íax&0g'omoem &ckid w f i
G x
f e
G ;f um;vmyHkí
1984 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeŒwGif Armjynf/ oydwftdkif
oJukef;q&mawmf t&Sifnm%d\&ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;onf ajrmuf
OD;odkΠbk&m;zl;a&muf&Sd-uygonf? xdkpOf &ckdifjynfomoema&;udpPESifh
&ckdif=jrefrmy¾dwf q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef;tm; ar;cGef;}uD;ajcmufcGef;
ar;cJhygonf? xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk q&m}uD;onf wpfae&mwnf;rSae_yD;
ajz-um;cJhygonf? ,if;odkΠq&mawmfOD;nm%d\& tar;ESifh q&m}uD;
.tjynfhtpHkajz-um;csufrsm;udk jyefvnfI q&m}uD;u toHoGif;ay;cJh
ygonf? q&m}uD;onf &ckdifpum;jzifhtoHoGif;cJhonfudk jrefrmjynf&Sd
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk; zwf±+Edkif&eftwGuf jrefrmpmjzifh jyefvnfa&;
om;wifjyvdkuf&jcif;jzpfygonf?
q&m}uD;onf t&Sifnm%d\& ar;jref;cJhaom omoema&;
qkdif&matmufygar;cGef;ajcmufckudk ajz-um;cJhygonf?
ar;cGe;f }uD;ajcmufck
Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (1)
&ckdifjynfomoemonf ax&0g'Ak'<omoemrS qif; oufvmaom
omoemr[kw/f r[m,e*d% k ;f rS qif;oufvmaom omoemjzpfonf?
Tta-umif;udk ajz&Sifay;yg?
Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (2)
Ak ' < . ygVd a wmf t Ïuxmponf wŒkd wGif r &S d b J jrwf p G m bk & m;onf
"n0wD j ynf o d k Œ ºuG a &muf v mcJ h + yD ; ausmuf a wmf a wmif Y
&yfwefŒcJhonf[k a&;om;ajymqdkcJhonf? Tta=umif;udk ajz &Sif;ay;yg?
(1)
Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf ( 3 )
Ak ' < . ygVd a wmf t Ïuxmponf w d k Œ Y ryg&S d b J jrwf p G m bk & m;onf
pENmol&d,rif;}uD;ESifhawGŒqHk+yD; r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;udk oGef;vkyf cJhonf[k
a&;om;ajymqdk=uonf? Tta=umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg?
Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (4)
o*F g,emajcmufwefY rygbJvsuf &cdkifjynf a0omvDa&$awmif}uD;Y
pwkwÎo*F g,emwifcJhonf[k a&;om;ajymqdk =uonf?
Tta=umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg?
Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (5)
&ckdifjynf&Sd "mwfawmfrsm;udk ausm±dk;awmf"mwf/ OD;&mZmfawmf"mwf/
vnf ± d k ; awmf " mwf p onf j zif h trsKd ; rsKd ; trnf a y; xm;=uonf ?
Tta=umif;udkvnf; ygVdawmftÏuxmponfwdkŒwGif rawGŒ&I
ajz&Sif;ay;yg?
Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (6)
&ck d i f j ynf w G i f t oH k ; jyKaeaomygVd a wmf r sm;rS m jref r mrl j zpf o avm/
rnf o nf h r l e nf ; ? o*F g,emajcmuf w ef w G i f ygaomrl jzpf o avm?
Tta=umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg?
uwdESpfckay;yg
,ck t&Sifbk&m;u wynfhawmftm; ar;xm;aomar;cGef;rsm;
udk vG,fulpGmajz&Sif;Ekdifygonf bk&m;? odkŒaomf t&Sifbk&m;u wynfh
awmftm; uwdESpfck ay;&ygrnf? odkŒrSom wynfhawmfajz-um;
ajz-um;yg
ajz-um; rnf?
(2)
bk&m;? uwdrsm;udkr,lygqdkv#if wynfhawmfwcGef;r# jyefrajzyg bk&m;?
q&mawmfu bmuwdrsm;vJvdkΠar;aomtcg eHygwf(1) uwdrSm =
wynfhawmfajymaompum;udk wpfvHk;r# r,Hkygbl;qdkaom uwdyg?
tb,fa-umifh TuwdrsKd;udk awmif;&ovJqkdonfudk OyrmjyKygrnf?
jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf ‘auorkwWd’okawWmfudk umvr ykÀm;&GmY
oHo,uif;&Sif;&efa[mcJhygonf? q&m/ rdbtp&Sdaomolrsm; tpOf
tqufrjywfajymaompum;rsm;udkvnf; r,HkESifh/ igbk&m;a[monf[l
Ivnf; r,HkESifh/ pmtkyf}uD;Y yg&Sdonf[lIvnf;r,HkESifh tp&Sdonftm;
jzifh a[m-um;cJhygonf? igbk&m;a[monf[lIvnf; r,HkESifhqdkv#if
tb,fudk,Hk&ygrnfenf; ar;p&m&Sdygonf? bk&m;&Sifu usKd;=a-umif;
pyfu,Hk/ a-umif;=usKd;pyfI rSefuefaompum;rSm bk&m;pum;omjzpfyg
onf? bk&m;.pum;onf rSm;onf[lI r&Sdyg? ,if;twGuf wynfh
awmfajymaompum;rsm;udkvnf; TOyrmv#if&Sdaom ,kwWdoHk;yg;ESifh
wuG bk&m;ocifonf aemufqHk;y&dedAŠmefrpHrSD okbEN&[ef;}uD;udk a[m
xm;onfhtwdkif; r[mya'ow&m;ESifhjynfhpHkv#if ,Hkygqkdaomuwdudk
cHapcsifI ajym=um;jcif;jzpfygonf?
xdkŒa=umifh wynfhawmfajymaompum;&yfY Tt*F g&yfESifh
jynfh pHkrSom,Hkyg? rjynfhpHkygu r,HkygESifh[kqdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf bk&m;?
rudkufnD v#ifarG;cGef;xkwfyg? xdktcgwynfhawmfrSm tusKd;rjzpfbJ
tjypfom jzpfygonf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf wynfhawmfonf bk&m;
r[kwfaoma-umifhyg bk&m;? Ak'<pum;onf wcGef;wnf;ESifh rSefuef
ygonf? wynfah wmfajymaomtcg trSm;&Syd grnf? ,if;trSm;udk axmuf
(3)
jyv#if wynfhawmf0rf;omygrnf? xdkŒa-umifh t&Sifbk&m;onf wynfh
awmfajymaompum;rsm;udk ,kwWd oHk;yg;ESifhrudkufnDv#if/ r[mya'o
w&m;ESifhrudkufnDv#if t&Sifbk&m; xyfIar;cGef;xkwfyg? wynfhawmf
pum;udk xyfIar;cGef;rxkwfv#if wynfhawmfajymaompum;udk t&Sif
bk&m;vufcH,Hk-unf[k rSwf,l&ygrnfbk&m;? Tuwdudk t&Sifbk&m;
wdŒk xHrS &,l&ygrnf? xdt k cg ppfuikd ;f q&mawmf}uD;u OD;nm%d\&tm;
uwdcH,l&efajymygonf?
'kw, d uwdrmS Tae&mY rajymaumif;aompum;jzpfygonf?
t&Sib f &k m;wdŒk rS ajymomajymyg udprP &S[d q
k v
kd #if wynfah wmfajymygrnf?
q&mawmf}uD;rsm;u ajymyg[kqkdojzifh q&m}uD;uxyfIajymygonf?
omrefbk&ifrsm; rwnfEdkif
t&Sifbk&m; ,ckxkdifaeaomae&mrS taemufodkŒaemufjyef
-unfhvdkufyg? o#pfaomif;bk&m;}uD;&Sdygonf? ausmufwHk;}uD;rsm;jzifh
vdk%ftxyfxyfwnfxm;ygonf? xdkbk&m;.aemufrSm xkuUefodrf
bk&m;/ &wemyHkbk&m;ESifh tHawmfodrfrsm;udk jrifawGŒ&ygvdrfhrnf? ,ck
tcsdefuJhodkŒrzGHŒ_zdK;ao;bJ ao;i,faeaomtcsdeftcgwGif wnfxm;cJh
aom taqmufttHkrsm;r[kwfyg? TuJhodkŒ}uD;us,faomtaqmuf
ttHkrsKd;udk omrefbk&ifrsm;rwnfEdkifyg? eef;awmfukef;udkwnfaqmuf
xm;aomausmufwHk;rsm;udkvnf; t&Sifbk&m;jrif_yD;om;jzpfygonf?
,if;a-umifh TtaqmuftOD;rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhaomtcsdefonf
&ckdifY udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;/ udk,fhxD;udk,fheef;ESifh/ udk,fhbmomomoemESifh
(4)
}uD;yGm; xGef;um;aeaomtcsdef jzpfaeonfudk t&Sifbk&m;pdwfrSm
rSwfxm;&ygrnf? odkŒrSom wynfhawmfajymaompum;rsm;udk oabm
ayguef m;vnfyg vdrrhf nf? xkŒd a-umifh &ckid w
f Œkd onf a&S;tcgu crf;em;}uD;
us,cf ohJ nfukd pdwrf mS rSwx
f m;&ef uwduckd , H yl gb&k m;? q&mawmfrsm;u
'kwd,uwdudkvnf; cH,la-umif;ajymygonf?
omoemn+d;cJh
wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifjynf olwyg;vufatmufusa&mufonfh
aeŒup_yD; omoemndK‡ ;EGr;f cJo
h nfrmS ,aeŒwkid jf zpfygonf? omoema&;
qkdif&mpmtkyfwpftkyfr# rxGufyg? udkvdkeDacwftcgu pmay0goem
ygolrsm;onf yDpmrsm;udkwqifhul;,l_yD; pmrlwpfckudkig;apmif/ q,f
apmifponfjzifh yGm;rsm;-uygonf? ,cktcg pmyHEk ydS pf ufay:vmaom tcg
a[mif;EGrf;aeaompmayrsm;udkvnf; xyfrul;/ yHkESdyfpmtkyfuvnf;
rxGufonfhtwGufa-umifh pmayvnf;uG,fcJhyg_yD? ta[mif;jzpfaom
pmayrsm;vnf;uG,f_yD; topfpmtkyfrsm;uvnf; rxGufEdkifaom
a-umifh &ckdifpmayuG,faysmufvkrwwfjzpfcJhygonf bk&m;?
okawoe (2) rsKd;
odŒk aomf &cdik t
f rsK;d om;okawoDrsm;u &ckid w f Œkd .omoema&;/
bmoma&;pmayrsm;udk okawoevkyf-uygonf? okawoevkyfenf;
ESpfrsKd; &Sdygonfbk&m;? wrsKd;rSm 0dZŠ…menf;jzpfI/ tjcm;wenf;rSm ody`H
enf ; jzpf y gonf bk & m;? od y ` H e nf ; rS m aiG u k e f r sm;I rwwf E d k i f y g?
(5)
0dZŠ…menf;jzifh okawoevkyfcJh&ygonf? wynfhawmfwdkŒ.&ckdifwGif &cdkif
pum;jzifh rqrajc&maumufenf; (rkqdk;rajc&maumufenf;) [kac:
ygonf? Tenf;jzifh okawoe&SmazG&ygonf bk&m;? Tenf;jzifh wynfh
awmfwdkŒ&Smvkdufaomtcg &ckdifordkif;rSm ajrmufOD;+rdKŒonf aemufqHk;+rdKŒ
jzpfygonf?
ajrmuf O D ; acwf r S o nf
,ck t&Sifbk&m;wkdΠjrifae&aombk&m;apwDrsm;rSm ajrmufOD;
acwfu rif;apmrGefvufxufup+yD; wnfxm;cJhaombk&m;apwDrsm;
jzpfygonf? Tomoemonf ajrmufOD;acwfu pcJhoavm/ odkŒr[kwf
rnf onfhacwfuyifpcJhonfudkod&Sd&eftwGuf aemufudkwvSrf;qkwf
=unfhygonf? xdkajrmufOD;acwfrwdkifrSD av;+rdKŒacwf&SdcJha=umif; od&yg
onf? ,if;a=umifh ajrmufO;D acwfonf av;+rdKŒacwfu qif;vma=umif;
od&ygonf bk&m;? av;+rdKŒacwfomoemud=k unfv h u
dk af omtcg xdak cwf
wav#mufvHk; bk&ifrsm;wnfxm;cJhaomapwD/ bk&m;rsm;pGmudk awGŒ&
ygonf? xkrd if;rsm; av;+rdKŒacwftuQ&mjzifh a&;xd;k cJah omausmufpmrsm;
udk ouU&mZftwdtusESifh awGŒ&ygonf bk&m;?
&uQ 0 ÀtuQ & m
av;+rdKŒacwfonf rnfonfah cwfrq
S if;vmoenf;qdo
k nfukd
aemufodkŒwvSrf;qkwfvdkufaomtcg a0omvDacwfudk awGŒ&ygonf?
a0omvDacwfudka&mufaomtcg &cdkifpmayta&;tom;rSm tuQ&m
(6)
rsm; ajymif;vJvmyHkudk awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? av;+rdKŒacwftpydkif;rSm a0omvD
acwfu a&GŒvsm;vmaom&uQ0ÀtuQ&mrsm;udk toHk;jyKa&;om;cJh
ygonf? &cdkifwdkŒ.av,lavodrf;rsm;jzifh a&;xm;ojzifh &uQ0ÀtuQ
&m[kac:ygonf? a0omvDacwfrSm yxrY jA[RDyGm;tuQ&mrsm;jzifh a&;
om;=uygonf? a0omvDacwfrSm ±dk;±dk;pmayrsm;udk jA[RDyGm;tuQ&mjzifh
a&;om;+yD; bmoma&;qkdif&mpmayrsm;udk ouUwbmomjzifha&;om;
a=umif; awGŒ&S&d ygonf? a0omvDacwfaemufyikd ;f rSp+yD; &uQ0ÀtuQ&m
jzifh a&;om;vmjcif;udk awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? xdka0omvDacwfrSmvnf; bk&if
rsm;onf apwDykxdk;rsm;pGm wnfaqmufcJhonfudk ,aeŒwdkifawGŒEdkifyg
ao;onf? xdak cwfu a&;xd;k cJah om ausmufpm/ a=u;jym;pm/ '*F g;pmrsm;
udv k nf; awGŒ&SEd ikd yf gao;onf? Ak'p< mayrsm;udk ayxuftuQ&m/ ausmuf
xuftuQ&mESifh a=u;eDjym;wdkŒrSm a&;xkd; xm;cJhonfudk ,aeŒwkdifawGŒ
Edkifygao;onf? ,if;a=umifh a0omvDacwfwGifvnf; Ak'<omoemESifh
pmay rSm txift&Sm;&Sda=umif;awGŒ&ygonf?
a0omvDacwf
a0omvD a cwf u aemuf o d k ΠwvS r f ; qk w f = unf h a omtcg
"n0wDacwfudka&muf&Sdygonfbk&m;? ,if;"n0wDacwfrSmvnf; bk&if
ESifhtoHk;jyKaompmayrsm;&Sda=umif;awGŒ&ygonf? TuJhodkŒ rqrajc&m
aumuf (rkqdk;rajc&maumuf) enf;jzifh aemufodkŒwvSrf;pD wvSrf;
pDqkwfvdkufaomtcg ,ck"n0wDacwfodkŒa&mufygonf? xkdacwfrSm
vnf; ordkif;±kyfºuGif;jzpfaomausmufpmESifh ausmuf±kyfwkrsm;udkvnf;
(7)
awGŒ&ygonf? xdkorkdif;±kyfºuGif;rsm;rSm tppftrSefrsm;jzpfaeygI wynfh
awmfwŒkd ydËuwfpmrSm yHEk ydS pf mtkyv
f nf;r&S/d pmayrsm;vnf;uG,f aysmuf
aeygonf? odkŒaomf orkdif;±kyfºuGif;rsm;rSm ruG,fraysmufvufawGŒ jrif
EdkifawGŒEdkifaomt&mrsm; jzpfaeyg.? ypfy,fI r&aumif;ygbk&m;?
"n0wDacwfwGifa&;xdk;cJhaom awmifayguf}uD; ausmufpm
ta=umif;udk &Sif;vif;ygOD;rnf? ,ck EdkifiHawmfuxkwfa0xm;aom
pG,fpHkusrf;wGif tuQ&mqif;oufvmyHkorkdif;udka&;om;xm;ygonf?
tuQ&mqif;oufvmyHkudk jA[RDtuQ&muwqifh ,ckacwf xdqif;
vmyHkudk a&;om;xm;ygonf? jrefrmtuQ&mrSm tdENd,awmifydkif;-yv†0/
u'rŠ/ tvkus/ wdvuFqdkaom tuQ&mrsm;rSwqifh qif;ouf +yD;v#if
jrefrmpmjzpfvmygonf? q&m}uD;OD;omjrwfa&;om;aom pmtkyfwGif
jA[RD/ rm*"/ *kwW/ =uEN/ yv†0/ u'r uae+yD; &mrnwdkif;odkŒqif;ouf
vma=umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf? wynfah wmfwŒkd &ckid b f ufrmS "nacwfY
jA[Rt D uQ&m toH;k jyKcJah =umif; awGŒ&S&d ygonf? odŒk aomf &mpkEpS w
f pfacwf
+yD;wpfacwf vufa&;ajymif;vmonfhtwGuf tuQ&myHkrSmvnf; ajymif;
vJr_&SdcJhygonf bk&m;? ,if;a=umifh a0omvDacwfrSmqkdv#if jA[RDtuQ
&mrS qifyh mG ;vmaom jA[Rt D uQ&mjzifah &;om;xm;onfukd awGŒ&ygonf?
"n0wDacwfwiG f usr;f OD;*gxmawmftjzpfjzifh ‘a[w\’*gxmawmfukd
jA[RDtuQ&mjzifha&;xkd;+yD; ygVdtoHxGuftwdkif;jzpfygonf bk&m;?
&cki
d y
f Éuwf
dÉuwfuq
kd uf&ef
pmayta=umif;udkc%&yfxm;+yD; &ckdifydËuwfta=umif;udk
(8)
qufajymygrnfbk&m;? ydËuwfudku|rf;usifaomyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfonfh
twGuf ydËuwfudpPudkajym&mwGif onf;cH+yD;em;axmifygbk&m;? Ak'<
bmom0ifwdkif;od&Sd=uonfhtwkdif; om0wdÎ+rdKŒu Oywd\ESifh aum
wvdw&Gmol}uD;om;ESpfOD;rSm euQwfobifudk=unfh±_aepOf yGJ=unfh
y&dowfrsm;udk=unfh+yD; onfvlrsm;onf aemufESpfaygif;w&mtwGif;rSm
tm;vHk;aoaysmuf=uvdrfhrnf? igwdkŒvnf; ao&vdrfhrnf? ,if;a=umifh
raoaomw&m;&SmazG&eftwGuf &GmrSxGufoGm;=uavonf? r=um;zl;
ao;aomoli,frsm; od&Sdap&ef tenf;i,ftus,fajymyg&ap? xdkuJhodkŒ
w&m;&SmazG=uaomtcg odÍnf;y&dAdkZfxHodkŒ a&mufoGm;=uavonf?
odÍnf;y&dAdkZfxH twwfynmrsm;oif=um;=uaomtcg tm;vHk;wwf
od = uavonf ? q&mu oif p &muk e f + yD [ k a jymojzih f aemuf x yf
odÍnf;q&mxufwwfaomq&mudk &SmazG&ef oGm;=uavonf?
xkduJhodkŒc&D;qufvm=uaomtcg &mZ+*dK[f+rdKŒodkŒ a&muf&Sd
cJh=uygonf? xdkpOf qGrf;cHºuGvmaom t&Sift\Zdrax&fudk jrifawGŒ
cJhygonf? xdkt&Sifjrwfomra%tda¹ENudk =unfndKojzifh igh&Sif.q&mu
rnfojl zpfoenf;/ tb,fw&m;udak [m=um;ygoenf;/ tu|Eyfk f wdŒk tm;
wcGef;wpr#avmuf a[m=um;ygavmh ponfjzifh ar;av#mufcJhygonf?
t&Sift\Zdrax&fu tu|Ekfyf.q&monf bk&m;ocif jzpfonf?
tu|Ekfyfonf &[ef;jzpfonfrSm r=umao;ojzifh w&m;aumif;aumif;
rajymwwfao;a=umif;/ odkŒaomf tu|Ekfyfq&mocif a[m=um;aom
w&m;xJrS tu|Eyfk rf wS rf ad omw&m;jzpfonfh Tonfaom*gxmawmfukd
a[m=um;ygrnf[kqdkI w&m;a[mcJhygonf? ,if;*gxmawmfrSm‘a,
(9)
"rRma[wky` b0g awoH a[wk wxm*awm tm[/ awoÌa,m
eDa&ma"g/ {0H 0g'D r[momra%m’[k t&Sift\Zdrax&fu Oywd\
tm;a[m-um;cJhygonf?
t"dy`g,frSm jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&S;ujyKzl;aom ta-umif;a-umifh jzpf
ay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;wdkŒudk a[mawmfrl.? xdkta-umif;tusKd;
w&m;ESpyf g;wdŒk .csKyf_idr;f &mudv
k nf; a[mawmfr. l [k t"dyg` ,&f yg onf?
t&Sibf &k m;wdŒk od&adS wmfro l nft
h wdik ;f yg bk&m;= aemufq;kH oli,fcsi;f ESpf
a,mufpvHk;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhawGŒ&Sd_yD; &[E Wmrsm; jzpf-uI &Sifom
&dykwW&mESifh &Sifarm*~v†eftjzpfxif&Sm;cJhonf?
Tw&m;rSm ESrf;wpfawmif;udk}udwfvdkufaomtcg qD=unf
wpfykvif;/ ESpfykvif;&&SdouJhodkŒ/ ausmufp&pfig;awmif;udk}udwfaomf
vnf; qD=unfwaygufwpr#r&SdouJhodkŒ/ ydËuwfoHk;yHkudk tqDxkwf
vdkufaomtcg ‘edAŠme’qdkaom w&m;wpfvHk;om&&Sdygonf? ,if;w
&m;wpfvHk;udk pdwfjzmvkdufaomtcg ‘"rRESifh0de,’&&Sdygonf? aemuf
xyfpdwfjzmvkdufv#if ‘opPmav;yg;/ r*~if&Spfyg;/ aAm"dyuQ,w&m;
oHk;q,fhckepfyg;’tp&Sdonfjzifh aemufqHk;"rRcE<maygif; &Spfaomif;av;
axmifyg&Sdaom ydËuwfoHk;yHk&&Sdygonfbk&m;? odkŒjzpfygI a,"rR
*gxmawmfonf ydËuwfoHk;yHk.tqDtESpfjzpfa=umif;udk q&mawmfu
wynfhawmfxufodygonfbk&m;?
Ta,"rR m w&m;onf r[m,ef * d k % f ; om;rsm; toH k ; jyK
aom*gxmawmfjzpfygovm;/ t&Sifbk&m;awGŒzl;ygovm;[k ar;aom
(10)
tcg q&mawmfonf ajz=um;jcif;r&SdbJ wdwfwdwfaecJhygonf? T
a,"rRm*gxmudk r[m,e*dk%f;om;rsm; toHk;jyKrnfrxifyg? r[m,e
*dk%f;om;rsm;toHk;jyKonfudk awGŒzl;ygovm;[k xyfI ar;aomtcg
q&mawmfrSm wdwfwdwfaecJhygonf? aemufwcsuf r[m,e*dk%f;onf
qdkaom*dk%f;xJY jA[R%t,ltqa&maESm_yD;v#if r[m,e*dk%f;/
wE W&m*dk%f;/ rE W&m*dk%f;rsm; ay:aygufvmygonf? xkd*dk%f;rsm;rSw qifh
wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifjynfodkŒ r[m,eomoem 0ifa&mufvmyg ovm;
ar;aomtcg q&mawmf r S m wpH k w &majym-um;jcif ; rjyKbJ wd w f
qdwfaecJhygonf?
aemufwcsuf tdENd,wjynfvHk;udk r*dkrif;rsm;wdkufcdkufodrf;
,lydkufaomtcg Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;onf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH/ wdbuf/ &ckdif
jynf/ jrefrmjynfrsm;odkŒxGufajy;-uaomtcg r[m,e*dk%f;onf
&ckdifjynfodkŒ0ifa&mufcJhygovm; t&Sifbk&m;? q&mawmfu rnfodkŒr#
rajym-um;cJhyg? wdwfwdwfaecJhygonf? odkŒjzpfv#if wynfhawmfwdkŒ
&ckdkifjynfomoemonf r[m,ejzpfonf[k q&mawmfpGyfpGJcJhonf rSm
rnfonfhta-umif;a-umifhjzpfygovJ bk&m;? wckr#rajz-um;cJhyg?
awmif a yguf } uD ; ausmuf p m
wynfah wmfwŒkd ajrmufO;D acwfup_yD; "n0wDacwfwikd f atmif
omoemawmf q if ; ouf v myH k u d k ajc&maumuf , l o nf h e nf ; ES i f h
okawoejyKvkdufaomtcg omoemonf "n0wDacwfrSm qHk;aeyg
onf bk&m;? "n0wDacwfrSm ‘ermw\’*gxmawmfyg&Sdonfh jA[RD
(11)
tuQ&mESifha&;xkd;xm;cJhaom awmifayguf}uD;ausmufpm&SdcJhygonf?
,if ; pmud k a &;xk d ; xm;aom tuQ & mpmvH k ; rsm;ud k - unf h v #if bD pD
300=ausmfu taomurif;}uD; a&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpm wGifyg&Sd
onfhtuQ&mpmvHk;rsm;rSm twlwljzpfaeaoma-umifh wacwfwnf;
wGifa&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmjzpfa-umif;vufa&;vufom;udk avhvm
aomynm&Sifrsm;rS okawoejyKrSwfcsufcscJh-uygonf t&Sifbk&m;?
,if;a-umifh &ckid jf ynf"n0wDacwfrmS tdE,
dN ajrmufyikd ;f u toH;k jyK onfh
jA[RDtuQ&mrsm;0ifa&muf&Sd_yD; jzpfa-umif; od&Sd&ygonf bk&m;?
ol&,
d rif;quf/ p _ENm;rif;quf
p_EN
xkduJhodkΠ&ckdifjynf"n0wDausmufpmESih td
f ENd,jynf tmaom
uausmufpmESihf wnfaeyHu k akd xmuf±a_ omtcg bDpD 3-&mpkrmS ausmuf
pmrsm;udak &;xk;d v#i/f xdrk a&murSD bDpD 5-&mpkavmufwiG f jrwfpmG bk&m;
yGiahf wmfrcl yhJ gonf? wynfah wmfwŒkd ajc&maumufenf;jzifh xyf+yD;aumuf
,lv#if &ckdifjynfY rif;qufESpfquf&SdcJhygonf? yxrrif;qufrSm-ol&d,
rif;qufjzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,rif;qufrSm p¹ENm;rif;qufjzpfygonf? ol&d,rif;
qufaemufydkif;wGif a¹'Gifp¹ENm;rif;qufay:vmygonf? p¹ENm;rif;quf
.yxrrif;qufrSm &ckdifordkif;wGif ac:xm;aom r[mol&d,wkdif;p¹ENm;
rif;}uD;jzpfygonf? &Spfaomif;bk&m;ausmufpmwGif a¹'Gifp¹ENm;[kouUw
tuQ&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;ygonf? ol&d,wdkif;p¹ENm;ESifh a¹'Gifp¹ENm;rSm
twlwljzpfygonf?
(12)
 t"dyg` ,fazmfEi
kd c
f hJ
xdkp¹ENm;rif;qufa&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmrS r[mrkedukef;/
'kw, d ypP,t H a&SŒajrmufbufY&Sad om t±kyYf yg&ydS gonf? vGecf ahJ om ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGmu trdk;tumr&SdbJ/ yufvufvef+yD;v#if rdk;xJa&xJY
&Sad ecJo
h jzifh pma=umif;rsm;rSm zwfr&Edik af tmifysupf ;D cJyh g onf? odŒk aomf
}udK;pm;I riful;-ul;,laomtcg pmvHk;tenf;i,fudkzwf+yD; t"dy`g,f
azmfEikd cf yhJ gonf? a&;xm;aomtuQ&mpmvH;k rSm ouUwjzpf+yD; ‘r[mo#L
&da,m o#ENa&m/ emraem o#AŠ'gae yum&aw’qdkaom pma-umif;yg
bk&m;?
ygVdbmomESifhqdkv#if ‘r[mol&da,m pENa&m emraem oAŠ
'gae yum&aw’[k &ygonfbk&m;? t"dy`g,fu-r[mol&d,wkdif;
p¹ENm;rif;}uD;onf Tukef;awmfY 'ge0wÎKtpkpkawGudk vSL'gef;I _yD;
jynfhpHk_yD;[kjzpfygonf? ,if;a-umifh Tpmudkxdk;xm;aom ausmufpm
ygt±kyfrSm r[mwkdif;p¹ENm;rif;}uD; ukodkvfjyKpdkufxlcJhaomt±kyf jzpf
a=umif; oufaoxlaeygonfbk&m;?
ydÉuwfawmfokwWef
xdkt±kyf.atmufydkif;wGif pmig;a=umif;yg&Sdygonf bk&m;?
xk d a usmuf p mrsm;rS m txuf u pma=umif ; rsm;ysuf j y,f a eygojzif h
aumif;pGmzwfr&Ekdifyg? atmufqHk;pmwa=umif;wnf;udkom zwfI
&ygonf? xkdta=umif;rSmvnf; ouUwbmomjzifh ',uQaoemywd
yema'g'[k a&;xkd;xm;ygonf t&Sifbk&m;wdkŒ?
(13)
,ck jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf Y e,k e f v jynf h a eŒud k r[mor,aeŒtjzpf
owfrSwf_yD; ESpfpOfusif;yae-uygonf? r[mor,aeŒY jrwfpGmbk&m;
udk,fawmfwdkifa[m-um;cJhaom r[mor,okawWmfudk oHCmawmfrsm;
on
oH _ yd K if & G w f z wf o nf u d k xd k a eŒa&muf w d k i f ; a&'D , d k r S - um;emon
onf
t&Sifbk&m;? xkdr[mor,okwfxJY ewfrsm;.trnfudkazmfusL;xm;
aom pum;rsm;pGm&&Sdygonfbk&m;?
‘yema'g =oyranmp/ a'0olawmp rmwvd’[laom
*gxmESifh awGŒ&ygonfbk&m;? xdkewfrsm;xJY yema'gewfrif;udk azmfusL;
xm;aom*gxmawmfrSm tydk'f-22 wGifawGŒ&SdEdkifygonfbk&m;? Tr[m
or,okawWmfrSm ax&0g'Ak'<bmomwdkŒ.ydËuwfawmfvm okwWef
jzpfygonf bk&m;?
ax&0g'udk ,Hk-unfaomrif;rsm;
aemufwcsufrSm a0omvDacwfwGiftkyfpdk;cJh=uaomrif;rsm;
jzpf = uonf h ed w d p¹EN m ;/ 0D & p¹EN m ;tp&S d a omrif ; rsm;onf ol w d k Œ .
ukodkvfjyKwnfxm;cJhaomapwDrsm;wGif ‘a,"rRm’*gxmawmfudk a&;
xd;k xm;onfh ausmufw;kH rsm;/ pwlygrsm;udk Ïmyemwnfxm;cJ-h uyg onf
bk & m;? xk d a usmuf w H k ; ES i f h p wl y grsm;Y a&;xk d ; xm;aompmrsm;ud k
,ckajrmufOD;jywdkufwGif odrf;qnf;xm;&Sdygonf bk&m;? wynfhawmf
txufuwifjycJhonfhtwkdif; Ak'<w&m;awmf.tqDtESpfjzpf-uaom
ed A Š m ef u d k v uf c H , H k = unf o nf h ax&0g'omoemud k v uf c H , H k = unf
aomrif;rsm;jzpf=uI Ta,"rRm*gxmawmfudk a0omvDrif;rsm;toHk;
(14)
jyKae=ujcif;jzpfygonf t&Sifbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh r[mol&d,wdkif;
p¹ENm;rif;}uD;rSpI (a0omvDacwf at'D 4-&mpk) p¹ENm;rif;tqufquf
wdkŒ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcJh=uaomomoemrSm r[m,eomoem r[kwfbJ/
ppfrSefaomax&0g'omoemjzpfa=umif; rSwf,l&ygrnf bk&m;?
"n0wDodkŒbk&m;t&Sif-uGcJh
"n0wDta=umif;udk jyefvnfqufygrnf? "n0wDY bDpD 3-
&mpkrSm ol&d,puUrif; xD;eef;pdk;pHvsuf&Sdygonf? xdkrif;uaemufodkŒ
a&wGufv#if bDpD 5-&mpkodkŒa&mufygonf? ,if;a=umifh pENmol&d,rif;
onf "n0wDY bDpD 5-&mpkwGiftkyfcsKyfcJha=umif; od&ygonf bk&m;?
,ckvakd jc&maumufenf;jzifv h u
dk af omtcg twdtus&&Syd gonf bk&m;?
xktd csed Yf tdE,dN wGif jrwfpmG bk&m;yGiahf ecsed jf zpfygonf? ,if;a=umifh pENm
ol&d,eef;pHI ESpfaygif; 25-ESpft=umwGif Ak'<&Sifawmfonf "n0wDodkŒ
ºuGa&mufcJhonf[k &ckdifordkif;tapmifapmifwGif wnDwnGwfwnf;
azmfjyxm;ygonfbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh "n0wDY pENmol&d,rif; tkyf
csKyfpOfwiG f jrwfpmG bk&m;ud,k af wmfwikd f ºuGa&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf bk&m;?
jrwfpGmbk&m;ºuGa&mufvmaomta=umif;udk "n0wD+rdKŒ.
taemufbufawmifwef; ausmufaqmifY ol&d,puUrif;}uD;onf jA[RD
tuQ&mjzifah &;xd;k xm;cJyh gonf? wynfah wmfi,fpOfu q&m}uD;OD;pHa&$bk
ESithf wl ul;,lcyhJ gonf? xkad usmufaqmifrmS r[mrkead usmufawmfvrf;
udkvkyfaomtcg wl;+zdKojzifhysufjyKef;cJh&ygonf? xkdausmufaqmifY
a&;xdk;xm;onfhpmudk ,ckacwfygVdbmomjzifhqdkv#if-
(15)
‘txacgb*0g bduQKoHCH ygom'H tm±kaywGm/
yOPygom' owy&d0kawm/ "n0wD&Ï tmumora*~e?
pm&duH p&rmaem "n0wDr[me*&\ yp>fdr'dombma*?
up>ye'd,m yk&wWdrwda& aovm*d&D yAŠwAk'<ed=oa&m [dwGm
ywdÏmwd’ jzpfygonf?
t"d y ` g ,f t wd k a umuf r S m ? ? jrwfpGmbk&m;onf aumif;uifc&D;jzifh
jyom'f&SifysHig;&mESifhºuGa&muf+yD;v#if "n0wD+rdKŒ.taemufbufjzpf
aom up>ye'Dukvm;wefjrpf}uD;. ta&SŒbufurf;ajc&Sdaom aovm
*d&Darm&yAŠwtrnf&SdaomawmifxdyfY &yfwefŒawmfrl.? &yfwefŒawmf
rl+yD;v#if jrwfpGmbk&m;onf Asm'dwfawmfay;rnfjzpfygonf?
Tausmufpmudkaxmuf±_jcif;tm;jzifh &ckdifjynfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;
ºuGa&mufco hJ nfrmS xif&mS ;aeygonfb&k m;? ,if;a=umifh wynfh awmfwŒkd
rSm ajc&maumufenf;jzifh aemufodkŒwvSrf;pDqkwf+yD;vdkufaomtcg Ak'<
omoemonf uGif;qufrjywfbJESifh "n0wDacwfodkŒa&muf&Sdygonf
bk&m;?
orkdif;±kyf_uGif;u oufaocH
,if;uJhodkŒ ausmufpm/ ausmuf±kyf/ aypmrsm;twdtvif; &Sd
aomfvnf;/ ,ckacwf±u kd Ef ydS af omyHEk ydS pf mtkyw
f iG rf ygI r,Hrk mS ;,Gi;f onf
qdkv#ifvnf; rwwfEdkifygbk&m;? wynfhawmfwdkŒrSm ordkif;±kyfºuGif;jzpf
aomausmufpm/ a=u;jym;/ a&$jym;pm/ aiGjym;pmwdkŒuom oufaocH
(16)

aeygojzifh ,if;pmrsm;u rSm;+yD; ,ckyHkESdyfwdkufrS±dkufESdyfaom puULrSm
a&;om;xm;onfph muom rSeo f nf[q k v dk #ivf nf; wynfah wmfwŒkd ajym
p&mrvkdawmhygbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh wynfhawmfwdkŒrSm ygVdtÏuxmrSm
yg&ef vdktyfrnf rxifygbk&m;? oufaocHorkdif;±kyfºuGif;taxmuft
xm;u ckdifrmaeyg+yDbk&m;?
r[m,epum;wpfvHk;r# rawGŒ
r[mwdkif;p¹ENm;rif;}uD;onf oleef;wufptcsdefY a0omvD
bk&m;}uD;udkwnf+yD; ausmufpma&;xkd;cJhygonf? tuQ&mpmvHk;rSm jA[RD
yGm;jzpfygonf? ta=umif;t&mrSm ‘a,"rRm a[wk y b0g’*gxmawmf
jzpfygonf? ouUwtoHrxGufbJ ygVdoufoufjzpfygonf? xkdpm.
aemufydkif;Y a&;xkd;xm;aomausmufpmrsm;rSm ouUwtoHESifh a&;xdk;
xm;onfukd awGŒ&ygonf? a,"rRmpmvH;k rsm;Y ‘r’txuf wGif ‘a&z’
ac:aom ‘&-aumuf’udkwifxm;ygonf? a,"rRm(a,"&rRm)vdkŒ zwf&
ygonf? ‘a[wkyb0g’pmwrf;Yvnf; ‘y’apmuft xufwiG f ‘a&z’wif
xm;ygonf? a[wkyb0g (a[wkjyb0g) vdkŒzwf&ygonfbk&m;? ,if;uJh
odkΠtqifhtqifhokawoejyKvkdufaomtcg r[m,e*dk%f;u pum;
wpfvHk;vnf;rawGŒ&yg bk&m;?
oD[dkVf
V(f oD&dvuFm)ESifh 0g'csif;wl
wynfah wmfyxrcsjycJah om Oywd\ESihf aumvdwta=umif;
wGif t&Sift\Zdrax&fa[m=um;cJhaom ‘a,"rRm’*gxmawmf onf
(17)
a0omvDodkŒa&muf&SdcJhygonf? ,if;+yD;aemuf a0omvDrif;rsm;onf
oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)ESifh omoema&;udpPrsm;udk tjyeftvSefoGm;a&muf
aqmif&Gufa=umif;ESifh tmeENp¹ENm;rif;}uD;onf oD[dkVf(oD&dvuFm)odkŒ
tvSLypPnf;rsm;ydkŒonf[k ausmufpmwGifawGŒ&Sd&ygonf? oD[dkVf(oD&d
vuFm)omoemrSm ax&0g'jzpfI/ wynfhawmfwdkŒa0omvDwGifvnf;
ax&0g'omoemxGef;um;a=umif; odEdkifygonfbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh
wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifjynfomoemonf r[m,e*dk%f;rS oufqif;vm
aom r[m,e*dk%f;r[kwfbJ "n0wDacwf bk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif ºuG
a&muf c J h p Of u p+yD ; jzpf a y:ouf q if ; vmaom ax&0g'Ak ' < b mom
jzpfa=umif; wynfhawmfav#mufxm;ygonf bk&m;?
Ù ar;cG e f ; eH y gwf (2)
Ak'<.ygVdawmftÏuxmponfwdkŒwGifryg&SdbJ jrwfpGm bk&m;onf
"n0wDjynfodkμuGa&muf+yD; ausmufawmfawmifY &yfwefΠcJhonf[k
a&;om;ajymqdk=uonf? Tta=umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg?
Ù ar;cG e f ; eH y gwf (3)
Ak'<.ygVdawmftÏuxmponfwdkŒY ryg&SdbJ jrwfpGm bk&m;onf
pENmol&d,rif;}uD;ESifhawGŒqHk_yD; r[mrkedbk&m;udk oGef;vkyf cJhonf[k
a&;om;ajymqdk-uonf? Tta-umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg?
t&Sifbk&m;.ar;cGef;eHygwf(2) ESifh (3)udk waygif;wnf;ajz
-um;vdyk gonf? ar;cGe;f rsm;rSm woabmwnf;jzpfaejcif;a-umifyh g bk&m;?
wynfhawmfonf &ckdifjynfodkΠAk'<omoema&mufvmyHkudk eHygwf(1)
(18)
ar;cGef;tay: tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;xm;_yD;jzpfygonfbk&m;? aemufxyf
av#mufxm;ygrnfbk&m;? wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifjynfwGif ,ckudk;uG,fae
aomAk'o < moemrSm ajrmufO;D acwfb&k ifrsm;tkypf ;kd cJah omumvrS qufcH
,lcJhaom Ak'<t,l0g'jzpfygonfbk&m;?
ajrmufOD;acwfrwkdifrSD avmif;-uuf_rdKŒ&SdcJhygonf? xdk_rdKŒudk
tkyfpdk;cJh-uaombk&ifrsm;rSmvnf; Ak'<bmomrif;rsm;jzpfygI omoedu
taqmuftOD;rsm;pGm wnfaqmufcJh-uygonf? &[ef;ynm&Sdrsm;
xGef;um;cJh-uygonf? Tavmif;-uufbk&ifrsm;onf Ak'<bmomudk
ae&Í&m+rdKŒwGiftkyfpdk;cJhaom bk&ifrsm;xHrSwqifh vufcH,lcJhjcif;jzpf
ygonf? ae&Í&m+rdKŒwGix f eG ;f um;cJah omAk'b < momrSm yk&ed +f rdKŒrSqif;ouf
aomAk'<bmomjzpfygonf? yk&def+rdKŒwGiftkyfpdk;cJhaombk&ifrsm;onf
yOPm+rdKŒrSA'k o< moemudk wqifv h ufc, H cl =hJ uygonf? yOPm+rdKŒ Ak'o < moem
rSmvnf; a0omvD+rdKŒrSqif;oufvmjcif;jzpfygonf? a0omvD+rdKŒudk
wnfaqmufcJhaom r[mwdkif;p¹ENm;rif;}uD;onf r[mrkedbk&m;wGif
ukodkvfaumif;r_jyKcJhygonf? odrfawmfESifh yv†ifawmfrsm;udk topf
wzefwnfaqmufcJha=umif; ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;YawGŒ&ygonf?
wynf h a wmf a &S Πuav#muf x m;cJ h o nf h t wd k i f ; xd k r if ; }uD ;
ukov kd af umif;r_jyKcJo
h nfukd r[mrkeb d &k m;uke;f awmf 'kw, d tqift h a&SŒ
ajrmufbuf&Sd ‘,uQaoemywdyem'’±kyfwkwGif a&;xkd;cJhygonf?
trSef&SdcJhaom_rdKŒawmf
TuJo
h Œkd r[mwdik ;f p¹ENm;rif;onf r[mrkeo
d rd af wmfukd topf
(19)
wzefjyefvnfwnfaqmufcJhonf[kqdkojzifh r[mwdkif;p¹ENm;rif;}uD;
rwdkifrSDuyif odrfawmfta[mif;ESifh r[mrked±kyf&SifawmfrSm&SdESifhae+yD; jzpf
a=umif; od&Sd&ygonf? ,if;odkŒjzpfv#if a0omvDacwfrwkdifrSD rnfonfh
acwf&o dS nfukd ajc&maumuftwkid ;f vku
d yf gv#if "n0wDacwfuakd wGŒ&yg
onfbk&m;? "n0wD+rdKŒawmfrSm pdwful;,Of+yD;a&;omcJhaom+rdKŒawmf
r[kwfa=umif; av,mOfrS&kduful;xm;aom"gwfyHkudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh
od&SdEdkifygonfbk&m;? trSefwu,f&SdcJhaom+rdKŒjzpfa=umif; jynfwGif;-
jynfy ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm; vufcH=uygonfbk&m;?
oA
oAŠŠ'gey`um&eusrf;rSm&Sd
wynfhawmfwdkŒordkif;rsm;wGifvnf; wwd,"n0wD+rdKŒawmf
udk pENmol&d,rif;}uD;wnfcJha=umif; zwf±_&ygonf? TpENmol&d,
bk&if "n0wDYtkyfpdk;pOfumvrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif taemufrZÆdra'o
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(20)
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(21)
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(22)
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(23)
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(24)
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(25)

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(26)
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(27)
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(28)
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(29)
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arm*~vduykwWwd\rax&fonf tom;rSjzpfaom"gwf/ t±dk;rSjzpfaom
"gw/f taoG;rSjzpfaom"gwf ponfjzifch jJG cm;cJyh gonf? tao;pdwt f m;jzifh
OD;acgif;awmf"gwf/ OD;aESmufawmf"gwf/ rsufvHk;awmf"gwfponfjzifh
jrwfpmG bk&m;.t*F g}uD;i,frjS zpfaom "gwaf wmfrsm;udk wpfcck si;f cGjJ crf;+yD;
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mavonf? TapwDwnf&rnfhae&ma'orsm;udk to#ifarm*vd
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ykwWwd\rax&fu ‘wumawmfrif;}uD; T"gwfawmfrsm;udkÏmyem_yD;
apwDwnf&efa'orsm;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfuyif
(30)
Asm'dwfcsrSwfcJhaomae&mwdkif;wGif apwDwnf&rnf[kajymcJhygonf?
xdkae&mrsm;odkŒ apwDwnf&eftwGuf "gwfawmfrsm;udkydkŒaqmif&rnf’
jzpfa-umif; rdefŒ¹rGufcJhygonf? xdktcg t&Sifarm*~vdykwWd\rax&f onf
to#ifAmulvrax&fESifh to#ifwd\rax&fwdkŒtm; jrwfpGmbk&m;
Asm'd w f c srS w f c J h o nf h &ck d i f j ynf & S d a e&mrsm;wG i f apwD w nf x m;&ef
"gwfawmfrsm;udkydkŒapcJhonf?
ol&d,puUrif;vufxuf
xkdt&SifwdkŒonf aumif;uifc&D;jzifh &ckdifjynfodkŒºuGa&mufcJh
ygonf? ,if;tcsdefwGif &ckdifjynf"n0wDwGif ol&d,puUrif;}uD;rif;jyK
v#uf&Sdygonf? xdk"gwfawmfrsm;udk to#ifESpfyg;onf ol&d,puUrif;
}uD;tm;ay;tyf+yD; apwDwnf&rnfht&yfa'orsm;udkvnf; ajymcJhyg
onf? ol&d,puUrif;}uD;onf "gwfawmfrsm;udkvufcH+yD; rSL;}uD;/ rwf}uD;/
ppfo}l uD;rsm;udak pwDwnf&eftwGuf "gwaf wmfrsm;udak y;tyf+yD; jrwfpmG
bk & m;Asm'd w f ¹ rG u f q d k c J h o nf h a e&mwd k i f ; od k Œ oG m ;a&muf I apwD r sm;
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k nfapygonfb&k m;? jrwfpmG bk&m; &ckid jf ynfoŒkd ºuGa&mufcahJ om tcg
&yfwefŒawmfrl+yD; Asm'dwfay;cJhaomaovm*D&dawmifawmfY ausmuf±dk;
awmf"gwu f Xkd myem+yD; apwDwnfcyhJ gonf? rÍLyAŠwawmifwiG f csuaf wmf
"gwfudkXmyem+yD; apwDwnfcJhygonf? rd*yAŠwawmifY oif;uspfawmf
"gwfudk XmyemIapwDwnfcJhygonfbk&m;?
(31)
wjynf v H k ; rS m
TodkŒ&ckdifjynfwjynfvHk;wGif Asm'dwfawmf0ifapwD 248-ql
udkwnfcJhygonf? "gwfawmfapwDrsm;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAŠmefpHvGef
+yD;rSom vmwnfjcif;jzpfaoma=umifh jrwfpmG bk&m;onf "gwaf wmfrsm;udk
Tonfum; OD;acgif;awmf"gwf/ Tonf OD;aESmufawmf"gwf/ aygifawmf
"gwf/ ajcovHk;awmf"gwfponfjzifh cGJjcrf;a[mxm;jcif;udk rjyKEdkifawmh
ygbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh bk&m;a[mygVdawmftÏuxmponfwdkŒrSm ryg&Sd
jcif;jzpfygonfbk&m;?
trSefwnfaom"gwfawmfrsm;
tÏuxmygVdawmfponfwdkŒrSmryg&Sdaomfvnf; ,aeŒxuf
wdkif ausm±dk;awmf"gwf/ csufawmf"gwf/ v#mawmf"gwfponfjzifh wnf
&Sdaeygonf? T"gwfawmftrnfrsm;udkvnf; "n0wDacwfrSp+yD;/ acwf
tqufquf.bk&ifrsm; jyefvnfjyKjyifcJhonfudk uAŠnf;ausmufpmxdk;
xm;cJ h y gonf b k & m;? ,if ; a=umif h bk & m;a[mygVd a wmf t Ïuxm
ponfwdkŒrSm rygaomfvnf; trSefpifppfwnf&Sdaom"gwfarGawmfrsm;jzpf
a-umif; av#mufxm;ygonfbk&m;? "gwfarGawmfapwDrsm;rSm up>y
e'D(ac: )ukvm;wefjrpf. 0J=,m wav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ tOPe
e'D(ac: )av;_rdKΠjrpf. 0J=,m wav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ o&D&e'D (ac: )
o&Dacsmif;. 0J=,m wav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ &E<e'D (ac: ) &ef;acsmif;
jrpf. 0J=,m wav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ &rf;_AJu|ef;/ z±Hkumu|ef;/ oHwGJ
paomae&m/ a'otESHΠ&ckdifwjynfvHk;wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;wudk,fvHk;&Sd
(32)
"gwfawmfrsm;onf wnf&SdcJhyg.? Ak'<."gwfawmfEdkifiH[kvnf; ac:oifh
ygonf?
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&cdkifjynfwGiftoHk;jyKaom ydËuwfawmfrsm;rSm jrefrmrljzpfoavm/
rnfonfhrljzpfoenf;/ o*F g,emajcmufwefwGif ygaomrljzpfoavm/
ajz&Sif;ay;yg?
wynfah wmfwŒkd &ckid jf ynfwiG t
f oH;k jyKaom ydËuwfukd }udK;wef;
ydËuwfawmf[kac:ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudka&muf&Sdaom ydËuwfawmfrSm
oxHkuwqifh taemf&xmrif;,lcJhaomydËuwfawmfjzpfa=umif; od&Sd
&ygonf? oxHkydËuwfawmfrSmvnf; oD[dkVfrSwqifha&mufvmaom
ydËuwfawmfjzpfI oD[dkVfydËuwfac:a=umif; od&ygonfbk&m;? oD[dkVf
rSmvnf; &SifAk'<aCmoydËuwfESifh oD[dkVfEkdifiHom;wdkŒtac: p&d,
ydËuwf[I l &Syd gonfb&k m;? xkid ;f / AD,uferf/ vmtdwk Œkd rSm&Sad om ydËuwf
rsm;udk Zif;r,fyÀmoydËuwfawmf[k ac:a=umif;od&Sd&ygonf?
}udK;wef;ydÉuwf
wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifydËuwfudk tb,fa=umifh }udK;wef;
ydËuwf[kac:&jcif;udk &Sif;ygrnfbk&m;? yxrt}udrf o*F g,emrltwdkif;
'kwd,t}udrfo*Fg,emwifcJhygonf? 'kwd,t}udrfo*F g,emrltwdkif;
wwd , t}ud r f o *F g,emwif c J h y gonf ? &ck d i f j ynf w G i f v nf ; pwkwW
t}udrfo*F g,emwGif wwd,t}udrftwkdif; o*F g,emwifcJhygonf
(33)
bk&m;? TuJhodkŒ rl&if;twdkif; tqifhqifhpwkwÎt}udrfxdqif;oufvm
aomfvnf; ydËuwfawmfrsm;udk jznfhpGufjcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ E_wfy,fjcif;
vHk;0rjyKbJ woa0rwdrf; (&ckdiftac: ) pmrsOf;tc|wfyifv#ifrSefuef
aomydËuwfawmf jzpfygonf? pmrsOf;qdkonfrSm rsOf;a=umif;udkac:yg
onf? a&S;pum;rSm rsOf;a=umif;udk }udK;wef;[kac:ygonf? Oyrmtm;
jzifh opfwHk;wpfwHk;udk v$q&mu A[dkcGJvdkv#if opfwHk;.acgif;rSae
rD;aoG;okwfvdrf;xm;aom}udK;udk tv,fusatmifxm;+yD; tjcm;w
bufu vlwpfOD;u }udK;udkwif;aeatmifudkifI }udK;udkqGJ±dkuf&ygonf?
xdktcg rD;aoG;okwfvdrf;xm;aom}udK;.ta=umif;onf opfwHk;ay: Y
xif&Sm; pGmay:aeygonf? vHk;0aumufauGŒjcif;r&Sdyg? xdkenf;wlpGm
&ckdifjynf&SdydËuwfawmfrsm;rSmvnf; }udK;wef;onftaumuftauGŒ
r&SdouJhodkŒ jyKjyifjcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ E_wfy,fjcif;wnf;[laom csKdŒ,Gif;
csuftaumuftauGŒr&Sdygojzifh }udK;wef;ydËuwf[k trnfay;xm;
ygonfbk&m;?
yd É uwf w d k u f a v;q,f h & S p f c k
a&S;&ckdifbk&ifrsm;tkyfpdk;aomacwfu ajrmufOD;+rdKŒ.ywf0ef;
usifwGif oHCmwaxmifqefŒaom ausmif;awmf}uD; 36-ausmif;&SdcJh
a=umif; rSwo f m;&ygonf? xdak usmif;wdu k }f uD;rsm;Y Ak'p< mayudok if=um;
ae=uaom oHCmawmfrsm;wdŒk onf }udK;wef;ydËuwfupkd x H m;I avhvm
=uygonf? xdkydËuwfawmfrsm;udkxm;&Sd&eftwGuf ydËuwfwdkufac:
ykxkd;rsm;udk ajrmufOD;+rdKŒae&mtESHŒwGif awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? ordkif;tqdkt&
(34)
ydËuwfwdkufaygif;av;q,fh&Spfck &SdcJha=umif;od&Sd&ygonf? ,cktcg
+yd K ysuf o G m ;ojzif h wcsKd Πw0uf u d k o mawG Π&ygonf ? ,ck x uf w d k i f
taumif;yuwdawGŒ&aom ydËuwfwkdufrSm csdefudkufydËuwf/ bawmf
ydËuwfwdkuf/ r,fawmfulydËuwfwdkufwdkŒjzpf=uygonf?
,if;a=umifh a&S;acwfua&;om;=uaompmayrsm;Y a0omvD
wGifo*F g,emwGifcJhpOfu rltjzpfxm;cJhaom}udK;wef;ydËuwfwdkuf
awmfrSwqifh a&;ul;jcif;jzpfa=umif;udk aypm.tqHk;Y }udK;wef;ydË
uwfawmftwdkif;a&;ul;jcif;jzpfygonf[k a&;om;xm;onfudk ,aeŒ
wdkif aypmrsm;wGifawGŒ&SdEdkifygao;onf bk&m;?
wynfhawmfonf t&Sifbk&m;.ar;cGef;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajzqdkcJh
onfrSm 4-em&D=umjrifhcJhyg+yD? wynfhawmf.&Sif;vif;ajzqdkcsufrsm;udk
vnf;oabmayguf vufcHvdrfhrnfxifygonf? t&Sifbk&m;wdkŒrSmvnf;
bk&m;zl;&ef&Sdaeygao;I wynfhawmf.&Sif;vif;ajzqdkcsufrsm;udk tqHk;
owfcGifhjyKygbk&m;?
q&m}uD ; .ajz=um;av#muf x m;csuf t ay: t&S i f n m%d
o&q&mawmfrSm aemufxyfar;jref;jcif;rjyKEkdifawmhbJ bk&m;zl;&ef
twGuf nae 5-em&DcefŒwGif o#pfaomif;ykxdk;awmf}uD;rS jyefºuGoGm;
cJhygonf?
(35)
Ù q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef; (1917
(1917==1990) Ù
q&m=uD; OD;OD;omxGef;ukd &ckdifjynfe,f/ ajrmufOD;jrdKŒ/ anmif
yifaps;&Gmae/ tz OD;aumif;pH&GD/ trd a':atmif=uGZHwkdŒrS 1917/ Ekd0if
bmv 23 &uf aom=umaeŒwGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? wpfOD;wnf;aomom;
jzpfonf?
i,f&G,fpOfrSpI tbkd;jzpfol&mZ0ifq&m=uD; OD;omxGef;
atmifu &ckdif&mZ0if/ aq;usrf;/ euQwfusrf;/ yl&m%fusrf;rsm;ukd E_wf
wkduf tm*kHoif=um;ay;cJhonf? e0rwef;wGif ynmoif=um;aepOf zcif
uG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh ausmif;rS EkwfxGufvkduf&jyD;aemuf &[ef;yk*~KdvfwkdŒ
xHY ouUË/ ygVd/ orkdif;/ tif;/ aA'ifESifh tjcm;avmuDynm&yfrsm;ukd
oif=um;avhvm qnf;yl;cJhonf?
1950 ckESpfESifh 1955 ckESpftxd rlvwef;ausmif;q&mtjzpf
0ifa&mufvkyfukdifcJhonf? 1955 ckESpfrS 1977 ckESpftxd ajrmufOD;jrdKŒ
a&S;a[mif;okawoeÏmecGJwGif &ckdif-jrefrm¾d tjzpfwm0efxrf;
aqmifcJhonf? ,ck vuf&SdajrmufOD; a&S;a[mif;okawoejywkduf}uD; rSm
q&m=uD;pkaqmif;wnfaqmufcJhaom jywkduf=uD;jzpfonf? 1977 ckESpfrS
1983 ckESpftxd ajrmufOD;+rdKŒa&S;a[mif;okawoeÏmecGJwGif t=uH
ay;yk*d~Kvftjzpf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1980 ckESpf rS 1983
ckESpftxd wl;azmfcJhaom &ckdifa0omvDjrdKŒa[mif; wl;azmfr_ vkyfief;wGif
ukd,fwkdifukd,fus yg0ifwl;azmfcJhonf?
ajrmufO;D jrdKŒbk&m;orkid ;f (1301-ckEpS )f OD;&mZfawmifb&k m;=uD;
orkdif; (ykHESdyf)/ ajrmufOD;jrdKŒbk&m;orkdif;usrf;jyifqifjznfhpGufcsuf (ykHESdyf)
(36)
(1952-53) &uQKdiftrsKd;orD;ol&Jaumif; twˆKy`wWd (1953-(1952-53)
&uQKid t f rsK;d orD;ol&aJ umif; twˆKy`wdW (1953-54) (ykEH ydS )f / &uQKid &f mZm0if
tacFyusrf; (1954-55) ykHESdyf/ 0oJbk&m; orkdif; (ykHESdyf)/ &Sifowfbk&m;
orkdif; (ykHESdyf) wkdŒukd xkwfa0cJhonf?
&uQKdifuAsmaygif;csKyf/ &uQKdif&mZ0ifvuFmbmomjyef/ &uQKdif
'*F g;rsm;bmomjyef/ &uQKdifjynf "mwfawmfbk&m;apwDrsm;ESifh ajrmufOD;
jrdKŒwefckd;=uD;bk&m;rsm; orkdif;pmrlrsm;ukd a&;om;jyKpk+yD; b¾a&;0ef}uD;
qmOD;xGefatmifausmfokdΠay;tyffcJhonf?
tHhawmfodrf;bk&m;orkdif;usrf;/ oJxufbk&m;orkdif;usrf;/ xD;
awmfr;dk bk&m;orkid ;f / abmif;'Gwef wfawmif bk&m;orkid ;f / a0omvDb&k m;
}uD;orkid ;f / odraf wmf}uD;bk&m;orkid ;f / r[mxD;bk&m;orkid ;f / yg;awmfb&k m;
orkid ;f / r*Fvm"mwfa&$ub l &k m;orkid ;f wkŒd ukd &wkvuFmpum;ajyarmfueG ;f
ponfwkdŒjzifh a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf?
"n0wDr*~Zif;ukd pmwnf;ESifh t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,l
xkwfa0cJhonf? "n0wDpmapmif/ "n0wDr*~Zif;/ &ckdifwefaqmifr*~Zif;/
rE Wav;jynfolŒ*sme,f/ &efukef r*~Zif;/ pkHaxmuf r*~Zif;/ ,Ofaus;r_pm
apmif/ &ckdifr*~Zif;/ ppfawGr*~Zif;/ &ckdifjynfe,fpmapmif/ 0&mZfajrr*~Zif;
wkdŒwGif OD;OD;omxGef;/ OD;ol&d,ponfh uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh aqmif;yg;
rsm;a&;om;cJhonf?
jrdKŒapmifhewfa'0wmAvD ylaZmfusrf;/ tOPeed'gef;aq;usrf;/
&ckdifpnfjyKvkyfykHESifh wD;uGufwD;vkH;rsm; uAsmrsm;/ pkaygif;pmwrf;/ &ckdif
xdrf;jrm;r*Fvmyef;/ wsm;wD;vkH;wD;uGufESifh jyKvkyfykHtwkdif;twm pm
wrf;/ &ckdifowfykHowfn$ef;cGJxm;jcif; t"dy`m,fxGufykHpmwrf;/ &ckdifyk
(37)
avG(+rGD) trsKd;rsKd;ukdjyKvkyfykHtwkdif;twmpmwrf;/ Ak'<ylZed,qDrD;cGuf
tu/ oD;csif;uAsmponfwkdŒukd a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf?
qif,ifxkH;zGJŒr_ (rl=urf;)/ &ckdif&mZ0if (rl=urf;)/ &ckdiftuQ&m
qif;oufvmykHusrf; (rl=urf;)/ &ckdifausmufpmaygif;csKyfusrf; (rl=urf;)/
&ckdifrif;om;'ifrmwif (rl=urf;)/ t&SifOD;jr0gusrf; (rl=urf;)/ &ckdifrif;
orD;{csi;f &Si;f vif;csuf (rl=urf;)/ Asmvfpmwrf;/ ausmufawmfjrdKΠaovm
*D&Darm&yAŠwawmifajc&if;rSawGŒ&Sd&aom ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;
okawoejyKcsuf(rl=urf;) ponfwkdŒukd a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf?
=opa=w;vsEkdifiHtrsKd;om;wuUokdvfokawoD Pamela
Gutman . Ancient Arakan usrf;jyKpk&mwGif vnf;aumif;/
jyifopfEkdifiH yg&DjrdKŒrS ygarmuQ&mzwfqmAf&f (Bernot) tm; &ckdifykHjyif
vdyf u
f efzm;r 0wˆKESihf us;D jzL&Gm pmwrf;wkŒd ukd vnf;aumif;/ t*FvefEidk if H
ygarmuQOD;vSodef; (ac: ) *GseftkduJvftm; apwDtaqmufttkHESifheef;
taqmufttkq H idk &f mpmwrf;ukv d nf;aumif;/ tar&duefEidk if H tm&Sazmif
a';&Sif; twGif;a&;rSL; a';Apfpwdrf;Am;pftm; a0omvDausmuf&kyfwk
qif;wkwkdŒ.ESpfaygif; =um;anmif;r_ wkdif;wmr_pmwrf;ukdvnf;aumif;/
*syef E k d i f i H y garmuQ t k d E k d w k d & _ E S i f h &ck d i f p um;ajymav,l a vod r f ;
toH x G u f y k H p mwrf ; ES i f h abmif ; 'G w f t &yf & S d 'csf a umif q wf v m
taqmufttkHykHpHESifh uloef;a&mif;0,fcJh=uykHpmwrf;ukdvnf;aumif;
a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf?
EkdifiHawmftpkd;&,Ofaus;r_ÏmeESifh tjcm; yk*~Kdvfrsm;tm;
vnf;aumif;/ OD;rif;Ekdif. jynfaxmifpktuya'ompmtkyf (1959-ck)/
(38)
&ckid af w;oHpmtkyf (1965) &ckid w f idk ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;jzpfpOfEiS hf "avhx;Hk
pHrsm;pmtkyf/ wkdif;&if;om;,Ofaus;r_ &kd;&m"avhxkH;pHrsm;/ &ckdifjynfe,f
b¾mwku d =f uD;rsm;usr;f / &ckid &f ;dk &mpnfEiS hf wl&,d mwD; uGurf sm; pmwrf;/
jrefrma0g[m& tbd"mefusrf; jyKpk&mwGif a0g[m& pmvkH;rsm;jyKpkay;ykdŒ
jcif;/ &ckid af 0g[m& tbd"mefjyKpk&mwGif a0g[m& pmvk;H ESihf t"dym` ,fziG q hf dk Ak'o
< moem ESihf &cki
d jf ynf
csu/f usr;f uk;d um;csurf sm; pmtkyjf yKpkjcif;/ 1976-77 ck &ckid jf ynfe,faeŒ/
&ckdifjynfe,fatmifvH/ &ckdifjynfe,fwHqdyf/ &ckdif&kd;&m usm;§r 0wfpkH pm
wrf;/ &ckid jf ynfe,fjzpfpOforkid ;f / ajrmufO;D jrdKŒjzpfpOforkid ;f / ajrmufO;D vrf;
n$ef ponfwkdŒukd yg0ifulnDa&;om; jyKpkcJhonf?
txufwef;ynmOD;pD;Ïmen$efcsKyf (jidrf;) ygarmuQ OD;pHom “&ckdifY udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;/ udk,fhxD;udk,fheef;ESifh/ udk,fhbmomomoem
atmiftm;vnf; 1972 ck/ tbd"rRm aumufEkwfcsuf yk&ykdufukd rkdufc&kd ESifh }uD;yGm;xGef;um;aeaomtcsdef jzpfaeonfudk t&Sifbk&m;pdwfrSm
zvif&kdufESdyf&efvnf;aumif;/ *0du¾ygo%usrf;ayrlukd rkdufc&dkzvif rSwfxm;&ygrnf? ”
&kdufEkdif&efvnf;aumif;/ vSsKdŒ0Sufausmufpm *%ef;a&;enf;ayrlukd rkdufc
&kdzvif&kduf&efvnf;aumif;/ at'D 6 &mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH; “wynf h a wmf w d k Œ &ck d i f j ynf ol w yg;vuf a tmuf u sa&muf o nf h
tuQ&mpmtkyjf yKpk&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ teENpjENm;&Sp&f mpk &ckid af 0omvD aeŒup_yD; omoemnd‡K;EGrf;cJhonfrSm ,aeŒwkdifjzpfygonf?”
pmtkyfjyKpk&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ Ak'<tEkynm Art of Ancierb
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