Chapter 8

Revolutions in Europe
and Latin America
1789-1900
 Things to think about?????
• If you got in your car and
drove from Portugal to
Russia, how many
different people and
languages would you
encounter?
• Why is that?
• Europe is smaller than the
US but we have one
language.
Terms and People
• ideology – a system of thought
and belief
• universal manhood suffrage –
giving all adult men the right to
vote
• autonomy – self-rule
 Nationalist Revolution-Introduction
• Enlightenment ideas + nationalism create revolution
• Nationalism-
1. The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a
king or empire but to a nation of people who share
common culture and history.
2. Pride or feeling of superiority in one’s country

Revolution-
1. The overthrow of one government and its replacement
with another
 Influence of the Congress of
Vienna
• The Congress of Vienna restored Monarchies in
Europe.
• Old boundaries were also restored and people
were unhappy within their own countries
• This unhappiness led to revolts based on
nationalism and differences in political views
on leadership
 What events proved that
Metternich was correct in
his fears?
At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of
Europe tried to uproot the “revolutionary
seed” and suppress nationalist fervor.
Others, however, challenged the order
imposed in 1815.
 The Congress of Vienna in
1815 had been a victory for
conservatives.

• Conservatives shared a political ideology

that opposed liberals and nationalists.
• Conservatives of the early 1800s wanted
to restore the social and political order
that had existed before 1789.
 Conservatives had benefited under
the old order and longed for its
return. Conservatives
They wished to also backed
restore: established
• Royal families who churches:
had lost their thrones • Catholic in Austria
during Napoleon’s and southern
wars Europe
• A social hierarchy in
• Protestant in
which the lower
northern Europe
classes respected and
obeyed their social • Eastern Orthodox in
superiors
 Conservatives believed that:
Ideas such If By
as natural change defending
rights could had to peace and
only lead to come, it stability, all
chaos must of society
come would
slowly benefit

Conservatives urged monarchs to use

troops to crush protests. They believed
that revolutionary ideas such as freedom
of the press must be suppressed.
 Inspired by the Enlightenment
and the
French Revolution, liberals and
nationalists challenged
conservatives.

• Middle-class
or “bourgeoisie” liberalism
represented the interests of business
owners, bankers, lawyers, editors, and
writers.
• Liberals
called for greater individual
freedom.
Liberals They opposed:
wanted • Divine-right
governments monarchies
based on • The old aristocracy
written
• Established churches
constitutions.

They saw the role of government as

protecting the individual’s freedom of
thought, speech, and religion.
 They believed only
Liberals those with a
supported financial stake in
laissez-faire and society, male
the free property owners,
market. should be able to
vote.

As capitalists, they had different goals

from those of the poor, working class.
Only later would liberals support
universal male suffrage.
Nationalists looked to unite people
with common heritage.

For Large
Nationalism
centuries empires
gave people
Europeans such as
of common
had traded Russia and
heritage a
lands Austria
sense of
through included
identity.
wars or many
royal smaller
marriages. ethnic
groups.
 Ideas of liberalism and nationalism
spurred
a number of revolts against the old
order in the early 1800s.

• Insoutheastern and southern Europe,

rebellions erupted.
• TheOttoman Empire had ruled the
Balkans in southeastern Europe for
300 years.
Karageorge led a
Serbian revolt against
the Ottomans
between 1804 and
1813.

Although unsuccessful,
the fight increased
Serbian nationalism
and led to a revival of
Serbian literature and
culture.
 The Serbians
In 1815, With
were aided by
Milos Russian
Russia, which
Obrenovic help, Serbia
shared a similar
led a gained
language and
second, autonomy
the same
successful within the
religion-
revolt. Ottoman
Orthodox
empire.

The Ottoman sultan later agreed to

formal independence; Russia would
continue to play a major role in Serbia.
 In 1821, Greeks revolted against
Ottoman rule.
A long, bloody struggle united Greeks.
Their
leaders called the struggle “a national
war, a holy war, a war the object of
which is to reconquer the rights of
individual liberty.”
European powers supported Greece,
but later pressured the Greeks to
accept a German king, showing their
opposition to revolutionary
nationalism.
 In the 1820s, revolts also
occurred in Spain, Portugal,
and the Italian peninsula.

• PrinceMetternich urged conservative

rulers to crush these uprisings, but troops
would not be enough.
• By the mid 1800s, there were calls for
liberal rebels to overthrow the old order
and to use socialism to reorganize
 Summary Section 1
• The French Revolution created a revolutionary
environment in Europe
• Many Liberals and Nationalists favored
democracy and rebelling against empires that
were restored by the Congress of Vienna
• Members of the Congress of Vienna will try
and stop revolutions and encourage
monarchies
• Biggest empires in Europe at the time-Russian,
Ottoman and Austrian
 Summary Section 1 continued
• Revolts/attempts-Serbia vs. Ottomans (helped by Russia)
• Greece against the Ottomans (Greeks backed by British,
French and Russians because they were Christian and
Ottomans were Muslim)
• Rebels in Spain, Portugal and Italian city states revolted as
well for new constitutional governments
• Liberal and nationalist revolts will continue throughout the
1800’s
• Working class people will support revolts in an attempt to get
governments that support socialism
 Chapter 8
Section 2
Revolutions of 1830 and
1848-these years impacted
Europe and the French are
at it again-rebellion
 Scenario
• If your parents refuse to let you go out on the
weekend do you disobey and sneak out
anyways in defiance?

• If they caught you would they lay down the

law and give you stricter curfews and rules?

• How would you react to that?

 Now, lets tie that in to history
• Say the French in 1830 still were not happy
with their government (Napoleon is long gone
and they have a King again)

• What do you think they did?

• How do you think the other countries in

Europe reacted?
Objectives
• Describe how French rebels won some reforms
in 1830.
• Analyze how the spirit of reform spread in 1830.
• Explain
the revolutions that surged through
France and throughout the rest of Europe in
1848.
 What were the causes and
effects
of the revolutions in Europe in
1830 and 1848?
The quick suppression of liberal and
nationalist uprisings in the 1820s did
not end Europe’s age of revolutions. In
1830 and again in 1848, Europeans
saw street protests explode into full-
scale revolts.
 In 1824 Charles X took the
throne in France.

•A conservative believer in absolute

monarchy,
he suspended the legislature, limited the
right to vote, and restricted the press in
July 1830.
• Liberalsand radicals took to the streets
in protest.
The rioters forced Charles to abdicate.
Radicals wanted to form a republic, but
liberals insisted on a constitutional
monarchy under Louis Philippe.
 • Louis Philippe filled his
government with
liberals.
Called the
“citizen king,” • He dressed like the
Louis Philippe middle class and walked
got along well the city streets greeting
with the citizens.
liberal • He extended voting
bourgeoisie.
rights, but only to the
wealthy.
• Themiddle class
prospered but not the
The revolt in Paris was followed
by similar uprisings elsewhere
in Europe.
• Most were suppressed by military
force.
• Metternich
complained, “When
France sneezes, Europe catches a
cold.”
• Even where they failed, some rebels
won limited reforms from frightened
rulers.
Uprisings/Rebellions Sparked by French in
1830
• France in 1830-Charles X steps down and moderate
liberals chose Louis Philippe as King
• Belgium-success against the Dutch
• Poland-failure controlled by Russia
• France in 1848-Revolt against Louis Philippe-
monarch-Louis Napoleon will take over
• Austrian Empire-Hungary, Czech –not successful-put
down by military force
• Italy against Austrian Empire-unsuccessful
• Germany-unsuccessful
 Rebellions Fueled by
• French rebellions in 1830
• Nationalism in the sense that people wanted
independence from foreign empire’s control
• Poor workers throughout Europe resented the
upper middle class rights in government
(example-landowners could vote)
• Poor working class still suffering from Industrial
conditions and wanted governments to adopt
socialist ideas
 Events in Paris set off a tidal
wave of rebellion.

• Liberals
sought more power and to
protect basic rights of all male citizens.
• Workers demanded relief from the
miseries caused by the Industrial
Revolution.
• Nationalistsof all classes sought to
throw off foreign rule.
 Result of Revolutions/Summary
• Many were unsuccessful
• Some areas gained independence-
Belgians, Greeks
• Mid 1850’s conservative leaders will take
back control
• Rebellions spark political activism which
will shape future democratic
governments
Chapter 8 Section 3
Revolutions in Latin
America
Notes from group