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  • ACD506 Sesssion0 Aircraft Conceptual Design

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    Karthik Abhi
    1 views34 pages
    Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Propulsion system is the machine that produces thrust to push the aircraft forward through air. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion. A gas (working fluid) is accelerated by the engine, and the reaction to this acceleration produces the thrust force. Further, the type of power plant to be used in the aircraft depends on four important factors, namely: the aircraft mission, over all weight, flying range and endurance and altitude of flight. This assignment work was partitioned into three different parts (A, B and C respectively). In Part-A, a debate was made on the viability of implementation of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts. Logical arguments based on literatures collected from various internet and text book sources were made and the conclusion of the usage of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts was drawn. In Part-B, for the given mission of the aircraft, suitable power plant was chosen (Turbo fan engine) and corresponding cycle analysis calculations was done. The calculations were repeated for a range of flying altitudes and performance plots drawn were critically examined. Also, for the given Turbo prop engine data, cycle analysis calculations were done. The calculations were repeated for a set of Mach numbers and performance plots drawn were critically examined. The different engine installation techniques for a turboprop engine was also discussed. In Part-C, flow over an axial gas turbine cascade was analysed in Ansys-FLUENT software package. The blade geometry was created in Ansys-BladeGen and then imported to CATIA to create the flow domain. Meshing of the geometry was done in Fluent-ICEMCFD. The total momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency for the selected turbofan engine for the extreme altitudes of 4km & 18km was estimated as 73541N & 9375N and 47% & 40% respectively. The percentage of cold thrust generated at 4km & 18km was 60% & 45% respectively. Both momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency of the engine was observed to decrease with increase in altitude. The propeller thrust and power for the given turboprop engine for flight Mach corresponding to 0.1 & 0.8 was estimated to be 191669N & 25546N and 6074467W & 6477144W respectively. With increasing Mach number of flight, propeller thrust and power was observed to decrease and increase respectively. For the flow analysis over the axial turbine cascade, maximum static pressure value occurs for +150 (2.67*105 Pa) and minimum for 00 (2.5*105 Pa) flow incidence angles respectively. The maximum Mach number value occurs for +150 (1.89) and minimum for -150 (1.57) flow incidence angles respectively. Further the pressure loss was observed to be minimum for -150 (0.1118) flow incidence angle and maximum for +150 (0.2538) flow incidence angle.

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    Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Propulsion system is the machine that produces thrust to push the aircraft forward through air. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion. A gas (working fluid) is accelerated by the engine, and the reaction to this acceleration produces the thrust force. Further, the type of power plant to be used in the aircraft depends on four important factors, namely: the aircraft mission, over all weight, flying range and endurance and altitude of flight. This assignment work was partitioned into three different parts (A, B and C respectively). In Part-A, a debate was made on the viability of implementation of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts. Logical arguments based on literatures collected from various internet and text book sources were made and the conclusion of the usage of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts was drawn. In Part-B, for the given mission of the aircraft, suitable power plant was chosen (Turbo fan engine) and corresponding cycle analysis calculations was done. The calculations were repeated for a range of flying altitudes and performance plots drawn were critically examined. Also, for the given Turbo prop engine data, cycle analysis calculations were done. The calculations were repeated for a set of Mach numbers and performance plots drawn were critically examined. The different engine installation techniques for a turboprop engine was also discussed. In Part-C, flow over an axial gas turbine cascade was analysed in Ansys-FLUENT software package. The blade geometry was created in Ansys-BladeGen and then imported to CATIA to create the flow domain. Meshing of the geometry was done in Fluent-ICEMCFD. The total momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency for the selected turbofan engine for the extreme altitudes of 4km & 18km was estimated as 73541N & 9375N and 47% & 40% respectively. The percentage of cold thrust generated at 4km & 18km was 60% & 45% respectively. Both momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency of the engine was observed to decrease with increase in altitude. The propeller thrust and power for the given turboprop engine for flight Mach corresponding to 0.1 & 0.8 was estimated to be 191669N & 25546N and 6074467W & 6477144W respectively. With increasing Mach number of flight, propeller thrust and power was observed to decrease and increase respectively. For the flow analysis over the axial turbine cascade, maximum static pressure value occurs for +150 (2.67*105 Pa) and minimum for 00 (2.5*105 Pa) flow incidence angles respectively. The maximum Mach number value occurs for +150 (1.89) and minimum for -150 (1.57) flow incidence angles respectively. Further the pressure loss was observed to be minimum for -150 (0.1118) flow incidence angle and maximum for +150 (0.2538) flow incidence angle.

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    ACD506 Sesssion0 Aircraft Conceptual Design

    Uploaded by

    Karthik Abhi
    Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Propulsion system is the machine that produces thrust to push the aircraft forward through air. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion. A gas (working fluid) is accelerated by the engine, and the reaction to this acceleration produces the thrust force. Further, the type of power plant to be used in the aircraft depends on four important factors, namely: the aircraft mission, over all weight, flying range and endurance and altitude of flight. This assignment work was partitioned into three different parts (A, B and C respectively). In Part-A, a debate was made on the viability of implementation of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts. Logical arguments based on literatures collected from various internet and text book sources were made and the conclusion of the usage of twin engine propulsion system for long range civil aircrafts was drawn. In Part-B, for the given mission of the aircraft, suitable power plant was chosen (Turbo fan engine) and corresponding cycle analysis calculations was done. The calculations were repeated for a range of flying altitudes and performance plots drawn were critically examined. Also, for the given Turbo prop engine data, cycle analysis calculations were done. The calculations were repeated for a set of Mach numbers and performance plots drawn were critically examined. The different engine installation techniques for a turboprop engine was also discussed. In Part-C, flow over an axial gas turbine cascade was analysed in Ansys-FLUENT software package. The blade geometry was created in Ansys-BladeGen and then imported to CATIA to create the flow domain. Meshing of the geometry was done in Fluent-ICEMCFD. The total momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency for the selected turbofan engine for the extreme altitudes of 4km & 18km was estimated as 73541N & 9375N and 47% & 40% respectively. The percentage of cold thrust generated at 4km & 18km was 60% & 45% respectively. Both momentum thrust and propulsion efficiency of the engine was observed to decrease with increase in altitude. The propeller thrust and power for the given turboprop engine for flight Mach corresponding to 0.1 & 0.8 was estimated to be 191669N & 25546N and 6074467W & 6477144W respectively. With increasing Mach number of flight, propeller thrust and power was observed to decrease and increase respectively. For the flow analysis over the axial turbine cascade, maximum static pressure value occurs for +150 (2.67*105 Pa) and minimum for 00 (2.5*105 Pa) flow incidence angles respectively. The maximum Mach number value occurs for +150 (1.89) and minimum for -150 (1.57) flow incidence angles respectively. Further the pressure loss was observed to be minimum for -150 (0.1118) flow incidence angle and maximum for +150 (0.2538) flow incidence angle.

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    of 34

    Module Code: ACD506

    Module Title: Aircraft Conceptual Design


    Module Leader:

    Dr. H.K. Narahari


    narahari.aae.et@msruas.ac.in

    1
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Details
    Course: M. Tech. in Aircraft Design
    Department: Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering
    Head of the Department: Dr. S. Srikari
    (hod.aae.et@msruas.ac.in)
    Faculty: Engineering & Technology
    Dean: Prof. H K Narahari (dean.et@msruas.ac.in)

    2
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Why This module


    The objectives of the course are to enable the students to:
    Explain the construction, working principles and functional
    requirements of aircraft systems with respect to their performance
    Convert the customer requirements to viable design specifications
    and evolve conceptual design
    Model, simulate, analyse and validate aircraft conceptual design to
    meet operational requirements using commercially available tools
    Demonstrate Critical, analytical, problem solving and research skills
    in the domain of Aeronautical Engineering
    Develop a career in Aeronautical Engineering
    Practice Teamwork, lifelong learning and continuous improvement
    The module is being delivered to meet the highlighted
    objective of the course to meet the course aim.
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Aim and Summary


    It is intended to prepare students to understand the customer
    and mission requirements of an aircraft and derive a conceptual
    layout including wing plan form and size, choice of propulsion
    system along with subsystems as well as selection criteria for
    navigation systems. Students are taught various aircraft
    characteristics and their impact on performance, stability and
    control. They are taught to estimate thrust requirement, select
    the type propulsion device and arrive at its installation along
    with subsystems. Students will be trained on the impact design
    choices have on the overall performance vis--vis mission
    requirement, and trained to critically evaluate each choice

    4
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Learning Outcomes


    After undergoing this module students will be able to:
    Identify and describe requirements for different classes of aircraft
    Contrast and explain the design requirements obtained based on
    fundamental principles and historical data
    Evaluate the design specifications and then critically arrive at an aircraft
    design that is likely to meet the requirements
    Analyse the various constraints coming from specifications and choose
    key parameters (total weight, wing plan form, thrust/power required etc.)
    Calculate and compare performance and stability characteristics against
    design goals and make necessary changes to choices already made and
    generate a layout
    Analyse design issues for aerodynamics, propulsion, structure, weights,
    stability, cost, and performance, and then calculate range or sizing the
    design to a specified mission
    5
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Learning Outcomes


    After undergoing this module, students should be able to:
    1. Identify and apply the design requirements for an aircraft in
    response to requirements based on fundamental principles and
    statistical data.
    2. Describe design specifications and then critically discuss an aircraft
    design that is likely to meet the requirements
    3. Apply engineering knowledge and applied skills to a design problem
    4. Analyse design issues for aerodynamics, propulsion, structure,
    weights, stability, cost, and performance, and then calculate range
    or sizing the design to a specified mission and generate a layout.

    6
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Syllabus
    Module indicative content :
    Overview of the design process, Design requirements
    Wing and tail geometry, Thrust-to-weight and wing loading
    Configuration layout and loft, Wing/tail layout and
    location,
    Passengers, payload, and crew
    Aerodynamic analysis, performance Stability, control, and
    handling qualities
    Propulsion and fuel system , Propulsion analysis , intake ,
    nozzle integration
    Loads, structures, and weights,
    Cost estimation, airline economics
    7
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Method of Assessment Contd..


    There are two components for assessment in this subject:
    Component - 1: 50% weight
    Assignment (30% weight) followed by a presentation on the assignment (10%
    weight) and a laboratory examination (10% weight).
    A word processed assignment is to be submitted followed by a presentation
    by the student
    Component - 2 : 50% weight Written Examination (50% weight).
    The assessment questions are set to test the learning outcomes. In each
    component certain learning outcomes are assessed. The following table
    illustrates the focus of learning outcome in each component assessed:

    8
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Resources
    Module Notes,
    Books
    1. Ajoy Kumar Kundu, Aircraft Design, Cambridge Unversity Press,
    2010
    2. Daniel P Raymer, Aircraft Design A conceptual Approach, 2nd
    Edition, AIAA Education Series, 1992
    3. Jon Roskam, Airplane Design, Vol 8, Roskam Aviation and
    Engineering Corporation, 1995
    4. Ray Whitford, Design for Air Combat, Janes Publication Inc, 1987
    5. Roskam, J. and Lan, C.-T., Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance,
    DAR corporation, 1997.

    9
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Resources
    7. Kroo, Ilan., Shevell, Richard., : Aircraft Design: Synthesis and
    Analysis, eBook
    Journals
    1. Journal of Aircraft
    2. Aviation Weekly
    3. Flight International
    Web Pages
    1. http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/SD1.html
    2. http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~mason/Mason_f/MRsoft.html

    10
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Delivery Schedule for Theory


    Number of Module Credits: 5
    Date

    Tim
    e

    Day

    Topic

    Deliver
    ed By

    06/07/2015

    Mon.

    Aircraft Requirements Analysis

    HKN

    07/07/2015

    Tue.

    HKN

    08/07/2015

    Wed.

    Aircraft Weight Estimation and Constraint


    Analysis
    Aircraft Wing Design

    09/07/2015

    10/07/2015

    13/07/2015

    14/07/2015

    15/07/2015

    9
    10

    9:30 AM to 01:00 PM

    Lecture
    No.

    Thurs. Applied combustion -Gas Turbine Combustors


    Jet Breakup and Droplet Formation
    CFD
    Fri.
    Aircraft Power Plant Selection
    Mon.

    Additiona
    l Activity

    HKN
    HKN
    MDD
    QHN

    Tue.

    Aircraft Structural Layout

    VKB

    Wed.

    Case Study 1 : Combat Aircraft

    HKN

    16/07/2015

    Thurs.

    Case Study 2 : Commercial Aircraft

    HKN

    17/07/2015

    Fri.

    Case Study 2 : Commercial Aircraft

    HKN

    11
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Delivery Schedule for Lab


    Number of Module Credits: 5
    Lecture Date
    No.

    Tim
    e

    Day

    Topic

    Delivered By

    Work through Case Studies : Combat


    Airplane
    Work through Case Studies :
    Commercial Airliner
    Aircraft Wing Design

    MSP / SHIVA

    06/07/2015

    Mon.

    07/07/2015

    Tue.

    08/07/2015

    Wed.

    09/07/2015

    10/07/2015

    13/07/2015

    14/07/2015

    2.00 PM to 05:30 PM

    Thurs. Applied combustion -Gas Turbine


    Combustors
    Jet Breakup and Droplet Formation
    CFD
    Fri.
    Mon. Aircraft Power Plant Selection

    Additio
    nal
    Activity

    MSP / SHIVA
    MSP / SHIVA
    MSP / SHIVA

    MSP / SHIVA
    MSP / SHIVA

    Tue.

    CFD

    MSP / SHIVA

    15/07/2015

    Wed.

    CFD

    MSP / SHIVA

    16/07/2015

    10

    17/07/2015

    Thurs. Work through Cast Study


    Work through Cast Study
    Fri.

    MSP / SHIVA
    MSP / SHIVA

    12
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Module Delivery
    Theory:
    Dr. H.K Narahari
    Laboratory:
    Mr. H.G. Shivakumar
    Dr. M. Sivapragasam

    13

    13
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 1 :
    Aircraft Requirements Analysis
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Analyse Customer requirements : Types and differences between them
    Derive components weights: Payload, Fuel, Structure, and Total Weight
    Start the Design Process

    14
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 2 :
    Weight Estimation and Constraint Analysis
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Collate important Statistical data
    Various correlations and thumb rules

    Perform Preliminary weight estimation

    and check its Assumptions and sensitivity of end result


    Use of requirements to derive constraint diagrams for T/W and W/S

    15
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 3 :
    Aircraft Wing Design
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Choose Wing loading (W/S) based on different performance
    requirements
    Design Planform considering its dependence on various design
    elements
    Select a Wing cross-section (airfoil)
    Choose appropriate High lift devices

    16
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 4 :
    Aircraft Fuselage and Tail Layout
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Explain Fuselage layout and design including area development for
    transonic and supersonic aircraft
    Describe the landing gear requirements
    Compute Tail Plane design size and location
    Design elevator size and deflection for horizontal tail plane
    Design Rudder size and deflection for vertical tail
    Identify various physical process and mechanism involved in designing
    combustion system

    17
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 5 :
    Computational Fluid Dynamics
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Identify various physical process and mechanism involved in designing combustion
    system

    18
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 6 :
    Aircraft Power plant Selection
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Identify various physical process and mechanism involved in designing
    combustion system

    19
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 7 :
    Aircraft Structural Layout
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Identify various physical process and mechanism involved in designing
    combustion system

    20
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 8 :
    Case Study 1 : Combat Aircraft
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Analyse the Requirements from the case study
    Estimate the maximum takeoff weight of the aircraft from different
    methods
    Evaluate crucial performance requirements and develop Constraint
    Diagram and estimate (T/W) and ( W/S)
    Compare different wing configurations and choose the design which meets
    the requirements based on low-fidelity computational methods
    Create CAD models of the wing and tail sections and verify performance
    using CFD tool.
    Arrive at an overall configuration

    21
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 9 :
    Case Study 2 : Commercial Airliner
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Analyse the Requirements from the case study
    Estimate the maximum takeoff weight of the aircraft from different
    methods
    Evaluate crucial performance requirements and develop Constraint
    Diagram and estimate (T/W) and ( W/S)
    Compare different wing configurations and choose the design which
    meets the requirements based on low-fidelity computational methods
    Create CAD models of the wing and tail sections and verify performance
    using CFD tool.
    Arrive at an overall configuration

    22
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lecture No. 10 :
    Case Study 2 : Commercial Airliner
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Analyse the Requirements from the case study
    Estimate the maximum takeoff weight of the aircraft from different
    methods
    Evaluate crucial performance requirements and develop Constraint
    Diagram and estimate (T/W) and ( W/S)
    Compare different wing configurations and choose the design which
    meets the requirements based on low-fidelity computational methods
    Create CAD models of the wing and tail sections and verify performance
    using CFD tool.
    Arrive at an overall configuration

    23
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 1:
    Work Through Case Study
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Analyse the requirements of a Combat Aircraft
    Estimate the maximum Takeoff weight and develop constraint
    Diagram

    24
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 2:
    Work Through Case Study
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Analyse the requirements of a Commercial Airliner
    Estimate the maximum Takeoff weight and develop constraint Diagram

    25
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 3:
    Work Through Case Study
    At the end of this lecture, student will be able to
    Analyse the requirements of a Commercial Airliner
    Estimate the maximum Takeoff weight and develop constraint
    Diagram
    Estimate the (T/W) and (W/S)

    26
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 4:
    Create CATIA Models
    At the end of this Lab lecture, student will be able to
    Create CATIA models for the chosen wing

    27
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 5:
    Create CATIA Models
    At the end of this Lab lecture, student will be able to
    Create CATIA models for the chosen wing

    28
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 6:
    Run CFD tool
    At the end of this Lab lecture, student will be able to

    Create 3D grid over the geometry


    Run CFD tool ANSYS / FLUENT on the required geometry

    29
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 7:
    Run CFD tool
    At the end of this Lab lecture, student will be able to

    Create 3D grid over the geometry


    Run CFD tool ANSYS / FLUENT on the required geometry

    30
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 8:
    Work Through Case Study

    At the end of this Lab lecture, student will be able to

    Work Through individual team case studies

    31
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 9:
    Work Through Case Study

    At the end of this Lab lecture, student will be able to

    Work Through individual team case studies

    32
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Lab No. 10:


    Work Through Case Study

    At the end of this Lab lecture, student will be able to

    Work Through individual team case studies

    33
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

    Thank you !

    34
    Faculty of Engineering & Technology

    M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

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