PROBLEM 4.9-4.

OUTLET TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF AN EXCHANGER. HOT OIL AT

A FLOW RATE OF 3.00 KG/S (C P=1.92 KJ/KGK) ENTERS AN EXISTING COUNTERFLOW
EXCHANGER AT 400 K AND IS COOLED BY WATER ENTERING AT 325 K (UNDER
PRESSURE) AND FLOWING AT A RATE OF 0.70 KG/S. THE OVERALL U=350 W/m 2K) AND
A=12.9 m2. CALCULATE THE HEAT-TRANSFER RATE AND EXIT OIL TEMPERATURE.

GIVEN:
m (OIL) = 3.00 KG/S
m (H20) =0.70 KG/S
CP=1.92 KJ/KGK
U=350 W/m2K) AND A=12.9 m2
REQUIRED:
THO , q
SOLUTION:
THI= 400 K
TCO
H= OIL
C= H2O
TCI= 325 K

THO

ASSUME WATER OUTLET TCO = 374 K

TCO =

374 +325
2

= 349 K

FROM A.2 FOR H2O AT 349 K,

CP=4.196 KJ/KGK

OIL ( mCP ) H = CH = (3.00) (1.92X103 ) = 5760 W/K

H20 (mCP ) H = CC = (0.70) (4.196X103 ) = 2937 W/K = CMIN

NTU =

UA
C MIN

350 (12.9)
2937

= 1.537

From Fig. 4.10-7a , E = 0.70

q= E CMIN ( THI - TCI ) = ( 0.70) (2937)(400-325) = 154 190 W
q= 154 190= (mCP )C ( TCO - TCI ) = 2936 ( TCO 325 )
TCO = 373.2 K

PROBLEM 9.8-1

DRYING OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL IN TRAY DRYER. A GRANULAR BIOLOGICAL

MATERIAL WET WITH WATER IS BEING DRIED IN A PAN 0.305 X 0.305 m AND 38.1 mm
DEEP. THE MATERIAL IS 38.1 mm DEEP IN THE PAN, WHICH IS INSULATED ON THE
SIDES AND BOTTOM. HEAT TRANSFER IS BY CONVECTION FROM AN AIR STREAM
FLOWING PARALLEL TO THE TOP SURFACE AT A VELOCITY OF 3.05 m/s , HAVING A
TEMPERATURE OF 65.6

AND HUMDITY H= 0.010 KG H 2O/ KG DRY AIR. THE TOP

SURFACE RECEIVES RADIATION FROM STEAM-HEATED PIPES WHOSE SURFACE

TEMPERATURE TR = 93.3 . IT IS DESIRED TO KEEP THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE
OF THE SOLID BELOW 32.2

SO THAT DECOMPOSITION WILL BE KEPT LOW.

CALCULATE THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND THE RATE OF DRYING FOR THE
CONSTANT- RATE PERIOD.

GIVEN:
0.305 X 0.305 m
38.1 mm DEEP
H= 0.010 KG H2O/ KG DRY AIR
v= 3.05 m/s
TR = 93.3
E = 0.95

REQUIRED:
TS

, RC

T= 65.6

SOLUTION:
TS KEPT BELOW 32.2

VH= ( 2.83X 10-3 + 4.56 x10-3 H ) T

= ( 2.83X 10-3 + 4.56 x10-3 (0.010) ) (273+65.6)
= 0.974 m3/ kg dry air
=

1.00+0.010
0.974

= 1.037 kg/ m3

G= v = 3.05 (1.037) (3600) =11 386 kg/ h m2

hc= 0.0204 G 0.8 = 0.0204 (11 386) 0.8 = 35.87 W/ m2K
Trial 1:
Assume
Ts = 32.2
TR= 93.3

hr =

366.5
100

305.4
100

( 4 )

0.95 ( 5.676 )

+ 273.2 = 305.4 K
+ 273.2 = 366.5 K

E = 0.95

2
= 8.42 W/ m K

@ Uk = 0 ( no conduction, bottom insulated )

CS = (1.005 + 1.88 (0.01))103 = 1.024X103 J/kgK

H sH
CS

s = ( 1 +

Uk
hc

) ( T- Ts ) +

hR
hc

( TR Ts )

For Ts = 32.2

, Hs = 0.031

s = 2425.3x103 J/KG

Thus,
0.0310.01
3
1.024 x 10

(2425x103)= ( 1 +0) ( 65.6- Ts ) +

8.24
35.87

( 93.3 Ts )

Ts = 30.3
Trial 2.
Assume Ts = 31.7

0.03050.01
3
1.024 x 10

HS = 0.0305 , s = 2426.5 x103

(2426.5x103)= ( 1 +0) ( 65.6- Ts ) +

Ts )
Ts = 31.3

Rc =

close enough to assumed Ts

( hc +U k ) ( T T s ) +hr (T RT S )
s

( 35.87+ 0 ) ( 65.631.3 )+ 8.24(93.331.7)

2426.5 x 103
Rc =2.583 Kg h2o/hm2

8.24
35.87

( 93.3

PROBLEM 8.4-7
EFFECT OF FEED TEMPERATURE ON EVAPORATING AN NaOH SOLUTION. A
SINGLE-EFFECT EVAPORATOR IS CONCENTRATING A FEED OF 9072 Kg/H OF A 10% WT.
SOLUTION OF NaOH IN WATER TO A PRODUCT OF 50% SOLIDS. THE PRESSURE OF
THE SATURATED STEAM USED IS 42 KPA (GAGE) AND THE PRESSURE IN THE VAPOR
SPACE OF THE EVAPORATOR IS 20 KPA (ABS). THE U=1988 W/m 2K. CALCULATE THE
STEAM USED, THE STEAM ECONOMY IN KG VAPORIZED/KG STEAM, AND THE AREA
FOR THE FOLLOWING FEED CONDITIONS.
(A) FEED TEMPERATURE OF 288.8 K
(B) FEED TEMPERATURE OF 322.1 K

PROBLEM 9.7-2
IN ORDER TO TEST THE FEASIBILITY OF DRYING A CERTAIN FOODSTUFF,
DRYING DATA WERE OBTAINED IN A TRAY DRYER WITH AIR FLOW OVER THE TO
EXPOSED SURFACE HAVING AN AREA OF 0.186 M2 . THE BONE-DRY SAMPLE WEIGHT
WAS 3.765 KG DRY SOLID. AT EQUILBRIUM AFTER A LONG PERIOD, THE WET SAMPLE
WEIGHT WAS 3.955 KG H2O + SOLID. HENCE, 3.955-3.765, OR 0.190 KG OF EQUILIBRIUM
MOISTURE WAS PRESENT.
THE FOLLOWING SAMPLE WEIGHTS VERSUS TIME WERE OBTAINED IN THE
DRYING TEST.

GIVEN:

A= 0.186 M2
WS= LS=3.765 KG DRY SOLID
EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE= 0.190 KG H20
REQUIRED:
A. CALCULATE THE FREE MOISTURE CONTENT X KG H20/KG DRY SOLID FOR EACH
DATA POINT AND PLOT X VERSUS TIME.
B. MEASURE THE SLOPES, CALCULATE THE DRYING RATES R IN KG H20/HM2
C. USING THIS DRYING RATE CURVE, PREDICT THE TOTAL TIME TO DRY THE
SAMPLE FROM X=0.20 TO X=0.04. USE GRAPHICAL INTERGRATION FOR THE
FALLING-RATE PERIOD. WHAT IS THE DRYING RATE RC IN THE CONSTANT-RATE
PERIOD AND XC ?

SOLUTION:
A.

X=

X=

B.

W tW sEquilibrium moisture
Ws

kg H 2 0
4.9443.7650.190
=0.26268
3.765
kg dry solid

Slope=

R=

X
t

R=

Ls X
A t

3.765 ( 0.247010.26268 )
=0.79301
0.186
( 0.40 )

C.

t ( 0.04 )=4.8 h

t ( 0.2 )=0.7 hr

total t =4.1hrs

Rc= 0.998 kg H20/ h m2

t=

L s dX 3.765 0.200.12
=
A R 0.186
0.998

)
1.63

xc= 0.12 kg H20/kg Dry solid

A A2
3

A 1=1.1805 0.04=0.04722
A 2=1.5020 0.03=0.04506
A 3=1.8175 0.01=0.01818
A tot =0.11

t=

L s dX 3.765
=
( 0.11 )
A R 0.186
2.24

total t =2.24 +1.63=3.87 hrs