Vocabulary 9th

Cycle 1:
REVOLUTION: a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a
new system.
Burschenschaften: politically active students around 1815 in the German states
proposing unification and democracy

Carbonari: Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy

Carlsbad Decrees: repressive laws in the German states limiting freedom of

speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities

Frederick William IV: King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his
promises for constitutional reform in 1848

Cycle 2:
Francois Guizot: chief minister under Louis Philippe, repression led to revolution
of 1848

Holy Alliance: an alliance envisioned by Alex I of Russia by which those in power

had to rule by Christian principles

Louie Napoleon Bonaparte: nephew of Napoleon I, came to power as president

of the 2nd French Republic

Quadruple Alliance: organization made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and

Russia to preserve the peace settlement of 1815, France later joined

Cycle 3:
GERMANY: a republic in central Europe WHOSE CAPITAL IS BELGIUM
FRANCE: a republic in W Europe. Capital: Paris.
AUSTRIA: a republic in central Europe. Capital: Vienna.
ITALY: a republic in S Europe, comprising a peninsula S of the Alps, and Sicily,
Sardinia, Elba, and other smaller islands: a kingdom 18701946. Capital: Rome.
BELGIUM: a kingdom in W Europe, bordering the North Sea, N of France.
Capital: Brussels.

Cycle 4:
LIBERAL: favourable to progress or reform, as in political or religious affairs.
NATIONALISM: Devotion and loyalty to one's own country; patriotism.
CONSERVATIVE:
disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore
traditional ones, and to limit change.

Cycle 5:
PEASANTS: a member of a class of persons, as in Europe, Asia, and Latin America,
who are small farmers or farm labourers of low social rank.
BOURGEOIS: A person whos political,
economic and social opinions are believed tobe determined mainly by concern for
property values and conventional respectability.