Professional Documents
Culture Documents
физика за осмо одделение
физика за осмо одделение
:
. -
, .
,
:
:
:
...
:
:
:
,
:
16.500
.22-2350/1 23.04.2010
CIP -
. ,
373.3.016:53(075.2)=163.3
,
: : /
, . - :
, 2010.
- 159 . : . ; 28
, , : . 158
ISBN 978-608-4575-99-3
1. , []
COBISS.MK-ID 84086538
!
"
#
$%$&'
($&
)!*+
! ,% ,
- !+ .
+/
87
+$&%
)!* +
107
&! (
/ % $
143
$0 $*
" ' & $
157
+$%'1
$",1
)!(
158
*!, " ! 9!&$' ( +0'% 0 :;;; ,,!!$! $ $"$ #8,/$ &*0"$!%
,$$0;<,,!!$!0,!"!8,/$$"$&*0"$!%*&!$(*!,$"$"$
(*8*#
9!&$'!&*&!$,!",+0'0'#!'*#$(*!,0$!=
!,!",!!'*9!"%#8$!0#%>*$&*$","?!=!%0"'%"!$
'',!,#'+0'
")9!&$'%(")'$>!(>)%(*(.$$)",!**')('$"%(""
(*/= $"!," $ *0#"= ' ! ('*!(!$ >*!?% '" ("!$
(*&!#' 0,9 )&% "0#?" $!(*!,$ !,!=! $ "/ $(*!,' *0")
(*!'(!"!$(('$*#!$
9:1
;<=<
$%$&'
($&
)!*+
$
$
9
>
:
?
:
39
$$
1
:
:
11
!9
!
42
$$
:.
91
9
9
15
(
(
9
48
17
(
(
:
:
53
$$A
:
20
":
9
"
9
:
:
62
$$
9
23
$
$
:
66
$$
9
27
"@
"
:.
70
!
!
30
&A
&
75
@
9
33
)
9
)
79
$$
9 .
36
)
)
9
82
$
9
>
:
M A! 0&!!?! ' (*!N,$ 0#!$
/!$ ' ) 9!/! (9!$ 9!/!O !
(,8 '$ 9!/!
' 9!/! 8 (*&?#! ,
$ (*9= , N*)% ! ! (,8% (
>!$!,&"P5551Q
"
9
*)! &$ 9 '*( &?!! 8 ,
R,%,*8'%*!$&$"!!8$,
"/'M0&!!?"!OP5357Q
.
=.=
.
=.;
!
=
*)! 9!/! , (' "$!$ '*(
&!!!8$'$!>''$'54Q*&?!!
,*8 9!/!% ' *!$ "$!$ '*(
0&!!?!!/!9"U!/!!,&"
.
=.B
.
=.C
!
;
Q
&Q
.
=.D
!
B
"$,8*,'",","*!!)##'0,,&!!
!$'#0",P'5WQ*)!("$'(*9'"$!$'*(
(*&?!!),#0&!!?"!,!'#!.$!!'*0*$
9!/!$'#0$",!)""0!#$,!)"0!$'#0
$",!'$"!#$,!)""")9)!#!.9'
!!'*>!,9!/!!!'*>!","?!=!,",
M #!X ! #? , ! $!!'*0* #
*!=!O!),*8$9$''/!,(*!!'*9$
$+!$>
.
=.E
)
**!$'!$(*9'"!$'*(,8"*$!0!#!$,!(0"$$!!'*0*$%%
("$'(**!$"$!$'*($!8"$P5YQ
Q(*!,*!=!
"Q(*=!
.
=.F
$!0&*"#!X**!=!"?$!#!*)!,'/!$(*"!$!
M!9"'8("$'(*9'A!(**!#!"$!$'*(O
' ("$' (*9' ) (**!#! "$!$ '*( ,! , !!'*$! , '*(
(*!#$"$(*9'&,!)A#"/'$$!8"!$!!'*>!"!#!,!'!$!8"$
$!!'*0*$
"$!$ '*( &,!)A 08& ,! , $!8"$ !!'*>!% ! (0"$
$!!'*0*$
$
@
9
' , $!$!!'*0*$ !!'*'(
P5Z5[Q,&?#!$!!'*0*$
(*9'P(0"$$!8"$QA!0&!!
?#!,!'"9=$!!'*'(A!!
'$%/0$9,!'","9#!
8 $!!'*0*! !!'*>!
''!!'*>!,(*9'!
.
=.G
.
=.H
:
,8(#!''"!0!#$,!)"$$!!'*0*$!%A!8*08!,#!!,$
&,
!##!,"!(0"$$!!'*0*$'!$(*9'P556Q8,&?"#!!,$,
,*8&!!?"#!,!'#!.$"!()"",&"$
Q
'!$
(*9'
'!$
(*9'
,&"$
&Q
(9$
(*9'
.
=.=<
(*"!9$
9
!#$,!)"$$!!'*0*$!!!,""",*!,!$(**)(**!"'
!!'*9$ (! !'*9$ (! 8*+9' ! (*!"" !!'*9$ " $ '' $
'!555Q555&Q
Q
&Q
.
=.==
#!$(9!
$ 9
0*
'A/!
+9!
M/('
Q
.
=.=;
$
A
&Q
Q
&Q
.
=.=B
9
:
9
A
' '#! !!'*'( *)$ , 8 $!!'*0*#! *!&
(* , 8 ,(*!#! $ #!$ (' (* 8 *$"#!
!,$ !!'*>! P" 9)" $!8"$Q ' (*
(*9'"*!#!$8*$#!!!'*'(A!$!*)$
$!!'*0*$
)" $ !!'*9$ $+!$> #$8 9! ! *!A" "
(**, 0$ ! ,!' #$8 ! $ !#) (, ,!)" $
!!'*9$ $+!$> $ (! , &' ! $!!'*0*
*,"()"9!,.,!!'*9$(*0$!=!(#!.&'
0!#)'!!"'8*#
$+!$$#/$
.
=.=C
"!$%()"$!!'*9$$+!$>!(*#!$"')#/$!0,&"=!$9'
!!'*>!
!#$8!$!!!'*0*(#/$"#/$P557Q!)0$*&"
(*$>(!0$"$!!'*9$$+!$>%!,X,"!,!!'*9$(9$'/
*,)$#0!(!$#!$+
9!!"*'0!,$9''"(*"$$'$"$!8$"'!'*'9!/%
'/S&*T%!,$(0"$%,*8$!8"$'9!"!!'*9!"!(*'9!$
$'*!"!,#!$!(*9'
)
5MA!!9''!$(*9'(**!$"!$'*(),&?#!,$(*9=
,N*)O
1'8"'#!!!'*>!/$!!,"?O
3'!!"!#!,!'!$!!'*0*$O
7'!$!!'*0*$!$'$$!')$9$#!,"!,!$!!'*$O
4 ' A! ,'?!! ,!' ! / ! *! ,"!$ '*( ') ! *! ! (*"$
$!!'*0*$O
W'#?!,,'?!#!,!',"!$!!'*0*$!!#!$$!!'*0*$O
Y
'$,,!$!'%'(,Q!9$"(*!,&$!''"!'!(,&Q"QO
Q
&Q
.
=.=D
Z
&)$0/X(*"(9!8(*"!'"(*9'%(!8,&"
.
=.=E
10
"Q
$
1
:
:
")9)A!8*08!,#!(*!$!!$!!'*9$*)')*09$($>
"
9
*!$!!$!!'*9$*)')#!!\
*!$!!$!!'*9$*)')!!'*!(*!$!!$!!'*>!')
8"!
)
:
:
.
;.=
.
;.;
9
:
&,$!!'*$
.
;.B
11
$
I=
KJ
>
E1;C
IE1;C
.
=<=GJ.
)
:
:
!'*$$"'8$!')($>)%(**"*=!"",/!!*0?"
$(0"$$!8"$)$
"
9
M A! ! 9 ' " !,!$ , 9 ",
"#! ,"! !!'*, $" 8 ("*0!#!
(0"$$!8"$($!,$&!*)%
$"("*0!#!!,$)9'P14Q
.
;.D
1
: ) (*>!
8 "*/ ", ! "' !!'*' ,>)>)
0"$!)$,&'*(,,!)"$!!'*9$
(! A! ! (*,"? '$ $!8"$ !!'*,%
.
;.E
$!8"$! )$ , `a 4 8*( A! ! (*,"? '$
(0"$!!'*,
")9)(0"$!)$,&'*$!8"$!)$,`a48*(!(*!$!$
!!'*>!"!!'*#?!#!,0'9#!,!'X9
:
:
:
!'*,/!$!8"$!"'',PQ%!!'*,/!(0"$!"'$,P
Q
)
:
:
0$!,!'8"!%"$"%!08*,!$,$!*$#!'P!,$'"(0"!$
$!8"!$!!'*>!Q!$!#(*!$!$!!'*>!
,''""#?!#!"!,!$8,0,,!#!(*!$!$!!'*>!O
12
"
9
$(*"#!&,''/!(*'?$$
'1Z9!'/!$!!'*0*$,
8"*0!#!!,!$$!$!!'*0*$!!'*#!*
*!' $ !!'*#!* ! '$"%
$('?",!'(9!!$!!'*0*$
'#!.$!!'*0*$!(9("#!
(#!$P1ZQ%8/A!0&!!?#!,!'*!'
$ !!'*#!* ! "* $ $% 0$9
!!'*#!*!*0!!'*0*
*9$')/,"!,*0!!'*0*=!
.
;.F
.
;.G
::
$0>) A! &,! #$8 (8!# ' $#!
(#!$ ) (*!,0"' #$8 ($ )$0* ''X
*!$,8!$' 0*>% '#9' 0*>% *,'"$ 0*>
9$ * #!. $!!'*0*$! (9 P 1[Q !
0,"S"$T,(0"$)$$!8"$!!'*$
*!!'*$!!,"?'$(0"$!!'*,%
)$!'$$!8"$!!'*,
.
;.H
)
:
:
:
&**' " 0,"=! $
(*!$! $ !!'*>! #?! , ! $(*"
","!,$&,P156Q(0"$
(',$+!$$#/$%$(*9!(!$
P"+*#$('Q!(*>"*"/!>,$!''
$#!*'/),&,!$!''$#!*
(,!',$!8"$('
.
;.=<
.
;.==
13
.
;.=;
5,9!,!)"!,"?!!'*9$!($!?')#!!8"!O
1!(*!$!$!!'*9$*)')8"!O
3M!!!#!$*!$!!'*9!$($!?O
7)!#!*$!,$>!!'*9$($!?O
4&*)8(*!$!!$!!'*9$*)')#!!%!!'*!8"!O
14
$
:.
91
9
9
' " ! (*'?$ / ! 9" '8 A! ! ("*0 !,!$ $!8"$ $!!'*0*$
!!'*'(!,!$$!$!!'*0*$!!'*'(#!$?>
0
>O
'!,"?$!!'*0*$!9!>P,')!!'*'(
'$')QO
MA!!9$"!"9="!,$,*8
!!'*'(O
.
B.=
.
B.C
15
(*",$''#!"(*#!,!!#!$*!$&$$((*",$>!#,"
8!#(*!,$(*$"$(*#!$*#!*$((*",$>!X>#%8!*#$#%$!'
',%+,9$P34Q
$
:
'*)()$!9!"$')"'#!*)%')#!$"$'
)"'#! *)
!
:
:
9
:
:
:.
*
I
9$$*)!(*"(*(*>$$'9!"
S
!!'*9!"/(#$"$0$(*!9$(*!!'$(*",$'
P3WQ%&*$(*(*>$$"*!#!$(*!'"=!
, 'q = 1 C, t = 1 s, I = 1 A\
.
B.E
(L
@
:
1
O 9
IJ
9$$*),1b#(!*!,&"''9!"!!'*9!"
,1'$A!(*!9!$0$(*!9$(*!!',(*",$'0
"*!#!,1!'$,
,8*$*!>)!,"X
)
9
9
1 kA = 1000 AP1'#(!*Q\P1#!8#(!*Q
P1##(!*Q\
P1#'*#(!*Q
.
B.F
9$$!!'*9$*)!#!*$*#!$#(!*#!*P3YQ%/!#'!0$9"
'*8&'"S
T'0$!")9$$*)/)('?"*!'$#(!*#!*
P3YQO)('?"6%1#(!*
5'#(!*('?"*!'$'3ZO
1 ,"! #$ $0 $(*!9$ (*!!' $ (*",$' (#$"
'9!"!!'*9!",176'"!)9$$*)O
3 M ! 9$O !! ! (*",$> $ !!'*>!% 0 /
#X
Q&,$)$\
.
B.G
7'"'9!"!!'*9!"0*0!$"'$%(#$0*!'$,$0$(*!9$
(*!!'$(*",$'$0')!9!*))9$,*#(!*O
4'3[(*'?$!,"?!=!$!!'*9$!($!?
M#!OM!9$O
Q!'*9$!($!?!,"?(("*/$$(*",$'\
&Q!'*9$!($!?!,"?""$*!/$$(*",$'\
"Q !'*9$! ($!? ! ,"? $0 >!'($ "#!$ $
?>
(*",$'
.
B.H
16
$!'8/!)",!!!!'*9$*)O
8',!!9!O/)(*!(0$"#!O
(&*#!,8"*$"!9$(*/=
!#!!&!*)%(*",$>"!'("*0!!8'/"!'A!"!P'75Q
Q
&Q
"Q
.
C.=
!*)%"!',"!!?>!("*0$"*!$'*8''$'75Q0"!'
"!
')0",#!&!*)P'75&Q(*",$>!8"*0!#!'/A!,&!#!'*8%
!(')>$!"!"*$"*)$'*8P'75"Q)"#!&!*)%"*)$
'*8(*"#!(*!'$/",#!!,!$,(*",$>!)>("*$$!"!
)> "! # '8 $0 $! !9! !!'*9$ *)
,$$,"?!=!$(*!$!$!!'*>!,!,$(
'$,*8
'71(*'?$!'","?!=!$(*!$!
!$!!'*9$*)$0(*",$'P!!'*$!Q
.
C.;
.
C.B
:
:
9
L
9
9
$
V"$!!#!$$*)$'*8!X
0"*$!!'*9$*)\
(*/"9
(*",$>P77Q
.
C.C
17
:
' $ !!'*9$ *) ! (*'?$ $ ' 74
,
'!8!,,!'$'$!!'*9$*)!,(0"$
($0"*%$0(*/"9'$$!8"$($0"*
"$'!"!,!'(*!""!N$9'$'
")0*0,.
,,!9$!"*!#='8!#!,!'0$'ScT0$9("!A!
'(*'?$!,"?!=!$!!'*$!"$'
&9$!"!,!'!"$'$'
$'$,"?!=!$
!!'*$!
!N$9'$'
!
, '! 7W 7Y )$ #?!#! , ",#! ,!' " !,$ 9)
)>"!%",*89))>$!"!/!'O
.
C.D
.
C.F
)(&$&$
!
(*",$'
"*0$?>
(*!'$"9
.
C.G
18
)>
(*$'
8*"9
,$!!>**)$!'*8"!!!#!$P((''),0!##$8"*!#!(**Q
"(*''$)9!!'*#&0$>
'7[(*'?$!/!#'!0$'$$!'$*#!$0"*$!!'*9$*)
'#$89!!'*
ampermetar
voltmetar
galvanski element
baterija
generator
.
C.H
5>*)!8(#/$#&P/!#'Q*)$'*8(*'?$
$'756e
1f!"!)>'!"*0$#!,$?>&!*)O
.
C.=<
.
C.==
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
19
$A
:
(*!'"=! $ !!'*9$ *) " ' ,#! ( $!)0$! ,!)"X ($'%
"!$'%N!#'%#8$!$#!N$9'
&9
:
!'*9$*)808*!"(*",$>!('!9!(0$!&*)$(*#!*
',)&)$#!"()"O ,*!,!$*9$!**($',!)"!&)$"
''(!,>$$!''"S,*T$(*!$!!$!!'*>!9!>!,'!"!$
#!*)/#)A(*!,",("!A!+'*%'*!$!(*+"!0,!''8!!'*$!
!,"?$0#!!0!#$,!)""P0!#$,!)"$*)$!Q)$!$#!*)
,')!08*,!$(*",$'(*(*!,",!,")!$!*8)!(*+" *0$"$
!08!#""$*!/$!$!*8)$(*",$'(*,/!08!#"$!8"!#(!**%
,$$(*",$'!08*!"
&,!('?",!'')$!(,"?$!#!$(*",$>%>!'($*&0"*/!$
,!!'*9$*),$08!#"=!$"$*!/$!$!*8)$(*/"9!8!#"=!
$"$*!/$!$!*8)')*09$(*/"9!*09$
"
9
,8(#!($',!)"$!!'*9$*)A!
8 0"!,!#! !,$ &,X !. ,"! " ! *($" ?> ,
"+*#%>!''$$$P45Q"#!$)*')/!
,(*$N*0$$(,8$!88#!*#!*)$!,
(,8,?>80&!!?"#!!*)$!'8?>
$!!"'9!$"*)$'*8*!,,!"'9&!*)%)+A#!
?>*'0,'$*#!,!'!,$
Q
h>)"*0"#!"*!$'*8P'45&Q#'(9!'
&Q
"#!("*$8#!*#!*)$!,(,8,?>
.
D.=
A!",#!,!'!$#P9#!,$)*Q$9%?>
,(*!'"=!$!!'*9$*)$0$!!08*!
')+#!?>')/!"*0$"
*)$'*8%8/A!!"!*#!,!'!08*!$'),(*#!&!*)f!",#!
,!'!08*!$$('?",!'!!'*9$*))08*!
?>%$&!*)
")+'$("*,",!'!!'*9$*)!9!
$0&!*)
.
D.;
.
D.B
20
.
D.C
:
"!$',!)"$!!'*9$*)$),&*!0*0!$')
*09$!","$"!'%''$(*#!*"!'!$'44
.
D.D
.
D.E
.
D.F
""=!$$!'8"(*!$(*#!*X$!$,$$(*/!$!!'*9$!$!*8)
$&9$"!'+*>!$$!'*4X5(*#!*X"!$,+*!>!$$"!'
,54j,8"*$"!$/),"&9$"!',Y4j
(
:
8$!' ,!)" $ !!'*9$ *) ! (*$ '* !',! ',! / # !9!=! $
!!'*9$*)%#8*#$0$9!=!"#$8+!*,?"%$'%!N$'9$
"
9
!##!$#',?>P'4ZQ$0')/!9!!!'*9$
*) " 0$9!$ $' $#' (*&?"#! ()$
#8$!&!!?"#!,!'!0!#$,!)""$)$9$/
$#'!(*,"?"'$#8$!
'!(*#!$$'$
!!'*9$*)/!'(*'?$$'$#'"
")9)!,&",#8$!!#$,!)"#!.()$
#8$!$#'0"#$8,)9$$!!'*9$*)
MA!!9'$0$#'(*!$!,!9!!!'*9$
*)O
*)
(*"!'"=!
*)
,&"=!
"$ $ #8$!' ,!)" $ !!'*9$ *) ,
.
D.G
$!)0$$)9$(*'?$!$'4[
21
R
:
!#',!)"$!!'*9$*)(!&$!0*0!$'8#$"
$0!!'*'"!9)'8#$"$09"!9'!
"
9
*"*,&'*!$+((!!!,$!!'*,,9&'*%,*8
!!'*,,(*!"",&*9!$'90#!!X')(,0"*
A!)(*'9!&'*$(9%$')('9O
)!!'*,A!)(*!""&'*$(9%')'9O'*$
(9A!&,!$,%'9',
.
D.=<
>@
:
9 :
9
9 @
:
:.
(S
:
!N$9' ,!)" $ !!'*9$ *) " /$ ! (*!"*& $
!!'*9$!$!*8)"#!N$9'*&,!$,#$8&*)$!(*#!*
',! / ! 0(!$ " ,!)" ! ') !!'*#* !'*#* !
(*!$')#$8#/$(*
.
D.=;
22
$
9
M#?!!,0'9!,'W5O
,'W18!,#!X'8!$!!$!!'*0*$!!,$,,*8%&,!)A#
,?$% (9= ! !,$'" ' W3 ! 8!, '8 ! ! $!!'*0*$% ! !
,&"!,,!9"!,$,,*8
M A! ! 9 ' " (! $ !!'*0*$ ! "$!"#! !,$!9$ #!$
$!!'*0*$!O
f!!)"0!#$,!)"#!.!!'*9$!(=
&,!)A!!,&"%(*!&$!,!0"*/
,*!,!$*&0,!"$!!"!!'*9$(!
9
@
9
>
:
(0"!$($!?
.
E.D
.
E.E
!'$!9$",!$!*!&,!+"S*$#'T
#%'''(**$,"*,")$!$!!'*9$(!%!(**"'8,!)"$
!!'*9$!!!,$'"$$%0$!#*"#
$8#!,!'%!'!$!!'*0*$!"!!'*9$(!#,*!,!$(!$>)
*!,$$(!$>)$$!!'*0*$!!!(*!,!"(*!#!#)%9/(!$>)
"$!0!#!$,0$!"$
'"(*!N,$,!+$>)0(!$>)$#!0*0X
l!!'*>!!(*!#!",&!'$!9$T%#?!,!*!9!,!'Xl!!'*>!!(*!#!"
,!#)T
23
=
T1
9 @
=
9
9
:
1
?
=*
P",'WYQ
.
E.F
'!WZW[(*'?$!"$!"=!$!,$9!$!!'*9!$($!?P(*"(0"!$%
($!8"!$!,$9!$!!'*9!$($!?Q"(!$(0"$$!!'*0*$!
.
E.G
.
E.H
&!!?"! ,!' >) ! *09$ 0" , " (! ! "$!" #!$
$!!'*0*$ ! *0$#!$ $!!'*0*$ ! 8 "$!"#! #!$
$!!'*0*$!!$!*8!'$"!08!#"P'WZQ%&*$'8"$!"#!*0$#!$
$!!'*0*$!P'W[Q!$!*8!'$"!$#"
"
9
9 :
U
K
U
V
A
Q
W
q
Q
W
Q
9 :
!#)% ( ,8"*% ! 0!#!$ (!$>) , 0$!"$ 0"*/!$ *& (*
(*!$!"=!$!,$9!$!!'*9!$($!?,!#)"$!')9'$!!'*9$(!!
"'(!$>)$9'$(!",$$!#)
) :
9 :
:
9
>
9
(*"')!#!*(!$>)$(!!"'
9 :
Q
9
'(*!$!"#!'9!"!!'*9!"m,!,$9'$!!'*9$(!P'WZQ,
"
'/#*09!$(!$>)"*/#!*&0"*/!$*&
A!&,!!,$'"$
(*0",,'9!"!!'*9!"(!$>)$*0'
K K
)
9
(U )
9
9 :
9 L
9
1
..
U K K
24
!'/!!!'*0**!=!,(*(*8&,!,$!8"$($!?
$"(0"$!!'*0*$!!"!#!,!'#(0"!$(!$>)
! '/ ! !!'*0*$ ' / ,&" $!8"!$ ($!? "!#! ,!' #
$!8"!$(!$>)
8"*$!0!#!$,!''!"*0,"!*09$$!!'*0*$!!!'*9$!($!?
,!,"?,!(0"!$(!$>)'$!$!8"!$(!$>)
"
9
($(U )!(!$>)$*0'#!.,"!9'$!!'*9$(!
U K K
,!)A"$!0!#!$(!$>)$!#),!!,$'"$$%")9)$($$
$!!'*0*$!",$$!#)A!&,!!,$'"$$!8"!!'*9!$(!$>)X
U K K U K
)
1 kV = 1000 VP'"Q\
1 MV = 1000 000 VP#!8"Q\
0$'0
"#!*"*0$
"!!'*9$
'
.
E.=<
#!*"*)$'!'8/!"*0"(*!$0"*(*/"9
'W55(*'?$!"#!*"!!'*9!$*!$'*8("*0$(*!$(*/"9
#!*
.
E.==
T
.
E.=;
25
.
5(*!'($'$"#!*8#!$"#!#!*$!(,*9)'/!0$9!$(,#!*$!
'P'W53%&%"Q*9)8*!0!,#!*!=!e
&Q
Q
"Q
.
E.=B
18!"*/*&"!!'*9$(!O
3M#!*"#!*(*'?$$'W57''"('?"*!'O
7 / ! !,$'" !!'*9$ (!$>) " $!')
9',!!'*9$(!O
4M!!!'*9!$$($')!$!8"#!*$!,$>O
W
' "#!* ('?" $($ , 566 # "%
8/''"/$!"O
Y M ! 9" !!'*9$ (!$>) ' "
!!'*9$(!!"$!"!*0$#!$'9!"
$!!'*9!"O
26
.
E.=C
$
9
M!(*"$!9!=!$!!'*9$*)O
M
0"!,!#!&,''$'Y5Q&Q8"
!!'*9$ ' # (*'9!$ !,$ )> "
"* &, &!*) # " '*8 # !*'
("*0$,"!)>M0&!!?"#!O
'*8',!/#!,$)>PY5Q
"!($!$0"$,9)'8#"'9!$,"!
Q
!*'("*0$)9'PY5&Q
)!(*9$'8$($!%"!'!"!*09$O
.
F.=
&Q
T
"#&'
)>
!*'
)>
V*+$
(*9'
($
P"Q
C1D
C1D
C1D
9$
P#(!*Q
<1;
<1=
&
&Q=
.
F.;
,&!5!8!,,!''$($$0"*"*)$'*80!')(*",$'!
!,$'"%P7%4:Q)9$!$*!!*09$9$$*)$08*+$(*9'P
Q!
56((#,)9$$*)$0"#&')>PQ!9$''*09$!
(*",$>*09$,!l(*"T$!!'*9$*)"!#!,!'#*09!$(*
:
9
:
:
:
9
R
Q
(
9
IJ$
9
=
Z
9
:
9
9
1V
:
:
.
)
&Q
.
F.B
:
9
9Q
O
0$ ! ,!' ') #!! (*!$!
$ '9!" !!'*9!" ! &,$!
.
F.C
27
"
9
9
,,?$$(*",$'(l )%(/$$$(*!9(*!!'$(*",$'(S),",
$#!*)P($>)QPYWQ
"
Q
>
(l )
!##! #!*!$ $*#!$ ') 8 "'#! ##!* P( #?$
,8!$Q$"*!8$"#!?>,>!',?$,5
#!*S'*',&$$T"*0!!8(9!''*)$?>V
9#!!!'*9$(*V#!*#!(*$*09$#!8
0&!!?"#!*!0!
&!!?"#!X ' #!$"=! $ ,?$ $ ?> !
08!#"(*$(*",$'
R
'9'X!'*9$(*0"
l
(*"(*(*>$$ , ,?$ $
2R
(*",$'PYYQ
&Q
9
99
9
9
( S )
.
F.E
2l
.
F.F
R
S
R/2
2S
.
F.G
!##!$!''?>!,$'",#!$0,*09!$#!*)V#!*#!(*!$!,$'"
,?$,?>!'?>!!,$'",?$!,$'"(/$$((*!9$(*!!'$"$
(* ! *09!$ '9'X !'*9$ (* 0" , ", $ #!*) P($>)Q
*#!*X(*",$',>!'#(8!#!!'*9!$(*,(*",$',&'*
28
,0"!,!$!&,0'9"#!,!'X
9
R
999
>
9
IlJW
99
9
99
9
ISJ
9A
9
IJ
:
:
9
S
* *!/"=! $ $#!*9' 0,9 9! ! '* 0"!,!$! +*# , (*!N,$
+*#X
S
S
S
S
(!>+9!$(*$$!')($>)PQ(*!""!!'*9$(*$($>)%
9),?$!5n%(/$$((*!9$(*!!'5n1
$
9A
9
, $ " (*'' ("!A! ! (*!&"
"$!#'!,$>
9 :
IZ.mm;[\J
*!&*
6%65W
&!1,,!$!"*!,$!$(!>+9$
&'*
6%65Y
!!'*9!$(*0$!'($>
0
6%613
8 ! ," "*!,$! $ !!'*9$! (* "
&!!!,$!"(*!!?$$&$!#(!**(20
o
(*!'!'*08*!!=!%8*!)9!#*,
##$8(8!#(*,$!,!"$*)$
'*8(*"!=!$8*!)9!$)9!!'*#!*)!X
>!'%"+*#%$'!$
#$#
"+*#
>$'
$'!
($
?!!0
9!'
"
$'!P47]kc1Wopc16qrQ
#$8$$PZZ]kc51opc1srQ
'$$$P47tkc51opc1srQ
?"
'*#$'P166]ucZ6opQ
'$Pv_%]u%wx%]yQ
6%61Y
6%644
6%6W
6%6[
6%5
6%55
6%5Y
6%15
6%71
6%7Z
6%7[
6%[4Z
5%5
5%74
5*!"*!!XQ
"
\&Q
"
\"Q6%7
"z\8Q5%1
"
1"!,!!$!'#!*),'!0*&"(*",$>!
3'!#!$"(*'X
Q,?$!$#7(\&Q,?$!08!#3(\
"Q("*/$$((*!9$(*!!'!08!#4(
7($!!)&!
R
S (mm2)
(m)
?
3
4
23
1
?
2,5
0,5
1,1
0,017
?
0,023
2
30
100
?
29
!
"
)) 0'$
)
$($$0"*"*)$'*8'$8'*8!*#$'+09*V!*8
#$
#"$!8"9!!$*!9!$#"0'$
"
9
')9$$!!'*9$*)"!!'*9$'*80",$($
$0"*O
>!""#!!!'*9!$*!$'*8PZ5Q
!,$!!!#!$X0"*$!!'*9$*)'",
#?!#!,8#!$"#!$($,651:%(*/"9
#!*$$*#!$P#(!*#!*"#!*Q
U
M!#'(*'0$!!'*9$'*8!(*!"!$
$'Z1
V!*8#$
#
P5YZY5Z47Q
T
I
.
G.;
V #!$"#! $($ $ 0"* (,>! 0
.
G.=
8!#$ $ $($ )9$ $ !!'*9$ *)
P(*9$,,"!$!$*#!$Q8"$!"#!"&!5 "*!#!(*!'!9"=!
$(,>!(*"#!'9$',$($)9$8"$!"#!"&!&!
58*+9'!(*!"!$$Z3
V!,)A)&!0&!!?"#!
U (V)
I (A)
U/I
,!'$!')(,*!,!$(*$"*!,$$
$($)9$$*)'9$'
=1D
<1=D
=<
$$($)9$$"()$
B1<
<1B
=<
P56Q$9,!'(*$(*/"9
C1D
<1CD
=<
$!!#!$"(*#!$$$($
9$ $ *) ! (*#!$"
E1<
<1E
=<
(*#!$$$($$0"*
F1D
<1FD
=<
(*"(*(*>$$ ' ( A!
!08!#$($%0'(A!!
H1<
<1H
=<
08!#)9$$*)
.
G.B
&
&Q=
9$' , $($ )9$ $ !!'*9$ *) +'9' 8 (*!"" 0$ $
!!'*9$(*00&!!?"#!X
U$($\I)9$$!!'*9$*)\R(*
"!
#"0'$')"?0#!$(*",$>(*()$!#(!**
#"0'$
8'?"#!"'X
*
:
:
9
9
9
9
1
9
9
30
)
9
*0",$)9$$!!'*9$*)!!'*9$(*P8*$*!>) Q
8$*!'"#!(,$$($,$$($$('?",!'$($#!.,"!9',*)$
'*80",(*$$&B,"$,!*,"!$)9$$*)%(,$$($!
(8!#$,!,'*8')#(8!#(*R
,$$($#?!,$,,!,8"*$(*/=X
5Q'!*(*!,"$($,0"*$'*!"!,(*/"9!"'9!$!*'"
*)$'*8O
1Q'#?!#!,8(*!#!#!(*$(*/"9"*)$'*8%'$!8""*!,$
$!$!(0$O
"
9
*08!,#!*!$'*8')/!"!$,!!#!$(*'?$$/!#$Z7"'8
/#"'9!$,"!*'"*0$(*/"9
U1 = 0,4 V
U2 = 5,6 V
A
U=6V
,(*!#!'!!,"X
.
G.C
31
]
I (A)
U (V)
.
G.D
32
@
9
@
!0&!!?!,!')9'!/!(""$$"8,/$
!'P'[5Q("*0$!!,$0,*8
'!*(!!,$)>%
8/8$!%/$!!9)'))>!""!!$N,$'
"*0"=!$(*/"9!P)>!Q!,$0,*8,$$
'*),(*")>(9!',"*'*!,!"'
!*' "*0"=! !*' "*0"=! '" ! (*'?$ $
',!9=P[1Q&!!?"#!,!',!9=!+!$
*9=$!,$$9$X!"*',!,$,!!,!$
*',,*8,!!'"'*8
'"",$"*0"=!#?!!$$(*"!#!!'*9!$
'*8"!$,!,$!!!#!$X0"*$!!'*9$*)P&!*)
,7%4:Q%$!'')9'("!$$)9$8*(*",$>
P'[3Q
'"*)$'*8808!#"!&*)$)9'!%
8/!(&A!"!
' , *)$ '*8 0",! !,$ )9' 8/
!$A!(*!$,"!!'0/
",!=!$)9'!(*!'$"*)$'*8%
(*!$",!9!!!'*9$*)
.
H.=
.
H.;
Q
&Q
R R R R
+9
9
:
9
9
9
9
.
H.B
33
)
@
!0&!!?!,!'')"!'!"N,$>!%'(*!8*
0",#!!,$)>$!(*,?","!0$9
,!'*)$'*8(*(*!$"*0"=!$!!(*!'$"",!=!
$!,!$,$!8"!!!#!$'[7'&")(8!,$#!A!
0&!!?#!,!')>!!"*0$$!,$$9$X!,$'*)
,!)>!"*0$$!,$#!%,*8'*)$,*8#!
'(9!>!$,"("!A!(*/"9!"*0"!,$
9'%'*!"!",*8%8/"!#!,!'(*/"9!!"*0$
(*!$
.
H.C
.
H.E
9'%'*!"!",*89'
'!0",&'))>
,*8!(*,?","!
Q
I I I I
(*!#
#"0'$)9$$!!'*9$*)!
!,$'"$'9$',$($(*,$$X
.
9
9
9
:
9
9
9
9
:
9
9
34
) '"!"'($(*"*)$'*8'(*$>!(*X7z%Wz51z!
"*0$(*!$O
,>XR1
R2
R3
R = ?!/!$!XR
(*!,!!8"'($(*(*$,,!$!(*$>M0&!!?"!O
)!(#,$)#
@
#&$*$ "*0"=! $ (*/"9
"*)$'*8(*'?$!$'[Z ")
9) # ," (*/"9 "*0$ (*!$%
! ! !*' "*0$ *! (*/"9 8
!*!/"0,9,")",$"*0"=!(*"!
(*!#!""'($(*$(*!$"*0$!
(*/"9%(0!,$9'(*!*'
"*0$(*/"9
I1
I = I1 + I2
I2
.
H.G
5>*)!/!#'*!$'*8"')/!"*0$7"!'X
Q!*'\
&Q(*!$%(*'9!$#!*$$*#!$X#(!*#!*"#!*
1
&)$!! '' ! "*0$ "!'! " *)$! '*8" (*'?$ $ ' [[ ,
(,>!$'(*!#!)!8(*!$,"(*/"9
I1 = 0,4 A
R123
R23
R2
R1
R3
I2 = 0,1 A
A
U= 6 V
.
H.H
R4
I = 0,5 A
.
H.=<
35
$
9 .
"
>
!#!!,"!#!$(9%("!!8$,*!,!$*)$!"*0!!8!!'*#!*
*!' $ !!'*#!* A! !
'$O
!%/$!#!!'*>!$(9!
!$!(9'0'*',8("*0!#!
("!$!,$!&$&!*)P565QMA!!
9*!'$!!'*#!*Of!!'$
!$!(9("*0!!80'*',")$
("'$($P561Q
M A! 0&!!?#!O *!' ,")$ A! 8
.
=<.=
.
=<.;
08!#'$
9
:
9
9
1
'(>!
36
(>!,5@*,#$)'$,!$0*9)/$($A!!(*#!$05 '$(9!!
,$!'9!"$!!'*9!",5$,$>+*,!#$88!#%(0!'*
#$8(#!,$>X
#'*+*,%1F = 0,000 001 F
,!!'*9$
$$+*,%1nF = 0,000 000 001 F
'$$$
('+*,%1pF = 0,000 000 000 001 F
,!!'*'
1 F = 10-6 F
1 nF = 10-9 F
1 pF = 10-12 F
.
=<.D
0$!,!''(>!,!,!$#'*+*,#(*",$'"+*#$('(*!9$',
['#!*(>!$0!#)$('0$!"Y55#'*+*,
(*'9!(!)""(*!&,'(>!%'(*!#(*!&!$"*'A!&,
(8!#(#,'(>!!$'$,!$0*!'/*(8#!
,&"=! $ '(>! '/ $ ! (*!&$
0 ,,!$ 9% $)9! ! '* &!*) ,
'$,!$0* !*) (*!"" '$,!$0*
"!$,("!A!(!,$!9$'$,!$0*'/!
$,*!,!$$9$"*0$#!.!&!"*0"=!#?!
, &,! (*!$ P 56W 56YQ P! (0"$
(9!$!8"$(9!"*0"''$/!#Q
!*' P56ZQP(0"$ (9 ! "*0"
$!8"$ ' *!,Q #!/" '" A! &,!
"*0"=! $ '$,!$0*! 0" , '$'*!$
$#!$$&!*)
.
=<.E
.
=<.F
C = C1 + C2 + C3
C'(>!$&!*)
C1%C2%C3'(>!$"*0$!'$,!$0*
.
=<.G
C C C C
37
+
!$! #$8 9! ! '* $ &'
'$,!$0* P 56[Q "! !$ , #!$ + ! "
$"(*",$>')")'$,!$0*%0*#!.
$"!N*)$(!$(*+$!!$!"!$"
#!$')(*,#!N$9'0/
"!'$,!$0*
&9$#8!#'(>!?!/,,8"*/0/O
#8!#(/$#*)$!
.
=<.H
'$,!$0*
()$'(>!
'$,!$0*
(*#!$"'(>!
!!'*'
'$,!$0*
.
=<.=<
.
=<.==
.
=<.=;
^
5Q $,!$0* (*# '9!" !!'*9!" , 6%6661 '$ (* # ! (*#!$
$($046"*!#!)8$!8"'(>!
1Q ) !!'*9$ R"$9! (*'?$ $
'P5653Q!8!,,!'#!./!>
'"#'*!=!
'!"*0!'$,!$0*%
'*!=!$!#P /'$!!'*>!/
$'$,!$0*Q
.
=<.=B
3Q"!#!$('*09!$,)#!*$!!'*0*$!',#!,$'"(!$>)
",$$!#)'9!"$!!'*9!"$('!!!,$'"OMA!!9'
('!!"*0$!')(*",$'O
7Q
&)$ 0/
'(>!')(*!$
"*0$! '$,!$0*
!08!#"%')!*'
"*0$! '$,!$0*
!$#"
.
=<.=C
38
.
=<.=D
4Q M ! ,'?"
&,! (*'?$
$'!56575654O
?
:
:
!!'*9$*!$'*8%!!'*9$!8,"?(*!$!!$!!'*>!$0
(*",$>!(*/"9!%(*"*/!)A*&
$!#!,!''"!!'*9$(!P$$!!'*0*$(*",$'!(*,"?'9!"
!!'*9!",5P5
{Q,!,$9'",*8(!$>)$*0'
$($,5"!"*/*&,5
"$*!/$
*&$
!!'*9$
*)
($
!$!*8)!
08!#"
.
==.=
"
9
"
& / ) 0"*/" !!'*9$ *) " *)$ '*8 0"
39
'"*)$'*8#"'9!$("!A!(*/"9%0*00*&$!!'*9$*)
"?0!')(*/"9(!,$!9$%")9)$($(*!""(,$$($$'*!"!
,(*/"9
&/A!)0"*/!!'*9$*)(*(#$"=!$0$!')(*/"9!!,$'"
$(*0",,X(,$$($PUQ$'*!"!,(*/"9%)9$$!!'*9$*)
PIQ"*!#!PtQ$(*!'"=!$!!'*9$*)
) ($$0"*!W:%"*)$'*8(*!'")9$$!!'*9$*);^
6%7w'"*&A!0"*/!!'*9$*)0"*!#!,54{O
,!$XUI
tA = ?
!/!$!X
(
|!)#|
P5Z5Z5ZZ[Q
(?
:
A$$!!'*9$*)!0$9"PQ(*!""0"*/!$*&"!,$>
"*!#!
$
?
IPJ
9
9
:
:
$
?
.
IWJ
V
(*'!'*(8!#!,$>X'"%1 kW = 1 000 W\#!8"%1 MW = 1 000 000 W
#!,$>X#"%1 mW = 0,001 W
''#!,)(*!#!#!#A$$$!'),!,*)$'*8%
(,$$($$),!,*)$'*8(("#!X
'",!,*)$'*80!!'*9$(*}8(*#!$#!
0*0,
#"0'$,*"!$'0#A$,&"#!0*0X
2
2
40
.
==.C
~^51:\
;^O
!/!$!X;^7%4Z
|!)#
5'554(*'?$!!!'*9$(!8$')/!0&!!?$"*!,$!0$($
#A$'")9$$!!'*9$*)#$"$0!!'*9$(!8O
1V*!)9$&)!*##A$,3666j
'!"'9!$"*)$
'5%4%8/''")9$$!!'*9$*)!9!$08*!)9O'
j!!'*9$!$!*8)A!&,(*/!$O
3!'*9$,8''*!"#,5466$"9$,14#0"*!#!
,51{!(*!#!X
Q#A$$,8'\
&Q$($$')!(*'9!$,8'%')9$$*)!Z6
O
.
==.D
.
==.E
Z 55Y ! (*'?$ (*"#'' 0"*/!$ *& $ !!'*9$ *) " $! !
5W6660"*!#!,56{*!#!)!)#A$$(*"#'''*)0*0!!)#A$
"sj
[ )> ! (*'9!$ $ $($ , 116 :% $ #(!*#!* !
(*9$)9$6%7W
'"!#A$$"!'O
5655Z(*'?$!#'*
&*$"(!9'!9'##A$,
ZZ6j'")9$$!!'*9$
*) A! #$" $0 #'*&*$"
(!9'% ' ! (*'9!$ $ $($ ,
8*,'#*!?P116:QO
#'*&*$"(!9'
.
==.F
.
==.G
41
!9
!9
!
*)$,*#?!#!,*!9!#!,!'!!+!'$!!'*9$*)'89"!'A!
$!,!,*)$'*8$0$!8A!(#$!!!'*9$*)+!'!('*)/!"=!$
,!",9"!9'*8$0#%#?,&,#*$(!,>
'8/,$!0&*"!X $#")!,$!($!!,!,0"*!$*!$'*8
U"!9' ! ! ,&* (*",$' $ !!'*9$ *)% 0 /
!!$ !9$ " '!'! (** ' $" ! ,*!,!$ ", $
!!'*')/)(*"!,"!!'*9$*)'(*",$'0
$!8"?
#"0'$XI = U / R,$!8(0$")A8$($$0"*
(*$9"!9'!#?!,!(*!#!)9$$!!'*9$
*) / A! (#$! $0 ! !'*9$ (* $ 9"!9' !
"*09$,!"!*09!$ $*!/$!*8$##$8(#
!!'*9!$ (* , '? 515 (*!"!$ ! 8!#$ $
!!'*9$!(*$*09$,!",9"!9'!
.
=;.=
*!&,0$!!,!'"?$'?#(#(*,"*
"'?(*$9"!9'!!$,56666#%'8'?!"?$
(,5666#
$8!($'8!!'*9$*)#$"$0*>!#0'
P",511Q(*#!*X
'9"!'')!"?!$"'(%!,$
*'!,(*!,/!!$(*",$'(,$($%,*8!,*?0
#!$,!,/$0$!8"!A!(#$!)9$$!!'*9$
*)X
220 V
U
I^
^
^
R! #
($
*)
#!!$
$,'
.
=;.B
.
=;.C
* )9$ , 566 166 # #(!* 8*9!=! $ #'! ! ' $%
/*>!P''#'Q#?!,(*!$!")*&*")9$$
!!'*9$*)!)""8!#!/'",/!=!
42
.
=;.D
.
=;.F
) 9
9
9
'51Y#(*'?$,!!'!/$*,(,,!)"
$*)$,*,!!'*9$*)
*'?"=!$(#/(*"*!&,!'9*)$'*8
9),!$$!*!A$*(!*!&#$8"$#!$
,*&0,$!$*,)*"%*!&!!'*9',!0*
, (, "=! $ 0*' (,8 P8# ('Q% '
"&0$$!#'"(,8#?!,0$!$("'$
('*"9"*!,!$(*",$>!(,$($$!#!,*!'$
, ! ,(* ! (*!&$ (*!,#! , 0* P,*"
('Q,!*$,$!*!A$
9
99 @
:
]
' ! "*0 ," ( $ &!*) P 51ZQ (*",$'
# !!'*9!$ (*% 8$
#" 0'$ A! (*!9! )'
!!'*9$*)'*'"*!#!A!!&,8!#'9!"
.
=;.G
!$!*8)(*!''$"'*!*)#?!,!/!%#?!
,(*!,0"'(?*$!!'*9$$>)'""*0"=!!$*!'"'*'"*'
.
=;.H
.
=;.=<
43
.
=;.==
!
9S
9 9
9
>
.
=;.=;
"#'8*"9
0/$'('
)
:
:
!'*9$!*)$,*(*'/$0*8$0#(*!'"!!'*9$*#
)9$,6%4nw#'*$,!)"')9"!9'*8$0#%$)9!!'*"
#!,>$'!*()(*!9!=!$$!'&!
:
8"!=!,$$,"!,&,!!,$'"8!#$$*$8!%0,$!#08&
$!!'*9$!$!*8),!$#08&!!$!*=*!&,!('*"'('\
"!"=! '*!! ("!A! "!' / '* 8 P+*>!$$Q V$!! 8
"!'!'8$(/!#!(,8,56#$\
+*?,!* 0&!8$")! 9! "*=! 0"*=! , &,! / (&*0\ *!,"$
9!!8#*0\
44
5'5153'*)!''"8*!/'!$(*"!$X
Q(*'*!=!$!!'*9$!(*\
&Q''"($!'*)
.
=;.=B
1'"!)9$$!!'*9$*)/!#*$$O
3M(*!,0"'"*))9$,56nwO
7'"!)9$$!!'*9$*)/!'*"#!,>$O
4'5157(*'?$!,"!(>'/)"*!$'*8,$(>!*!!
P0$9#$"()'*)Q%,*8#*$(#/$'5154&)$)()"
W515W(>!&,$)$?>!
&)$0/e
)
I$I1$
I1$
.
=;.=D
.
=;.=C
.
=;.=E
45
)
5*!$!$!!'*>!')#!!!gggggggggggggggg\
') !!'*! ! ggggggggggggggggggggg ') 8"! !
gggggggggggggggg
=
;
1*!,$'")>"*0$!"*!$'*8''$515Y
)"!'$)&A!"!O
B
.
=;.=F
&Q
"Q
.
=;.;<
W!"!'"!!'*9$'*8$'5115!
!,$'"?!"!'!],"!!,$'"O
'$!%
')A!"!("!A!O
Y?!"#!*')#',16",0#!*
$($$'*!"!,(*$'')#(*,7%1#'8
$0$!8!9!*))9$,3
O
.
=;.;=
Z'")9$$*)A!!9!$0(*$'(*,1#"*0$$0"*$!!'*9$
!$!*8),W"O
46
&
I$
J
5,#(!*#!*!!"*0$(*"$$
5
, #(!*#!*! ! "*0$ (*"
$
5X bQ
&Q
"Q
8Q
.
=
I (A)
I (A)
bQ
&Q
U (V)
.
;
&Q
"Q
U (V)
.
C
.
B
47
(
9
"*!#!$ ?" $! #?! , ! 0# &!0 (*#!$ $
#8$!8$!#"'#(!%0"9$>!%!!'*#*!%
,$>!%!$!0$#=!*!(*,'>)$0"'%,'!
#$8,*8(*
&* #8$! ,. , #! $ 8*, 8$!0) "
0)"#!(*$),!$!?!!0$*,#8$!$")"%
,!$!(0$''
I_`;OBJ
,'"")"!9
!'),$!"$?"&9$!'*
! ! 0*&" , 9!' ,,' $ '& $'!% '
,($!$ ((' ! #8$!0*
"! #8$! #
*09$+*#X(*9'%('">%89$P531Q
.
=B.=
"
9
:
Q !#!! (*!,#! , *09$ ($> P?!!0% 9!'%
#$#%&'*%"%N*)%('%,*"Q(*&)!',
$"8(*"!'"#8$!
.
=B.;
)
9
9
.
!#/#8$!8(*"!'"?!!0%'?!!0
8 (*"!'" #8$! P 533Q &!!?"! ,!' #8$!
?!!0!(*"!'"'8!$0"!$*)$!
?!!0
N*)
.
=B.B
48
$9%
,!)""$,*!,!$,!9$
"!$%
,!)""(*!'N*)%,*"('
,!'% ('% ?!!0$ # 8 (*!9" ,!)" $ #8$!$!
*,"")"%#!/$!'#!,>$'!N$9'
(*%!/#!!&!,$!(?!$#8$!$,!)"
)
>
9 @
.
=B.C
.
=B.D
S
N
M0&!!?"!O
9
1
9 .
N
.
=B.F
.
=B.G
49
.
=B.=<
9
.
!')(!*#$!$!$#8$!'!&!0,"#8$!$
(!
$9%
9
9
9
.
' ! *(*!,!$ #8$!$! A! ('?!#! $
!,$$9$P5355QX
.
=B.==
50
M0&!!?"!O
'!*(*!,"*8$>!O
*8$>!!*(*!,""$!$$
,!)"$#8$!$!!"'
#!',!/8$$#8$!$!"$!
(8!#%#8$!$(!!()'
"$!0!#!$,!'0!8",!"!*$#8$!!$(%
"!8"")?$#8$!!$(
(('0"!,!!&,('"9!#8$!
,"#8$!'8!,&?!$!(*"$!("
P5351Q
9
.
=B.=;
:
>
@
I9
@J
P
5353Q"&!$,!,#8$!$8!*!$*$'$
!"!*%>*"!$&!$'$)8*,*?!=!$'#($,$'
!,*!,"(*"!>!"!*)8
*" (*#!$ $ #8$! & ') '#( M*'
(*#!$ $ '#( (9$ " !' $ <;; "!'% (!&$ "
#*!(""
.
=B.=B
(
9
:
)?!$
#8$!!$(
!"!*!$
8!8*+'(
)?!$
8!8*+'(
!#)$
'
!"!*!$
#8$!!$(
.
=B.=C
51
!#)$#8$!$'')#$"$0!#)$#8$!$(!%$!!"(.
>!$'$*>)$!#)P')#$"$08!8*+'!("Q%
'$!0"*8, 17o,!)A#8$!$!8!8*+'!("$!!
"(.%8$'#($!8('?"(*"!>$8!8*+'#!*,)$
.
=B.=D
9 L
A
:
9 1
:P5354Q!'$"*!#!")8!##'
!#!$"%0/#*,!",#!'""0,/$(#*'&*A)
5',!)"$#8$!$!$!,!$#8$!!$(#?!,&,!
()'(&"0"$,,*8#8$!P535WQO
.
=B.=E
1!,!$(,!,!$#8$!#()$>%$,*8(#'$9=
P535YQ
M#!O,$*!$*!,!$!P()$>'$9=Q
A!!*(,$%'A!$$*!,!$'8A!8*8$!#!,#8$!O
3
&)$!! 0/ 8 '/ " $ '*!"! , #8$! "!
&,$'*!"!(*"!'"P535ZQ
.
=B.=F
.
=B.=H
.
=B.=G
.
=B.;<
52
.
=B.;=
(
:
:
!#!!#8$!$8("!!)$(*9!*(*'!(""9/",P575Q
,#8$!$80!8$!!?>("*0!!)&!*)
MA!!9$'$#8$!$8O
Q*!,,!0"**)$'#8$!$8&!/!"(*"!>!"!*)8
&Q8$0(*",$'(*!9!!!'*9$*)8!0"*!
"Q8A!!(*#!$("!$&!*)8!0"*""(*"$$'
Q
)*08!,#!571
&Q
.
=C.=
"Q
*"$' (*",$' ! ("!$ (*!$ $, #8$!$ 8
' $0 ' (!9!
!!'*9$ *) 8 ! (#!" P'$"Q ,
")(*"&!$(*"!>"*"=!$80",
!!'*9$ *)% ' *) # (8!# "*!,$
"*"=!P'$"=!Q$#8$!$8!(8!#
&*$
")&,(*"80"!,$'+09*$
*)$ *!, " 5Z15 8,$
, &, 0'9"#!
,!'
9
:
:
9
9
.
)
:
9
1
'!(*#!$$'$!9!=!$
!!'*9$*)P("!$&!*),!("*0
&*$Q%"'/8$&B,"#!A!!(*#!$
$'$#8$!$8
.
=C.;
'#8$!$8(!(!$),,!9"#!,(*",$'$0
')!9!!!'*9$*)%$!)0$"*"=!P'$"=!Q(!(!$
!$#"&*$%(*&?"=!%"*"=!P'$"=!Q
$#8$!$8!08!#"
(
9
9
:
:1
@
9 1
.
(
:
9
>@
Q
.
=C.B
53
9
9
:
:1
9 1
9
:
9>
@
9
.
=C.C
.
!8/$!(*9"=$!!'*9$!#8$!$!()"('?",!'($!*0,!$
"*'"!$$!!!'*9$()"
'$!!'*0*$!9!9''#*"(
!!'*9$(!%,,!'!9!9'","?!=!P!!'*9$*)Q0,"#8$!$(!
f!(*'?!#!#8$!$(=$X
(*"$'(*",$'%
'*?!$(*",$'
(
9
9
9
8$!$(!$(*"$'(*",$'$!!'*9$*)#8$!$!"$
#?,!(*'?$!,$$9$X
0 N*0$$ ("!$ '*$ "!*'$ #$" 0*$ (*",$' P 574Q 0
(*",$'$!'(*!9!!!'*9$*),$!''#(!*%($'*$((!!$
?!!0$*8$>!$(9'$")!
M0&!!?"!O
h!!0$!*8$>!("""'$>!$*9$'*?$>'
(*",$'
*)0,"$!$(!
8$!$(!!$)$"&0$$(*",$'
08!#"=!$)9$$*)#8$!$(!$"()'
.
=C.D
(
(
:
9
9
>1
9 1
L
9
)
>
54
.
=C.E
9
:
9
8$!$! 8 / ! ("!$ ' (*",$' ) ('?"
$'$#8$!$!"$
,8"*%$'$!"!*$!("$#8$!$!8!0!#!$
.
=C.F
0$'$#8$!$!"$
'$#8$!$(!$(*"(*",$'!(*!,!"(*"$,!$*'
P57YQ'!8X
9
9
A
9
9
:
9>
:1
9
9
:
9>
'"!$'$#8$!$(#!.,"(*"(*!$(*",$>O
0"!,!#!&,,"!(*!$?>$0'!9!*)"(*"9)"(*"$
$'P57Z&Q%""*9)"$'P57Z"Q
Q
M0&!!?"!O
&Q
"Q
.
=C.G
8(*!$!?>$0'!9!*)!,&"%'8!(*"!'"O
/!,?"/80&!!?"!(*0"!,"=!$!'(!*#!$!O
'! $ #8$!$! (#!. ," (*!$ (*",$> 0" , $' $
!!'*9$*)"(*",$>!
"(*!$(*",$>$0'!9!*)X
Q"(*"$$'%#!.!&!!,&"P57Z&Q
"
&Q"$'%#!.!&!!(*"!'"P57Z"Q
(
9
>
9
8$!$ (! $ '*?!$ (*",$' "!
$$#8$!$(!%'%A!8&)$#!(*!'
.
=C.H
&,A!8(*!"#!'"P8*+9'Q
0 N*0$!$ '*$% $ ') ! $. ?!!0$ *8$>% #$" '*?!$ 0*$
(*",$'P57[Q8$0(*",$'!9!*)%*8$>!/!$."#8$!$
(!/80,"!!'*9$*)%A!!$#8$!0*00!#,*!,!$(?&
55
.
=C.==
.
=C.=<
9
:
9>
: 1
9
9
:
9>
:
>
9
M0&!!?"!O
Q
8$!$(!$
'*?!$(*",$'$0
')!9!*)
#8$!$
"$
'*?$?>$0
')!9!*)
9$!$
#8$!$(!$
(*"(*",$'
&Q
.
=C.=;
8$!$(!$'*?!$(*",$'!9$#8$!$(!$'*'(!*#$!$!$
(*"#8$!,$*$$'*?$(*",$'!,$!"9$''!"!*$($
(!*#$!$$#8$!%,*8'')?$(P5751&Q
5(#/$$'$#8$!$!8P5753Q%(*!,!
)$'$!!'*9$*)
1M!,'?$*!,"&,O
.
=C.=B
3
(*!,!)$'$!!'*9$*)"(*",$'P5757Q%(#/$$'
$#8$!$!"$
7 ""'% $0 ') !9! !!'*9$ *)% 0,"
#8$!$(!''')X
Q('"9!#8$!\&Q(*"#8$!\"Q$#8$!0*$
(9!\8Q$""'$!0,"#8$!$(!
Q
.
=C.=C
.
=C.=D
&Q
W
(*!,!)$'$!!'*9$')*)'*?$(*",$'P5754&Q
56
S
Q
&Q
.
=C.=E
8$!$(!
$!$,
9$!$
#8$!$(!$
(*"(*",$'
(
9
(*",$'"'$"("!A!'*?$$""'
!"'!$,P5W5W&Q)!$,!')
'*?$$""'!,$!"'''*?!$(*",$'
$0 ') !9! !!'*9$ *) 8$!$ (! $
!$,!!,$'"$0&*$#8$!$!(=
$!$""''!(8!#&*)$$""'!
P''!(8$""'!Q%'#8$!$(!
$!$,!()'
8$!$ (! $ !$, ! 9$
#8$!$ (! $ (*9' #8$!% / !
0&!!?"(*(*!,$"!$$,"
#8$!$("P575WQ
'!$,!#$8
(,8,$!8",)#!*%#8$!$(!"$*!
"!$,!(N#8!$P#8$!$!"$
#!. !&! ! (*!$ N#8!$ *(*!,!$%
575W&Q
!#!! !$,% &!*) #8$!$ 8
8$!$8("!!)"&0$$!$,
P575YQ
MA!!9#8$!$8%'8A!!
("*0!'O
'"!0!#$,!)"(#!.!$,
$0')!9!*)#8$!$8O
.
=C.=F
"
>
9
]
"*!!8&,%(*("!$&!*)("*0!!8&*$
'!,$!"#8$!$8O
(*#!$ $ ("! $ &!*)% !$, #8$! 8 (*#!$" ("! !8 8
(*"!'",*8($#8$!$8
'"(*#!$$$')*)(*#!$$("!$&!*)O
0#!$$("!$&!*)!(*#!$$'$*)%$'$
#8$!$(!
>
:
9
]
"$*!/$$!$,%$0')!9!*)%#8$!$(!#'$$$"*!,$
8$!$(!#?!,!0)'$!'!08!#&*)$$""'!$!,$>,?$
'!08!#)9$$!!'*9$*)/#$"$0!$,
57
$
0$9!$(!+'!$$9$008!#"=!
)9$$#8$!$(!%'8"!$,A!!
"$!! (*9! , #!' ?!!0 ),*% '! ! $#8$!
0*"
>
:
"!! *)$ ' '' $ ' 575Z 8
'!0"*!$?!!0$(9!>"*(*!(!$
0,$9!$),*,#!'?!!0
8"!$,$0')
!9!*)A!!("),*
,+!*#8$!!$#!*)%
)9$$#8$!$(!
$!$,!$A!!
08!#
),*
!$,
?!!0$
(9
.
=C.=G
Q
&Q
.
=C.=H
:
.
=C.;<
8$!$,!)"$!!'*9$*)$.(*#!$')!!'*9$!R"$9=",#"!
*"'9"=!$!!'*9$*)P(*$"=!$(*!'$"9Q$""'8(*"!'"
?!!0$),*P5715Qh!!0$),*,*$#!$(9(*/0R"$"
'
!!'*9$*)!'9%$""'8(/?!!0$),*P5715&Q%),*(.,*
$,*8#!$(9
58
Q
&Q
.
=C.;=
(
:!'*9$(!$$!!'*0*$!%")&$#*"=!%!
'*'!*0* "!9$ :
9
$8$ $ % #8$!$ (! !
m
'*'!*0*"!9$
:
B
(
:
1
9
1
9
1
:
9
9@
9
$!$0!$#8$!$$,'>)(8!#!"&!$#8$!$(!',!/"!
$$(!!(8&*$%(#!$#!"(!',!/8$$$!!
(#
' $ #8$!$ $,'>) " !') 9' ! "(. $' $ #8$!$ (!%
,$$%$'$#8$!$!"$
,$>0#8$!$$,'>)!
(T)
(
9
:
=
&
9
:
=
d
>
=
\
:
:
:
=
1
9
>
9
9
m
.
=C.;;
:
9
S
A
().
(
A
S
9
9
:
9
9
:
9
(B)
9
(S)%'5711%,$$
59
R
9
:
1 T
A
1
Wb
9
2
(
:
1 T
S
9
A
1 Wb
9
2,
9
:
"
...
!'*#8$!! ! '* ') *0$ (*% ')
'!+$%",!*'*,!*%0"9$>,*
!'*#8$!! $. (*#!$ ') 8!#!
,8' 0 (,8$"=! $ * "#& ,*8
?!!0!$9!9!$(,P5713Q
.
=C.;B
9
:
9
.
=C.;C
.
=C.;G
9
''!#!!(*'9$!!'*9$*)%/
A!!9'!#!),*O
$"#8$!%(*"!'"?!!0!$(*!,#!
,*?"*P''$'5714Q
MA!!9'8A!!'9*)O
.
=C.;D
60
5 M A! ! 9% ' " *)$ ' &!*)
"!'% 8 0#!$#! ("! $ (*'9>! $
&!*)P571WQO
.
=C.;E
.
=C.;F
I = 10 A
I=2A
.
=C.;G
.
=C.;H
W5735!(*'?$$'$#8$!$!"$$!$,$"$(#/
(*!,!)$'$!!'*9$*)$0$""'!$!$,
Y8$!$+'$N#8!$#8$!$(!$0("*/$2,4 m2#"*!,$,1,44 Wb
,*!,8$!$0!$#8$!$$,'>)%'$!)0$(*"!>!$*#!$$("*/$
.
=C.B<
.
=C.B=
.
=C.B;
.
=C.BB
61
":
9
9Q
:
:
!8!0(0$"#!9!'8#8$!#8$!$,!)""$,*8#8$!!8A!
*08!,#!/!!,$,!)"$#8$!$%,$$$9$$')#8$!#8$!$
,!)""$!!'*9$*)%,$$%$?>$0')!9!!!'*9$*)
'(*"(*",$'%$0')!9!*)%("#!,#8$!%A!0&!!?#!,!'$(*",$'
,!)""
'!(*#!$$'$*)%(*",$'A!!(*,"?P(#!Q"(*"$
$'
(
:
9
:
9
:
9
9
9
.
$9
, &'*$ ?> $(*"!! S$/'l &!!! ) $ ,"! 0*$ (9= ' /
N*0$$ ,! , $/' A! 8 ("! #!. ("! $ ('"9! #8$!% ,$$
$*#$$#8$!$!"$
Q
&Q
.
=D.=
9
J1
9
9
:
9>
:
9 1
9
9>
9
9
!!!/',!*0&!*!0/(*",$'!,"?
",!(),"!#8$!$
.
=D.;
(=X#8$!$(!$()$#8$!#8$!$(!$(*",$'$0')!9!!!'*9$
*)
8$!$ (! $ ()$ #8$! 8 $" #8$!$ (! $ !!'*9$ *)
,!)A#(*",$'$*)#?!,!,"?%)$!,!')A!&,!S$"%0$9$
(*",$' $ !!'*9$ *) ,!)"" #8$!$ ') (*!,0"'" #!N$9' ,"?!=!
8$!$ !$!*8) ! (*!"* " #!N$9' *"!> $' ! (*!,!!$% $!)0$
$!$0!0",X
62
9
:
9
9
A
9
*)
*)
)
:
9
9
A
1
9
L
9
:
>
>
I J
.
f!*08!,#!$!''(?&"'!$.9!"**#'
P543Q
Q #!. ("! $ "!*'$ ("!$ ('"9! #8$! , )
("#!*)$*#'"N*0$$(?&*",!,*#'
')/!$.&',o(%A!8"'#!w8*$'%(*",!,
*#'')/!&',`(A!8"'#!8*$'
8*$'%'
Q
&Q
"Q
.
=D.B
8Q
!*08!,"(!&$%!(*"*)$?>8/$
8*$',!)""#8$!$$'
$,,,!)"$
8*$'!,"?$,
&Q8*$',!)""#8$!$$'$8*!*,,!)"$8*$'
!,"?$8*!$9%$
8*$'$8*$',!)""#8$!$'#!,$'"
0$%(*"$$'!.%"'($$*#'$!!$%,"!!$!!($/"
0/$!,!)""(,?$"(*"!>!(*!""(*,')(*!,0"'"
0"*"=!$*#'''
"Q#'!"*'',,!'$!,),!""!*'$(?&%w8*$',
8*$' 8*! 8/*#$$ $*#' !$*#$ $#8$!$!"$8$!$!
$
8*$'8*$'8/,!)""(,?$"(*"!>P''/!(*'?$
$'543"Q*,%!,"!#!.!&!!($/"%8/"'($#8$!$
$*#'!$
8Q#!!'8!*#'"(?&"Q0##!$,!'9*),#(,!
(*'9 " (*"$ $' *) 8/ "!8" $0 8*$'% 0!8" $0
8*$' !
0,"(*,'(*!,0"'"($#/$"*!=!$*#'P5438Q
$""'
"
X
'*)$*#')("#!"#8$!$(!
'#*
'/*#$$$*#'!(*!$#8$!$!"$
P((*!$Q
P''"9)lTQ%$*#',!)""'))"*P0"*"Q
'''/(#$"#!%0,(*,?"*!=!$*#'% 8*+$
9!'9'
,"$!,!(*#!$$'$!!'*9$*)!(8$"
!,$"$$(*"/!"'
P547Q
! ,
9
9 % #!.!&$ 0*$ !')
.
=D.C
((*!$!("*0$(!,!$'*),*#''#*$!8$"
'!("*0$0"*$*)8*#'!"*%!')9!'>),(*(*"
!,$%(,*8("$$(*!$)$9$%0!'!0"*"=!$*#'%'#*
,"()#!$"$'$!!'*9$*)"*#'
63
$
!#!/$!0!!'*#*!'*0,"?!=!$"0%')#$8!!'*9$
(* " ,#A$"% ') $!' ,!' 8*9'% ",!*!'*,!*% !!'*9$ 9"$>% "
8*,!?$/",*
$
9
I9J
:
:
:
9
:
I :J
:
9
I>@J
1
9
.
!'*#* # * $"$ ,!"X
1
J
I
:
.
=D.D
#!.("!$()$#8$!P"+*#$('">Q!$.(*",$'(*"8$
+*#% ') / ! ("*0$ 0"* $ !!'*9$ *) *!"! $ $""' ! (*>"*!$ $
'#*P,"#!$((*!$Q
8 *) !9! $0 $""'%
N
S
N
S
!,$ *$ ! ,"? $8*! ,*8
$,% 0 / $ ,"!! *$ ,
*#' / ! $. #!. #8$!$!
("$!,$*$,!)""#8$!$
$8*!% $ ,*8 *$ $,
P&,!)A $'! $ *) " ?>!
!(*"$Q)$9$$""'P
*#'Q ! 0"*"% $ '8 $""' !
&Q
Q
"!*'$%!$!#?,)0"*
.
=D.E
("!A!%0/8/,!)"""
(*"!>$"(*"$$' ##!$'8$""'A!)(#$!"!*'($!*>)%
'#*)#!$"$'$*)!8!/,!)""$!*$)#!$"
$')$9$$""'!0"*"0/!!,!$('*8$
*!=!$$""'!(*!$!"$'P"$Q$#/$P(*Q)$9$
!$!*8)$!!'*9$*)!(*!"*"'$!9'!$!*8)P*>)Q
"!(*$>($')
*&!!'*#*"!/!!,$,!+$>)0!!'*#*
$
9 1
:1
:
:
:
9
S
64
.
=D.F
.
=D.G
*"!!'*#*!$(*"!$"5ZY78,$#/!8,$(!'$**$(*"
!!'*9$'#"
5M!*)$?>%/*)$*#'O
1*)$*#'"N#8!$#8$!$(!!"*'$(?&"')*#$$$*#'!X
Q(*!$#8$!$(!\&Q$*#$$#8$!$(!\"Q0",$'$
*)"*#'
3!"$!,!"$'#*O
7!'!0"*"=!$*#'%''('#*)#!$"$'$!!'*9$
*)O
4&*)!$!''(*/*&(#/$!!'*#*
W!$"$!,!"$!!'*#*O
Y*(*!&%!!'*#*!!'*9$*))(*!"*"ggggggggggggggggggggggggg
Z'!,,!$0"*"=!
') !!'*#*! 8!,$!!
,8"*!! '' !N$9' ! *!/!$
()$"*!=!$**
L
L
K
I
J
J
I
I
+ -
I
+ -
+ -
.
=D.H
65
$
:
(*!N,$!&,('?"#!,!'#8$!$(!$!#?!
,!,,!,!!'*9$*)
,!)A!!'*9$*)!$9!$,"?!=!$$!!'*0*$
9!9'% #8$!$ (! ! 0," '9" (* ,"?!=! $
$!!'*0*$!9!9'
9
:.
$
:
:.
f!!0(0$!#!$!',@*,!!"!!'(!*#!$%$!8'*!=!$("*!#!$
(*&*$*#!$
66
.
=E.;
,!'(!*#!$!'!,8"*!!$!,$!(*/=X
8$*#!$('?"*)O
)()")0&!!?"!'8#8$!!,"?"'!#O
MA!!9'80#!$!P0"*!Q("!$#8$!O
!9!*)'8#8$!#*""$*!"'!#O
!9!*)'8#8$!#*"%'!#!,"?O
M0&!!?"!'8#8$!/!("!$"'!#'!#0!,$!,"?O
*)#!'8/$'O
8#8$!!"$!""'!#P!$,Q*!'$#(!*#!*!'$""
!,$$'%'8#8$!!0"!'",'!#*!'!'$""(*"$$'
&!!?"!,!'$0#(!*#!*(*!'"*)'8'!#!$."(*#!$"#8$!$
(!%&!0*0',!,"?#8$!!,"?'!#
'$$,>*$*)0",$'$#8$!$(!$'$,"?!=!
$#8$!
!'*$! " $""' ! *0,"?) (, ,!)" $ #8$!$ (! ,*8 0&*"% !
$,>*$P8!$!**$Q$($$$""'(*!,0"'"$0',!9!*)
("'$($P()'*)Q(*!&$!X
9
9
1
9
9
'$!$(!$!!!9%$!#$($
)
>
9
1!(!*#$!$!$#8$!P''/&!/!"(*!N,$9)Q0!##!'!#')/!("*0$
0"*$*)')/#?!,!(*&?",,!9",,*8'!#')/!"*0$$
8"$#!*P5W7Q
67
&9$'!#*)!"'(*#*!$
'!#'*!$9
IeJ%,*8'!#
/!("*0$08"$#!*
IeeJ
8 " (*#* $!# *) P(*!'$"9
! "*!$Q '8 $0 (*#* A! (*!9!
*)P(*!'$"9!0"*!$Q%#!.#*"
" ,$ $ !'$,*% " !'$,* $!#
!!'*9$ *)
' (*#* ! ""!'"
.
=E.B
P"$!"Q " !'$,*% 8"$#!* ('
?"!,$$'$*)%'8!0"!'",$!8%('?",*8$'$*)$9%
:
f
9
>
9
(!!''"(*!N,$9)
'(!*#!$ 0"!,!! 8 "$#!$% ( &)$!! /
0&!!?"!
!$"!,!$9%!!'*9$*)"0"*!$(*",$'
! ,&" (#/ $ (*#!$" #8$!$ (!% (9$%
(*#!$$+'$#8$!$(!!"'
:
!$! 8*$ #?!#! , "*,#! ,!' !!'*#8$!$
$,'>) ! !,$ , $)"?$! '*) " (*" ("$ $ 5[
"!'"'*!,/,&*0*0")$!!'*!N$'%&,!)A
! $),!$ ( 0 (*!"*=! $ #!N$9' !$!*8) " !!'*9$
!$!*8)
.
=E.D
%
9
$,>*$*)%"0"$,"!$$!)0$
$$"=!%#*09$$''$$,>*$
*)!,*!,"!$>"(*"%'!8X
:
1
9
:
:
9
9
9
A
1
:
9
!$>"(*"#?!$8!
&Q
,$ , ! ('?! (#/ $ ,"
!$ #$#' (*!$% ,
' !,$ ! *>!(!$% ("!$
$/!>P5WWQ8#8$!!
(*&?"'$0"*!$(*!$%
"$!8!0,"$,>*$*)%
Q
"Q
.
=E.E
')#(*",!)""$#8$!$(!$#8$!(*!$S&!8TP!'$"Q,#8$!
!0/$(&''*),(*!$%",$$#8$!%$,>*$*)0,"
#!$(#8$!
68
'#8$!')#*""(*!$!0"!'"%$,>*$*)"(*!$0,"
#8$!$(!%'!#!(*"$(*#!$$#8$!$(!$#8$!(*!$!(*&?"
'$#8$!%$)")A,8(*!9$#"=!$#8$!$+'!0/$(&'
'*)$(*!$%",$$#8$!%$,>*$*)0,"(*"!$(,($#8$!
8#8$!!$9'$(*!$(*>!(%!#$"$!(,"?!$'*!"!
,(*!'$(*!$!$,>*!!'*9$%$$!(!'"$,>*$*)$!#
0!#$,!)"
5M!!!'*#8$!$$,'>)O
1$!$,!(*&?")?$($#8$!
.
=E.F
.
=E.G
*'#8$!
!,"?$8*!
*'#*"
.
=E.H
Y0!9!*$""'!9!*))9$
),$"X
Q0,"$)$!$(!\
&Q#!"!*!$($!"*$\
Qf!0,"#8$!$(!('9"=!$
*)
9!'
?!!0
.
=E.=<
69
"@
:.
!88"$%)*08!,""#!$9$*)%!*)')()$#)9$
$'(*%'8$'#*A!(*'9#!(*/"9%$0(*/"9A!!9!*)')
()$#$'%,(0"$'$$!8"$($0"*$*)
!.%!!'*9$*)/)'*#!,8*,'#*!?%"$/!$"%9/%
+&*'! $ $! ! !,$$9$ 0 )>!% '' $0 ! (* / 8 (*'9"#!
,*!'$$8*,'!!'*9$#*!?(*!'"!!'*9$*)9))9$$'$!(*!'$
!#!$"*#!$$)9$$'$*)!,""$(*"!$$9$%("*")A
!(!*,9$
$
:
:
:
I9J
:
*!,$! $ $0#!$9$ *) $, !,$$9$ 8 ,'? 8!$)$ $9$'
(*$.9'!
&"=! $ $0#!$9$ *) 0$"$ ! $ ()" !!'*#8$!$ $,'>) ,
!&)$,&"=!$$0#!$9$*)0'$(')!#!$"$!)0$$($)9$%
,"$!,8*08!,#!"*!=!$!,!$(*",$'%"'$"+*#$*#'%"N#8!$
#8$!$(!%!"#8$!$(!9"$!(*!$P5Y5Q
N # 8! $ # 8 $ ! $ ( !
N-S% '8 ! 8!, , ,!$ *$%
&'*$ ?> ABCD ')/ !
(*>"*!$ $ ' %% ! "* "
$' $ *!' $ 9"$'
*!"! $ ") (*",$' ! ("*
0$0#!$!(*!$51%'
'!("*0$$'%#!.%,
'(#!.!&!!0*$
,"(*!$!08(!,$9!'9'%
&1&2%'!("*0$0'*!"!$
?>$$,"*!/$'
*!$!')(*#!!'*9
$*)!"''!'*
'!8!,,!'(*"*!=!
.
=F.=
$*#'ABCD$!)0$!,!"AB
CD8!9#8$!$!"$%,,!',!"!ADBC$!8!9(*!,%*)A!
!(*0"!,!#"8*$'!ABCD0!"!,!'!!'"$,!"$(*",$'
ADBC?0(*"!,"=!$*)$0>!(*",$'%(0!"!,!'!
!$!'"$,!"
*#!$$$,>*$!!'*9!$$($P!!'*#8$!$Q$,>*$!!'*9$
*)%'8*#'!"*,0',360'%#?!,!(*'?!/!#'P5Y1Q
70
45o
90o
135o
180o
225o
270o
315o
360o
U
T
+
0
-
T
8
T
4
T
T
T
T
T
2
.
=F.;
:
IJ%&*)$0"*"=$(*",$'"!,$!'$,!"'+*!'"!$>)Pf Q
T
71
S
9
),((8!#
!,$>!"'
S
IighJ
.
=F.B
*0"," $ $0#!$9$ *) 0 /*' (*!&
!0$"$(*$>($#8$!$$,'>)(*"!'
.
=F.C
!"*"!"'
:
8!$!**!%,*!,!$",$!$!*8)%&9$#!N$9'!$!*8)%!(*!"*"!!'*9$!$!*8)
$
9
I J
:
S
:
:
9
(*!$
72
$""'
/!"*
8*+$
9!'9'
.
=F.D
*"*#'%')/!(*>"*!$$'%!"*(#!.("!$#8$!*!"!
$*#'!,$!!$,''!("*0$$,"#!$(*!$%'!0*$!,!$,
,8*8%,'(*!$!!08,"!8*+$9!'9'(*/(*"()$!!'*9$
"*'(#!.**$8!$!**$,"*!/$*)$'
8$""'!"*%!'),8*$'!,$,$0#8$!$(!%($8*!
$,>*$*)!9!(*""!,$%("&*$$''"*)!$0#!$9$*)
)?
:
:
$#$"!(!,!!*$**)#?!,!,&!$!,$"!$$9$(#/
$ ,$# $ "!(!, P 5YWQ $!8" 'A/! ! $. $""' , &'*$ ?>
$""'!$.>$,*9!$#8$!%')/#?!,!"*)>$"!(!,!("*0$
'*!"!$$""'
.
=F.E
8 #8$! A! (9$! , ! "*% )> "!
$9%(#/$,"?!=!$#8$!"$""'
#?!,!(*0"!,!!!'*9$*)''!"0
(&*0% ! $,>* (8!# $($ $8 !*$*
'*!!'*#8$!$%$#!()$#8$!!
,"()'#8$!$(!
!!!!,!'')"#&!!!'*9$!$!*8)
,&"#!!*$*
0#!$9$$($$"#&'!*$*
(#/ $ ((*",$9' ,, ! (*"" "
!,$$9!$ ' $0#!$9$ *) ! (*!"* "
!,$$9$*)*),!*$*8$&,"
!*)$'""#&8($'#*
9/!$#,!$
!!'*9!$8!$!**
.
=F.F
73
.
=F.G
1
1
5)*)!"'$0#!$9$O
1!(*!,$!$$0#!$9$",$$!,$$9$*)O
3M!X+0%(!*,+*!'"!$>)$$0#!$9$*)O
7*!#!)8(!*,$$0#!$9$*)"#*!?9)+*!'"!$>)!46
4/!!!'*9!$8!$!**O
W)()"!(*#!$!')8!$!**O
Y!$"$!,!"$8!$!**O
Z)!*0'(#!.!!'*#*8!$!**O
[V!$!**!"!!'*$!(*0"!,"$0#!$9$*)')#+*!'"!$>)46
'("!'$,*))#!$"$'O
56 8!,$!! ) ' 5Y[ ,8"*!!
''" ! 0"$ $ )9$ $ *) , &*)
$$""'!
.
=F.H
74
&A
!'*9$!#&%,$>!%!!'*9$!(!9'%(!*$!%#/$!0#!=!,"
#$8,*8(**&$*#$'!"'9!$$8*,'#*!?9)$($!116:
!.%()#$8!N$9'(*%''(*,!'),$!"$?"')/'*
(#$($,$($$!!'*9$#*!?(*#!*%("!A!*,(*!#$>%'#()!*!%
%!!'*$'!''*%!!+$'!(*,*8%'*$($,W:51:
,"
(*0!8"(*!&,'$*'>)$$(*"9)(#/$0#!$9$$($((*!&A!
#?!,!#!$"P,!08!#",!$#"Q
9
>
9
9
:
:1
9
A:1
A
*$+*#*=!$!!'*9$*)!0$"$$()"!!'*#8$!$$,'>)
*$+*#*!!!,$"$!!'*9$(*'!"!$,X9
%$0')(*!'"!!'*9$*)%(*/!0,"$0#!$9$(*#!$"#8$!$
(!%
I
9?J
%"')(*,(*#!$"#8$!$(!
!$,>*!!'*9$*)
(*#*
!'$,*
#&
Q
(*#*
!'$,*
#&
&Q
(*#*
!'$,*
#&
"Q
.
=G.=
75
9
),*$,!#$*>$*$+*#*("!!
(*#*!$ '!# (*'9!! 8 $ 0"* $ $0#!$9$
*)$($~,116:
,*8 ,! , ),* ("")! !'$,*$
'!#*09!$&*)$$""'*09$,!&!$
$(*",$'X
Q!#&!*')>$'*),$""'!
&Q !# # &*) $""' , ,!&! ?>
!!'*,$'*!"!
,!#$*>$!$
*$+*#*(*&*
.
=G.;
.
=G.B
.
=G.C
.
=G.D
!
L
9
9
IUpJ
9
IUsJ1
L
:
9
(npJ
:
InsJ1
X
.
76
A :
(k)
) X*$+*#*!(*'9!$$$($,220 V*#*$'!##1200$""'
#!*$')/!("*0$$!'$,*$'!#('?"11 V'$""'#!'$,*$
'!#O
;
UpUsnp*ns = ?
!'$,*$'!##W6$""'
:
>
#A$
#8$!$
(!
Ep = Es
Pp = Ps
Ip
.
=G.E
!!'*9$
!$!*8)
Us
"*!#!$'
$!*"
$($
Up
$($
!!'*9$
!$!*8)
Is
!
9 S
#A$
.
.
*
:
9
99
:
"
...
)!!'*9$!R"$9=",#"!P5ZYQ*$+*#*!
'*0,)*$+*#*$0#!$9$*)$($,116:"
$($,7:')!,"!$0*&$R"$9!
77
)
"!!0"!,!!!'(!*#!$''/!,,!$
$'!,$*$$?!!0$),*("!!
'!#466$""'$!8"!'*!"("*0!!)>
0116:,*8*$$'!#$(*"!!(!$""'
, ?>% $ $!)0$! '*!" ("*0!! )> 0 3%4
: ,* 0"*!! 8 '" !# 466 $""'
(*'9!!8$8*,'#*!?
' A! &)$! 0/ # )> "!% '
$!)0$! '*!" $! ! ("*0$ P(*'9!$Q $ $!')
0"*O
.
=G.G
5!$"$!"$,!"$*$+*#*O
1/!!,$'",$(#!.#A$"(*#*$!'$,*$'!#O
3'8*"!$'')8("*0"!!'*9$!$($&*)$$""'!$(*#*$
!'$,*$'!#O
7M#?!,!#!$"*$+*#*O
4'"!,$!')*$+*#*%(#!.X
Q$($!&*)$$""'!"(*#*!'$,*\
&Q$($)9$$*)')(*#*!'$,*\
"Q)9$!$*!&*)$$""'!')(*#*!'$,*O
5*$+*#*!(*'9!$$$($,116:'"A!&,!$($$!'$,*$'!#
'&*)$$""'!$!'$,*$'!#",$$&*)$$""'!$(*#*$'!#!X
Q(!((8!#\
78
.
=G.H
)
9
!A!0$!!,!'(*!$!!$!!'*>!')#!!!!!'*$!%')*"*!
)$!%')8"!!!'*$!)$!#!$!'0$$)""*'$((*",$>
'/''#!*)!(*!&"')*$0*!%#!9!%!!"0*!,*8#!O
"
9
(*",$>!!#!*)'/(!>+9$
!,$!""*)$'*8!($>'/
" ,$ $ (*"," ! $. #!. #!!
'',&*(*",$>0*!*#!*$'"
#!*)##$8%"")9)A!8(#!$!#!X
>#%8!*#$#%$!'',%+,,*8
)
9
9
9
.
=H.;
79
&Q
)
9
9
9Q
' , (8$!#! (8!# (*"," ')
((*",$>!O
M!o((*",$>O
5[768,$"
8*($9$>8*?"!
'*$>#$!!,!')!/(*",$'
%"!,$*?"=!'*!,!')$"(,&*
(*",$''#!"(*#!,!!#!$*!$
PA!!9'#!*!$!"(*#!,
++*Q
"Q
8Q
o((*",$'
0(*!$
P&**!$Q
)
,Q
.
=H.B
80
((*",$'
5Q/!,?(*#!$o(*","O
1Q/!,?(*#!$(*","O
3Q / )$! " (*#!$! ((*",$> $!
.
=H.C
9!"""!9!=!$!!'*9$*)O
7Q/!,?8!#(*"""=!'8A!!,&?o((*",$'O
4Q/!,?!,$$9$(*","$o"*'O
WQ
&)$/!9"'8A!!,&?!,!$!,!$o((*",$'
81
) 9
8$"/!0&*0!!'*9$*)$0"'#)
*08!,"#! !!'*$' #& ,, (!"=! $
$!)0$8*,&*&%(8!,$!!)'
!)0$$#!$%(*!,i%!0(*"=!$$0#!$9$
*)*,*!"$&!'*'!*'"!#&
#$8*!'!'*%$0#$8!(!+'$("!A!
!'*((*",$9'!,,
6466:
.
;<.=
)
9
)
9
9
IjkQJ
Il`QJ
S
!') ((*",$9' ,, ! "!$ , ," ) $
((*",$''#*09$'*'!*'V"'#!(o(%'#!.!&!!
,(*(*"'$*!9!$
n
Q
d
!&!$$o'$'
! , *!, $ *)$! (#!. #! $
'*
*("$'$,,!0$9!$
$'$*!',$!)0$#&P
161Q%$!(*("!,&*$*$$
"!*'$ >*9' 'A/! $ ,,
$)9!##&%'$'')#(*(.$
o(,*9)!&"!0$#(*!$
.
;<.;
"$,$9$$'),,!("*0$"*)$'%$0o'$'A!#?!,
(!9!*)$!A!#?!,(!9!*)
)
9
99
:
.
:
>
d
o
9
9
9
9
1
n
o
9
9
!(*("$'
"
9)$0#!$9$*)%')"!'
$"*!#!)#!$"$'%((*",$9',,(*(/
c
*)#"!,$$'%((*",$9',,)
*("$'
"'#! (*""9 $ $0#!$9$ *)% ,$$% ,, !
.
;<.B
'*0(*""=!$$0#!$9$*)
(*",$9'!,,##$8#,#!$0!#$8(*)$,!!'*$'!
>!"'*,"%,!$!!'*'*!',!',!/!!'*$'>!"'&!/!$!0#!$"
82
%$"
IpqrQpkstu
q\\kvvkwx
rkwy`J
o
! % '% , o '$' & $
(*$>($!#"=!P&,"=!Q$"!$(*!,$"=!$!!'*$!/($!
"((*",$'
,,! 0"!" (* (*!,!!$ $($ $ (!=! *!'$
(*!"*=! $ !!'*9$ !$!*8) " "!$ ! "*" "
8#' PbQ o "!$ ,, ) $ "!$ 0" ,
#!*)/!'*0o'$',,!!(*!&"
''$,'*'"!'')#$8!!'*$'*!,V#''#
>*"!$% 0!!$% (" #!9' "!' / ? '' $,'* $
*&$!!"0*!%'#()!*!%*%#09'!!#,*
.
;<.C
&
.
;<.D
&
9
9
1
9
,"*!/$!!"!,(%$(*#!*o(%,,!'*!,$!,(&*$
V!,#!,!'!#?$,"!0"!,&%(*!,,"",*$0*Xooo*$0*
"!
*$0*!"'9
(*$*$0*!>#"#$'*,8!*#$#%$')(*!'!8*=!!
0,"*!"*09$(*","Xooo*!,$)!$*!9!$&0PQ%
,,!''*)$!!"!$*!9!$!#!*PQ'!'*PQ
M!#'!0$'0*$0*!"!!'*$'!,,!$$'16W
dQ 9$
((*",$'
nQ 9$
((*",$'
dQ 9$
((*",$'
#!*'
!!'*,
B
!'*'
!!'*,
B
B
!'*$
emiter
baza
kolektor
09$
!!'*,
*0$$
.
;<.E
.
;<.F
83
.
;<.G
)$9$$($'!8$'!(!$'$&0%(*"")(*!,!")9$
$*)"'!'*''*8
$9
(#/$$*!,$!'(!*#!$A!('?!#!''"!8$*$0*!"*)$
'P16[Q
Q
&Q
U
+
-
U{
U
;
T
U
.
;<.H
(*",!,!'(!*#!$P16[Q"!'$!"!*$0*8(*!'$"*)$
''(#!.!#!*&0"'9#!,,!$$($PST($!#!*%ScT($&0Q
"!'A!"!P16[&Q*)$'(#!.!#!*'!'*!0"*!$
!'(!*#!$#?!#!,8(*'?!#!$$9$(*'?$''$'1656
o(*!#$ (#!. &0 '!'* (*'9!$ ! $ $!(*(" $' P 1656 Q
0*$0*(#!.!#!*'!'*$!#?!,!9!*)%8/"!'$!"!
'&0!("*0$$(0"$($,,$$($%(#!.!#!*&0#?!,!9!
!$
$$
$(*
(*
* (
(
*)%&,!)Ao(*!#$!(*'9!$$(*("$'P1656&Q
!'*9$
"!'
!'*9$
"!'
U
U
$
B
UB
Q
.
;<.=<
84
&Q
.
;<.==
P*$0*''0"9Q
$ !!'*9$ !$!*8)% #$8 # ,#!$0% ##!$$ (&$ 0 *&% #$8 ((*$
$ #!N$9' /!"=% "0#?" (*0"," $ $!8*$ ' P$ ( #$ ,,%
*$0*%(*$>Q%"0#?"(*0","$#'*(*>!*
I9J
$)$" "*!#! ! (*0"!," #!*) , ' ! 0*&" $)"?$! ,!" $
!!'*$'!*!,9("!(*""#/$!0(!*!=!%#/$!0/!=!%0(/"=!%
!!+$%#09'!#%!!'*$'!9"$>,*
'9 ! !$' (9 ') (*!"" $!8**$ '*8 !8 8
9$" *)$ '*8" "!$ , # ((*",$9'
,,% *$0*% '$,!$0*% (*",$> ,*8 !!#!$%
$$!!$ $ !,!$ ((*",$9' '* $
#?$ 0,"=! $ #'*(*>!*!% $" $ "*!#!$
$+*#9'!N$8)
.
;<.=;
, ! " / &!/! '?$ ,!8% #?! , ! ,&! *!$ (*!" 0 8 $
((*",$>!"!'),$!"$?"!N$'
5M!((*",$>O
1 ) ! $#!$ $ ((*",$9'
'*$,,O
3M!0(*!$P&*!*!$Q)O
7 / ! , ? !, $ $ 9 $
(*","$o"*'O
85
&
I( J
5
'(,!#!#8$!$,"!,$'",!"
A!,&!#!X
Q,"(!&$#8$!(!,!$(\
&Q,"#8$!%!')(,"!,$'"("\
"Q,"#8$!%!')(,"*09$("\
8Q!,!$#8$!,"!,$'"("!,!$
#8$!*09$("
1,!!$.!"!*$8!8*+'($
!#)O
Q&',!"!*$8!8*+'(\
&Q&',!'"*\
"Q&',?$8!8*+'(\
8Q">!$*$($!
3'#!.!&!,!)"","(*!$
Q$!##!.!&$,!)"\
&Q,!)""(*"!9$\
"Q,!)"",&"$\
8Q,!)""(*"!9$,&"$
7 ) , $"!,!$! +*# 0 #8$!!$
+'!9$O
Q &Q "Q 8Q
4"!$$""'(*"$!&!!?
$$/!#!X
P5Q
P1Q
P3Q
P7Q
Q51&Q53"Q578Q17
W9!$,8"*0!!'*#*!X
Q#(,"?!$,!*\
&Q#$!(,"?!$,!**\
"Q !!'*9$ !$!*8) ) (*!"* "
#!N$9'\
8Q"$!8$!#()$#8$!
Y ') , ,,!$! 0*0 ! ,!+$*
!,$>0#8$!$$,'>)O
Q
&Q
"Q
8Q
86
! , % ,
- ! + .
+/
!
>@
!
88
-
>@
93
!
!
95
98
/
.
)
103
/
!
>@
)
>@
!88(*9""#!,"?!=(*'!!"9!9'!(*!#!",!,$
$,*8#!%(*/!,"?&*0(*!.%(($'","?!=!
'$/'')!$."#*"=!)(*,"?#!$8*!)(/#!%!,"?"!,$
,*8$'P55Q,"?!=!!("*"("!A!($$9$'","?!=!(*"
#!$(9!"*0$$'$!>P51Q
8"'"(9!A!!(*>"*$,$,!$(*%((*!!8$!!
(/P53Q%A!!,"?8*!,
.
=.=
.
=.;
.
=.B
>@
'","?!=!!#$89!"(**,%" !!$')$!&!$!!%"#0'%"
*,!N$'%''"#'*"!')#!#!'!
,,),!#!,'$'*!$0'9>0>*$,"?!=!%A!!(?#!'$'*!$
(*#!*
&!!$!8$!9$(*!$."*#$!?$(?&P57Q
'80",#!,
*#$!?$(?&8(/#!%A!!,"?8*!,'*#$!?$(?&
0"!,!!8!9$9!9$(*9'$')!,$'*)!(*>"*!$%,*8!
&,!$P54Q
*!(*#!*%$!,!$!$''$!>&!!!!,$#!$(9!P5WQ((!!'''),"
(*!N,$(*#!*
88
*#$!?$
(?&
*#$!?$
(?&
8*$
(?&
,$
(?&
Q
&Q
.
=.D
.
=.C
.
=.E
">@
>
9
>
>@1
I J
>@
.
R
8(*P5YQA!!(!*!!0,?"P!8$"Q
("!A! (#'% " 0"$ , !*! / ! &!" $
(* *#$!?$(?&%')$/"(*#!*%(*
!!8$%$!9$$(*,*?*#$!?
!?$ $ !8
' !8 , $, , *#$!?$ (?&%
!9$*!8(*","?!=!$!!,,!'
$!80(*!(#,"0&*0"=!"(*"$$'!'$
*#$!?$ (?& 8 !8 A! (#$! $0 *#$!?$
(?&% (*, ") $!*>) (*,?" , ! ,"? $8*!%
&*0$ (!(!$ # ! $#" , ##!$ '8 &*0$ !
$(9$",!"*A$,
'/8"*A!"
*#$!?$(?&)0$9#!F%x')&,,!9!$
,*#$!?$(?&%8/X
B
O
A
.
=.F
,!/k!'$$')/0",!9$!&$$(*0!')(*
#,*!,!$"*!,$'/!8!,F!(*#!$"&,!)A$!)0$"*!,$"!')
##!$0",,,!9!$,*#$!?$(?&x(*!,,"?!=!$!!
(*#!$"%&*0$0&*0"=!!#!$"!.%"!(*#!$(!*,9$!("*"
>
9
>
>
9
>1
S
@.
89
")0*0!"*'(#!.(!*,+*!'"!$>)
T
(
A:
je
S
IghJ.
$
S
A:
>@
@
:
$8>)(x)!(*#!$""!9$%"!'$
"*!#!(t)%!#!$" *'#!.x tA!)(*!"#!
8*+9' " >! A! 0"!,!#! &, ''" / !
(*'?$$'5Z
.
=.G
.
=.H
90
t
"*$b $! () $!(*,/!$ >> )
! *!$ >* # *09$ 08& $ !$!*8)
#(,$$"$>*=!(!(!$!$#"
.
=.=<
!,,!'>*$!0$!
S
>
IJ
9
9
1
>
9
>1
.
(
9
1
1
1
>
1
9
:
:
>1
.
*'9$!(9!9)(*!9$'!0$9!$(#,,?$$'$!>%##!
#$8(8!#,#$'$!>0$9,!'(9!#?!#!,8#!#!''#!*)$
9'%'$!>,$!#!?$
'",!$$/$!(%#?!,(*!("#!%,!'$$!8(*&?$,8"*(9!
&!!$$&'$!>P555Q
)$! , 9' $ (*>"*"=! $ '$!> , >!$* $
(9!!,?$$$/(l)%(?&$!'8"%!"'
>
9
>
8 (9! , #!#9' $/ A! ! 0", , *#$!?$
(?&!(/%(,,!)"$!#)$!?(9$",>*
!*, $ >*=! $ #!#9' $/ ! (*!#!" (
+*#X
2Q
,! / l ! ,?$ $ #!#9' $/% g ! !#)$
0&*0"=! ")0*0)$!#$#(,$#$(9!%/
('?" ,!' "*!,$! $ "! "!9$ $! ") $ (!*, $
>*=!$#!#9'$/
',?$$$/!08!#%$(*#!*%09!*(%(!*,
A!&,!,"((8!#
.
=.==
91
(S
:
&!$$!*!$"?$0(*''!()"'8(*$!>>%$$(,
,!)"$$,"*!/$(!*,9$%#$)8!##?$#(,
):
@
9
9
S
1
:
9L@
A:
9
A:
1
S
:
>*'))(*+A+*!'"!$>)$$,"*!/$(!*,9$!$*!9!$
l3
l1
l4
2
3
.
=.=;
(*#!$$+*# 2Q
,!'1 = 3
,&"#! Q Q ,!)Al l !,&"
!,&",!' f f !($!"0*!0$$>)
$/P3Q(0"!$"*!#!","(9$",>*08!#")A)(!(!$")
#(, 0$9 ,!' $/ P5Q '' $,"*!/$ (!*,9$ 8 $#!$ "!
>>$$/P3Q
(*#!$$+*#
8$/P5QA!(*!$!,>*%$/P3Q>*$)8!##(,
8$$,"*!/$(!*,9$)(*!0!#$/P3Q''>*%*!0$*A!&,!
$/P5Q
"8$>**!0$*%$0#!$9$!("*"i,,!'"(9!'"$!!$
!$!*8)$!!(*/"","=!$(*$*!,$"')!9""()"
>!"*!#!>*!P1QP7Q#*"&,!)A$"$!("!$+*!'"!$>!*0'"
,+*!'"!$>!$$,"*!/$(!*,9$%,$$ f x f f x f
,!)A%"!$#!N$9'!>>(),*8%$(*#!*%0"9$%!!'*9$,*8%
(),"!$*!0$$>0"9$%!!'*9$$
#$89*!0$$>)!'*$%0/*!"$#$,"*!/$,!)"#?
,!(*!,0"'>>8!##(,%,"!!$!+!'
[1
-
>@
!*)$
!*)$ " ! 9 "0!)A ! 8#!$ ,!' 9#!>%
,,!9!$$*0#$*)$!,&*!8$!0!*%('*)"
, (#$! &*0 #*!$ 9#!> (* / $$" &*$" !
"!*)$!!(/!!(#!,!'&*$"!A!"!
S+*T$&*!8A!"!,$!'$"$*!/$$!0!*
.
;.=
%$!!9 /9#!>!0$/%$$!!(#!'$&*!8'$"$*!/$
$!0!*
/&*$"!$!8,$!!9#!>O
*$"!S("T%#!.%9!>!,",(,9#!>$!S("T!#>*
8*!,>*=!S(*!0!#!$T,(*!N,$!9!>8(*!,"$$*!,$!9!>,
",*>!$(*!$!"=!$>*$,"?!=!P>>!Q,!,$$,*89!9'
",,!$*!,$!"'
>@%'*'*$","?!=!#?!,$$!
",*8!9$*!,$$9)$0","?!=!!/9!>!!,"?"8*$9!$
(**!>*
0$!()"%'+*#!'#9!"!0!*#*$",%#',!/A!(,$!'#9!
",A!(9$!,>*"!*'$%(9!$&*$8(*!$!"N*0$$"!,"?!=!
$",/!$.'$!8
8 *08!,#! &*$"! $ ("*/$ $ ", " >!
0!##!(',",
'("*/$$",#!,$/),(*!#!"*"$#"%
(9$",!/*#&*$P11Q'"","*"$#"
8(/#!(!*,9$P13Q,#!$,(*!/*>
.
;.B
.
;.C
93
.
;.E
"?!=!$,*"$("*/$$",,(*',8"*$,"?!=!$9!9'!
$",)(*#!*!(*9!((*9!,*"!0&!!?"''!,!,"?8*!
,%$$!!,"?0!,$",
&*!8
#(,
,
("*/$$
#*$",
:
:
>
9
>
9
()
.
;.F
*08!,#!/*!=!$&*$"$0,*8*!,$%$(*#!*
,8(*
N*0$$("*/$P#$(,Q("!!!9$
(*,$'*)(*>"*!!8&,$'*),"?!!8
*'!",!$%$*#$$'$(*
$#!$!,!!/!9"(*
'>*)!8(*!#!"=!/80&!!?"!
.
;.G
9!9'!#?,>*"(*"!>$/*!=!
$&*$O
0!8$!9$(*#?!,$$!&*$P($!
,!,"?Q')/&$A!!*0'",(*!N,$P1[Q
'"&*$#?!#!,0,,!#!P(*!,0"'#!Q'*'$
)(*$!#!(*(,!,$/)(/#!
.
;.H
$!' #! (* ! 08$"% $ $!' ! *!8$" !'! 08$"=! !,"
*!8$"=!(*A!(9$!,!,"?$,?!$&*$
-
:
:
9
@
.
[7
!
*$"!#?,!(*'?$")$9$P35Q
>*=!$'$*!9!$!&*$"$!')&*$"
$)#?!,(*!"""*"$*$"!0!$&*$%('%
08$!$$8,$$!&*$"
*) $ &*$"! / (#$" ('*) ,*!,!$
9'0"*!#!,!,$!'$,!"'A:!#!*
"S
IghJ
'+*!'"!$>)!56%0$9,!'0!,$!'$,
(#$!56&*$"
'"!"*'(#!.&*0$$&*$%+*!'"!$>)
&*$",?$O
.
B.=
!A!*!'"#!,!'&*0$$&*$!!,$'""!(*">,''*!,$$0')&*$
!/*#+09'")"P"%8$%!#(!**,*Q!'*!,$!N#8!$
"?!=! $ &*$ $0 N#8!$ *!,$ ! !,!$ , *!'! (*#!* 0 *#$#!*$
(*"$',"?!=!
(*!,!"=!$&*0$$/*!=!$&*$A!)'*#!+*#0&*0$
'&*$!,"?()$&*0$v%0"*!#!t = T%A!0#$!(s = :
'"+*#0&*0$%#!s"#!:%#!t"#!T%&*0$$&*$!(*!,!"
+*#
M
M
, '!," , M .
$&*$(f)
) ''"&*0$!,"?&*$(P$Q",!$("*/$'$!8"&*$",?$
!6%4n%(!*,$>*=!$&*$!6%1{O'"!+*!'"!$>)O
= 0,5 m
M
T = 0,2 s
v=? f=?
95
"A!8("*,#!'$'*!!$(*#!*
# 8 &*$"=! $ #*' P
!0!*'Q("*/$31%('*)0$#!%0!,$
!'$,#$"9!*&*$"P9!*&*!8"
9!*,"Q%0$9,!'+*!'"!$>)$")
&*$!7
1n
!@
9@
8&*$A!$,!$8*$9$("*/$#!.,"!*!,$%!#!$"(*"!>$$!8"
,"?!=!!,&*$!"*A"(*"%,*8,!,&*$(*,?",!,"?""*
*!,$
):
9
:
?
9
@
1
9 @
9@
.
*#!$$(*"!>$,"?!=!$&*$(*,.=!$8*$9$("*/$!"!$,
+09'!")"$*!,$%'/&$")$&*0$$/*!=!$&*$%'',
"*!,$!$"!9$!,&*$","?!=!
*,/!,&"(*!'*/"&*$"!O
/%>>!%'/!(*!$!"$0,,!$*!,$%$8*$9$("*/$%
!(*!,"P(*!$!"Q$9!9'!,,*8*!,$!#!($"0"*$$"
&*$",!$,!,"'$$!!'$,*$&*$"!/*""**!,$%,*8,!
!"*A"*!,$,')/,/!(,$!&*$"
!
8 #!$" (*"!> $ ,"?!=!% $ $!8"
&*0$%($!$0!%$"$!(*#!$!",$$&*0$$
(,$&*$P*!,$Q
)",&"=!$&*$"!!(*'?$$33
*!$! $ ! ,!" , '$>!$*9$ '*8" 8!#
(*!9$'P0"*$&*$"!!$8!#*)$!Q%'/$"$!
,!"#?!,!("!(*"$,$'"!*)$)
(#!. $! $ (,$ ,&!$ &*$ 0&*" 0 ,!'
$"$!&*0$$"$!&*$",?$!!,$'"
.
B.B
8(#!.(*"!>S1O,')/&*$,.$*#ON
$8*$9$("*/$#!.,"!!*!,$!"'9
|%8(#!.$*#
(*"!>"')/&*$!/*(!,&"=!OS2%!"'
}#!*!=!%!$
#?!,!,'?!,!'"!,"8!!,$'"%,$$^
)
@
1
9
L
[W
&Q
9 L
9
@
9
9@
")9)8$(*!'*/"=!!(#,8$(.=!%
8&*$(*!#$",*!,$"')/$!8"&*0$!(#
"(*!,&*!,$"')/&*0$#!(8!#P37"Q%8/
8$(*!'*/"=!!(8!#,(,$8%
"Q
.
B.C
1
1
5)",&*$!&*$
%')&*$O
A
.
B.D
1*&*$"!/*&*0$%$*09$+*!'"!$>)&*$",?$P3WQ
)&*$!/*X
Q$)8!#+*!'"!$>)O
A
&Q$),8&*$",?$O
"Q$)8!##(,O
3'!(*!"!$&*$","?!=!'!$$"
'8 !,$ '*) $ )?! 8 ,"?#! 8*! , ?! A! 8
,"?#!'/0"*!#!,4!'$,A!$$56&*!8"
$&*$
Q'"!&*$",?$$$$&*$O
&Q'"!+*!'"!$>)$&*$O
"Q''"&*0$!,"?&*$()?!O
7!*,$>*=!$&*$!0,5 s%&*$"
,?$#!20 cm
Q'"!+*!'"!$>)$&*$O
&Q''"&*0$!/*&*$O
.
B.E
.
B.E
.
B.F
[Y
8!,!"9$>8/!8$$"$'%
$""*!#!/!&9!=!$"#&%(!!=!$(>
,*#0&*"!8/!8"*$'%""*!#!
,*,(*!#$'!!"0*/!#0'0"9$
(*'
*9"=!$0"'""*!#!$$'%"!N$'
#!,>$$"!(0$9)$!,+0'/!
0$#"09"=!$$$"=!$0"'%$!8"!$"$
")"0'$%''$!8"(*#!$%!"'
U"!9' ! 0 0"' *!8** 0"9$ &*$" "
8*$> , =E
gh
Q
;<
<<<
gh
' +*!'"!$>! $ 0"9$!
&*$"!$,"*,"!8*$>%$"$,!)"!0
N$!#?!,!*!8**
.
C.=
>
A:
: 1
991
>
.
C.B
98
!$!(0$,!'0"'$!,$#!,)0"!,!$$*09$#09'$*#!$
0"9*09$!0,88!,#!0"9$0"*%#?!#!,(*!(0$!#!,"*"$
8*%'*$!8),*,!'8/8(*!(0$"#!8$#!$(!)9.!/
80$!#!#?!#!!$,8(*!(0$!#!(8%&!0,88!,#!
0'(#!.$"!"$)9$$$,*09$0"9$0"*!"'
:
&)!'"$)9$$0"'!(*!,!"'9!"!$!*8)/8(*!$!"0"9$&*$
"!,$>"*!#!%$0!,$>(/$$*#$$(*"!>$/*!=!$&*$
'E)0$9#!!$!*8)$0"9$&*$%')0"*!#!t!(*!$!"$0$*#$
("*/$(/$S%8/&)!'"$)9$$0"'I!,,!$+*#
.
,!)A (*!""#A$$0"'(P)%8*$+*#8,&"&'
.
99
&)!'"$)9$$0"'!0*0"!,$>
(B),!)A"!,$>!8!#%
"(*''!(*!&",!!((#!,$>$*!9!$
(dB))&0"'')
/"#?!,8!!0 dB
"!(*8$9)$09"!'$*#!$N
9$$0"'(*/!(!=!!'20 dB%(*$*#!$*08"*'60 dB"'
)9$$,160 dB#?!,8('$!($9!$"
'74!,,!$)9$$0"',*09$0"*$0"'
0@
(*!$!"=!$0"',0"*,$/!"%(*!&$!$!')
*!,$$0')!/*0"')9!%!"0,N
"!$"0,N%0"'
!(*!$!"$0,*88"%!9$"*,!*'98/
0"'"",'$!8",*8*(9'$","'#!$!,!$$,*8
'
"!(",?!!0$9'/$%#?!,!/$!(*&?"=!
$"0,(8!#,!9$,$"!$"0(*!$!"=!$0"9$!
&*$"!*!,$,#!9$")
*!,!$&,!,$!"$8$"0,N(*(*!$!"=!
$0"',$/!"P7WQ
.
C.D
.
C.E
100
,'!$R"$%0R"$"R"$9!V/#!,&*!%,'!$R"$%
(#/$"'#(#((!(!$80"!'"#!"0,N
"',R"$9!$"!("'%0,$'*)$/$!/#!%'R"$9!($#
*&
9
9
9
I J
'$(*#!*%""!!$!9$!')8!#!'(0)%$!$!#)$!)/#!0
/$!#!9$*!,$$0')A!!(*!$!!0"'
S
( :
v (m / s)
#$#
W716
?!!0'
5950
0
4176
,*"
5000
$)$
1W16
'9'
1550
1530
57[Z
",*,
51Z6
N!#
[W4
($#
500
376
-
"'!&*$')!(*!$!"$0!9$*!,$%0
$!8"&*0$0",!9$!")"$*!,$
$0')!(*!$!" !*)$"!9'8("!(,
("*/$$",,!(/!%#!)A,!'$,"
!$.#*!$9#!>8A!!()"!$("*/$$
",0&!!?"!,!'9#!>!,!',"!0$'
,!'",#$8,&*8(*!$!"0"'
$!'"*,*!,$&*0$$0"'#?!,&,!
$!''((8!#,&*0$$0"'$0"0,N
,"#!,!'0"9$!&*$"!(*!$!"$0"*,%
!9$8"*!,$08"!!9$!&*$"!
! $8,$$% $0 "*,! *!,$ #? , &,
*$"!*0$
-
9
S .
9
9
S1
S
-
9
')!08!#%&*0$$0"9$!
&*$"$"
-
:
:
"9$!&*$"!/*(&*0$0
!9$!''$08"!%$)&*0!/*$0"*,!!
' $A!% , $!') (8!# ,!9$ ! !, ('=! $ (/% "!$ 8$ !
0&!!?"'*"*!#!$'8(/('%('$>!/('$
$!*!$ ! (*/=!X ) A! 8 /$! (*" 0"9$! '*, , ()$ (!! "
'$>!*$')!,,!9!$10 m,#!$0"!,"=!$(*8*#%/!'))
!,(*8*#(#/$*,(*!#$'$*)$!,100000 mO
!8#$"
,!)A&*0$$*,&*$"!!&*0$$"!$ c
5
*)$!,10 m0"*!#!t1
t
101
*0$$0"'""0,N!'340 m/s)$!,10 m8#$"0"*!#!,X
t
.
C.F
.
C.G
"()"!0$"$#!,0,*!,"=!$*)$!,*09$&)!'P(*!,#!Q
*!(""#!%"##!$'8,0"9$0"*$$0"9!$&*$%!*!8**"*!#!
$$!8"!#"=!"'')$,"$(*!9'%!,&",$!%!"*A$0,(*/!#!*
"'($"*!#!$,"?!=!$0"'"*!#!0"'(#$(,2s%',!/s!*)$!
2
,0"*,(*!9'
'&*0$$0"'v!(0$%8/(#/$+*#!X
#?!,!(*!#!*)$!,&)!',')!,&0"9$8$
) .!")'$'7[,*$!,$,*"!$(9')!,,!9!$80 m,R,
*!'),*%8/,!'$"=!0,5 s(,>$
"!$*!'""*!#!$,!'$"=!
.
C.H
561
/
.
)
'/'?"#!9"!9'!0N8*!8**0"9$&*$""8*$>,5W,
16666
'+*!'"!$>!$0"9$!&*$"!$,"*,")$!*"%!0N$!#?!
,8*!8**$"$,!)"
A:
9
=E
gh
A1
A:
9
;<
<<<
gh
*0"'% $ (*#!*% (/ ,!+$!%
)>!$!',*8?"$!+$!%(#/
$ *0"9$! &*$"% #$8 ,&* ! $.
"#$",%(*$.)*&%S'#$>*l
#!.!&!%0&'"(*!(*!',*8)>!%
(#/ $ *0"9$! &*$" ! *)!$*
" (** " (!$
") $9$ $ "!=!%
'*'!*9!$ 0 ,!+$!% )>! ,*8
?"$%!"'S
:
.
D.=
*0"'
exo
.
D.;
8*0"9!$&*$,),!$8*$>(#!.,"!*!,$),!#$!,&"P*!+!'*Q
103
) '"!,&9$$",%'"*!#!(#!.(*A=!("*$(*#=!
$*0"9$8$!t = 4 sO*0$$*0"9$!&*$""#*'",!1 500 m/s
)$!s%/80#$"8$,(*A=!,"*A=!"(*!#$'!,"(
(8!#,,&9$h%,$$
,,!)"$*0"'#?,!,&)+$!#00+8*+'(9+#"
'!'*0,&"=!$'"!$'
!&$!"?$(*#!$$*0"'"#!,>$+*#>)"*!#!$#!,>$
*(8("!A!#!,%'"0#?",!$&B,")&$"$*!/$!*8$
,!"*/$!*"!$>)&!0N*/'0+,!$,$)&*0!&!0($#!,!SA:
*0"'!$9"$*8$/!("%$
(*#!*%$&&*!8*>!$"$,&!$!
(*(/!$! 0"9$ &*$" ! 0'9" 0
)&$("$*8$
.
D.C
567
.
D.D
-
U"!'"!'),$!"$?"*&%(!&$"8!#!8*,"!0?!$$,!)"$
*0$*0$0">%'(*(,8*!=!#?,")$$!8"0,*")!$!8"*&$
(&$
!') 0"' ') / 8 ,?""#! '' (*!9'% 8 "'#! (*!, % (*!""
,*!'!$08,"9$9"!'"'$%,$$08,"9$?"$*&$*!,$
,!0/9"!',)9"*&$(&$,&9"%!(*!"0!#*0$
0/$#!*'
9"#?!,##$8/!$(!,>X(*(,8,!)"&!!
!"0N%#?!,,),!,,!#$(($8&!=!$N*
,!)"$$!*"$!#%&9"(*!,0"'"08!#!$0#*!$%*0$
$!*"$0&"=%8"&'%08!#"=!$!#(!**$%#
!$#"*&$(&$
.
D.E
105
&
I!
.
J
5,$"!,!$!
!0"!,"#!N$9'>>O
Q *!!/'
&Q('(*8*=!!$
"Q*$(!(!*''8!
Z ,!>&!!#!*X
Q"$$0"'
&Q)9$$0"'
"Q&*0$$0"'
8Q+*!'"!$>)$0"'
Q(8!#,20 kHz
"Q17 m/s;
8Q0,34 km/s.
56W
+$&%
)!* +
0@
0
108
!@
.
!
113
A
116
)@
)
120
&&
A
:
123
>@
.
"9:
"
127
%?
%
130
'
'
9
135
9
@
.
137
0@
"!$!S0"*T$?"!/0&!!?"#!!0",8$*!'"#!"!$
?!#!,,8"*#!$!,$!(*/=X
M(*!"""!$''"!$!)0$(**,O
M!0"*$"!$O
'!*(**$""!$O
#$8,"!(*/=#!,(*'9$0$$)A!$)"#!,8'*#!
$"
8!,$!!)'55)>/"! !*)$"?"!#!
*0$(*',,(*!!*')>/"!P'$!!(*!(*9"Q
M!0&!!?!O)>!08*!$0$"!,!''!($'
0*%8")>!'*0*!,!$/$!8"*!=!$!#?!,8
08*!!'!(""(*/=!X)808*!'O
,8"*!)!$X
"!$/)(/)>
M#?!#!,0'9#!0(**,$"!$O
"!$(*!""",$!$!*8)
.
=.=
.
=.;
!'(*#!*$"!$'0"*(*'?$
!$'53%57%545W
.
=.B
$>!
0*>
.
=.D
108
.
=.C
.
=.E
)
"!$'! 0"*% 8"$% ! ,! $X (*#*$
!'$,*$%$(**,$"!/9'
*#*$0"*$"!$!$!!'/"!
#,!&!P$>!%R"!0,!P5YQ%++*P5ZQ
,*8
.
=.F
.
=.G
P 5[Q !8" (*#!$ "
$'!N$',,!$$,!$,&"!(8!#*0#!*
.
=.H
!9
!'!!$0'!"!$#?!,!*(**$"
8 "'#! (9' (*",$ *!,$ % '*'% (9'
*!,$P(*"'#%"0,N%'%",%"!!$'(**
,*8Q
.
=.=<
9 @
' ! *(**$" "!$ " N#8!$
(9'*!,$O
"!$ , 0"* ! *(**$" (*!'
"!$'0*>"!A!"!$'0*>9$P(*"Q
"!$'$(P555Q%'!#$8#'"!$'
0*'P551Q
.
=.==
.
=.=;
109
9
$'
!
9'0"*
$"!$
.
=.=C
$>!
!!9$
!$'
(
!$'
(
!$'
.
=.=E
$>!
$'
(!
!#)
!!9$
!$'
(!
$'
.
=.=F
!#$"=!$$>!$$"'8!#)!$."(*"!>#!.$>!!!9$
$>! ) "!" !!9$% +* !$' $ !#) (** ',! / ! !$' $
!!9$+*!$"*0!#)%!!9$$!!8!,
'$>!%!#)!!9$!$.
"(*"!>%'8!!9$!$."!$'$!#)8/$!!8!,%()"!"'
(#*9"=!$!!9$
'!'/8(*'?"0!#$"=!$$>!!!9$)$#?!,!",
(**$!$'(!$'
8!$&B,""!()""(**,$!!(*!(*9",!8!,8'P&!0
0/Q
110
!$'$
(!*
-
M2
J2
)(!*"!
$0!0
,!$'
S
Z2
M1
Z1
!$'$
!#)
J1
!$'$
(!*
.
=.=G
&!!?,!'''!#)!,,!9",)(!*%)(!*"!''("!A!"*!#!
, ! 0,*?" " !$' $ (!* P 55ZQ &!!? ,!' #!. "*!#! $ 0,*?"=! $
)(!*"!"!$'$(!*'80!#)!$."(?&Z1P$)&',(!*QZ2
'8!#)!$."$),,!9!$(?&,(!*%)(!*"!"$),,!9!$
(?& $ !#) ! $. '* 5666 !'$, ("!A! "*!#! '9 ,!' 0'$"=! $
! 0!8"=! , !$' ! (*, "*!#! / ! (*!&$ "!$ , 8 (#$!
*)$!P(*!9$'Q$0!#)$!'(''!/0$!"366666666'#!*
c
)
",0$!" c
",)#$ c
'&*0$$"!$"$!')(9'*!,$!(#"!#!,!'#(8!#
(9'8$&*$
*$#)"&9!$!*)$),!#!*""!$'8,$,$"!$'
8,$!*)$! '!/ "!$ A!8 (#$!0!,$8,$#$")A!') !'$,(
366666'#!*"!$,$>!,!#)"0"*!#!,Z%3#$%,$)&'
R"!0,,0!#)078,$
111
!
5##!(*"'8"!#!S"!$!0"*$?"TO
&*0?!!8"!&!,"=!
10"!,!!8&,+!$!*9!R,P55[Q"!!
#!. R, +!$!*9! (*!,#! ()! '' 8!#$ $
!$'$(*!,#!0",$!8"*)$!,+!$!*9!
!e
'!(,&*e
.
=.=H
.
=.;<
.
=.;=
.
=.;;
112
.
=.;B
!@
M0&!!?"/$*&"!,"(!O8!,$
)'15&)$/#$(9=0/
?!
(9=##!$(9''$$"(,$!
"!$!$"","%$!0$',!''!
">,( '"l"!!9'T(9'!$#
$ *$9$! ,!" , "#&!% "!(!,!%
9!$9'!*&9$!(0$!S
T
8"!!9'!(9'A!!"!"#*'"!
#$8($!$0"$,'$!!*9$0&!'
!"/"!$')/,.,$"!,&"
*!+!'*
.
;.=
.
;.;
.
;.B
#$8!,!!')*#$&"(*$("*/$%P&,!,#!'(
#*$("*/$$",Q')/#&$"!$/(.$$!,),&!
"!$'!0*>'/(.$*#$8!,%!,&",$!8(,*!,!$0'$
!#!! &! !#)*$ #!$ (9 P 17Q ("!! ) $
"!*'!$ " '" (9 #? , ! (*>"* *0$ (*&*
(#/$##8$!P&'"Q'%$(*#!*%(#/$!&$
&!*)')!(,!!$,!#*!$'"!$'$(%')(.$*#$
8!,0!(!$$,*"!$(*0#%0&!!?!!''"!8/80+A
(,$0*'$*#8/80+A,&!$0*'$*#
$8!,"9'$(.=!
'"!(8!#$"!8O,$'"P14Q
^
.
;.D
.
;.C
113
$*#
(,!$8
8$,&"=!
(,!$0*'
8!,
,&"!$0*'
:
9L
9L@
@
}.
/9
1
L
.
;.E
Q
&Q
.
;.F
%
:
.
;.G
'
h<
ho
d<
.
;.H
do
.
;.=<
557
.
;.==
5
,(*'?$!'"*#$8!,#!,$!(*"$8,')!'
&Q
Q
.
;.=;
"Q
8Q
1
,,&!$!"!$'$("(*'?$$'153Q&Q%#?!/,,8"*/
"')9)!*&0*#$8!,
Q
&Q
.
;.=B
3/)8!,#!#!!9$'80$!#!,!'$!0*9("!$"!$O
7157,!")9!+))$&B,"'$"*#$8!,'
!,,!$,,!9!$!$>,*#$8!,P1nQ,,!9!$$+)P4nQ
'#!*!*)$!,+),'$>O
4154(*'?$!3*!'"*09$(?&$**)!8'"!P""/!
!*'Q$!**!'(,!$
W
,'15WP$')/!(*'?$*#$8!,"!*'$("!$$N*0$$
*#$$Q!8!,(*!,#!'"*#$8!,*"!*,"")9)"?0'$
0,&"=!,*#$8!,
*#$
8!,
*#$8!,
.
;.=C
.
;.=D
.
;.=E
115
A
' 35 " ! (*'?$ 8!, / 8 '*
0&!'*!
&!!?"!,!'("*/$$"8!,!0'*"!$%
'"! 8 $!# $! '*'!*' '' ') *#$
8!,
.
B.=
('$
(/$
8"$
(9'
'
R
C
",&$
(/$
.
B.;
.
B.B
0'$ 0 ,&"=! ') *#$ 8!, "?
0 +!*$! 8!,O # !8#!$ +!*$ 8!, #?! , ! *!* '' *#$
8!,0'#!.*#$!8!,+!*$!8!,!#"/')*#$!8!,
$*#!"!9'!(*!$%')+!*$!8!,!$9!$'$!,$9'/!"'
+'??
",&$8!,
)
' "!$' $( ! ,&" , ",&$
8!,O
9
.
B.C
116
.
B.E
.
B.F
.
B.D
#?!! , $(*"! *0' #!. #!(?&! $ +'! ') ",&$!
8!,')('$!8!,O
@'')",&$!8!,!,&!$(*!!'$"!$'!0*>%')((9!$!
8!,!,&!$(*!!'$(*,?!$)$"!$'!0*>,$+'#?!,!+
$!'*$/0$9,!'!*!!$\
,*8$!#?!,!+$!'*$/0$9,!'!#8$*!$
*!=!$$9!"!$!*8)(#/$+'*=!
,!)A '$'"$! 8!, (*!$ $( $ "!$
8l&*T"!,$9'(*,+'/((**,
(*!"" ", $ !$!*8) ' $ #! ',! / ! &*
"!$P+'Q!"N*)A!!0(P
3ZQ (! '*/ +'*=! $ $9!" "!$
#?!#!,)'*#!0(*8""=!N*$
") $9$ $!' !9$ #? , ! 08*!" , "'
!#(!**
" !$!*8) #?! , ! '* 0 *09$ >!%
$ !N$8) ! '( $!)0$ ,$$ ,(*" ,. $>! !
$!(*!/!$0"*$!$!*8)l9"!'",$$T
$9!"
(!9'
.
B.G
'$'"$
8!,
.
B.H
!'*$
117
.
B.=<
.
B.==
5Q 0*' ')/ (. $ ",&$ 8!, ! (*!!$ 8"$ (9' '% (!
,&"=!#$"$0+'\
1Q0*'/#$"$0+'(,&"=!!(*!!$,&"=!,8"$(9'
'\
3Q0*'')(#$"$0>!$*]!,&""(*"!>$0,
$*'>)$'')'$'"$8!,(*'?$!$'355
'}80$9#!*)$!,!#!PQ,>!$*P]Q8/X
2
2
:
I
J
9
A
:
'$*'>)$'')+!*$!8!,,"$!#,"(*"$"!,!$$"$0*>
*,"$!,!(*!,!'$9' ')/!$),,!9!$,(9'''
')*#$!8!,0,*0&!*!#!''!,&"'$$!')(*!,#!')+!*$!8!,%
,"$!,0$!#!''!,&"'$!,$9',!,&!'$$!')9'#*,
$!,,."!$'0*>,8!,'"'A!,&!#!0",*(**$"=!
$0*>!(,&"=!
A
*!' 9$ $ *8$>! P
% %
w1%1%Q,"!$(*(*>)!,.,
*!>)X
1 1 1
118
.
B.=;
%
:
99
*''),(*!#+'!,&"
,8!,!(*!!$(9''
*'')/,'$>!$*$+!*!
,&",8!,((*"!>(')
,.
.
B.=B
.
B.=C
1
58!,$8'!354,8"*X
/'"!!*09$(8!#$O
''"8!,!*&O
1 / ' *'*$> $! ! ,"$
Q
(*!8!,$% ! " ((9!$% $! ",&$
8!,P35WQO
3 ,! ! $. "!$' 0"* ') "#&'!
+*"O
'
.
B.=D
&Q
.
B.=E
119
)@
! #! (*' " ?" , &,!!
")&''$'!#!$%,!,!%
$0!!,"&,",",!$
&*!8,$!')*!'!0!*%$0!!"!
"",P75Q",#9/",
'%"$!"!$?9'P71Q'
" 08!, $0!! ?9' $ #!
',!/!,(*",%'8!,!(,
,*!,!$8
.
C.;
.
C.=
&!!?"!,!'$#!',!/!"!$$0!!"",,$$?9'"9/
",'08!,'',!(*!'*/!$
$(*"#!$!''&,
!
=(*"!!&,''$'!7377
"!$'!0*>
!(*!'*/"
'#!$
08!,''
,!",!
'#!$
.
C.B
.
C.C
'77,$$",$08!,(,&'''/!*")&,$(9!'
',!(*0$'#!$88!,#!$,$,,
'',)$($#!",,,*!,!$
$"A!0&!!?#!,!''''#!$,)(*#!$")(?&!$."(?&$!/
("',(*!N,$M!9*=!$",O (*"&$9),&!$!
0*>,'#!$,.,*!'$,'%""*0*>!)(*#!$"")$'''
*!0$,!)"$",
"
9
$*#
(,!$
0*'
",
.
C.D
"0,N
(*!'*/!$
0*'
8#!.$*#(,$0*'8&!!?"#!%8#!.(*!'*/!$0*'
$*#8&!!?"#!
120
"0,N
0*'!
(*!'*/",
$*#
P(8
(9'
*!,$Q
0*'!(*!'*/"
,$*#
.
C.E
"0,N
90
'
)
Q
9
9
8"!$(*!#$""*!,$(8!#
(9' 8$ (*!'*/!$ 0*' ! ,&?" '$
$*#!c5c2P7WQ*(*!#$"=!"*!,$
(# (9' 8$ ! 9" (*"$
(*!'*/!$ 0*' ! ,,!9" , $*# c5 c2
.
C.F
P'7WQ
'$(*"#!(*!,&,"?!=!$"#&%')/,
+(*!#$"(*!'(!'P7YQ%8/,!$*'(*"8$#"
,"?!=!"#&!0"*"$,!$'$$*#*0!0,
(!',!$*'(*")08!#"&*0$"#&!0"*"
$!"!,,!9",$*#
' "!$ ! ,"? ( $*# $ ("*/$ P 7ZQ 8/
"!$$!!(*!'*/"80,*?"(*"!>$$*#7[
(*'?$!(*!'*/"=!$"!$
9@
1
9@
.
C.G
(,!$
8
(9'
(8
*!,$
8$
(*!'*/"=!
9@
9
:
"0,N
.
C.H
'"+*#0$,!'$(*!'*/"=!c1!&*0$$"!$""'#$,!'
$(*!'*/"=!!"'(!$
'&*0$!c1c2!&*0$0,"!(9'*09$*!,$
$,!'!"'*!"!$
!"$! $,!' $ (*!'*/"=! $ "!$ " ,$ $ "0,N 0 $!'' (9'
*!,$,,!$!,&!5
*!,$
,
*0
"*>
&$
)#$
r$,!'
5%33
5%35
5%4
5%YW
1%71
&
&Q=
121
5'756''A!8(*#!$"!$(*"!>$*(**$"=!'$8*$9$
("*/$(.''/!(*'?$$'
1 / "!$ 8 #!$" (*"!>
$ *(**$"=! '8 (*!#$" , !,$
(9'*!,$",*8(9'*!,$O
3 ' 9 (,$ 8 8 $
(*!'*/"=!!!,$'"O
7 M ! $,!' $ (*!'*/"=! $
"!$O
4*0$$"!$"",!114666
'#!*"!'$,%",)#$!5%1756Z
#!* " !'$, '" ! *!"$ $,!'
$(*!'*/"=!%'"!$,,","
,)#$O
.
C.=<
W
,(,>!(*'?$$'755,8"*X
.
C.==
122
Q
,''""''"(9'*!,$(*!#$""!$O
&
A
:
(*!$!"=!$$+*#>!!"0)%$!*$!%!!+$'*08"*,*8!'*
(9''&!!"!$,!$''!$"'$%$0'/#$""!$!8$
' / 0$!#! "!$ ! *(**$" (*"$' ' 8/ 0*>! (#$" $0
"'$%$!#!,!'!$!!(*"%$#$8#!!"'$O,,8"*#!$
"(*/=!%*!&,)(*9#!()"$$*!+!')
0
A
:]
!
= *!,$$(9''*8(""#!'!$(9V$9"#!"!$'!
0*> '$ >!$* $ '*8 P45Q *#$ 8*$> '"0,N ! $&B," ()"!
(*!'*/"=!$"!$,&"=!$"!$*!'*/!$0*'!,,!9",$*#%
0/"0,N#(#(9'8$,'
Q
&Q
"Q
8Q
'
.
D.=
08!#"=!$(,$8%(*!'*/!$0*'(9$",!(*&?",8*$>,
,"!!*!,$P45Q&Q*,*!,!$8$(.=!%$*!9!$8*$9!$8%(*!'*/!$0*'
!08(("*/$$8*$>#!.,"!!*!,$P45"Q
'808!#"#!(,$8%"!$>!$!,&",8*$>'"0,NP'
458Q$&B,"#!
A
:'$*!9!$(($"$*!/$,&"=!
): 1
9
:
9
9
9
9
9
1
A
:
(,$8(*')/(*!'*/!$0*'!08
"0,N
(("*/$$,"!!*!,$!"'8*$9!$8
")8#?!#!,*!9!#!,!'!8$(.=!,
(9'(8"(9'(*!'*!,$(*'/
8$(*!'*/"=!0$!"[6V*$9$80
8*
*09$#!*!*09!$
' $ (*#!* 8*$9$ 8 #!. *!,$!
"0,N", 0$!" 7[\ "0,N' 71 "0,N
,)#$ 17 M!#' (*'0 $ &, 45
(*'?$!$41
) $ *!+!') 0 ,&!$! "!$'
0*>"?0'$0,&"=!')*#$8!,
",
0"*
.
D.;
123
!
;
9!!"!$'0*>,!*(*!#'"*#($
",P43Q$&B,")!8(($"$*!/$,&"=!
,8*$>","0,N*0"!,"=!$&,("*!!
)(('''(*&,5
,$$%#!$")!8(,$
8$"!$!,,!'"!$'$($!!,&!,
8*$9$("*/$$!!"*$0,
.
D.B
!
B
($!!(*0*!$,",,$!8"8*!$*&
,
!,$*$$9/"!!0(!$"!A%'/,
!(,$"$("*/$$",P47Q&B,")!)
"!A,,*8*$$,'("!$(,$"
$("*/$$",
"!$ , "!A ,.)A , 8*$9$ ("*/$
","0,N$#!,!(*!'*/"!,&"'$
"!A88!,#!''"*#$8!,
.
D.C
9:]
!9
9
:
)#$P4WQ!#$8(9'8#!*)V*$9$8$(($"$*!/$
,&"=!P$*!+!')Q#!.$!8"0,N!17
',)#$8"#!"",8*$9$
8P4YQ0$!"33*,#"*!,$$8*$9$8"0,N#$8,"!$'!
0*>'/(.$,)#$(($!
(,!$
8*$9!$
0*'
8
,&",,$("*/$$,)#$%!
"*A$0,(*!#8*!("*$0!8"
,,)#$,)#$#&!'"))
!9
.
D.E
517
.
D.F
Q
&Q
.
D.G
.
D.=<
.
D.==
!$"*!#!%'8!#$8(&!0"!*%+$("
,!9$ 08!, ,!' ! "?!$ P 451Q% '8 A! ! ,), ,
#!%$!#$*8,"8
"()"!(!,>$#$"=!
$"!$'!0*>$0!"!,"0,N'/!*09$
8$!"'+#*8$
.
D.=;
$*!+!')$$"')),"0,N')/!$.$!(*!,$$,0!#)
0!,&""(!9'0",$(
*, $ *!+!') / $$" $ "!$ #$")A $0
*09$!!","0,N'/#*09$8$#?!,!9
(*,*!,!$'$,,&!#!?$(*!"0(?&$$>!
P453Q
.
D.=B
.
D.=C
125
!,$/$,!#)(*,"'!#(!**!0,"#$8$'),"0,N')/
!'*0*!,!$/,!)""''"$*!/$("*/$$'!$(9),&""!$
"!$,$$$!&>!$!,&",))0$!9$,!'$!#)#
",
5454(*'?$!"!$0*>'/(*!#$
" , (9' (8 " (9' (*!' *!,$ !' ,
0*>! "(/ $! ! (*!'*/"% $!' ! (*!'*/" ,
$*#%$!'!,&""*!,$')()"
$"0&*O
.
D.=D
.
D.=E
1
&)$)()"/!(*'?$$45W
3
(/!!)()"$*!+!')$"!,!!$!'(*#!*0$!)0$&)$"=!
7M(*!""8*$9$8$$*!+!')O
4 ' ! "' (,$ 8 / 8 0+A "!$' 0*' $*# ' 8 $
(*!'*/"=!0$!"[6O
W *!>*) 8 " "/! !*' ,($ 8 '! 0 , ('?" / ! 9"
"!$'0*'''A!(,$!"*0(9'(*0#
Y/$!!$&B,"$*!+!')$$9!"!0*>,'$(*0*>!O
Z),*!"!$0*>$45ZA!(*!*((($"$*!/$,&"=!OV*$9$
8$$*!+!')$8*$>","0,N!7[
['$$"$*!+!')')(9'"'$O
.
D.=F
55/$*!+!')$!#?!,$$'8"!$(*!#$",(9'(*!'
"(9'(8*!,$O
51416(*'?$!7"!$'0*>'/(.$8*$9$("*/$$$9$
/!(*'?$$'V*$9$80*!,$'"0,N0$!"71),7!"!$
0*>A!(*!*((($"$*!/$,&"=!OPQ5\&Q1\"Q3\8Q7Q
53 ')9)(,$88$(*!'*/"=!!!,$'"O
"0,N
",
'
.
D.=G
126
.
D.=H
"0,N
"0,N
'
.
D.;<
>@
"9:
!$9!""!$$08!,,!'!(*%$"/$P$&B,")A,*!,!$()"
"(**,"$?Q!?!$!"!$,("!A!&
"
9
*(/#!&!$9!""!$$0(9'(*0#PW5Q
&!!?"#!,!'/!"#(*0#!*0?"$("!A!
&
.
E.=
0?"=!$"!$'8#$"$0(9'(*0#!"'9:
!/!,&"(*"*0?"=!!"'9
'/!(*!,!$$
!,$ $9$X >*"!$\ (*'"\ ?\ 0!!$\ $\ #,* "!" &!!?"#! ,!'
#!.(!'*$!&$!(*88*$>%$!!(*!!"!,$",*8
): 1
9
9@
9:
9
>@
9:
' (!'*$! & PW1Q ! &!* " !,$ 9'
("*$A!!,&!&!"!$
:
9
9
S
.
E.;
.
E.B
.
E.C
.
E.D
127
,!)A$,!'$(*!'*/"=!(n = c1/c2 )0",'9$'$&*0$!""0,N(*0#%
&*0$ $ ! (!'*$ & (c1 ) " "0,N ! !,$'"% &*0$ (c2 ) " (9' (*0# !
*09$$,!'!$(*!'*/"=!A!&,*09$ $"!,!$9)&*0$$>*"!$
"!$ " ' ! (8!# , &*0$ $ (*!'*/"=! $ $ !," ,!' >*"!$
"!$#(#$,!'$(*!'*/"=!%$(8!#$,!'$(*!'*/"=!
9@
:
9
:1
9
>
9
9@
>
9
.
E.E
0
9
O
'$(9'(*0#!(/"!$,&!$,"!$8"P(*#!*XN!#$!$Q
"!$A!!*0?%(!'*A!#!#,*808!,PWW1%3%7Q
(!'*0$9!$&*)5!'$$*$(!'*,&!$,"?!/!$"*,!(!'*!
(, *!,$ &*!" 1% 3% 7 ! "' $' (!'* "! (!'* 8!,#! (#' ("!A!
&)$(!'*$$'/!$.$9$(*!,!!$#!0!')N!#'!!#!$
!*09$"!',,!$!$'!(!'*$",*,%N!#$!$
'/$!#$,")>.!>$(*!%'$!()$,"$'
(!'**(*!,$(!'*$!$"(!'*(#/$"!(!'*#?!,!
"*,(!=!$$!')!!#!$,*"#$,!,#8*#$$!')($>)
' ! ($ !,$ $" & " $9' N!#) ')/ ! "' (!'*$ $0
$*#!$/!'*(*"$0!"'(!'*#!*
+>
)" $ "$? "!'" 8
0&$" .!% 0 / $! #?!! ,
) &)$ " ()" 8 ! $9!" ,!$
"$?#?!,!","&0$
$ $!') ",(, ' # #$8 $ '('
",""0,N
.
E.F
$?#?!,!,&!'9"!'"*!$8*&'$$>!%",!,(**(*!,
!&!%(#/$*(*'"9$",,0,,!#$8$'(',",%A!8",&!
''')"$?
)"$"$?!("*0$(*!'*/"=!$"!$$0$!'(',",
$9"$?$$"#'8$9!"!0*>8"!"$!",!$'(''!&,
128
.
E.G
$
*!+!')
(*!'*/"=!
.
E.H
5'"!(!'*$&,$9!""!$%''"!,"!$8"O
1W56(*'?$!9)'8#()"$,"!"$?""*!#!P&Q!"$?
!8"$%'!!(*!,$O
3 ) &) , (!'* $ $9!" "!$ !
(*!'*/"$)#$8%')$)#'O
7)!(*9$0*0?"=!$&!"!$
"(9'(*0#O
Q
&Q
.
E.=<
129
%?
!A!"!A!8#!",!$%#?!&!!
?!!$"''08!#"9$#(*!,#!P
Y5Q('!8(*!&"!"!$!'),*8*
0'*!'>)$",$9*PY1Q
.
F.=
.
F.;
9
A
9Q
9
?
.
F.B
.
F.C
.
F.D
.
F.E
.
F.F
130
.
F.G
.
F.=<
P*$!AQ
.
F.H
P&*$!AQ
$
?
*"/8("*0">!$*!$+!*!,'
!,&!$!A( 1
2)!"'9
!$*#$$8*$9$!("*/$PY55Q\
9'C!"'9
\
f ! +'$ *)$! P*)$! #!. +'
(9'>!$*Q
.
F.==
*
?
!A ')/ ($ 8 (*!'*/" "!$'! 0*> #
(#+'$*)$!PY51Q%!A/(&8(*!'*/"
"!$'!0*>PY53Q#(8!#+'$*)$!X
1
?
.
F.=;
*
?
I J
99
A
:
'0+'$*)$!)"#!!,$>5#!*P5nQ)
,&"#!!,$>0)9$$(9'!A59
P=
rQ
.
F.=B
!
*!&!$ (*&*X &*$ !A% 0"* $
(*!!$$($"!$!'*$PN*)Q
*'),*?#!&*$!A$(
$ $9!"! 0*> N*) ) ,"?#! '$
!A!,,!'+'$!(,$!$N*)
$)*8#!*#!$*#$*)$!
#!.+'!A%/%"/$%(*!""
+'$,!9$
.
F.=C
131
"@
:
9
?
(*!!$
0*'
.
F.=D
>!$*!$
0*'
.
F.=E
*!!$
(*!"*!$
$#!!$'
.
F.=F
*!!$
(*!"*!$
08!#!$'
.
F.=G
@
.
F.=H
(*"!*#! !'(!*#!$$%
,!'*!$'#?!,!+$
!'*$ "!! &*$ !A #!.
0(!$"!A,'*$P!'*$Q
!'*$!8!,(*!"*!$*!!$
'$"!APY5[Q
"?!!)#!A*,*!,!$(?&$!A'!/*!(?&%(*')
/!'*$!9$$#!%',!/!$.'P(*!,!!8,"9(*'?$$Y5[Q
'8("!!'*$$,*8#!'!0#"&"=!$/*'$!'*$
!"'+'*=!
132
Q
%9
V("#!(*!,#!#!.!A+'PY16Q
V (*!,"#! ( $ $"$! 0*> P5 1Q *>!
*8 , 9'
% ! (*!'*/" $0 !A ' /
0*'(*!!$(9''#$"$0+'$!A
*'P1Q%>!$*$0*'#$"$0>!$*$!A$!!
(*!'*/"*>!(!(*!'*/"=!!*0,"$',!
$!!!9*>!A!!(*!!9"$"$!(*,?!$)' $!*!!$
(*"!$
A!!,&!'"9'
5
'!("*")$9$0! 08!#!$'
9',(*!,#!!,&"'$>!(*!,#!
,'
Y16!8!,,!'%'!(*"!$%08!#!$$!*!!$'
$!!*!!$0/!,&""(*!!'$(*,?!$)$
"!$'!0*>$!#?!,!+$!'*$
.
F.;<
(/$$9$+$'>$*(9'$*#!$(
' A! ((/ ( 0 , ,&!/ )!$ 'O
(*&?"=! ,,!9"=! $ ( , (*!,#! !A!
0&!!?,!'(*!,#!')(!$.#!.!A+'
)!(*"!$%08!#!$#8$*!$
.
F.;=
.
F.;;
:
:
?
")9)%''"(*!N,$%0,&"=!
$ ' ,"$ ! ," "!$' 0*> ' /
8!,#!,'Y13'$!!,&""(*!!'
$*!$!0*>%'"$"$!(*,?!$)
'')**$!!A!'8/!#8$*!$%(*"!$
$#!$&!0&R*',!!$.(*!,#!
.
F.;B
!.+'$,!9$%*)$!$(*!,#!,!APQ*)$!$',
!APQ(!,$0"$X
1 1 1
"!*"!$'0(9'!A**$!!A"?*"!$'(*/,,!9!$
$(!,#!,!A!(0"$P6Q%+'$*)$!,,!9!$$',!A
!$!8"$
133
*#!*X*!,&*$!A+'$,!9$,36tn!$.(*!,#!$,,!9!$,
Z6tn,!!$.'O
,>Xb^6%Zn\^6%3n\^O
1
1
!/"=!X
1
!,&"^6%7Zn
) 1
5
(/!!/"!(*!&$0,)(*!,!!+'$,!9$$&*$!A
1)!A#(8!#+'$,!9$X(,!&!(!$'O(*"'>>*!?
3'"!)9$$&*$!A'!+'$,!9$WtnO
7*!#!))+'$,!9$$!A)9$^6%4
4(*!,8'!117Q&Q,8"*')!A#
(8!#)9$O
W'#?!(*9!#*0,!0(N*)O
Y'"#?,!+$!'*$O
Q
&Q
.
F.;C
Q
&Q
"Q
8Q
.
F.;D
.
F.;E
537
'
9
!
9
9
9
!
!0$!8$!#?!#!,0$!#!/!9""$,"*!/$
"!U"!'#?!,8'*X+(*%(%#'*'(
#$8,*8(9'(*&8,*!$!$'
.
G.=
0!
$
9!'
#
>
?
(!8
!A
'
*?$>
9$
!9$
)&'
.
G.;
.
G.B
(9=
9!(9=
.
G.C
9!$
$!*"
!
?(*!"",")$((9!$&*$!A+'$
*)$!,'1%4tn#!(*(&"(*+'*=!
$(*!,#!,&"=!$'!A$!!(#!"$(*!,$0,
P''')+(*Q%'!!$9"0,!&!"(#/$9$!
#'
9$!#'#?9$!A,)0!8$&"*
!#!$"$!)0$+'$*)$!P)9$$!AQ
)$9$!"0#?"'$(*!,#!,(,$!$#*!?$>
(>!S!'*$T$')!+*#*'
$(*!,#!!,#$A!P(9=
9!(9= Z7Q 9""!$ $ "!$ !
(*A8$,,"!$>!$*,#0'
(*!'9$$!*"')/!("*0$8*#!$&*)$
$!*"$"'$("*0$(9=9!(9=
#0'PZ4Q"!$'!8$!(*!"*
" ' *$+*#>)$8$!!(*9$
?!$(*>!
.
G.D
135
A
]
"!$'!0*>/,.,(*!,#!%#$")A$0*?$>!A!(*!'*/"
$#*!?$>,"*!!$$#!$'PZ4QV!#$$'$(*!,#!$#*!?$>
0"%8"$,8!#$$(*!,#!$!8",,!9!$,'PZWQ
+
!8/80+A0*>!
,,"!!'*)$9'$(*!,#!%'"!8"
" ' 8 (*!,#! ! (,!'% 9$!
",!$8
#' ) 0!8$" 9$ !A P ZYQ
$"(!$'(*!'*/"=!!(#
'!+'*$#*!?$>$90"!
9(*!&$!!A(#)9$
.
G.E
.
G.F
.
G.G
Q
&Q
.
G.=<
P*'",Q
.
G.==
136
Q
&Q
.
G.H
P!'",Q
.
G.=;
9
@
.
$9!""!$)8!,#!&"$$>"!$8*,$'/$&X*!"!0!!$%
>"!"!!&!%>*"!$%*$?$%$%#,*
"!"!)(*!""&"$$(**
,+*))$?"
'88!,#!*09$!&O
*!?$> S!'*$T , 9"!9' ' !
,!',!/!+*#*'$(*!,#!/
88!,#!!,A!$*!9!$ 9@
P8#'533666666Q9@P8#'Y666666Q%!8(*#,*0&!,"!$
8$!8(*A,#0'(*!'8"$9!$$!*"%')/8(*!0!#,$!*"$!"'$
(9=*!8*$$!$0!$"!$%$$!#?,*0'"&
U!(9=!'$>!$**$">!$*$#*!?$>!!!"$&%0,#?!,
+$'>$*#!(*!&$("!A!"!$
U"!9''#?!,",>&%!('%#*!?$>##*('!'/
!!"$&X
U!(9=/*!8*$>*"!$"!$\
U!(9=/*!8*$0!!$"!$
U!(9=/*!8*$$"!$
0"$,'&!0(!$"(!'*$"!$/
,."'!S"0&,"T$!9!(9=/!!"$!&
(#/$!*)S$*&T>*"!$%0!!$$P[5Q!+*#*
$!&
>*"!$%0!!$$&)!"'
$"$
'#&$>)!,&"!$&
8$!',9!(9=$!+$'>$*(*"$%")9)
'$!#?!,*0'"$!'&)9!9)!'8$!#?!
,)*0'">*"!$&),0!!$
")$!,'$'!
(0$(,#!
.
H.=
>*"!$
"!"
$
&!
?
>)$
0!!$
>*"!$
0!!$
$
.
H.;
,!',!/!(*!('*"#!/>*"!$0!!$&)!,&"?&)\
,!',!/!#!/>*"!$$!,&""!"&)\
,!',!/!#!/0!!$$&)!,&">)$&)
137
(@
9
:
@
,($
!$
:
:
.
H.B
.
H.C
'"&!,&"#!/=!$,"!*(*#*$P$"$Q&(*'?$!$[7%
!"',($!$&
]
'*'! & ! (8#!$' ! ! *0'" , (!'*$! & ) '*'!
& $"$ !X >*"!$% ? $ &) P[4Q )
@
9
9
:.
+
@
9
,(
$!$
!
:
]
8 $" 0&* 0 &) $ ! *!& , ! (*" *0' , ! ! (*R*$
$!(*R*$
)$(*R*$!#?!,!#!$""0"$,(!'*$"$(,$
"!$
.
H.H
138
'$>*"!$+!*!(/,(.(!'*!$"!$'$())(*(/#>*"!$
"!$P[[Q
'$0!!$+!*!(/&!"!$(!'*!$"!$'$(%))
(*(/0!!$"!$%,*8!8(*&*
'0!!$"!$P[["Q!(/,(,$!
$>*"!$+!*(0,$!8(**A!&,!!#!$$9%>*"!$+!*)(*&*0!!$
"!$
@*!"&)!'*"+8*+)$"!(8$"*09$"!$'!+!'
"!!"0)%'$$*09$>!$,"!$!*!+!'*'*>*"!$%0!!$?
+*0,&"=!$*09$"!$'!+!'
)$$!(*0*$!!!(*!,!",#!$(!'*$!&%'/8*!+!'*
!%&)$$!(*0*$!0"'',&)$#!%',(!'*$
"$"!$/(.$$",!(*!,!&)$$!(*R*$!*!&,!"!
&!"!$P[56Q
Q
&Q
&!N*)
"Q
>*$N*)
>*"!$N*)
.
H.=<
!"!!$&!"!$P')/8,*?(!'*$!&Q!A!08!,&!
'!),&"#>*"!$&),(!'*$"!$A!08!,>*"!$P[56&Q
'
!8(*&*!(!'*$&,&!"!$%8/A!08!,>*$P[56"Q
'!$!8(*&*(,!,$'"!&,(!'*$&!"!$A!&,!
&!$%$!8"&)A!0",',!",(!'*8(*&*
'$!(*0*$
!!"!"'""!$"')8$!#$!',&!/8*!+!'*%8/$!8"
&)!#!$"#?!,!&)$0/(*"!/9'"!"=!$!'!$!#
&)''(*!,,$!"$"!$
:
: ]
,)(#!"()"A!!(?#!!,$&,!##!'(0!!$(&))
"!"#!*09$","$"!$P[55%&%"Q
'0!!$'()"!#!$"$!
&,(!'*P>*"!$%0!!$$Q[55Q8!,#!,!''(8(*&*>*"!$$
"!$%),&"0!!$(A!)8!,#!0!!$&!$
&Q
Q
"Q
.
H.==
''()"!#!#0!!$"!$P[55&Q($"A!)8!,#!0!!$&!$
''()"!#!$"!$P[55"Q'(A!$08!,>*$
139
.
H.=;
.
H.=B
.
.
5+)/",'!'?&0'A!08!,&)$&0'8",'!
"!XQ&!"!$\&Q>*"!$"!$\"Q0!!$"!$8Q$"!$O!?
&))(*(/$"!$%),&"0!!$>*"!$"!$*#!/=!$0!!$
>*"!$"!$!,&"?"!$
1[57(*'?$!''"!$#$"$0+!*&)"!"'""!$
#$"$0")+!*O'""!$A!(#$!$0+!*&)>)$OP$>*"!$OQ
3'"!&)$$('%'!"!!$>*"!$"!$O
7M(*!"","$#!/=!$&!O
4(*'"$#!/=!!'*'!*9$0X
Q(!'*$!&
&Q8#!$'!&
.
H.=C
)
5
''')*#$8!,!,,!9!$1n%0''#!**!&,!(#!8!,
0',&,!,,!9!$56nO
1V!,)A8'!'9!P51Q(*!,8!,%#?!/,,8"*/(*!,''"
8!,!$.'9!O(*"(*!,&$'"!,)"!&)$!$!
.
=
576
.
;
3M!9""!$'8(*!#$",!,$(9'*!,$",*8*09$
&*0$$*(**$"=!
7'"!)9$$!A%'+'$*)$!0$!"4tnO
4''"!A!*$"'*'",%''",!'",O
W!A8$(*!,0$'lcT%'lTO
YV!,)A)'3%,8"*',!!$."!$'0"*(*!,",&$8!,
.
B
.
C
Z
&)$0/*?7)8!,#!>*"!$
['(*!,#!!!,$'"(8!#$$!,$'"*)$!","9%X
Q')*#$8!,!'8/\
&Q')+!*$8!,'8(*!,#!!",")$+'$*)$!/!*0'"
'"!","9O
56?!!0'#!$!(9'*!,$O
55M!$,!'$(*!'*/"=!O
51 ')*!,$&*0$$"!$!$)8!#O
53)!*0'#!.*!$!#8$*$!'"O
57,$!A#+'$*)$!6%5n%,*816tn)!A#(8!#)9$O
54)()"!'*!$(*+*#*=!$"$?O
575
&
I
J
.
=
$(*!'*/"=!O
QW6\
&Q16\
"Q36\
8Q76
.
;
.
B
.
E
571
.
F
&!(
/ %$
.
9
144
@
147
! @
@
151
)
@.
@
153
9
(*!,"*!#!$!0$$)#!,(0"$$!!'*0*$:P$'!Q
$!8"$$!!'*0*$
''*?'),*P!!'*$'&""'Q
#' ),* # ?!$ *'* ! "!$ , ," ", $ 9!9' 9
%(*&?$#*$!$!*$!0!,$9'#!!"'
,!$
(*$!,!$$!*$#'5Z76((8!##,#$!!'*$
$9%#,*?*",$9!9'X9
: 1
%'
()$'*?'),**$!!!'*$!#!,$'"'9!"!!'*9!"%
$(*"!$0$'*$!!(0"$%!!'*$!!$!8"$$!!'*0*$9!9'%
,,!'$!*$!!&!0!!'*9!$($!?
9!"!!'*9!"$(*$!!'*$!$)#
'9!" !!'*9!" '! ! *!$" " (**, ! "'
"$*!/$$#,!)""(*"!9$(0"$
$!!'*0*$ ),* $!8"$ $!!'*0*$ &""'
#!.!&! ! (*"!'"% #!.% 8!# &*0$ ') / !
,"? !!'*$!% 8 (*!9" , S(,$l $ #' ),*
P' ! ,*?" &$ $ #Q
" (!A $ $9!"
($!*!$!#
#'),*,8"*$$>!%!!'*$!
"&""'$($!!!'*$!!,"?'),*(
,*!,!$'*?$(!'P*&Q9$''/($!!'*?
'$>!"?!=!$($!!!"!$,8*">$
$$>!%,"?!=!$!!'*$!,!!'*9$$
#'),*")#,!$#9!!"')
+
R
S
# $
",*,% ')/ ( *'* ! $)!,$"!$ #% ! ,
!,!$(*$"),*!,!$!!'*$"&""'''>!$!
!!'*$!*!$
#$N!##,"(*$,"$!*$
"),*,"!!'*$"&""'
#$##*
(*$*$!*$"),*%*!!'*$"&""'$
%
%0!')#!!!'*$!*!$
*
144
~5654n
~5656n^6%5rn
.
=.;
:
$"!,!$!(*#!*P55Q%qw!X0",*,q^5w^5%0N!#q^1w^7$
0$'! 0 #! P,$$ $"$! ),*Q ,*? N!#' 0$' , !*,$ !# $
!!#!$!P<Q%*!,!$&*)PqQ#!$&*)PwQ &9!$!#$*!,$&*),!(/"
,!"*$$0$'$N!#'!!#!$ .
9
) 9 " #'! ),* $ !,!$
!!#!$,#&*)$(*$%*09!$&*)$
$!*$
S
:
9 1
:
S
9
I
:J1
1
9
.
=.B
145
9
**,$*$#,"0(X*$13Z*$134'
$!*$#"),*$!0(O
N=A-Z
.
=.C
0(! $), 8!# (*#!$ " $,*)% #!,>$% '' " (*0"," $
#'!$!*8)
#!.(*$!"),*,!)"",&)$!!'*9$
,&"=!!'8!#(*,
/"0#$8'*'"*!#!&8*0*!'!),*$#!"(**,!.%
!('$!!9"%&,!)A(#!.$'!$!"),*,!)""
'!*$
!(*"!9$'(!()',!!'*9$'!*$,!)""''(#!.
(*$(*$%$!*$$!*$%'(#!.(*$$!*$
!)"$$'!*$!$!!0&!!?""!'),$!"$?"&,!)A!%0*0'
,!!'*9$!%,!)""#$#$8#*)$)P,*!,5654tnQ$9,!)""
#""$*!/$$#'),*)&!0&!,"$!8"*!"$&$
!
9@
5
,/!"!$#'),*O
1M!*!,!$&*)P#'&*)Q%/#!$&*)O
3/(*$!$!!*0!",#'),*O
7M!0(O
4'"!*!,$&*)%''"!#'#')0(!O
W '" !!'*9!$ ($!? # (*$!% ''" !!'*$! , ! ($!? !
*0'"(8!#$O
*,#
Y'(*$%!!'*$$!*$##!$*$#
U
146
@
)
5Z[W 8,$ +*$>' +09*
$* !'!*!% "*/!)A
!'(!*#!$ *$" '* ,!' ! !#" $!","
0*9!=!/(*!,0"'"(>*$"=!$+8*+'N*) '"
")"('?"9*$%*#$!',*8!!#!$
"
($$!#)$0*9!=!!$*!9!$
L
.
;.=
(:
):
.
;.;
:J
:
9L
9L:?
:
9
@
*9!=!% 0*, ")" , (*!,0"'" )$0>) " *!,$ ',! / (#$"%
"&9!$!,!"':
@
147
$
9
Q
Q
}
Q
I
J
.
;.B
|
Q
!),*$#!$N!#!,*?,"(*$,"$!*$!
($!'8/!"' |
Q
"$(0"$$!!'*0*$,.,$!!'*
0*$$,"(*$!,#0!8"8!#&*0$%$""0,N&*0!
(*"!!(*,*$%80(*$!''"N*)%'?$!'',!!$
>!$#!*"0,N
}
Q
!&*0!!'*$!"'}
Q
?,#$"$01636>!$#!*
"0,N$0!$'#!$"'%(*,*$0'?
Q
!!!'*#8$!$&*$"%''"!$'!%$#$8(#&*$",?$
57Z
A
S :
.
;.C
,'"$!0"*%'8$!!"(*!&%!9"""$',!&!R,"%(*
/0*>!!(*&*"R,"!$')9"=!$*,'"$!0"*#?,
!'*',(9$#,#$#%&,!)A$"$!0*9!=$!!'(*,*$
''0*9!=!$0"*!
+
*!$h*@*!,!*'h*"5[378,$%"*/!)A!'(!*#!$&#&*
,*=!$("!A!!$),*P#$#Al%#8$!0#Mg%&*B,*8Q%0&!!?!,!'
&#&*,*$($>)(*,?",0*9''A!!*$0"*$9!9'!
"!$'!*$*!'>#&9$!,""+*#X , , ',!/
B!(9!$'$!9$),*%,,!'ab !(),"$P9!9'S(*!'lQ'$!9$9!9'
"*!'>)
'S(*!'l0(*!,0"'"=!$$'!*$*!'>)#?,!'*9!9'%
9!9'P!!'*$Q%(*$%$!*$,*89!9'
a
.
;.D
) @
I9 @ J
:
:
9
>
9L@1
*!$@*!,!*'h*9!9'8&#&*,*!),*$#!$#$#
,&!*,'"!$0($++*!,!$$!*$P14Q
0($++*($#!*(.(*!#$""&!$0($>#
57[
9
!
>
.
!,"(!*,$(*(.=!$"/!!,$9!"*$$!*(,$),*%(!
*#$%(!9!*/!$!$$!')*,'"!$0(#'*'!*9$"*!#!
$(*(.=!$'!$,"*!/$,!)"$!#?!,!")!P*(.=!$!#?!,!
0&*0%(*0(*!Q
,'"$!),*!*(.%($$%#,!&!
!/9' *,'"$% ,$$ *,'"$! 0(% ("!A! $. (*#!$ "
$'!N$'%(!&$"#!,>$0!9!=!$#8$0&"=
,,!)"$*,'"$0*9!=!!#!$"+09'!%N!#'!&/'!")"
$*!,$!$0'#$"
(*>!$)$0>)%''/!(0$%,$!*$!#!'#$$")$
&,$!!'*$
*) $ )$ ( !,$> ,?$ ( ! "' 9A
:: )8!# ! ')
9!9'!%(#!')9!9'!%$)#!')9!9'!
,'"$0*9!=!%)$0*)'#!'#"?"!*8$0#%,.,(*#!$
" '!! (* / ! $#" $"$ $*#$ +$'>)% (*, / ,. , $*/"=! $
0,*")!$9"!'
$!*8)$0*9!=!%(*&*$,$!')*!,$%8*8"$80&''"(*#!$
/$$""*!,$
!)" $ *,'"$ 0*9!=! $ $!') ($>) ! '*'!*0* "!9$
9
@
@
!9$9)"*!,$!(*!,!!$,$,(*&*$!$!*8)$0*9!=!
#$0*9!$($>)!"'(*&*$,0$0*9!=!
'0!$!*8)!0!#!>%0#1 kg%8/!,$>0(*&*$,0"SI!Gy
I:JX
"
1 Gy
:
:
1
:
@
:
V
?"!*8$0#,0,*09$","$0*9!=#*09$!+!'%(*,%
0(*!,!"=!$!(!$$0*9"=!!'*$
!#!*!,$>
#!*'
ISvJ%!0*0"$$9$"
546
! @
@
*!8**=!P'*"=!%,!!'>)Q$*,'"$!0*>%'$**$!("!A!","
*!,%9)(*$>($*&!0$"$$!',$"$!")"%''$(*#!*)$0*9'
,!)" "*0 +8*+' (9% (&$ , (*!,0"'" #$>!$>) P"!'=!Q '8 A!
(,$"*0$!')#$>!$!$#!*),*
*!,! P,!!'*!Q 0 '*"=! $ *,'"$! 0*> # 0 0,9 , 0"*/
0"=!$)$0*9'!!+!',(*!&$$"%''&#?!!(#/$$/!!$
*8$,80&!!?#!
A
:
# '*"=! $ *,'"$ &!/! $(*"!$ '# (*!' ,!)" $ +8*+'
!#0)0?!$$0*9!=!(>*$",>$'*!$!,!'$+8*+'!#0)
*,'"$!9!>/(#$!"*8"",$#'*'('>*$9'P*!&*!$
0*$Q,!,&))$*8%!#0!#*/!,!"*/%,!$(*"(,!&!!#0%
08!#!$(*>!$$*!&*&*#,wu
.
B.=
+
$" '#* ! *!, 0
,!!'>)$)$0*9'0*9!=!
S
9
9
9
9
S
A
.
B.;
151
:
Q
(
:
!#/$!!+'!$!'$#9!$*!,
')9!!'*$!8!"*/,!!'>)$
*,'$0*9!=!%$$!,!$+'>)
P')",0*9!=!!,!!'*$Q
(9$'$*'>)$V)8!*!*
"&*)9!!,$X >!"',#!
' P$ ' , "$*!/$ *$ !
$$!" !$' #!!$ )Q $0 *!,$
! 0!8$ !$' P,)#!* 6%61 6%64 nnQ
.
B.B
#!$?>%')/,>!"'!0*$0*h>!$,%#!$>!"'!',
!.$"!(*'9!$"'$($(*!,$,!,>$,*!$.!$'(*0*9!$0'!
#?,(#$*,'"$0*>!"'!($!8#!,8"
541
)
@
@
)
@
!"$ !,$"$ ,&"=! $ "!/9'! *,0( ) "0#? $"$ /*'
(*#!$ " $' " (*'9$ ,!)$ ! '* " +0'% !N$'% #!,>$%
&8)%0!#),!"$
"$$(*(>)$0*9!=!,,!&!$"$#!*)!'*!$
"$,*)!N$'0'*"=!$,!+!'"#!*)!#!$!$(.$(,
9!>%9)(*&"$$0#0",$!8",!&!$P75Q
',!!'*(*#
("!A!9!9'%0$9,!'#'!!$'&*$
*(*#!*%0S8!,=!l$09!'P71Q
0*>!!'*0$#=!$0"*!$!#!')#!!
",!0"*$0*>!
"$*!">!"',8*+'+#!&"'",$,"*!/$*$$>!"'
#!,>$ *,0
(!!'*"X,)8$9'
!*(!"'>!
","9!'*
")" $ !!'"$ (*(
>)$*,0(!,*$
$0,*"0&!$'"
.
C.=
.
C.;
*8$"$0*9!=!'!!!,'$**#!'"!,!)"!'*0X
.
C.B
.
C.C
(#/ $ *,'"$! 0( ! !, !'"! $ (,0!#$! ",% !"!$$!
(*($&*$!$N,*>!$*!,*
0!#),!"!(*#!$"0&!!?"=!$$!')'$"!/9'!.&*"0,
!"*,(#$!'9!"/!(*!&$
153
@
@
9
($!,!*&*,'"$(>,!
,&?"&',$"&!0,"!$0/
,'"$0*9!=!(*(*!#$$0($>!"*/)$0>)$#!#!'!%
(*, / ,. , (*#!$ $ $"$! N!#' '"$
' "'" 0*9!=! #$" $0 ?"
*8$0# P9"!9' *8$0# 9"!9' !Q% " '!'! (*!,0"'" *09$ (*#!$
/!"=
'!'#*(8!#,0$0*9!=!"*8$0#!)""
:
(*/$$"*!=!$*8$0#8&!=!
$ ,&*$&!$ #A 0*, /!"=! $ #$/' !#%
"$*!/$!?!0,%''!$*?%'*"$!)' $)!/'9
,.,#*
&!$($!'*,'"$(*!(*"!0"
*8$0#(*!',/!=!%(*!'*$%8=!$
$!0$"$ 0*9!=! / (*!,0"'" 0$9!$
)$0>) " '!'! $ ?" *8$0# $)(*"$ (*!,0"'"
!/' 08*!$>% /!"=! $ 9!% '?% (.=! $ '%
(/&%("*A=!
.
C.D
0*>!%'/!#$8(*,*$%8$/"'!'!""$*!/$$*8$0#
%0*'"=!*,'"$0"*(*!&$!(!&$&'%0/*&$,>($
"*,!$!,!'*!"$&0*9!=!%9)!$!*8)(*(($(*(>))$#"
!#(!**$9"!9'!0'6%6656]%#?!,(*!,0"'!$("*!,$'!'!%
(*,'!$*/"$"$$*#$+$'>)
'0*9!=!&,!($!$0"$#?!,!9
!?"'!',0#*
($,0*9"=!!,'(//$!(*!,0"'"
&'(*0#*=!$*8$0#!
*, ! "! ($% 0 *'"=! *,'"$ 0"* (*!&$ ! (!&$ &'%
0/*&$,>($
*, 0/ $ $!!$!% '' $ .! ' $!(*!,$ ! $8?*$ *&
)$0*9'0*9!=!%(*(/$!*8#!*'$'!*!&,!(*,*?")"?$!,
!0$!,!'&!0(8!#(*!&$!!(*!(*9".!,!0?"$0*9!=!P!*()
*,0(%*!$,8!$'$#=%&!$("*!$$#=%0,*?"=!"(**',!
#0*9!=!$Q
,!)A*,'"$0*9!=!,!)""%(*!,i%/!$"*09"!9'*8$0#%!(""
(*/=!''"!#'#$,0/#?!,)(*#9"!9'*8$0#&!0,#/!$
(!,>0$!8
154
5
,*!,8"$
w^13Z\
1,*$*!&*##!$&*)56Z
'&*)$$!*$!""),*!W5%,!,*!,
&*)$!!'*$!"&""'$#$*!&*w^56Z\wq^W5
' ! (0$ #$ &*) &*) $ $!*$!% !$ ! ,*!," &*) $ (*$! "
),*q^wW5^7Y
'#!"$*#$P$!*$Q)&%&*)$!!'*$!"&""'!!,$'"$
&*)$(*$!"),*$9%"&""'#7Y!!'*$
3
'(9!$&*)$*,'"$!),*!Z66666%''),*A!!*(,$0"*!#!,
*((!*,0,,!$!!#!$O
0$N0 = 800000, t = 3T1/2;!&*&*)$*(,$!),*
(*"((!*,A!!*(,$! N N "*((!*, N N N N
*!((!*, N N N N '($&*)$*(,$),*0"*!#!
,*((!*,! N N N N N N N N
,,!$"*!#!A!!*(,$Y66666),*
5!'",P1aQ!,,"#",*,!,!$#'*,'!!'*$
#"#!'",
1'$!*$#"),*
bQZ1\
&Q161\
"Q5W6\
8Q516O
3'"!"$),*$0($'&#'&*)1Y#!$&*)4[O
7*,'"$9!9'PQ#(8!##O
4,* !#"!,$*9!9'%(*/$$"),*
,*!,8*!,$
#$&*)$),*YO
W''"*!#!(*"&$&*)$*,'"$),*Po6Q!$#"$ N !*,
$(*(.=!!54,!$
155
&
I
AJ
5
#'),*!"!$,X
Q(*$$!*$
&Q(*$!!'*$
"Q$!*$!!'*$
8Q(*$%!!'*$$!*$
10(!$*!'"#!$!,!$
N!#'!!#!$'/#X
Q!,$'"&*)(*$%*09!$&*)$!*$
&Q*09!$&*)(*$%!,$'"&*)$!*$
"Q*09!$&*)$!*$%!,$'"&*)(*$
8Q!,$'"&*)$!*$%*09!$&*)
!!'*$
3'!$!$*!9!$X
Q!!'*$!(*$!
&Q(*$!$!*$!
"Q)$!!!'*$!
8Q$!*$!)$!
7 #'),*$!#X
Q(*$&Q!!'*$
"Q!$!*8)8Q$!*$
4'!!'*$##$!!#!$
#$##!$&*)1Y*!,!$&*)53O
Q76 &Q1Y"Q16
8Q53
W*')",$0*9!=!$!!#!$"#$
&*)O
Q\ &Q\ "Q\8Q$!#'"0*9!=!%
Y0(!$",*,!#!$&*)5%
1%3'$!*$#"),*$!'),
$"O
Q5%1%3
&Q6%5%1
"Q5%1%1
8Q5%5%5
156
&Q N
"Q N
8Q N
:
$
9:
=.f!8(*"!9!
;.9!$
C.!8"$
D."*!#!$,!,&?,!!
'*'(E.
'!,&"
F.!9$
=.!'*9$(!
;.!'*$)$
B.$!?$!!'*$
C. 1 C
;. 2 AB.&Q
C. 9 AD.Q
;.!B."*!$'*8
C.*!'$$'*8
D."?!=!$00"*
E*!'$'*8
B.V*!)9C.f!!08*!
E."!$8"
F.0,")"=!$8"
=. 3,6 V; 18 V; 24 V
B.($\1,2 V
E. 0,1 V. F.!$#"
=.
B.Q7(!08!
#"\ &Q 3 ( ! $#"\
"Q4(!$#"
=. 0,25 A
;.\R1
R2
B. RFe
RCon
;.*!$\R1
R2
B. R
C. R1
I = 2,2 A.
=.7#'*+*,
=
;. /'8(*+A'$,!$
;
0* B. !\ A! ! *0!!
00
'*0* C. / ! 08!#"
'"$("*/$SS
=
=. I = 7 A. ;. I = 9,1 A; 4,5 kWh.
B
B. P = 30,4 kW; U = 380,6 V.
C
C. 7,5 kWh. D. P = 1000 W.
E. P = 0,6 W. F. P = 36 W.
G. P = 0,0016 MW. H. P = 101,2 W.
=<. I = 4 A. ==. P = 1,5 kW.
;. 100 mA. C.
5 mA.
;
D.09$)9$
D
=
=.
)' ! (*!("=! $
(,,*8#8$!%&!!
(*!("=! $ (*"!$
(
(,,*8#8$!
;.
f!**()$>!B.
,!)A
'*!"! $ 8! ! (*"$
#8$!$("C.!(*"!'"
$%!,&"$w]
D.
,$! '*!" ! &*0"
#!$#8$!$("
F.Q)/("!A!)!8$"(*
\ &Q ,% ' 0,?"= !
!,$'"
I .
DEJ
=
=.
,(?&$#8$!$
8 ! ,*!," $' $
#
#8$!$!"$%
(*" $ ,!$ *' $'
$ *) B. ! (*!,!"
(*"$,!$*'C.&Q
I .
E=J
=."!'('A!"!;.8$!
$8A!!0"*B."Q
C.!#?!!0$),*
D. &'! '*!" $ '!#!
() #!$ #8$!$ ("
(*, '!#! #!.!&! !
,&"F. B = 0,6 TG.&Q
H.Q!(*"!'"\&Q!,&"
=.Q110
V; &Q11 V; "Q220 kV.
=
;.7Z$""'B.
I = 110 A.
;
C.
C U2 = 24 V.
D.
D 1,2 V; 120 V; 12 V;
=. \ 1 ;. *"(*(*>
$$B.!E.*R*$
H. 0,14 h. =<.!==.!
=B. =C. !#$"=! $ !!9
$=D.!#$"=!$$>!
=.&Q;.&Q
C. 7 mE.
=.09$!8!,
;.$"!'$B. +'
C.#$D. 5,13 cmE. 20 cm
=.!8#!$";.*#!$$
&*0$B.(,!$8%$
!(!$C.
,$$&*0$!
D.5%Z5E.Q(9'(8\&Q#!$"
(9'*!,$\"Q6%Y
=.$*!+!')
D.V*$9!$8Z*'S3T
=B.8Q*'S7T
=.$$*$\$'
;. &Q V"!$ B. !"%
>*"!$C.09$&*0$
;.!$'B.5W%YC.1n
D.QF.!$!G.1v
H.#8$*!$=<.36%3tn
=;.Q&Q&*$%"Q8Q**$
=C.51(
=.h%>*"!$%0!!$%>*$
;.*"!$$
B. !"
!
.
=.
% *$"!0!$\ % $8
,$!$;.Q\&Q
\"Q
B.Q = 3 m; &Qf = 2 Hz;
"Qv = 4 m/s. C.Qf = 2 Hz; &Qv = 4 cm/s.
A
=.56;.8Q516
B.1Y(*$31$!*$
C.
+9!9'!'
75Z76(D. Z1 = Zc5%A1 = A7
E. t^1 T521^154^36,!$
157
+
1
1
9
#
$)$
$,
(*(>)
8
#(,
#'&#&
#(!*"
+0*>
#(!*#!*
0!$>
0"9
0*'
0"'
0"9$&*$"
&!*)
&*0$
&*$","?!=!
&*$",?$
&!0*9!=!
0*
0"*$*)
0"*$"!$
0>)
#8$*!$
(*"9
$,!'$(*!'*/"=!
0"*$&*$"
$,'>$!$8!$!**
$+*0"'
"#!*
"#!*
"
"#(!*'"'#
"!/9'*,'"$
"!*?$*!'>)
8*+'
8!$!**
8*!)9
8"
8*#
8#0*9!=!
"
,?$
,$",
,>)>)
,,
,*&$
,(*)
,!'",
,0#!*
,(
,!'$>)
!!'*0*=!
!!'*>!
!$!*8)
!!'*9!$$($
!!'*9$*)
!!'*9!$($!?
!!'*0
!!'*9!$'*8
!!'*
!!'*,
!!'*N!#'
!'""!$
!!'*9$'*
!!'*9$>!"'
!#)
!$8>)
!0$*!,$
!N
!!'*$
!!'*#8$!
54Z
)9$
)$
)$0>)
)$0*
),*
)$0>)
)$0*9'0*9!=!
),*!$+)
)?!$(
)9$$*)
'$,!$0*
'*#!*
'*
')$
',
'*'!*'
'$'"$
'$"!'$
'*'",
'$
'!+>!$$
*0#$?"=!
'!#
'#*
'!'*
'
!$>
!A
!*
(
$8,$$&*$"
#=
#$$'
#'*'(
#!$&*)
#8$!
#8$!$("
#8$!$"$
#8$!!$#!*,)$
#8$!$(!
$&B,"=!
$(*!9!$(*!!'
$!*$
$'!$
$!8"$)$
$'!*$
$'!*$!'(0)
$'!*$>!$*
$0#!$9$*)
$(*",$'
(*
#
(*$>
8*"9
##!*
8!,
,&"=!
(9'
'*
'
&)!'"
>*=!
9
(*!$
(*",$'
((*",$'
(*0$!=!
(*#!$
((*","
()"
(*0#
(*!'*/"=!
(#(*!$(9
(!*,9$,"?!=!
(!*,$>*=!
(*$
(0"$)$
($!*!$#,!
(**,$*,'"$
(0*$
(**,!$#8$!
(*"*!#!$#8$!
(!*#$!$$#8$!
(*#
*&
*!'#&$>)
*#$$
*!+!')
*)$!
*!+!'*
*!!$
**$
*!,!$&*)
*,'"$
*,'"$0*>
*,'"$!!#!$
*,'"$0(
*,'"$&!
*,'"$,0
(!>+9!$(*
(*(*","
"*0"=!
)>
*)
*)#!*
$(
("!$
((*","
"!$
$>!
+!*
(!'*
+!*$
&*$
&
$*!+!')
&
!9$
!*#!!'*$'!#)
*$0*
*$#)
&!
!*##!*
*,
*$"!*0$&*$"
*+0$
*0"'
+$
+'
+*,
+*,!)
+'$*)$!
+*!'"!$>)
+8*+'!#0)
+'$+*8#!$
+0
+0$(*",$>
>!(!=!$),*
'
9(
/!#
/($