps with much

specific gravity and angular shape
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
Cover Rubber Thickness for Heat Resisting Use,

Top Cover (mm)
Bottom Cover (mm)
1.5-3
11/22/2010
Monday
1 case
of the heat resisting cover it may be

msidered that the cover thickness (particularly of
p cover) is proportional to i t s life. So, thicker
bar is desireable, if the budget allows.
Icase of the oil resisting cover abrasion resistance
not required so much in many cases- So, the
bkness is to be generally about 1.0 mm for both
rp and bottom cover. If the abrasion resistance is
guall~
the thickness shall
be
4 mq-i.
1.9.2 STEEL CORD BELT
k i i e for using Feeder Belt:

m belt life is short in case of the short conveyor
Nth like feeder belt. I t is because the time cycle
,$on thereby the cover rubber being damaged
dly. In such a case the measures to lengthen the
kt life by making the cover rubber thicker in
one rank.
@m@
Please refer to our ST BELT catalogue.
1.10 BREAKER
Efficiency of NeutralBreaker:
The neutral breaker is sometimes inserted as
shown below in order to avoid the progress of
rubber cut, which is liable to take placeinthe
direction of thickness, when the carrying materials
are acute.
- Neutral breaker
I
.-.-
Examples of selecting cover rubber thickness and

breaker are as shown in the next TABLE. 1.34.
Covet Rubber Thickness 8 BreaW
Ordintq
below I@
O~dinary
"
W
rgjOO
60
0rrhar)t
'
Bottom
(mmt
hl
below 100
50
Cover Thickness
Premise Condition
Conveyor
'
length
width
Max. lump
diameter
(rnrn).
VN-120
NN-2QIO
450
VN-100
460
NV- 80
w'
3- 4
Nmwt
Nyh
m k W
1.5- 2
5- 6
2- 3
1 NB
2.0- 3.0
1.5
5- 6
2-3
INB
-I__------
50
I
L
Ifi
diem. 300
50
Ordinary
urum
30
7%
NV- @O
5- 7
some instance tihe intermediais breaker, NB ia:not i ~ m d .
11/22/2010
Monday
IN0
--r
r,
HOW T O SELECT BUCKET ELmIATOR BELT
2.1 KIND OF BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT

There are two kinds of bucket elevator belt as
shown below.
2.2 CALCULATION OF TENSION TO BE

APPLIED TO BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT
The tension shall be obtained by making the

weight calculation as below.
2.21 VERTICAL TYPE BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT
FM = F1 = M + N + Q + S + T
Fp = Q + S
F2 = M + N + T
F M : Maximum tension applied to elevator
belt (kg)
F, : Tight side (loading side) tension of elevator
belt (kg)
Fp : Effective tension of elevator belt (kg)
F, : Slack side (unloading side) tension of elevator belt (kg)
M : % of the total belt weight (kg)
N : 1/2 of the total bucket weight (kg)
Q : Weight of carrying materials to be loaded a t
the maximum in all the buckets in the loading side (kg)
S
: Resistance received by the bucket a t boot
pulley (kg)
Continuous Bucket Elevator
Centrifugl Dischargts Elevator
S = 2. Q t . D
v
D: Boot pulley dia.meter (cm)
v:
Belt speed (mlmin)
T : % of the weight of boot pulley and takeup
(kg) (Consequently, it is not necessary to
add the weight, when the boot pulley i s of
screw fixed type.
2.2.2 SLOPED TYPE BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT
FM = F, = sina (M + N + Q + S + T)
Fp = sin& (Q + S)
FS = sin& (M + N + T)
Inclination angle of the line
a:
11/22/2010
Monday
2.3 CALCULATION OF REQUIRED POWER
P:
Required power for driving pulley (kW)
2.4 DETERMINATION OF
NUMBER OF PLY
CARCASS
AND
Kind of carcass, i t s strength and number of ply

shall Be determined studying the following factors.
1) Kind of carcass for the condition of use
(carrying material, wet or d r ~ ,temperature
etc.)
2) Carcass strength and number of ply against
maximum tension
3) Maximum number of ply (minimum pulley
diameter)
4) Minimum number of ply (efficiency of bolt)
2.4.1 STUDY FROM THE CONDITION OF USE
Conventionally, cotton fabric has been much used

for the bucket elevator belt. Recently, however,
vinylon fabric is recommended as the tension
member for "YOKOHAMA" Bucket Elevator
Belt, because vinylon fabric has high strength and
little elongation meeting with almost all the
conditions of use.
So, please design your belt with this standard
fabric excepting some very special case.
24.2 STUDY OF CARCASS STRENGTH AGAINST
MAXIMUM TENSION
Kind of Carcass
VN-150
Maximum Working Tension
7.5 kglamp
VN-200
11/22/2010
Monday
24.3 STUDY OF MINIMUM PULLEY DIAMETER
<m]
24.4 STUDY OF BOLT EFFICIENCY
The number of carcass ply shall be determined by

obtaining the efficiency of bolt E in accordance
with the following formula and then determining
the kind of carcass and the number of ply from
Coefficient F
Grading
1 .O
below 25 rnrn diarn.
1.3
below 50 rnrn diarn.
1.7
below 75 mrn diarn.
TABLE 2.3
Type of Continuous Bucket Elevator
E=0.7A ( W B + w ~ )
Type of Centrifugal Discharge Elevator
E = 0.88FA (WB+ WM )
E: Efficiency of bolt
A: Distance as shown in the sketch (cm)
Wg :Unit weight of a bucket (kg)

WM Weight of carrying material in a bucket (kg)
F: Coefficient of carrying material according t o
grading
'
11/22/2010
Monday
2.5 METHOD OF SPLICING BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT

There are 3 methods of splicing the belt, viz. by
means of lap joint, metal clamp and vulcanization.
25.2
BY METALIC CLAMPS
25.1 LAP JOINT
In general, this method is used for thin belt or

for temporarily splicing prior t o vulcanization.
.The lap length depends upon the kind and width
of fabric used for the belt carcass, but it is
usually made 2 - 4 times of the bucket spacing.
Unlike the general conveyor belts, it is very

difficult to calculate the splicing length of bucket
elevator belt. So, this method is convenient. It is
used in principle for splicing the light duty belt or
\
thin belt.
The belt edges are bolted between clamps as
sketched. It is necessary to have the width of
clamp narrower than the belt width and to round
off the corner of the clamp.
25.3 VULCANIZATION
This method is used for the high tension line belt

and also when it is necessary to have smooth
running and longer belt life. There is such a
tendency, however, that the longer the operation
time the higher cost is required.
When the take-up stroke is insufficient, splicing
is temporarily made by lap joint method. Sometimes, vulcanization splicing is performed after
the initial elongation is eliminated. The method
of processing vulcanization splicing is similar to
that of general conveyor belts.
11/22/2010
Monday
Basic Idea for Equipment and Maintenance:

I t is no exageration to say that the life of
conveyor belt depends upon the equipments and
i t s maintenance and control.
I t is fundamentally necessary to take into consideration of the following questions.
1. Prevention of impact.
2. Prevention of deposit of cake.
3. Prevention of carrying materials from being
trapped (in pulley portion and etc.).
4. Prevention of crokked running.
5. Prevention of abnormal wear a t the skirt,
scraper and chute.
6. Prevention (detection) of longitudinal tear.
7. Detection of carrying materials being blockaded a t the chute and discharging point.
8. Curvature radius a t the angle transition point
of the line.
9. Distance between trough type rollers and the
pulley, and their disposition. (Transition distance)
10. Prevention of overloading.
11. Disposition of carrier and return rollers.
I f the various kinds of machine and equipment
always operate properly, the belt will surely keep
i t s life longer and the satisfactory performance
can be achieved.
To perform daily inspection and control of the
equipments together with fully equipping so as to
satisfy the above stated questions is the key to
extend the life of your belt.
3.1 PREVENTION OF IMPACT
(EExi)
There are various causes to damage the belt arlu

to invite an accident. Particularly, the chute is
the portion where the belt is mostly liable to
be damaged. If the construction of the chute is
such that a large lump of material directly drops
upon the belt from a high place as shown above,
cutting and chipping of cover rubber and the
fatigue and cutting of carcass cannot be avoided,
making the life of belt very short, no matter how
good the construction of other parts may be.
I t is necessary to select and employ the constructions as described below in order to prevent these
damages.
I
(a) To ininimize the chute fall

I f the distance of fall is long, the construction as
shown below shall be employed so as to reduce
the impact strength.
@ Ladder Chute
11/22/2010
Monday
@ Feeders
When, the feeders as shown below are equipped,
impact, wear and cut can be remarkably reduced.
The kind of feeder shall be selected in accordance
with the nature of carrying material and the
condition of installation.
c n )
Ross Feeder
Belr Feeder
(b) There are following other methods to reduce

impact.
@ T o install Dead Stock (Stone Box).
Reciprocating Feeder
11/22/2010
Monday
2 To hang Curtain.
3 To apply Bar Screen at the end of chu

(Finer particles will be firstly put on the b
(3.5)
followed by larger lumps.)
(-1
Condition of Material Loading'
Skirt
I
(FiGm)
ning Direction of Belt
Skirt shall be equipped

in such a manner as
a < b or a' < b'.
11/22/2010
Monday
4 To cut the chute end in V shape. (Finer

particles will be loaded first.)
direction
Of
5 To use Pneumatic or 0-pressure Rubber Tures

as the cushion rollers.
In this case, however, the carrying materials
may jump up and be spilled because of their
good cushion. SO, it is necessary to apply a
cover over the upper surface of the chute.
6 To provide Air Spring or ordinary Spring on

the cushion roller rack.
11/22/2010
Monday
3.2 PREVENTION O F DEPOSITE O F CAKE
The abnormal deformation due to the deposit of

sediments of carrying materials (cakes) adversely
affects the belt similarly to the trapped materials,
which results in damaging carcass.
I t is primarily necessary to perfectly clean the
belt after unloading the carrying materials so as
not to allow the cakes be deposited on the
surface of pulley and roller.
I t is sometimes difficult, however, to perfectly
clean the belt depending upon the condition of
loading materials and etc. So, it is necessary to
equip an iron scraper to each pulley so that the
cakes may not be deposited, even if a little soiled
surface of the belt contacts the pulley and the
roller. In case of a long span belt there is such a
method as to turn over the return belt near the
head and tail portions so that the unsoiled lower
cover rubber may contact the return rollers. The
distance required for turning over the belt (which
varies depending upon the tension to be applied
to the belt a t the point of turning over the belt)
is said to be as listed below.
1-(
Single plate type cleaner
Belt
&
Single plate type cleaner
@ m 2 ]
MORDSTEIN
Roller Type
Nylon Canvas Belt about 10 times of
belt width
about 12.5 times
ST Belt
about 25 times
about 8 times of
belt width
about 10 times
about 2 0 times
Methods of Cleaning Belt:

(a) Belt Scraper
In general, rubber scrapers shall be provided a t ,
the discharging point as many as possible. I t is
not advisable to use old belt, because small pieces
of carrying material may be trapped in between
canvas plies causing the belt wear.
(b) Spiral Rubber Roller

This is the roller provided with spiral rubber and
it is effective for some carrying material.
11/22/2010
Monday
(c) Washing Type Cleaner

(
Return idler
Drain trough
Note: This is 8 very effective method, if there is no problem in the disposal of water after washing.
(d) Nylon Brush Cleaning

This method is effective when carrying dry
powder. I t is advisable to provide a nylon brush
in such a manner that the point of its hair lightly
[ touches the belt surface. (No good effect can be
expected, if the brush is too strongly pushed
Lagainst the belt surface.) It is further necessary t o
remove the powder trapped between the brush
.hairs in order to let the belt work properly. (See
Fig. 3.15)
1-
(e) Washing Belt with Nylong Brush

This is the combined method of Washing Type
Cleaner and Nylon Brush Cleaning, and it is very
effective. It is necessary, however, to take into
consideration of drainage. (See Fig. 3.16)
Nylon brush belt

Nylon brush plate
Drain
11/22/2010
Monday
3.3 PREVENTION OF CARRYING MATERIAL FROM BEING TRAPPED

When the carrying materials are trapped in -as
shown in Fig. 3.17, it will result in cutting the
carcass. So, it should be prevented by all means.
According to our experiments and actual results
it is found that the carcass is cut, when the
lumps of about 30 - 40 mm in size are trapped
in while carrying angular rigid material.
Generally, it is necessary to equip the systems as
shown below, although the actual condition may
vary depending upon the limit of each line.
3
(
VShaped Scraper (2
- 3 stages)
C7
Chute Switch
VShaped Scraper
Steel Plate
Pulley scraper concurrent

with Vshaped scraper
Rubber
\
Steel Plate
Rubber
11/22/2010
Monday
Deck Plate
Scraper
Pulley scraper concurrent
with V-shaped scraper
Prevention' of the materials from being trapped in

-4spxferrnedAy-meansafAescraper, V-shaped
scraper, deck plate and wire net pulley cover ( a t
take-up portion etc.) as shown in Figs. 3.18 and
(a) Near chute and tail pulley

The chute is the portion where trapping of
carrying materials takes place very of.ten. So, the
following arrangements shall be taken to prevent
' the materials from being spilled.
To make the trough angle of the belt larger
,
particularly a t the chute portion. ( I t is easily
done with ST Belt).
.
The length of skirt shall be long enough for
allowing the materials stabilized.
To make the falling distance of the loading
materials as short as possible to prevent them
from being scattered.
To install the chute in such a manner that the
F
loading materials are placed in the center of
the belt.
Further, the following arrangements shall be
made so that the materials may not be trapped
i n ,even i f $hey are spilled.
a To install a deck plate under the chute, 3
which length shall be longer than the skirt in
about 4 - 5 m.
To equip about 2 V-shaped scrapers a t the
lower side of the deck plate.
To equip a scraper (deflector) concurrent with
V-shaped scraper to the tail pulley.
To apply wire nets on the side.
B y making these arrangements trapping of the
materials near the tail can be perfectly prevented.
11/22/2010
Side Cover (wire net)
(b) Near head

This portion is liable to cause trapping of the
materials next to WCc3iuie,and
it is ner:essaryte-have the following countermeasures.
To provide a chute switch for preventing
pile-up and overflow of the materials a t the I
discharging chute. ( I f the materials overflow,
they will be spilled on the return belt, which \
may cause trapping.
To equip 2 or 3 rubber scrapers concurrently
with the purpose of cleaning the belt after
unloading the materials.
To mount 1 or 2 V-shaped scrapers upon the
return belt.
To apply a deck plate between upper and
lower belt.
(c) Near drive
Maximum tension is applied to the belt before it
enters in the driving pulley and if the materials
are trapped in near this portion, it is liable to be
more badly damaged than in other places. It is,
therefore, necessary t o have the followong arrangements.
To equip always a scraper to the snubbed
pulley.
-c=_ad&
plate near the driving portion.
-7-------To apply a wire net at the side.
(dl Near take-up
I f a pulley cover and further a wire net are
applied in addition to the deck plate, when the
take-up is positioned immediately behind the
driving pulley as shown in Fig. 3.19, trapping of
the materials can be prevented in 100%.
--------
Monday
3.4 PREVENTION OF CROOKED RUNNING

One of the main causes of the damages of conveyor
belt is the damage a t the edge due to crooked
running. The methods to correct and prevent the
crokked running are as follows.
( 1 ) To use self-aligning idler

There are several types of self-aligning idler based
upon various principles, each of which is arranged
so that the running belt will be slowly .returned
back toward the center by means of rotation of the
roller, when the belt runs in one direction.
) -@
\ Running direction of belt

This position, when the
spacer isinserted, is apart
from the end of the gauge
in 35mm.
Gauge
(2) To incline carrying idlers forwardly

It is of the same sense as to use crowend pulley so
that the belt may always come to the center of the
pulley. The carrying idlers can be inclined by filling
the liner back-wardly of the supporting stems in
both sides. But, if they are inclined too much, the
belt will be excwdingty worn out by the rollers.
The height of the carrying idlers shall not be
changed in more than 3 - 5 mm.
The position where the belt and carrier contact,

when the carrier is located properly.
L Spacer
The position where the belr contacts the carrier,

when the carrier is inclined.
T n n i n g diiection of belt
Direction of the
force to keep the
belt in the center.
Position of carrier rollers and gauge
(3) Prevention of crooked running in the return

side
It is very effective to use 2-roller idler (10"- 15"
Trough) in the entire or part of return idlers for
providing centering effect.
11/22/2010
Monday
3.5 PREVENTION OF ABNORMAL WEAR AT THE SKIRT, THE SCRAPER OF THE CHUTE POINT
(FIG. 3.21) Methods of Skirt
Skirt board
Skirt rubber
Cushion idler
(a) The skirt is provided so as to eliminate the spill

of the loading materials and to stabilize the
materials on the belt. But, the carrying performance may be fully exhibited or on the contrary
the belt may be damaged, depending upon the way
of installation. I f the pressure against the belt, a t
the time of installation, is too strong, irregular
abrasion takes place in the longitudinal direction of
the belt thereby sometimes exposing the carcass.
Further, when there is a gap between the belt and
the skirt, the carrying materials may be caught in
the gap causing premature wear of the belt and
damaging the belt.
( m a
Running direction
(b) I t is the object of providing the skirt to prevent

the materials loaded on the belt from spilling or to
properly shape the carrying materials. The size of
the skirt should be proper, otherwise an improper
skirt will cause spilling of the loaded materials and
the abnormal wear of the belt co<er.
(c) It is necessary to have the skirt length in 2 - 4
times of the belt width, viz. usually 1.2 - 1.5 m
long, and further to make it longer when carrying
larger lumps and with inclination. But, the length
may vary depending upon the kind of carrying
material, the type of chute and the inclination
angle of the belt, and theoretically the length must
reach to the belt.
Further, it is limited to such a case as to absolutely
prevent the materials from spilling out of the belt
that the skirt board is to be mounted throughout
the belt length.
(d) Spacing of the skirt shall be 213 - 314 of the

belt width and it is proper to make it narrower
when the carrying materials are lumpy.
It must be specially taken care that the skirts are
mounted in such a manner that their shapes fan
out in the running direction of the belt. I f they are
mounted in narrower relation in the running
direction, the carrying materials are caught between the belt and the skirt resulting in the damage
of belt.
(e) Trapping of the materials can be reciuced by

making the distance between the skirt and the belt
in the running direction very close in this side and
a little open in the forwarding direction. The
distance shall be open in about 2 cm per mtr of the
skirt length.
Skirt board
Chute
Shall be equipped in such a manner as a < b.
Relation between chute and belt width
11/22/2010
Monday
-4
3.6 DETECTION OF MATERIAL PILE-UP AT

THE CHUTE OR DISCHARGING POINT
I f the chute or discharging portion is piles up with
the carrying materials, it is feared that the belt will
be badly damaged due to slipping and trapping of
the materials.
In general, there is such a method as to equip a
battledore type limit switch on the upper portion
of the chute, which will be operated, when the
chute is piled up, and stop the belt.
3.7 VERTICAL CURVES

The conveyor line is not always straight but it
sometimes rises up from horizontal or becomes
horizontal from horizontal or becomes horizontal
from inclination.
When the line rises up from horizontal, it makes
concave curve and the belt will IifGoff the idlers, if
the curvature radius is small, thereby causing
crooked runnina" or saillina
., of the carrvina
- , . , materials.
Lift off the idlers at the curve
(FiExzi]
Balledore type limit switch
When the line becomes horizontal-from inclination,

it makes convex curve and the belt will be caught
between carrying idlers, i f the cukature radius is
small, thereby causing ply separation.
Consequently, it is necessary to prevent the belt
injury by having the curvature radius of larger than
the standard value at the transition point and
disposing the carrying idlers accordingly.
Liable to cause separation due to buckli
11/22/2010
Monday
(a) Concave Curve

In case of the concave curve the belt may be
floated, if the vertical component of a force a t the
transition point is larger than the hang tension of
the belt due to its tare (or belt weight + load
weight). So, it is necessary to dispose the carrier
rollers with the curvature radius making both of
them equal or making the former larger. Further,
the belt will be in the utmost floatable condition
when it is started with the carrying materials
loaded just ahead the transition point. It is
required that the tension a t the belt edge shall not
be minus. ( I f the tension a t the edge is minus, the
edges will be hung down causing the material spill.)
I t is necessary to design with the curvature radius
larger than obtained in accordance with the
following formula.
r=
(W1 . cos a
(Curvature radius with which

empty.belt will not lift off)
F
(Curvature radius with
r=
(W, + WM ) cos a which loaded belt will
not lift off.)
(b) Convex Curve

To the approximately center line of the depth of
the trough type belt the tension is applied as it i s a t
the portion, to the lower portion less tension is
applied, and to the upper portion above the center
line much more tension is applied. Cqnsequently, it
is necessary, when deermining the radius of
curvature, to take into consideration of the two
points that the abnormal tension will not be
applied to the belt edge and that buckling will not
be caused as the result of minus tension a t the
center of the belt.
(1) Minimum radius of curvature (MinR) to pre
vent the conveyor belt edge from being applied
with more than the permissible tension.
(2) Minimum radius of curvature (MinR) to p r e

vent buckling with the tension a t the center of the
conveyor belt width being maintained in more than
zero.
8:
Fk:
Trough angle
Permissible tension (kglcm)
1
1
General Fabric Belt: BS x- -BS x10.5
10
ST Belt: BS x
r:
F:
Curvature radius (m)

Tension a t transition point (kg)
W, : Belt weight (kg/m)
WM : Load weight (kg/m)
a:
Transition angle
BS:
Fx:
b:
F, :
E:
-BS x-
6.5
6
Breaking Strength (kglcm)
Tension a t transition point (kglcm)
~ e lwt i d t r ( m )
1/50 Value of BS
Carcass modulus (kglcm)
It is necessary to take up the larger value of (1)

and (2) obtained.
When it is difficult to have the radius of curvature
as calculated, it is necessary to take such countermeasures as to make the trough angle a t the
transition point shallow or to adjust the position to
mount carrier roller.
11/22/2010
Monday
3.8 DISTANCE BETWEEN TROUGH TYPE ROLLER AND PULLEY AND THEIR DISPOSITION
(TRANSITION DISTANCE)
(1 ) Distance between trough type roller and pulley

When the distance (Q),where the belt troughed by
the carrying idlers becomes flat, is short, abnormal
tension is created locally inside the belt thereby
fatigueing the belt carcass in a long run.
I t is necessary to take it into consideration
particularly with such a line where the tension
becomes maximum at the head pulley. (Generally,
this type is most popular.)
(2) I t is required to dispose the carrying idlers as

shown below in order to minimize the effect upon
the belt edge. The above Table shows the values
based upon this disposition. I f different, it is
necessary to have longer distance.
(Disposition of idler at head)
The following Table shows the kind of carcass,

trough angle and tension to be applied thereto
respectively.
Nylon Fabric Belt
Vynilon Fabric Belt
ST Belt
20
30
35
45
20
30
35
45
20
30
35
45
0.8b
1.3b
1.4b
1.9b
1.lb
1.6b
1.8b
2.6b
1.6b
2.6b
3.lb
4.2b
75 -- 90
0.7b
1.2b
1.3b
1.8b
1.0b
1.5b
1.7b
2.4b
1.lb
1.7b
2.0b
2.7b
--75
0.7b
l.lb
1.2b
1.6b
0.9b
1.4b
1.6b
2.lb
1.0b
1.4b
1.7b
2.3b
0.6b
1.0b
I.lb
1.4b
0.8b
1.3b
1.4b
1.8b
1.0b
1.4b
1.7b
2.3b
90
50
- 100
Below 50
t
Nore: The tension (%) is the rate of tension, to be actually applied at the competent portion, against the standard permissible tension.
11/22/2010
Monday
3.9 PREVENTION OF OVERLOADING
When materials are loaded on the belt in more than

scheduled carrying quantity, they are liable to be
spilled, and the tension to be applied to the belt
becomes much more than scheduled and the
predetermined safety factor is reduced. I f it is
continued for a long period of time the belt life at
the spliced part must be shortened.
Consequently, it is necessary to arrange that the
quantity of material to be charged does not exceed
the scheduled quantity.
Usually, the charging quantity shall be restricted
by regulating the carrying quantity by means of
Merrick's Conveyor before charging the material or
making the sectional area of the inlet of the chute
fixed.
There is such a method as to provide a system to
raise an alarm when overloaded.
11/22/2010
Monday
3.10 DISPOSITION OF CARRIER AND RETURN ROLLERS

The following calculation will be made assuming
that the sag amount (I[) is to be maintained within
1% of the carrier spacing (Qc).
In case of a long conveyor system the equipment

eost is largely affected by the spacing of carrying
idlers. But, if the number of carrying idlers is
reduced too much, sag am6unt of the belt is
increased thereby increasing the running resistance
and the wear of the belt heavily. Trough may not
be formed between carrier rollers causing the
material spill. The sag amount of the belt is
determined in accordance with the following
formula and it shall be kept, by experience, within
1 - 2% of the idler spacing.
The sag amount is the function of the weight OT
carrying material, belt tare, idler spacing and belt
tension, and has the following relation.
QC
T=-(W,
8
PC
QC
(WI
Incaseof:-
--1
+ WM) 0.01
1
- 8 - Q
100
Qc
-
1 0 0 - 8 T ( W l +WM)
T = - loo
11, (w, + W M ) = - loo
Q, (W,
8
8
The formula for claculating the sag amount

between carriers:
+ --
Qt
0.06V
v: Belt speed (mlmin)

Qt: Capacity (tlh)
6 : Sag amount (mm)
WI: Belt tare (kg/m)

WM : Weight of carrying material (kglm)
QC : Carrying idler spaceing (m)F4: Belt tension on the competent part (kg)
1
-(
- 8T
+WM)
Disposition of Carrier Roller:

The belt tension remarkably varies from the head
to the tail. Further, it varies depending upon the
weight of belt, capacity, and belt speed, but the
standard carrier spacing is as listed in the followina
Table.
Standard Carrier Spa~ing(m)
Bulk Density of Carrying Material (tlrn3)

Belt width (rnrnl
Return Roller
0.5
0.8
12
1.6
2.6
2.0
300
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.35
1.35
1.35
3.0
450
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.35
1.35
1.2
3.0
600
1.5
1.35
1.35
1.2
1.2
1.2
3.0
750
1.5
1.35
1.2
1.2
1O
.
1 .O
3.0
900
1.35
13 5
1.2
1.2
1.O
1 .O
3.0
1050
1.2
12
1 .O
1.O
1.Q
1.O
3.0
1200
1.2
1.2 -
1.O
1.O
1-0
0.9
2.7 -- 3
1500
1.2
1.o
1.a
1.0
1.o
0.9
27.
1700 over
1.2
1 .O
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
2.7 -- 3
11/22/2010
Monday
HOW T O USE C O N V E Y O R BELT PROPERLY
There are various kinds of trouble, liable to take

place while using conveyor belt. I t is the key for
accomplishing the belt life to preliminarily find out
the trouble, to treat it promptly and to prevent an
accident in the bud.
The causes inviting .an accident may have been
created unawares due to the wear and deterioration
of every portions of the belt during i t s long use
even with the line seemingly operating satisfactorily. So, such causes should be found and treated
earlier. It is necessary to arrange so that the
abnormality can be promptly and accurately found
by performing periodical inspection from the
beginning of the operation and realizing the
suitation of the line and the condition of use.
Items for recording the periodical inspection of
each conveyor is the date of inspection, name of
the inspector, of each conveyor i s the date of
inspection, name of the inspector, appearance of
the belt (top and bottom cover, edge and spliced
part), running condition (croooked running, offcenter running, takeup operation status, deposit of
cake and trapping of the material) and condition of
attached equipments (rotational condition of cushion idlers, carrying idlers and return idlers, attachment situation of the skirt rubber and also the
condition of cleaner).
Further, the phenomenon of the trouble and i t s
causes and the countermeasures shall be recorded
together.
11/22/2010
Monday
Causes
Phenomenon
1. Belt runs to pne side

when it comes to a
certain place.
2. A certain portion of
the belt maker croo ked
running
throughout the total
length of frame.
3. Entire belt makes

crooked runnhg a-
Countermeasures
A. A part of the conveyor frame is

curved.
A. Inspect the curved portion by stretching a

thread. Correct its verticality and horizontality.
B. Several idlers in front of the

leaned portion are not adjusted
properly.
B, Adjust the horit~ntalityand the perpendicularity against the forwarding direction. If they
are not still corrected, incline the roller end in
the leaning side toward the forwarding direction. (Inclination angle is less than 2%).
C. Build-up of material on the

pulley or idler in the leaning
side.
C. Remove the cakes, and inspect and properly

treat the cleaner. Equip a cleaner, if it is not
equipped yet.
D. Idlers do not rotate well.
D. Exchange the rollers. Retighten the stud bolt,

if it is loose.
E. Head, tail or take-up pulley is

distorted.
E. Adjust each pulley.
F. Tripper is distorted.
F. Correct the distortion, even if it is very slight.
A. Spliced part is distorted.
A. Resplice the belt if it scrubs the frame or if

the carrying materials spill. (Watch the condition for some time, because it will be corrected gradually).
B. Belt body is distorted locally.
B. Install self-aligning idler. Adjust t a i l pulley.

Exchange the belt locally.
A. Conveyor frame i s distorted.
A. Strengthen the foundation and the frame

support. Adjust the frame throughout its
length. Such crooked running is liable to take
place particularly when the ground base
changes.
6: Improve the chute so that the materials may
be loaded in the center. Adjust the construction of chute so that larger pieces of material
may be placed upon fine particles and the
load may be balanced in both sides.
long the totalelength

of the frame.
B. Carrying materials are leaned
to one side. Crooked running
often takes place when the
grading of the materials r e
markably varies and large
lumps are contained.
C. Carrier roller or return roller is
one-sided1y lowered.
C. ~easurehorizontality and perpendicularity of

all the idlers and correct the abnormality.
D. Wind and rain.
~ : ~ o n s t r u cat windbreak or improve the belt

cover.
E. Carcass is affected by moisture

due to the edge damage.
E. Investigate the cause of damage and improve

the improper part. [Refer to 7.Al
F. Sunshine (If the w n shines

upon one side of the f r m , the
iron thereof will be abnormally
expanded.)
F. Avoid the direct sunshine by applying a cover.

Apply coating to deflect the light.
G. Troughability of the belt is
G. Use the belt temporarily until it becomes

adapted to the idler, or change the specification.
inferior.
11/22/2010
Monday
Phenomenon
Causes
Countermeasures
H. Belt raises up off troughing
H. This is liable to take place when the belt

surface is swollen with oil.
Remove source of oil, if possible. Select
proper oil-resisting belt for Replacement.
idler, bowing toward load.
4. Injury of top rubber

cover
the
A. It is desireable that the falling direction of the

material from the chute is similar to the
forwarding direction of the belt.
3. The speed of the load does not

conform to the running speed
of the belt at the chute.
B. I f the both speeds largely differ, the load slips

as it is placed upon the belt and it is liable to
wear the cover rubber. So, it is desireable to
adjust the direction and the speed of the load
in conformity with the belt.
C. The fall of the chute is too

much.
C. The impact by lumps of the material shall be

alleviated by using a moveable bar and providing a pocket at the chute, providing a feeder
belt and minimizing the chute angle.
D. The length and the mounting

position of the skirt are improper.
D. Skirt board shall be widened in the forwarding

direction of the belt and making the gap
between the belt slightly larger. Equip the
skirt board up to the portion where the
carrying materials are stabilized on the belt.
E. Belt sag a t the skirt is too
E. ~ a k e
the spacing of cushion idlers narrower
and increase the weight of take-up.
4. Improper
direction
of
chute.
much.
F. Build-up of material on the

pulley or idler.
3. The chute is piled up with the

loading materials.
4. Maintenance of scraper or skirt
F. Inspect the scraper. Care must be taken to

keep the scraper plate in order, as the scraper
is liable to cause abnormal wear locally. If
there is no scraper yet, it must be equipped.
G. Enlarge the chute portion. Restudy the chute
angle. Equip a pile-up detection device.
H. I t is not advisable to use old belt, because fine
rubber is improper.
11/22/2010
particles of the carrying material are caught

between the fabric. Replace it with the rubber
plate for i t s exclusive use.
I. The spilled materials are piled

up on the return side scrubbing
the belt.
I. The materials may be spilled due to leaned

loading, crooked running, change of ground
and improper arrangement of the chute etc. I t
is therefore necessary to prevent the respective cause.
1. Cushion idler, or return idler,

or carrying idler does not rotate properly.
J. These idlers shall be periodically adjusted and

cleaned. Each of them often causes improper
rotation due to the environmental deterioration.
Monday
- -
Phenomenon
5. Abnormal wear of
Countermeasures
Causes
A. Slip a t the drive pulley.
A. Investigate the operation of take-up. Apply

rubber lining on the driving pulley. Widen the
wrapping angle using snubbed pulley.
B. lmproper rotation of idler and

self-aligning.
B. Similar to 4.5.
C. Wear due to trapping of fine

particles.
C. Inspect the mounting of skirt rubber and

cushion idler, and the mounting position of
V-shaped cleaner, when the spilled materials
are caught in the tail pulley.
D. The effect of the forwardly

inclined roller is too much.
D. The forwardly inclined idler serves to prevent

crooked running of the belt. But, if it is
inclined too much, it is liable to cause
abnormal wear. When the abnormal wear is
taken place, the inclination angle of the idler
shall be reduced.
E. lmproper curvature radius at

.the transition point of the convex curve. lmproper transition
distance among pulley and
troughing idler.
E. Reinvestigate the convex curve. Enlarge the

distance between belt pulley and troughing
idler. Change the mounting position of idler.
Change into gradually decreasing type
trougtiing idler.
A. Impact by big lumps at the

chute is severe.
A. Take the countermeasure as described in 4.C.

Inspect cushion roller. Adjust the environment of the chute.
B. Trapping of lumps of the carrying material between belt and

pulley.
B. Equip scraper, deck plate and etc.
C. Abnormal deformation of the
C. Refer to 4.F. lnspect the abnormal wear of

the scraper. It is possible to equip spring type
constantly operating scraper and manual type
scraper in parallel.
the bottom cover

rubber
8. Injury of the belt

carcass
belt locally due to the build-up

of material.
D. Safety factor is decreased because the starting time is too

short, take-up weight is too
heavy or the belt is overloaded.
D. It is necessary to restudy the specification of

the belt and the conveyor system.
E. Buckling,
E. Idler shall be changed, because the distance

and the spacing of idlers may be sonietimes
wide. Reinvestigate the curvature radius of the
convex curve.
Buckling
F. lmproper transition distance
F. Take the countermeasure 5.E.
between pulley and through

carrier.
G. Belt is caught and torn by the

frame due t o crooked running.
H. Flexural fatigue of the belt is

too heavy because of the small
diameter of pulley.
11/22/2010
G. Take countermeasures to prevent crooked

running and off-center running.
H. Replace the pulley with that of standard

diameter. It is necessary to restudy the belt
specification. Refer to Para. 1.8.
Monday
Phenomenon
7. Abnormal injury of
belt edge.
Causes
Countermeasures
A. The edge portion is distorted
A. Enlarge the allowance of the frame in the

direction of width.
due to crooked running or offcenter running and torn with

fixed spacing.
B. Even slight distortion of th6 tripper shall be
B. lmproper tripper.
adjusted, because belt is liable to float from

the idler causing off-center running.
8. Separation of the
cover stock at the
splicbd part:
A. lnferior finish of the cover

stock portion.
A. Buff the overflaw properly.
3. lnferior adhesion.
B. Investigate the material used, vulcanizing press

and working procedure, and take proper
countermeasures. Repair the part or replace
the belt.
C. lmproper
working
'environ-
ment.
9. Fabric cut along the

step or ply separation at spliced part.
A. Lower ply is cut unnecessarily
C. If the dust flies during the working time

making it unable to perform perfect work,
necessary countermeasures shall be taken.
A. Resplice.
too much.
B. lnferior adhesion.
C. Excessive curtail of the working time.
10.Abnormal crooked
running
of
the
spliced part only.
11/22/2010
A. Centering at the time of splicing process is improper or the

splicing part is slipped out at
the time of processing.
A. Standard working procedure shall be followed

at the time of splicing.
Monday
..
SPLICING METHOD A N D REPAIRING METHOD FOR

C O N V E Y O R BELT
5.1 MERIT AND DEMERIT OF EACH SPLICING METHOD

Splicing methods o f conveyor belt are largely
divided i n t o 3 methods, viz. b y means o f metal
fasteners, heat vulcanization and self vulcanization.
The merit and demerit o f each method are as
described below.
Mechanical Splice
(1)N o special technique is required.

(2)Can be respliced in a short time.
(3)Relatively in-expensive.
(1) Spliced p a r t has strength o f 2

- 3 times o f mechanical
splice.
(2) Spliced part is smooth providing good efficiency t o scraper and skirt.
(3) L i t t l e accident.
(4) L i t t l e effect u p o n carcass
when carrying h o t material.
(5) Good impact resistance.
(6) L i t t l e spill o f carrying materials.
(7) Idlers and pulleys are n o t injured.
(1)Shorter life than vulcanization
(1) Long working time and skil-
splicing.
(2)Splicing effect (particularly
dynamic effect) is lower than
t h a t o f vulcanization method.
(3)When carrying powder it spills
sometimes f r o m the spliced
part.
(4) Spliced part is weak against h o t
materials and water permeation.
(5)Liablt t o damage rollers and
pulleys and produce noise.
lfulness are required, and tools

are heavy.
(2)Construction cost is relatively
high.
(3)Require longer allowance of
belt length f o r splicing.
11/22/2010
Self Vulcanization
Heat Vulcanization
I
(1) Easier t o perform than heat

vulcanization and n o t many
tools are required.
(3) Has similar mertis o f (I), (2),
( 6 ) .(7)o f heat vulcanization.
(1) Has nearly medium demerits

o f ( I ) , (2),
(3)o f heat vulcanization and mechanical splice.
(2) Reliability o f the result of
working is slightly inferior t o
heat vulcanization.
Monday
5.2 METAL FASTENERS

The followings are typical ones.
1 ALLIGATOR Lacing
This type of fastener has been most popularly
used.
(m)
-
Belt Thickness (mm)
Lacing
3- 4
4- 5
5- 6
6- 7
7- 8
8- 0
10-12
12 -- 14
14 16
over 16
15
20
25
27
35
45
55
65
75
100
2 FLEXCO
There is a problem of flexibility in the longitudinal
direction. Recently Hinge Type is sold.
Flexible No.
I
.
Belt Thickness (mm)
Min. Pulley Diam. (mm)
3. NILOS
This is the fishhook type fastener and has good
flexibility in both longitudinal and lateral direction. I t has good adaptability to the pulley. Special
driving tool is required.
Nilos Hook No.
11/22/2010
Belt Thickness (mm)
Monday
5.3 SPLICING BY VULCANIZATION

There are two cases of splicing, viz. (1) belts are
prespliced in the factory before shipment, and (2)
belts are shipped in rolls and they are spliced on
the spot bi/ means of an electric heater type
portable vulcanization press.
Kind of Fabric
NV-50,
NN-100,
VN- 100,
Length of Step (S) (mm)
NN-120
VN-120
5.3.1 Factory Splicing

Relatively short belts are spliced in the factory and
shipped to the user for mounting to his conveyor
system. The splicing method does not differ from
that of field splicing, but it is required to determine the length of belt ordered carefully.
NN- 500
NN- 600
500
600
5.3.2 Field Splicing (Multi-Ply Conveyor Belt)

1. Method of making steps
Stripping from Top cover side
Stripping from Bottom cover side
ey side)
Same as top cover side

Sectional view of the belt of which bath ends are
joined together (before vulcanization)
2. Calculation of splicing length (L)

L = 0.4b+S (n-1) - 15 (mm)
L: Splicing length (mm)
b: Belt width (mm)
n: Number of ply
S: Length of step (mm)
11/22/2010
Monday
5.3.3 DIMENSION FOR STEEL CORD CONVEYOR

BELT
Please refer to our ST BELT catalogue regarding

splicing pattern.
1. Method of making step

1.1 Singleply
1-step overlap method (showing 2 sets)
1.2 Two plie

2-step overlap method (showing 1 set)
Step Length (S)
2. Step Length ( S )
Steel Cord Diameter
(mmd
(mml
2.0
2.4
2.9
3.3
3.9
4.3
4.6
5.7
6.3
7.1
8.3
9.1
10.0
11.3
12.4
11/22/2010
300
300
300
300
350
350
3 50
500
650
700
800
900
1000
1100
1250
Kind
UN-150
UN-200
UN-300
UN400
UN-500
UN-600
S (mm)
200
200
300
200
250
300
3. Calculation of splicing length (L) (mm)

Single ply:
L = 0.4b + S
Two plies
L = 0.4b + 2s
Monday
5.4 SPLICING BY NATURAL VULCANIZATION

This is the method for splicing the belt using self
vulcanization material (Trade name of 0-Pack)
developed by Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd.
1. Range of application
Multi-ply Belt
VN, NN-100
VN, NN-120
11/22/2010
UN-200
UN-300
Monday
Fabric
NV-50
VN, NN-100
VN, NN-120
Step Length (S)
150 mm
Spline Method
Step Splice
I
(Poor)
UN-200
UN-300
-
200
300
-
Overlap Splice
Note: Because tie rubber is not used, the edge portion shall be
thickly stripped preliminarily and made flat on the same
level with the canvas surface in the next buffing operation.
(Good)
5) Clean the surface with rubber gasoline or

toluole.
Note: Dry the cement until its solvent
smell vanishes.
3. Calculation of Splicing Length (L)

The length required for splicing is calculated in
accordance with the following formula.
L = 0 . 4 b + ( n - 1)S+30
The preparation procedure of stripping the belt is
similar to that of heat vulcanization process.
1. Classification of materials used and special
feature
1) Bonding of carcass to carcass, rubber to rubber,
and carcass to rubber can be performed using
same kind of cement. Namely, there is no
difference in bonding edge portion and carcass,
and in splicing multi-ply belt and UNICON
belt.
2) Tie rubber is not used.
3) Initial adhesion strength is excellent, so it is
possible to use the belt shortly after splicing.
2. Classification of use of Q-Pack
1) Primer cement: Q-Pack-A
2) Final coating cement: Q-Pack-B + Q-Pack-C
(10:l)
3. Splicing procedure
1) Firstly align the center so that the splicing part
may not be curved.
2) Mark off the steps. (Refer t o Table 5.8
regarding the allowance for steps).
3) Strip off the steps.
(Rubber remained in concave form shall be
removed by a knife).
4) Buff the surface previously cut by a knife. It i s
not necessary to buff the surface not cut by a
knife, for example, stripped surface on which
coating is remained.
11/22/2010
6) Apply the primer cement, Q-Pack-A on the

surface to be spliced and dry the cement
perfectly.
Note: Dry the cement until its solvent smell vanishes.
7) Apply the final coating cement, Q-Pack-B +

Q-Pack ( 10: 1) twice and dry it.
~ i t eDry
:
the cement un ti/ its fluidity inside the cement disappears. Particularly, the first cementing shall be perfectly dried. I t is desirable to dry the cement perfectly, i f it
is within the extent to be able to splice the belt.
8) Affix both ends of the belt together and apply

pressure by means of a hand roller or a
hammer.
9) Cut through the butt surface by a knife along
the dotted line as shown below and make the
joint of.cover rubber concave.
~ u tsurface
t
Butt surface
Note: I. Confirm that there is no gap on the butt surface

resulting from the &in t separation.
2. I f there is a slight gap, cut through the surface up to
the dotted line as shown above.
3. Take care that the butt joint of the cover rubber is
always concave.
10) Apply the primer cement and the final coating

over the butt surface thoroughly.
Monday
Even when the cover rubber or the carcass of belt

is injured due to some cause, it is possible to
extend the life of belt, if it is repaired immediately.
5.5.1 Small injury of cover rubber

I t is satisfactory if the environment of the injured
portion is buffed and PANGIT is filled in said
portion.
5.5.3 SMALL INJURY REACH1NG CARCASS PLY
5.5.3.1 Fabric belt

Cut off the injured plies in step up to the injured
portion as shown in Fig. 5.8 and repair the part by
inserting new fabric. In such a case concentrated
stress i s applied to this portion making the injury
grow further. So, it is safe t o consider that the belt
strengih will be reduced in about 3 times of the
width of the injured fabric.
5.5.2 Large injury of cover rubber

Strip off the cover rubber only as shown in Fig. 5.7
and repair the part by means of heat vulcanization.
Cover rubber
- 1st ply
2nd ply
,/'
Injured portion
Angle and dimension of carcass fabric
F
/#z
1st ply
I
I
I
Knife
(Put bias)
Repair of small injun/ of carcass fabric
L- Canvas ply
11/22/2010
Monday
5.5.3.2 Steel cord belt

Repair the injured portion by means of vulcanization after inserting a new reinforcing cord for each
2 cut-off cords as shown in Fig. 5.7.
Inserted corc
Inserted cord
5.5.4
Large injury reaching carcass ply

(larger than 113 of the width of belt)
When the strength is lowered down than that of
the spliced part, even if the injury was repaired as
described 'in 5.5.3.1, the repaired portion shall be
removed and spliced again.
5.5.5
Injury of edge
Remove edge rubber of the injured portion as

shown in Fig. 5.10 and insert new edge rubber, and
then repair it by means of heat vulcanization.
Repair of belt edge
11/22/2010
Monday
The ideal life of conveyor belt is accomplished

when the cover rubber has been worn out uniformly and the carcass exposed. I t is seldom, however,
that the belt is used in such a manner. There are
various factors affecting the belt life, but it is very
difficult to estimate them. It is because various
factors such as speciality of the conveyor line,
elements of the conveyor system, elements of the
carrying materials as well as adaptability of the
belt, condition of climate, heat, and chemicals, and
also the condition of maintenance mixedly affect
the life of belt.
Mr. Hetzel discloses eridurable carrying quantity in
his "Belt Conveyors and Elevators" taking into
consideration of the main factors concerning the
life of belt.
CLL.
I.?*
Calculation formu la:

Endurable gross carrying quantity = Endurable
carrying quantity x Coefficient of durability
rate
Example of calculation (assuming that the condition of use is to be as follows)

Kind of carrying material : Crude coal (inclinedconveyor)
Loading point
: 1 point (outdoor)
Thickness of top cover. : 6.4 mm, (gravity type
rubber
take-u p)
Width of belt
: 1050
Carrying quantity
: 650 t l h
Conveyor length
: 350 m
: Single head driving
Driving system
Consequently, the following calculation will be
made in accordance with Table 6.1.
Endurable carrying quantity = 940 x lo4 ton
Endurable gross carrying quantity = 840 x 104 x
(c)
(dl
(a)
(bl
(d)
(dl
(dl
(dl
1.0 x 1.0 x 1.4 x 1.2 x 0.9 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.2 =

= 9 4 O x 104 x 1.81
=
1,700 x
lo4 ton
Remarks:
(c): Carrying material, (d): Loading point, (b): Top cover
thickness, (a): Tensile strength, (d): Inclined conveyor, (dl:
Place of installation, (dl: Driving system, (dl: Take-up
If the daily production of coal is assumed to be

5,000 ton, the period of durability will be:-
(m)
Endurable Carrying Quantity
T = 'f700
5,000
x 104 = 3,400 days = 9.3 years
- -
Unit: lo4 tons
Conveyor Length <Center to center distance> (m)
Belt Width
11/22/2010
Monday
'
(mDurability
) Rates
(n
Durability
)
Rate depending "pon
,
Tensile Strength of Cover Rubber
(a)
Tensile Strength of Cover Rubber

( Kslcm2)
Durability Rate
100 -- 140
100
180-215
120
250 -- 285
140
Thickness of Top Cover Rubber
(mm)
I
I
Durability Rate I%)
Loading Point
80
Tripper
80
Coal
Small lump
120
Coal
Fine
130
Coke
Large lump
50
Coke
Small lump
60
Coke
Hot
10
Ore
-200mm9
60
Ore
- 50mm9
80
Ore
Fine
90
Rock
Large lump
70
Rock & Gravel
Small lump
80
Clinker
Cold
70
Clinker
Hot
20
100
Slag
80
Zinc Slag
50
100
Gravel
90
90
Outdoor Installation
100
4.
--
Loading Point
Inclined Conveyor
Durability Rate
Large lump
Coal
Durability Rates under Various Conditions

Operating Condition
Kind of Carrying Material
(%I
Durability Rate (%)
<
(d)
Indoor Installation
120
Cement
Cold
100
With Roof (Outdoor Installation)
110
Cement
Hot
40
Single Drive at Head
100,
Grains
80
80
Screw Type Take-up
100
Gravity Type Take-up
120
11/22/2010
200
Salt
Tail or Intermediate Drive

Tandem Drive
Kind of
Carrying Material
Thickness of Top Rubber Cover
(b)
Monday
(%I
- )
6.2 DIMENSION AND WEIGHT OF BELT PACKAGE

The package of belt at the time of shipment is
classified as follows depending upon i t s gross
weight and dimension.
Gross Weight
Outside Diam.
of Package
Simple
Package
below 3 ton
or
below 1.8 m diam.
Wooden Drum
Package
above 3 ton
or
above 1.8m diam.
Remarks: The outside diameter of package shall be within 3.3

times of its width so as to stabilize the package.
6.2.1 DIMENSION AND WEIGHT OF WOODEN DRUM

PACKAGE
Calculation formula of drum dimensions:

Diameter of Drum:
=
l\j
D
d
L
c
:
:
:
:
cr :
d2
Lxc
0.0785
+ cr
Drum diameter (cm)

Core diameter (cm)
Belt length (m)
Overall thickness of belt (mm)
Lateral piank thickness + allowance
(usually 10- 15cm)
Width of Drum:
Width of drum = Width of belt + 25 cm

Gross Weight:
G=W1 x L x p
WI: Weight of belt (kglm)
L : Length of belt (m)
p : Coefficient of drum weight only (1.2)
(FIG.)
Grain
11/22/2010
Monday
6.2.2 DIMENSION AND WEIGHT OF SIMPLE WOODEN

DRUM PACKAGE
Package O.D. =
1\1
d2
Lxc
+5cm
0.0785
Width of Package = Width of belt + 1 0 c m

Gross Weight = Wt x L + 30 k g
Steel tape
Hessian doth
Relation of Belt Thickness and Belt Length with Reeled Diameter of Belt
balt length (feet)
11/22/2010
Monday
6.3 VARIOUS TESTING DEVICES

6.3.1 SEPARATION TESTER
6.3.2 AMSLER'S TYPE TENS1LE TESTER
Maximum capacity:
Tolerance:
Velocity:
Maximum capacity:
Variable capacity:
50 kg
+-2%against specified load
25 2 1.5 mmlmin,
50 2.5 mmlmin
This is used for testing adhesion between fabric
plies, rubber layer and fabric ply, and rubber
layers.
11/22/2010
10 ton
10 ton, 5 ton, 2 ton, 1 ton,
0.5 ton
+ I % against specified load
Tolerance:
Velocity:
(variable by hand valve)
Max. 150 mmlmin
This is used for testing tensile strength and
elongation of rubber, cloth and metal, and also for
testing compression.
Monday
6.3.3 SCHOPPER TENSILE MACHINE
Maximum capacity:
Variable capacity:
Tolerance:
Velocity:
50 kg
25 kg
2% against specified load
200 k 10 mmlmin
300 + 15 mmlmin
500 25 mm/min
This machine is used for testing tensile strength
and elongation of vulcanized rubber.
11/22/2010
capacity: Temperature tolerance in heating tank =

52C
Adjusting range of temperature in heating tank = 2 1C
This is the machine for simulating the ageing of
material by heating the materiaLSltis further used
for the test including the measurement of heat,
volume reduction, and moisture content.
Monday
6.4. CONVERSION TABLE

6 . 4 . 1 LENGTH
Unit
mm
cm
mm
0.1
in
0.001
ft
mile (stat.)
Yd
km
Mile (Naut.)
0.03937 0.0032808 0.0010936 6.214x10-' 0.00001

~~~~~
cm
10
1000
100
~n
0.01
0.3937
39.37
0.032808 0.01 0936 6.21 4x1om60.0001

3.28083
1.0936
6.21 4x1om4
0.001
0.0833
0.02778
1.578~1
0-5 2.54~1
0-'
25.4
2.54
0.0254
ft
304.8
30.48
0.3048
12
0.3333
1.894~1
o - 3,084~1
~
c4
~d
914.4
91.44
0.9144
36
5.682x10-~9,114~10-~
1609347.0 160934.7
mile (Stat.)
km
mile (Naut.)
1852000
1609.35
63360
5280
1760
1.60935
0.869
I00000
1000
39370
3280.83
1093.6
0.62137
0.54
185200
1852
1.151
1.852
6 . 4 . 2 MILLIMETER- Inch
6.4.3 WEIGHT
Unit
kg
Kilograms
Ounces (Avoir.)
Pounds
kg
OZ
Ib
35.274
02
0.02835
Ib
0.45359
16
Tons
Metric
Long
Short
2.20462
0.001
0.0009842
0.001102
0.06250
2.835~
1
2.790~
1Om'
3.125~
1
4.536~1o
4.464~
1o4
0.00050
-~
Metric
1000
35274
2204.6
Lang
1016.05
35840
2240
1.12
1.01 605
32000
2000
0.9071 9
0.89286
Short
907.1 85
11/22/2010
Monday
6.4.4 WEIGHT PER UNIT LENGTH
Unit
I
glcm
glcm
kglm
10
Iblin
1
kglm
Iblin
Iblft
Iblyd
Unit
0.201 59
g/cm3
kg/m3
0.001
Ib/in 3
27.6797
27679.7
16.0184
5.787~10-~
0.0056
0.0672
0.056
0.671 97 2.01 59.

12
glcm
Iblin 3
kglm3
1000
0.03613
Ib/ft 3
62.4283
3.613~10-~ 0.06243
36
14.8816 1.48816 0.08333 1
Iblyd
0.10
178.579 17.8579 1
lblft
6.4.5 DENSITY
4.96054 0.49605 0.02788 0.3333
Ib/ft 3
0.01602
1728
1
6 . 4 . 6 POWER
Horsepower
French (metric)
kW
kg-'"/sec
English (Japanese)
6.4.7 PRESSURE
Kilograms per Sq.
Centimeter
(kglcm2
Pounds per sq. inch

(lb/in2 )
Long tons per sq. Feet

(t/ft2
Standard Atmosphere
Pressure (760mm)
1.0197
14.50
0.9324
0.9869
0.9807
14.22
0.9144
0.9678
0.06895
0.07031
0.06429
0.06805
1.0725
1.0037
15.56
1.0585
1.0133
1.0332
14.70
0.9447
Bar
11/22/2010
Monday
lu
6.4.8 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS O F ANGLES

Angle
1"
0'
30
2
30
3
30
4
30
5
30
6
30
7
30
8
30
9
30
10
30
11
30
12
30
13
30
14
.0175
.9999
.0175
.0262
.9997
,0262
.0349
.9994
.OM9
.0436
.9991
.0437
.0523
.9986
.0524
.0611
.9981
.0612
.0698
.9976
.0699
.0785
,9969
.0787
.0872
.9962
.0875
.0959
.9954
.0963
.I045
.9945
.I051
.I132
.9936
.I139
.I219
.9926
.I228
.I305
.9914
.I317
.I392
.9903
.I405
.I 478
.9890
.I495
.I564
.9877
1 584
-1651
.9863
.I673
.I737
.9848
.I763
.I822
.9833
.I853
.I908
.9816
.9144
.I994
.9799
.2035
.2079
-9782
.2126
.2164
.9763
.2217
.2250
.9744
.2309
.2335
.9724
.2401
.241 9
.9703
.2493
.9682
.2586
.25M
30
tan
cos
sin
Angle
15"
30'
16
30
17
30
18
30
19
30
20
30
21
30
22
30
23
30
24
30
25
30
26
30
27
30
28
30
29
30
30
30
s~n
COB
tan
.2588
.9659
.2680
.2672
.9636
.2773
.2756
.9613
.2868
.2840
.9588
.2962
-2924
.9563
.3057
.3007
.9537
.3153
.3090
.951 4
.3249
.3173
.9483
.3346
.3256
.9455
.3443
.3338
.9426
.3541
.3420
.9397
.3640
.3502
.9367
.3739
.3584
.9336
.3839
.3665
.9304
.3939
.3746
.9272
.4040
.3827
.9239
.4142
.3907
.9205
.4245
.3988
.9171
.4348
.4067
.9136
.4452
.4147
.9100
.4557
.4226
.go73
.4663
.4305
.9036
.4770
.4384
.8908
-4877
.4462
.8969
.4986
.4540
.8910
.5095
.4617
.8870
.5206
.4695
.8830
.531 7
.4772
.8788
.5430
.4848
.8746
.5543
.4924
.8704
.5658
.5000
.8660
5774
.5075
.8616
.5890
6.4.9 ANGLE
Degree
0"
30"
60"
90"
120"
180"
210"
360"
420"
57.35"
1"
Radians
0.523
1.05
1.57
2.10
3.14
3.67
6.28
7.33
0.01745
Note:
180 = n Radian = 3.14 Radian
11/22/2010
Monday
6 . 4 . 1 0 VALUES O F e P 8
-Y
1
i--=
-
;;m
-
e@
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
180
190
1.369
1.393
1.602
1.875
2.194
2.5W
3.005
1.644
1.940
2.291
2.704
3.191
200
1.418
1.688
2.010
2.393
2.850
3.393
210
1.443
1.733
2.081
2.500
3.002
3.607
220
230
1.468
1.494
1.779
1.826
2.1 56
2.232
2.612
2.728
3.165
3.334
3.835
4.084
240
1.520
1.875
2.31 1
2.850
3.514
4.333
360
370
1.875
1.908
2.567
2.635
3.51 4
3.638
4.813
5.027
6.587
6.942
8.958
9.588
380
1.941
2.704
3.768
5.248
7.31 1
10.185
390
1.975
2.776
3.901
7.705
10.84
400
410
2.010
2.046
2.850
2.925
4.040
5.483
5.727
11.51
4.185
420
430
2.081
2.118
3.003
3.083
4.332
4.485
5.984
6.250
6.528
8.120
8.558
440
450
460
2.155
2.193
2.232
3.165
4.645
4.81 0
4.982
6.820
7.126
7.444
470
480
2.27 1
2.31 1
5.160
5.341
7.777
8.1 18
3.249
3.335
3.424
3.513
9.013
9.500
10.01
14.70
10.55
15.62
11.12
11.72
12.34
16.62
17.60
18.76
6.4.1 1 TEMPERATURE
C = (F - 32) x- 5
dJA
6 . 4 . 1 2 SIZE O F FIBER
1) Count (N) : Count shows how many times (768,l m (840yd) a particular yarn is when it
weights 1 Ib. (453,6 gr.).
2) Denier (d. Denier) :
3) Conversion of count and denir
11/22/2010
12.25
13.01
13.83
Monday
69THE YOKOHAMA RUBBER CO ,LTD

MAIN PRODUCTS:
TYRES & TUBES, BELTS, HOSE, SHIP FENDERS, ADHESIVES, INDUSTRIAL-RUBBER PRODUCTS, METALLIC PRODUCTS, AERONAUTICAL & MARINE PRODUCTS, ETC.
HEAD OFFICE:
36-11, SHIMBASHI 5 CHOME, MINATO-KU, TOKYO 105, JAPAN

TELEX: J24673 YOKORUCO / C.P.O. Box 1842, TOKYO 100-91, JAPAN.
I
-LIAISON REPRESENTATIVES' OFFICES:
BE1RUT:
DOSSELDORF:
LONDON:
VANCOUVER:
LOS ANGELES:
SYDNEY:
HOUSTON:
--CHICAGO:
P.O. BOX 3611, BE1RUT, LEBANON

4 DOSELDORF, GRAF-ADOL F STRASSE 72, WEST GERMANY
BOW BELLS HOUSE, BREAD ST., (CHEAPISIDE) LONDON, E.C.4, ENGLAND
270 SEYMOUR RIVER PLACE, NORTH VANCOUVER B.C., CANADA
1530 CHURCH ROAD MONTEBELLO, CALI FORNIA 90640, U.S.A.
P.O. BOX 540 G.P.O. SYDNEY, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA
YOKOHAMA TIRE CORPORATION 8042 KATY FREEWAY, HOUSTON, TEXAS 77024, U S A .
12-6 PARKWAY TOWERS 7171, W. GUNNISON ST. HARWOOD HEIGHTS ILL, 60656 U.S.A.
Printed in J q m (RE! 7507) ( 7409SPC
11/22/2010
Monday
11/22/2010

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CONVEYOR BELTS

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Created by U Thaung Myint

YOKC)HAMA CONVEYOR EEUS

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1.1.1 Drive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SIZE OF CONVEYING MATERIAL & BELT WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

HOW TO SELECT BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT

KIND OF BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT

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HOD OF SPLICING BUCKET ELEVATOR BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

EQUIPMENT OF CONVEYOR SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HOW TO USE CONVEYOR BELT PROPERLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

SPLICING METHOD AND REPAIRING METHOD FOR CONVEYOR BELT . . . . . . . 66

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In order t o operate coriveyor belt efficiently, it is

1. Calculation Method of Belt Tension

It is almost impossible, when selecting belt, to

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3. Requirements for Selecting Belt

4. Necessary Properties of Conveyor Belt

The followings are the necessary properties of

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I HOW T O SELECT CONVEYOR BELT

1.1 NAME OF EACH PART OF CONVEYOR BELT

1.1.1 DRIVE SYSTEM

Although there are different names of drive

c ) Tandem T y p e Single Drive

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(a) Screw Type

Horizontal Gravity Take-Up

(c) Carriage with Gravity Weight Suspended Type

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Power Take-up System & Tension

When selecting conveyor belt the following require

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SIZE OF CONVEYING MATERIAL & BELT WIDTH

Maximum Lump Size (mm)

Maximum Lump Size (rnm)

1.4 CONVEYING MATERIAL & CAPACITY -

1.4.1 SIZE OF CONVEYING MATERIAL & BELT WIDTH

When the size of conveying material is too large

Maximum size of materid & minimumbdt

100 150 200 250 300

1.4.2 CALCULATION FORMULA OF CONVEYOR CA-

Conveyor capacity is calculated in accordance

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Value of A (Load Cross Section)

Belt Width (rnm

To be safe for design capacity of high speed belt (over 200m/min.), a

lo0surcharge angle had best be considered.

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1.4.3 CONVEYABLE INCLINATION ANGLE

1.4.4 BULK DENSITY OF MATERIALS

Bulk density of materials

* In case of package conveyor belt.

CONVEYABLE INCLINATION ANGLE

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1.4.5 RUNNING SPEED OF BELT

Running speed of the belt is a principal factor

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1.5.1 POWER REQUIRED FOR OPERATING UNLOAD