Chapter 2 Design of R.C. Slabs: Learning Objectives

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING
CHAPTER 2
Design of R.C. Slabs
Learning Objectives
Acquire the knowledge of the requirements of the new HK
Code in designing RC slabs.
Appreciate the structural actions of different types of slab
elements.
Apply HK Code to design 2-way slab and rib slab (fcu 40
N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2 and fyv = 250 N/mm2)
Chapter 2
HD in Civil Engineering
2. R.C. Slabs
2.1
Types of Slab
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs in buildings which normally
carry uniformly distributed loads. Slabs may be simply supported or
continuous over supports. Slabs can be classified as:
One-way spanning slabs supported by beams or walls. The slabs can be
simply supported or continuous as shown in Figure 2.1(a) & (b). In
drawing, one-way spanning slab is shown as
.
Figure 2.2 shows
a typical one-way spanning slab.
Two-way spanning slab supported by beams or walls. Two-way
spanning slabs can be simply supported or continuous as shown in Figure
2.3. In drawing, two-way spanning slab is shown as
Ribbed is shown in Figure 2.4.

Waffle slabs are shown in Figure 2.5, Photo 2.1, 2.2 & 2.3.
Flat slabs carried on columns and edge beams or walls with no interior
beams (see Figure 2.6, Figure 2.7, Photo 2.4 and 2.5).
Moment Steel
Distribution Steel
d h
Span L
(a)
Moment Steel
Distribution Steel
Beam
Span L
(b)
Figure 2.1 (a) Simply Supported Slab
(b) Continuous One-Way Slab
Chapter 2
Figure 2.2 One-way Spanning Slab6
Figure 2.3 Two-Way Spanning Slab6
Figure 2.4 Ribbed Slab6
Chapter 2
Figure 2.5 Waffle Slab Designed as a Flat Slab6
Figure 2.6 Flat Slab without Drop
Figure 2.7 Flat Slab with Drop and Column Head6
Chapter 2
Photo 2.1 Waffle Slab
Chapter 2
Photo 2.4 Flat Slab
Chapter 2
Photo 2.5 Flat Slab
Chapter 2
2.2
Design of Two-way Spanning Solid Slab
When floor slabs are supported on four sides two-way spanning action occurs as
shown in Figure 2.8. In square slabs, the action is equal in each direction. In
narrow slabs where the length is greater than twice the breath the action is
effectively one way. However the end beams always carry some slab load.
Edge Beam
ly
lx
Strips spanning
between supports
(a) Two-way action
(l y > 2 lx )
Strip spans across
short span
(b) One-way action
Figure 2.8 Two-way and One-way Action
Two-way slabs may be classified according to the edge conditions. They can
be defined as follows: Simply supported one panel slabs where the corners can lift away from
the supports.
A one panel slab held down on four sides by integral edge beams (the
stiffness of the edge beam affects the slab design)
Slabs with all edges continuous over supports
A slab with one, two or three edges continuous over supports - the
discontinuous edge(s) may be simply supported or held down by integral
edge beams (see Figure 2.9)
Chapter 2
D
D
C
D
C - Continuous Edge
D - Discontinuous Edge
Figure 2.9 Edge Conditions
2.2.1 Two-way Spanning Simply Supported Slabs

The design of simply supported slabs may be made in accordance with HK Code,
Cl.6.1.3.3. This cl. gives the following equations for max. moment msx and msy
at mid-span on strips of unit width for spans lx and ly respectively, where lx is the
length of shorter span, ly is the length of the longer span, n = 1.4gk + 1.6qk per
unit area and sx, sy are the moment coeff. from Table 6.55 of the code.
msx = sxn lx2,
msy = syn lx2
Table 6.5 Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two

directions at right angles, simply supported on four sides
ly / lx
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.75
2.0
sx
0.062
0.074
0.084
0.093
0.099
0.104
0.113
0.118
sy
0.062
0.061
0.059
0.055
0.051
0.046
0.037
0.029
Chapter 2
The centre strips and location of max. moments are shown in Figure 2.10
ly
Load on beam B
1m
1m
msy
lx
msx
1m
(a)
Load on beam A
1m
Load causing shear
(b)
Figure 2.10 (a) Centre Strips
2.2.1.1
(b) Loads on Beams and Slab Shears
Design Requirements for Two-way Slabs
Bending Reinforcement (For fcu 45 N/mm2, Normally K 0.156)
i)
K=
M
0.156
bd 2 f cu
K
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
0.9
M
iii ) As =
0.87 f y z
ii )
(z 0.95d and z 0.775d)
The min. area of main reinf. is:For rectangular sections and solid slabs:100 As
Mild steel, fy = 250 N/mm2,
= 0.24
Ac
100 As
High yield steel, fy = 460 N/mm2,
= 0.13
Ac
Chapter 2
10
Distribution Steel
The distribution steel runs at right angles to the main moment steel and
serves the purpose of tying the slab together. The area of distribution steel
is the same as the min. area for main reinforcement (i.e. 0.13%) and the
distribution reinforcement of not less than 20% of the principal
reinforcement should be provided.
Shear Reinforcement (For fcu = 40 N/mm2)
Under normal loads shear stresses are not critical and shear reinforcement is
normally not required. Shear reinforcement is provided in heavily loaded thick
slabs but should not be used in slabs less than 200 mm thick.
In design, the average shear stress v is given by

v = V/bd
The design procedures for slab are essentially the same as that for beams.
However, in the design of slab in shear, the following points should be noted.
i) v should not exceed 0.8 f cu or 7 N/mm2 whichever is less.
ii) If v < vc, then no shear reinforcement is required.
iii) If vc < v (vc + 0.4), then provide min. links as:Asv
0.4b
sv
0.87 f yv
iv) if v > (vc + 0.4), provide shear links as
Asv (v vc )b
sv
0.87 f yv
Chapter 2
11
Deflection
In slab design, deflections are usually controlled by limiting the span/effective
depth ratio.
i)
Basic span/effective depth ratio (Table 7.3):Cantilever slab

7
Simply supported slabs
20
Continuous slabs
26
End Span
23
For deflection control, it is necessary to check the span/effective depth

ratio of the shorter span.
i)
The basic span/effective depth ratio is multiplied by a modification factor

for tension reinforcement (Table 7.4). Only the tension steel at the
centre of span is taken into account.
ii)
Determination of the allowable span/effective depth ratio.

Allowable l/d ratio = Basic l/d ratio * M.F for tension reinforcement.
iii)
Determination of the actual span/effective depth ratio.

Actual l/d ratio = (Actual span) / (Effective depth)
iv)
If allowable l/d ratio actual l/d ratio, Deflection O.K.
v)
If allowable l/d ratio < actual l/d ratio, Deflection NOT O.K.
(Redesign the slab)
Crack Control
To control cracking in slabs, max. values for clear spacing between bars are set
out in HK Code, Cl.9.3.1.1 (b). The maximum spacing of bars should comply
with the following requirements:
z For the principal reinforcement, 3h 400 mm; and
z For the secondary reinforcement, 3.5h 450 mm.
In areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum moment those provisions

become respectively:
z For the principal reinforcement, 2h 250 mm; and
z For the secondary reinforcement, 3h 400 mm.
Chapter 2
12
In addition, unless crack widths are checked by direct calculation, the following
rules will ensure adequate control of cracking for slabs subjected to normal
internal and external environments:
No further check is required on bar spacing if either:
z h 250 mm (grade 250 steel)
z h 200 mm (grade 460 steel) or
z the percentage of required tension reinforcement (100As / bd) is less
than 0.3%.
Where none of these three conditions apply, the bar spacings should be limited
to the values calculated in cl. 9.2.1.4 which will NOT be covered here.
Chapter 2
13
Example 2.1 Two-Way Spanning Simply Supported Slab
4.5m
Figure 2.11 shows a simply supported slab 220 mm thick and spanning in two
directions. The effective span in each direction of a two-way spanning slab is
4.5 m and 6.3 m. The slab supports a live load of 10 kN/m2. Design the
bending and shear reinforcement for the slab. Check the adequacy of the slab
section against deflection by span-effective depth ratio approach. The
characteristic material strengths are fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2.
Nominal cover = 25 mm.
(220)
6.3m
Figure 2.11
Solution
ly / lx = 6.3/4.5 = 1.4
From design table 6.5, sx = 0.099 and sy = 0.051

Self-weight of slab = 0.22*24 = 5.28 kN/m2
Imposed load = 10 kN/m2
Design load n = 1.4*5.28 + 1.6*10 = 23.4 kN/m2
Chapter 2
14
Bending (Short Span)

msx = sx*n*lx2 = 0.099*23.4*4.52 = 46.9 kNm
d = 220 -25-12/2 = 189 mm
msx
46.9 *10 6
=
= 0.038 < 0.156
bd 2 f cu 103 *189 2 * 35
From design table 1, z = 0.95d = 0.95*189 = 179 mm.
M
46.9 *10 6
=
= 655mm 2
As =
0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *179
Provide T12 - 150 c/c (As = 754 mm2)
100 As 100 * 754

= 3
= 0.34 > 0.13
bh
10 * 220
< 4.0 O.K.
Bending (Long Span)
msy = sy*n*lx2 = 0.051*23.4*4.52 = 24.2 kNm
d = 220 -25-12 - 10/2 = 178 mm

24.2 *10 6
=
= 0.022 < 0.156
bd 2 f cu 103 *1782 * 35
msy
As =
M
24.2 *10 6
=
= 358mm 2
0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *169
Provide T10 - 200 c/c (As = 393 mm2)
100 As 100 * 393

= 3
= 0.18 > 0.13
bh
10 * 220
< 4.0 O.K.
Chapter 2
15
Deflection (Check Short Span Only)
Basic l/d ratio = 20 (table 7.3)

M sx 46.9 *10 6
=
= 1.31
bd 2 103 *189 2
fs =
As req
2
2
655
= * 460 *
= 266 N/mm 2
fy
As prov 3
3
754
From design table 7.4,
modification factor = 1.35
Allowable l/d ratio = 20*1.35 = 27.0

Actual l/d ratio = 4500 / 189 = 23.8 < allowable ratio = 27.0
O.K.
Shear (Most Critical in Long Span Direction)

Max. shear force per 1 m width slab V= 23.4*4.5/2 = 52.7 kN
Shear stress v = 52.7*103 / (103*178) = 0.30 N/mm2

100 As 100 * 393
=
= 0.22 (Long Span)
bd
1000 *178
1
35 3
From design table 6.3, vc = 0.47 x N/mm2 > 0.30 N/mm2
25
No shear reinforcement required.
Chapter 2
16
2.2.2
Restrained Two-way Spanning Solid Slabs2
2.2.2.1 Design and Arrangement of Reinforcement

The design method for restrained slabs is given in HK Code Cl.6.1.3.3(c). In
these slabs the corners are prevented from lifting and provision is made for
torsion. The maximum moments at mid-span on strips of unit width for spans
lx and ly are given by:
msx = sx n l x
msy = sy n l x
The moment coefficients sx and sy in the equations above are given in HK

Code Table 6.65.
The clause states that these equations may be used for
continuous slabs when the following provisions are satisfied.
The characteristic dead and imposed loads are approximately the same on
adjacent panels as on the panel being considered.
The spans of adjacent panels in the direction perpendicular to the line of
the common support are approximately the same as that of the panel
considered in that direction.
ly
8
8
Edge strip
lx
middle strip
Edge strip
Edge strip
Edge strip
lx
ly
8
lx
ly
8
Figure 2.12 Division of Middle and Edge Strips
Chapter 2
17
The design rules for restrained TWO-WAY slabs are as follows:

The slabs are divided in each direction into middle and edge strips as
shown in Figure 2.12.
The maximum moments defined above applied to the middle strip. The
bars are spaced uniformly across the middle strip.
At the discontinuous edge, it is a usual practice to have the top steel
equals to one-half the area of the bottom steel at mid-span to be provided
to control cracking.
The minimum tension reinforcement is to be provided in the edge strip
together with the torsion reinforcement specified below.
Torsion reinforcement is to be provided at corners where the slab is
simply supported on both edges meeting at the corners. Corner X and Y
shown in Figure 2.13 require torsion reinforcement. This consists of a
top and bottom mesh with bars parallel to the sides of the slab and
extending from the edges a distance of ONE-FIFTH of the shorter span.
The area of bars in each of the four layers should be, at X,
THREE-QUARTERS of the area of bars required for the maximum
mid-span moment and, at Y, ONE-HALF of the area of the bars required
at corner X. Note that no torsion reinforcement is required at the internal
corners Z.
X
Figure 2.13 Torsional Reinforcement for Two-Way Slabs
Chapter 2
18
Table 6.6 sx and sy from HK Code5
Chapter 2
19
2.2.2.2 Adjacent Panels with Markedly Different Support Moments.
The moment coefficients in Table 6.65 of the code apply to slabs with similar
spans and loads giving similar support moments. If the support moments for
adjacent panels differ significantly, adjustment by means of moment distribution
is required. The detailed procedures are given in cl. 6.1.3.3 (e) of the code.
An example can be found in ref. 3. Detailed description will not be given here.
2.2.2.3 Loads on Supporting Beams of Two-way Slabs
Shear force coefficients vx and vy for various support cases for continuous
slabs are given in Table 6.75 of the code. The design loads on supporting
beams per unit width are given by:
Vsx = vx n l x
Vsy = vy n l x
The load distribution on a beam supporting a two-way slab is shown in Figure
2.14.
0.75l
Vs kN/m
l
Figure 2.14 Distribution of Load on a Beam Supporting a Two-Way
Spanning Slab
2.2.2.4 Shear Resistance, Deflection & Cracking

Similar to those of simply supported two-way spanning slabs.
Chapter 2
20
Table 6.7 vx and vy from HK Code5
Chapter 2
21
Example 2.2 Continuous Two-Way Spanning Slabs
The part floor plan for an office building is shown in Figure 2.15. It is a
monolithic construction and the slabs are restrained by the integral beams. The
slab is 175 mm thick and is subjected to the following loading.
Characteristic D.L.
Slab self-weight
Finishes = 25 mm thick screed
(Unit weight of screed = 20 kN/m3)
Partition load = 1 kN/m2
Services = 0.5 kN/m2
Ceiling load = 0.5 kN/m2
Characteristic L.L.
L.L. on slab = 3 kN/m2
Design the corner slab using grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Nominal cover = 25 mm.
6m
5m
5m
6m
Figure 2.15 - Part Plan of an Office Building
Chapter 2
22
Solution
D.L.
Slab self-weight = 0.175*24
Finishes = 0.025*20
Partition
Services
Ceiling load
Total
= 4.2 kN/m2
= 0.5 kN/m2
= 1 kN/m2
= 0.5 kN/m2
= 0.5 kN/m2
=6.7 kN/m2
L.L.
Slab
= 3 kN/m2
Design Load n = 1.4*6.7 + 1.6*3 = 14.2 kN/m2

ly
lx
6
= 1.2
5
From table 6.6, the moment coefficients are:

Negative moment at continuous edge
sx = 0.063,
Positive moment at mid-span
sx = 0.047,
sy = 0.045
sy = 0.034
The corner slab is divided into middle strips and edge strips as shown below.
0.75m
0.75m
4.5m
X
Y
(0.047)
5
3
4 (-0.045)
2
(0.034)
(-0.063)
0.625m
3.75m
0.625m
6m
Chapter 2
23
Effective depth of short and long spans:

Short span direction: d1 = 175 25 10/2 = 145 mm
Long span direction: d2 = 175 25 10 10/2 = 135 mm
Bending in Short Span Direction (lx):
Positive moment (position 3):

msx = sx*n*lx2 = 0.047*14.2*52 = 16.7 kNm
msx
16.7 *10 6
=
= 0.023 < 0.156
bd 2 f cu 103 *145 2 * 35
From design table 1 z = 0.95d = 0.95*145 = 137 mm
As =
M
16.7 *10 6
=
= 305 mm 2 / m
0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *137
Provide T10-225 c/c Bottom (As = 349 mm2)

100 As 100 * 349
=
= 0.20
1000 *175
bh
> 0.13
< 4.0
O.K.
Negative moment (position 1):

msx = sx*n*lx2 = -0.063*14.2*52 = -22.4 kNm
msx
22.4 *10 6
=
= 0.030 < 0.156
bd 2 f cu 103 *145 2 * 35
From design table 1 z = 0.95d = 0.95*145 = 137 mm
M
22.4 *10 6
As =
=
= 409 mm 2 / m
0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *137
Provide T10-175 c/c Top (As = 449 mm2)
100 As 100 * 449

=
= 0.26
1000 *175
bh
> 0.13
< 4.0
O.K.
Chapter 2
24
Bending in Long Span Direction (ly):
Positive moment (position 2):

msy = sy*n*lx2 = 0.034*14.2*52 = 12.1 kNm
msy
12.1 *10 6
=
= 0.019 < 0.156
bd 2 f cu 103 *135 2 * 35
From design table 1, z = 0.95d = 0.95*135 = 128 mm
As =
M
12.1*10 6
=
= 236 mm 2 / m
0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *128
Provide T10-325 c/c Bottom (As = 242 mm2)

100 As 100 * 242
=
= 0.14
bh
1000 *175
> 0.13
< 4.0
O.K.
Negative moment (position 4):

msy = sy*n*lx2 = -0.045*14.2*52 = -16.0 kNm
msy
16 *10 6
=
= 0.025 < 0.156
bd 2 f cu 103 *135 2 * 35
From design table 1, z = 0.95d = 0.95*135 = 128 mm
M
16 *10 6
As =
=
= 312 mm 2 / m
0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *128
Provide T10-250 c/c Top (As = 314 mm2)
100 As 100 * 314
=
= 0.18
1000 *175
bh
> 0.13
< 4.0
O.K.
Bending reinforcement at positions 5 & 6

A minimum of 50% bending reinforcement at the mid-span of position 3 and
position 2 is required for the top reinforcement at position 5 and position 6
respectively. However this amount of reinforcement is less than 0.13%, T10
325 c/c top is provided at position 5 & 6.
Chapter 2
25
Shear forces and shear resistance

Shear forces coefficients are obtained from Table 6.7
Position 1, d = 145 mm
Vsx = vx n l x = 0.47*14.2*5 = 33.4 kN/m

33.4 *103
v= 3
= 0.23 N/mm 2
10 *145
100 As 100 * 449

=
= 0.31
bd
1000 *145
1
35 3
From table 6.3, vc = 0.55 * = 0.62 N/mm 2 > v = 0.23 N/mm 2
25
Position 4, d = 135 mm
Vsy = vy n l x = 0.40*14.2*5 = 28.4 kN/m
28.4 *103
v= 3
= 0.21 N/mm 2
10 *135
100 As 100 * 314

=
= 0.23
bd
1000 *135
1
35 3
From table 6.3, vc = 0.51* = 0.57 N/mm 2 > v = 0.21 N/mm 2

25
Position 5 (d = 145 mm) , Position 6 (d = 135 mm)
Vsx = vx n l x = 0.31*14.2*5 = 22.0 kN/m (Position 5)
Vsy = vy n l x = 0.26*14.2*5 = 18.5 kN/m (Position 6)
As positions 5 & 6 have the same amount of bending reinforcement i.e.
T10-325 c/c (based on the top reinforcement), shear check for position 5
only is required.
Chapter 2
26
22 *103
v= 3
= 0.15 N/mm 2
10 *145
100 As 100 * 242
=
= 0.17
bd
1000 *145
1
35 3
From table 6.3, vc = 0.45 * = 0.50 N/mm 2 > v = 0.15 N/mm 2
25
Torsion Steel
Torsion steel of length 5/5 = 1.0 m is to be provided in the top and bottom of the
slab at the three external corners marked X and Y.
(i) Corner X
The area of torsion steel is 0.75*305 = 229 mm2
Provide the min. steel T10-325 c/c (As = 242 mm2)
(ii) Corner Y
The area of torsion steel is 0.5*229 = 114.5 mm2
Provide the min. steel T10-325 c/c (As = 242 mm2)
Edge Strips
Provide min. steel T10-325 c/c.
Deflection
Use steel at mid-span and d = 145 mm
Basic l/d ratio (Table 7.3) = 23

M.F. for tension reinforcement (table 7.4)
msx
16.7 *10 6
=
= 0.794
bd 2 1000 *145 2
As , req 1
305
2
2
fs = f y
= 460
= 268 N/mm 2
As , prov b 3
349
3
mt = 1.58
Allowable l/d ratio = 23*1.58 = 36.3
Actual l/d ratio = 5000/145 = 34.5 < 36.3
O.K.
Chapter 2
27
2.3
Ribbed Slabs2
Ribbed slabs are more economical than solid slabs for long spans with relatively
light loads. Two principal methods of construction are:
Ribbed slabs without permanent blocks

Ribbed slabs with permanent hollow or solid blocks
The topping or concrete floor panels between ribs may or may not be considered
to contribute to the strength of the slab. The hollow or solid blocks may also
be counted in assessing the strength using the rules given in the code. The
design of slabs with topping taken into account but without permanent blocks is
discussed here.
2.3.1 Ribbed Slab Proportions
Proportions for ribbed slabs without permanent blocks are given in Clause 6.1.4
of the code.
In situ ribs should be spaced at centers not exceeding 1.5m.

The depth of rib, excluding any topping should not exceed four times their
width.
The minimum width of rib will be determined by considerations of cover,
bar spacing and fire resistance requirements. From practical point of
view, the minimum rib width is 125 mm.
The minimum thickness of topping shall not be less than 50 mm or
one-tenth of clear distance between ribs whichever is greater.
< 50
> 4bv
> 1.5 m
bv < 125 mm
Figure 2.16 Proportions of Ribbed Slab
Chapter 2
28
2.3.2
Design Procedure and Reinforcement
2.3.2.1 Analysis of Ribbed Slabs

The moments and forces due to design ultimate loads on continuous slabs may
be obtained by any of the methods given in cl. 6.1.3.2 of the code for solid slabs.
The coefficients of Table 6.4 may be used for the design of one-way spanning
continuous rib slab.
Table 6.4 Ultimate Bending Moment and Shear Forces in One-Way

Spanning Slab5
2.3.2.2 Bending
The mid-span of a ribbed slab shall be designed as a T-beam, to resist sagging
moment, with flange width determined in accordance with cl. 5.2.1.2 (a). At
the support, the ribbed slab shall be designed as a rectangular section to resist
the hogging moment. Moment reinforcement consisting of one or more bars is
provided in the top and bottom of the ribs.
2.3.2.3 Shear
The design of shear reinforcement is similar to that of solid slabs.
2.3.2.4 Reinforcement in the Topping
A single layer of welded steel fabric, having a cross-sectional area of not less
than 0.12% of the topping, shall be provided in each direction. The spacing
between wires should not be greater than half the center-to-center distance
between ribs.
Chapter 2
29
Figure 5.2 Effective Flange Width Parameters5
Chapter 2
30
Example 2.3 Design of Ribbed Slab
The ribbed floor is constructed without permanent blocks. It is continuous

over several equal spans of 5.5 m. The effective section is shown in Figure
2.17. The characteristic dead load including self-weight and finishes is 4.5
kN/m2 and the characteristic imposed load is 3 kN/m2. Grade 35 concrete and
grade 460 steel are used for the design. Design the end span of the ribbed
slab.
195
230
70
130
400
130
Figure 2.17
Solution
Design load = (0.13 + 0.4*2/2)(1.4*4.5 + 1.6*3) = 5.88 kN/m

Ultimate load F on ONE span = 5.88*5.5 = 32.3 kN
Bending:
Bending moment coefficients are obtained from Table 6.4
At end span (Design as T-beam)

M = 0.086FL = 0.086*32.3*5.5 = 15.3 kNm
beff = beff ,i + bw
beff, 1 = 0.2*200 +0.1*(0.85*5500) = 507.5 mm < 0.2*(0.85*5500) = 935 mm
beff, 1 = beff, 2 = 200 mm
and beff, 1 200 mm,
Hence beff = 200 + 200 + 130 = 530 mm
M
15.3 *10 6
=
= 0.022 < 0.132 ( b = 0.8)
bd 2 f cu 530 *195 2 * 35
Chapter 2
31

h f 70
=
= 35mm
d z = 195 185 = 10 mm <
2
2
Thus stress block lies within the flange.
M
15.3 *10 6
As =
=
= 207 mm 2
0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *185
Provide 2T12 bars in the ribs (As = 226 mm2) (Design table 2)
At 1st interior support (Design as rectangular beam with 130 mm width)
M = -0.086FL = -0.086*32.3*5.5 = -15.3 kNm
15.3 *10 6
M
=
= 0.088 < 0.132 ( b = 0.8)
bd 2 f cu 130 *1952 * 35
M
15.3 *10 6
As =
=
= 221 mm 2
0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *173
Provide 2T12 bars in the ribs (As = 226 mm2) (Design table 2)
Deflection:
At end span:
Basic l/d ratio (Table 7.3) = 18.5
(bw / b = 130/530 = 0.245 < 0.3)
M.F. for tension reinforcement (table 7.4)

M
15.3 *10 6
=
= 0.759
bd 2 530 *1952
2
207
f s = * 460 *
= 281 N/mm 2
3
226
mt = 1.53
Allowable l/d ratio = 18.5*1.53 = 28.3
Actual l/d ratio = 5500/195 = 28.2 < 28.3
O.K.
Chapter 2
32
Shear
Shear force coefficients are obtained from table 6.4.

Max. shear force V= 0.6*32.3 = 19.4 kN
Shear stress v = 19.4*103 / (130*195) = 0.77 N/mm2
100 As 100 * 226
=
= 0.891
bd
130 *195
1
35 3
From design table 6.3, vc = 0.73 x N/mm2 = 0.81 N/mm2
25
> 0.77 N/mm2
Chapter 2
33
Revision
Read reference 1 on P.178 - 209.

Main Reference
1.
Reinforced Concrete Design, 5th Edition, W.H. Mosley, J.H. Bungey & R.
Hulse, Palgrave.
2.
Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and Examples, 2nd Edition, T.J.

MacGinley & B.S. Choo, E & FN Spon.
3.
Reinforced Concrete Design to BS 8110, Simply Explained, A.H. Allen, E &

FN Spon.
4.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs to BS 8110, CIRIA Report 110,

CIRIA.
5.
Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004, Buildings

Department, HKSAR.
6.
Tall Building Structures Analysis and Design, Bryan Stafford Smith, Alex
Coull, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 2
34
TUTORIAL 2A
Q1.
A simply supported R.C. slab 175 mm thick is spanning in two directions. The effective span in
each direction of the two-way spanning slab is 4 m and 5 m. The slab supports the following
loading:Characteristic Dead Load
Self-weight
20 mm thick finishes (unit weight = 20 kN/m3)
Ceiling load = 0.5 kN/m2
Partition = 1.0 kN/m2
Characteristic Imposed Load = 5 kN/m2
Design the bending and shear reinforcement for the slab. Check the adequacy of the slab section
against deflection by span-effective depth ratio approach. The characteristic material strengths
are fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2. Nominal cover = 30 mm. Main bars assumed to be
10 mm.
Q2.
The continuous two-way spanning slabs in Figure Q2 are 150 mm thick and are restrained by
integral beams. Design the slab groups 1, 2, 3 & 4. The slabs are subjected to loading as in
Q1. The characteristic material strengths are fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2. Nominal
cover = 25 mm. Main bars assumed to be 10 mm.
Q3.
A four-span R.C. ribbed slab, with spans of 6.5 m, has an effective section as shown in Figure Q3.
The ribbed slab is constructed without permanent blocks. The slab is subjected to the following
loadings:Characteristic Dead Load
Self-weight
25 mm thick finishes (unit weight = 20 kN/m3)
Services = 0.75 kN/m2
Partition load = 1.0 kN/m2
Characteristic Imposed Load = 3 kN/m2
Grade 35 concrete and grade 460 steel are used for the design. Nominal cover = 30 mm.
Design the four-span ribbed slab.
Chapter 2
35
TUTORIAL 2A
Q5.
A slab 250 mm thick is constructed with grade 35 concrete and is reinforced with T12-200 c/c
in one direction and T12-300 c/c in the other direction. Determine the maximum load that can
be carried on an area 300 * 300 mm, without the exceeding the ultimate shear stress. Nominal
cover = 25 mm
Q6.
A 250 mm thick slab of grade 35 concrete is reinforced with T12-200 c/c in one direction and
T12-300 c/c in the other direction. The slab is subjected to an ultimate concentrated load of
600 kN over a square area of 300*300 mm. Determine the shear reinforcement required for fyv
= 250 N/mm2 and the nominal cover to reinforcement = 25 mm.
Chapter 2
36
TUTORIAL 2A
4m
4m
5m
4m
5m
5m
(150)
Figure Q2
Chapter 2
37
TUTORIAL 2A
80
275
175
175
500
500
175
Figure Q3
6.4m
6.4m
5.76m
5.76m
6.4m
5.76m
Internal
Panel
75
250
140
500
140
500
Figure Q4
Chapter 2
38

Chapter 2 Design of R.C. Slabs: Learning Objectives

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CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Ribbed is shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.1 (a) Simply Supported Slab

(b) Continuous One-Way Slab

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Figure 2.2 One-way Spanning Slab6

Figure 2.3 Two-Way Spanning Slab6

Figure 2.4 Ribbed Slab6

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Figure 2.5 Waffle Slab Designed as a Flat Slab6

Figure 2.6 Flat Slab without Drop

Figure 2.7 Flat Slab with Drop and Column Head6

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Photo 2.1 Waffle Slab

Photo 2.2 Waffle Slab

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Photo 2.3 Waffle Slab

Photo 2.4 Flat Slab

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Photo 2.5 Flat Slab

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

(a) Two-way action

Figure 2.8 Two-way and One-way Action

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Figure 2.9 Edge Conditions

2.2.1 Two-way Spanning Simply Supported Slabs

msy = syn lx2

Table 6.5 Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Load causing shear

Figure 2.10 (a) Centre Strips

(b) Loads on Beams and Slab Shears

Design Requirements for Two-way Slabs

Bending Reinforcement (For fcu 45 N/mm2, Normally K 0.156)

(z 0.95d and z 0.775d)

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

In design, the average shear stress v is given by

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Basic span/effective depth ratio (Table 7.3):Cantilever slab

For deflection control, it is necessary to check the span/effective depth

The basic span/effective depth ratio is multiplied by a modification factor

Determination of the allowable span/effective depth ratio.

Determination of the actual span/effective depth ratio.

If allowable l/d ratio actual l/d ratio, Deflection O.K.

In areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum moment those provisions

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Example 2.1 Two-Way Spanning Simply Supported Slab

From design table 6.5, sx = 0.099 and sy = 0.051

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Bending (Short Span)

100 As 100 * 754

d = 220 -25-12 - 10/2 = 178 mm

Provide T10 - 200 c/c (As = 393 mm2)

100 As 100 * 393

CSE3032 STRUCTURAL & TALL BUILDING

Deflection (Check Short Span Only)

Basic l/d ratio = 20 (table 7.3)

From design table 7.4,

modification factor = 1.35

Allowable l/d ratio = 20*1.35 = 27.0

Shear (Most Critical in Long Span Direction)

Shear stress v = 52.7103 / (103178) = 0.30 N/mm2

Design Load n = 1.46.7 + 1.63 = 14.2 kN/m2

Vsx = vx n l x = 0.4714.25 = 33.4 kN/m

Design load = (0.13 + 0.42/2)(1.44.5 + 1.6*3) = 5.88 kN/m