In this chapter, studcnts wili:

r (a) usc a graphic calcuhtor to dra\r and compare the graphs ofa variety oftunolions:
(b) unclcrstand th€ relationshjp betu'eeo a graph and ils associated algebraic equation, and in
parlicLrlar show tnmiliaity with the grrphs oflhe slandard equalions sucb as cllipse and
hyperbola:

3 (c) undersland the characlcrislics ol gmphs wilh thc hclp of a graphic crlculalor, locaic thc lllming
points. alrd delcmrinc lhc asyrnptotes (horizontal, \'erlical and obliquo). axcs ofs}rlnnclry. and
testriclious on lhe possible valuos ofr and-f;
E (d) sketch the graph of a ralionai function whcn thc dcnoninalor is a lincar cxprcssion ftrd the
nullleralor is cilhcr a linear or quadratic cxpressrcn, and delermine the cqualions ofasynplotcs,
ir,rrr .e\': ,r', . ir'r tr e r tc.. .r.rl r''n, e poir ' .:
&x+l) arz +b\-tc
Y=
*".1 '=-,k*"
E (l.) select lhe rpproprjatc "windorr- ofr graphic calcularor that would clisplay thc crilioal lcalures of
the lu clions whon skctching graphs.

-l-hincs
to include $hcn skctchinq a eraph

I -t andy axcs
2 "r and intcrccpts (if^ny)
I
3 as)'rnptotes (if any) and label the equation ofthe aslanptotes
4 statioiary points (ifany) and iabel the coordinales
5 equatiol oftlle graph
6 thc radi s and the coo.dinates ofthc ccntrc (applicable to circles)
'/. the semi-ma.jor and semi-minor axes alld the coordinates ofdrc centre
(applicable to eilipses)

The excllLsioi ofany ofthe above nertioned features mav lead to loss ofcredit during
examinations.

(x ir) I (v t,\ ,

A. Graphs of the form a' ' b (Note : both r: and.), are of

dcgrce 2)

(a) The Ellipse

.l * .rt-
,se1: Whcn h-0. k=0 =,

c9-1
'I he equation represents an cllipse with celtre (0, 0) and its axes of symmetry
arc the.r-axis and thc-},-axis. When r: 0: -t: ! l), when J = 0, :! : t d.
If a > b, then a length of semi-najor axis; b: length ofsemirninor axis.

If d < b, lhen D : lcngth of semi-najor axis; ,r : length of semi-minor axis.

major axis.
,4..4' is called the .1,f is callcd thc rninor axis
BR'is called lhe rninor axis BB' is r:alled thc ma.jor axis.

trxample 1

.84I
Skctch the eliipse *L =r .

Solution:
The equation ofthe ellipse cdn be written as

PJ2,i Z

ase2: Wher h+0, k+0

{r ,)' +, (r -ef =t
The equntion f, 5j represents an ellipse with centre (/r, /r) an<l its

axes of symmctry are x=hand y-k. v

Example 2

!i-l) ( v li'
Slerch rhe ellinse
' -l
) t6
Solution:
The equation ofthe ellipse can be written as

c9-2
 (it-l)
u(] 42ll ='
il)'
flence, the coordinates ofthe centre ofeliipse is

(b) Thc Circle

Whcn rr . 15, thc cquation

!+l+0,0)'='
is corrmonly expressed as (..- t'| , (1 - *)' =.'
It rcpresents a circle with centre ( lr, i ) and radius a.

Hence- rvhen n=t=0. !- * l-=1 is acircle,

Ll'
ccntre at (0, 0) and radius a uDits.
(The ecluation can also be written as r'1 + -y) = 11r 1

Example 3

Skctch orl separate diagranls, the graphs of

(D l, *J =r (ii) (:r+ l)2 +(1,-U)2 =S

Solution

{i' I *I I \\hich c:n,lsn bc crprcs.cJ

99
u. + -r,2 = 9, is the eqlration of a circle
"2
with centre and radius

(ii) (;+l)2 +(y-2)2 = 5 is theequation of

a circle with centre and radius

How do we check ifthe circle passes through the oriein?

l By substitutirg the coordinates (0, 0) into the equation
ofthe circle, or
2. By using p)4hagoras theorem to check that the distance
between the origin an<l the ceitre ofthe circle is r,5.

c9-3
Gcnerf,l Form ol thc Equation of an Ellipse/Circle

'l hc gencral cquation ofan ellipsc or circlc is givcn by a.r

t +h1 t +,n+J1+e=0
whcrc o, I, c, d and e are constants and lr + 0, l) + 0.

The cquation ofan ellipse and the cquatiol ola cirole are similar- Both equations
i) do not have any 'r.I,' tcrms, and

ii) the coeificients ol-r2 and y2 (i.e. a ancl l) are both ofthe same sign.

Diffcrcncc between the equation olan ellipsc and thc cquation of a circle:

Coeliicient of-r2 : Coeflicient ofy'?

Circle

Cocfficicnt of;2 + Cocfficicnt ofy?

Ellipse

Example 4

Sketch the lbllowing graphs on separatc diagrairs.

(i) -r'z+ y'? +8-r- 2y+13 = 0
(ii) 9r' +,11' + 36-r - 0
(iii) 4-r: +16r+9-r,: + 15 = 0
Solution:
(t r'+ y'+81 2),+13=0

( 4, 1)
(r+4)r +(), l)'] 4=0
(r.+4)? +(J l)r =2'?
Centre ofcirole:

Radius:

(ii) 9:r'z+ 41,'z+36,r = 0

9(x+2)')+4y')-36=0

(x+ 2.lr l,l

t ' l='
Centre ofellipse:

c9-4
 4rc? + 16r+ 9y? + l5 = 0
(iii)
4 (x'? + 4-r) +9y2 +15 = 0
1 (r +2)1 - 16 +9yt +15=O
4 (t +2)' +9y' =1

Cenhe ofellipse:

Note on use of GC:

GC APPS, CONICS supports the graphing ofcircles and ellipse using the sta dard
forms ofequation for both, and the general.foml ofequationfor circle- LIo*-eNer,
sludents are expected to be able to carry out 'completing llle square' \Nheneyer
exact values of lhe charactelistics ofthe conics are requtred or when unltnowns are

(' ,, \v k)
4. Grapbs of the torm a -
-: '

The [Ivperbola
A hyperbola comprises two disconnected curves called its
arms oi branches. The special feature ofa h),?erbola is its two
asymploles. These two as)4rptotes make equal angles
with the coordinate axes and closs each other at lhe center
rl1'the hperbola (but not necessarily at the origin) and have

lyadrents ot i .

The diagram on the right shows a sketch ofa

hvoerbola ofeouation l- l- = t (i.e. h: k: O).

The centre ofa h)?erbola is given by (, , t ) and the jr-intercepts, r = tp are to be

determined.

SDecial case:
ln the case when a : 6, the hlperbola becom es a rectangular hyper6ol4 because
the two as)4nptotes are perpendicular to each other.

c9-5
 Example 7

Sketch the graph of l-!=1. State, if a,,y, the equatiom of the as)mptotes, the
4l
a\ial inlsrcepts 3nd the stalronary pornls.

Solution:
22
L=L t - ,2 =1"2 -3
31 4

v-x,! .$' a)

. Points ofintersection with axes:

As r ) oo, 1x2 4) >

' ]<" -ot '

Soas r..,,o, t
/r .
.i:(r'-4) r
l/4
y-+ t
.6
''' .?
-jr
t;
.. Fqualion\ olss1mproles: I - | vr
)
r

Stationary points:

r,=dx+b
Graphs of Rational Functions ofthe form ' cx+d
The Rectaneular Ilyperbola
Eg.
Ah
y:
d ,c
(i) a+___:L >O
cx+

When r -+ co, y -+ a*
when r' -+ -co, J" -+ 4

Aq.mptotes: Jr'
: d, :v = 4

c9-6
 hh..
't:,,+ cx+d . c <U
(ii)
Wlen -r > co, y -> a*
When j )_co,Jl).l

Asymptotcs: -y = 17, jr: !

Note:
i) As)Tnptotes (ifthey exist) ofa 1'unction are lines or curves that the gaph ofthe flnction
tends to at extreme values ofr ory.
ii) A RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA is a h)?erbola whose as),rnptotes arc at right angles.

Example 8

Sketch the srooh of -v: {i-1.

rl
Solution

n+l )
n-1

Horizontal as].rnptote
= :

When ;r - I = 0, (why do we consider this?)

we obtain

- Vertical aslmptote:

\914: 1* is anumber slightlybigg€r than 1, e.g. 1.001 and l- is a number slightly

smaller than l, i.e. 0.999.

c9-7
 Example 9
'1,?l
Sketch the gaph of y = --=
\l
Solution
3-2r ^ I

' t ) x-?

3 Horizontal asymptote :

? Vertical asFnptote:

') 1
r=o.y=
3
Y =O,x=t

c. Graphs of Rational Functions ofthe form

The graph of equation , = *'i?;" should be expressed in proper fiaction,

vieldinslhe lorm 'Y=h I lt_L.

dx+e
Hence, ) = i:r+/ is the oblique aslmptote and r=-i is the veitical aslmptote.

Example 10

Sketch the gaph of y -' x2'- ' . Stale. ifany.

(i) the points ofinte$ection with the axes,
(ii) the equations ofthe aslmptotes, &
(iii) the exact coordinates of the stationary points.

S.slgg.s4.:

)- \)
= r + I + -+ ( This can be obtained using long division or the 'juggling' method.)

c9-8
(D Using GC, the points ofintcrscction with axes: (0, -l12)

(i, As r -> ur,y +

Equations ofasymptotes: (Oblique asymptote)

(Venical asynptote)

( iii)
o_Y r' 4x+1
dr (_. :)'

For stationary points,

=l=2 16 or 2+JJ
= The stationary points are 1Z + JT, : + 2.f)
and (2 J3,3 2Jt)

Do You realise?

i) r: 1, I,l>o; !
1"gory= ii) 1= -3, 1"g ot1 = ,t.o)
I). xx
v = Ii L -2x
3
lir -rl {in ErcmDle 8) iii) ' (in Examplc 9)
\2

.,-2,t--.,
These rectangular l)?€rbolas are actually cases of y= la----l]---l which crnbe

written as
llal L
j- -s(')+ dxte
dx,.
where fO:) can be a constant, a linear expression or a quadratic expression, leading to
g(jr) being a zero, a non-zero constant and a linear expression respectively.

c9-9
D. Paramctric Equations
A curvc can be clefined pararnct.ically by the equations -r = l(r) rud 1, = g(l),
where f and g are funclions of/. a new vatiablc.

'l he equations graphs sketched belore llis section are called

ofthc ca esian*
equations (i-c. expressed in tenns ol'-r and ], only).

In some cases, relalionships belwecn r and }. ar'e so corDplicatcd that it is easi€r

to express r. and ), cach in tcrms of a third variable. callod a parineter. Sornctimcs,
simplcr Cartcsian equations may allso be expressed pamnelricaliy il1 order 1o model
how r and I behave rvith respect to 1lle tlrird parameter.

+
lhc Ltrtc.'kt tootlinate systent ( i e. llle t r plok, ius uty.at.l b\ nNth.tnutuntn, Rc i Dts.trtat
(tj96 l6.tA) ||ho\rds dlso u hishlr inl antul phibsartuL sdcnli.\!tnltvLteL

!lxample
Supposc that the fliliht path of two airplanes ciln be traced on a 2 D planc.
Supposc that one airplane moves along the line 2-r1: 3 i
whilc thc other airplane moves along the line =
-t 3,\ - 2

(ri http.//hro line.,etlsrcenhoursai t AIPoktPatun/PARAMIQ I ITM)

Bven though the lines intersect, the equations themselvcs do not tcll us wltether there
will bc a rnid air collision. To bc ablc to mathematically model this scenario. we can
use paramctric cquations- We introduce thc variable I for time and wite r and -t, ds a
function oft.

Consider thc flight path oithc airplanc givcn by y: Lt + \.It can be described using
any ofthe follo*,ing scts ofcquations:

A. jr:1,
y:2t+1,or
B. x:2t, y:4t+l
These two sets ofequations describe the same line, J,,:2-y r
1 but thc sccond set of
equations indicates that the speed is twice that ofthc speed captured by the lirst set.

c9-10
Erample ll
A curvc has paramctric equations
r=l+12- t=21
where I is a non-negativc parameler.

(i) Sketch the curve.

(ii) What are the coordinatcs ofthe poiit at /: .l? Indicate this point on the
curvc in (i).
(iiD Find lhe equalion ofthc cun'e in cartesian lbmr and skctch this crlrvc-

Solution: bcI Eng

(i) S/ep ,i isu,itch calculator mode to Paratnelric modc.
B 12345678

<MODE>, <Arrow dorvn to Func:,

PoI seq
DDI
<Use the right arow to choosc Par>
lflGll Sir.tul
a+br. |.P"tlt
Hor-iz E-T
.:ENTER>

The calculator is now tn pdtdnrctric equalions Dbdt.

Pl+t1 Pldtt Fl')tl
.t/ep 2r Entcr the parametric equations. \,1irll1+1.
I,J
1T EzT
zrC

Slep J: Graph the lirnction and set lhe wirdo'"v.

:
[Note: it is important to sct T,ri. 0 in lhe window because it is givcn that t is a
non-negativc parameter. We need to .cad the range ofvaiues oft glven in thc
question carelully aDd adjust the values ofTntn and T-," ltccord

tJIHn0tJ
Tnin=B
Tr4ax= 1E
Tstep=. E 1
Hn i n=B
Hnax= 1B
.tVr'r i n=B

trt I H0[trl
tTsLep= , 01
Hr"ri n=B
Hr'rex= 1B
Vr,r i n=B
Yr'rax= 1E
cq-t l
(ii)

: du,'dx
: de,'dt
: dx,'dt

(iiD
Plotl Plot? PlotS
rYrE.I(4{X-1))

=r*L4
L=*-l
4
v'=q(x t)

c9-12
 Appendix

The Straieht Linc

The equation of a straight line may be expressed as

. ax+ by+c:O (general l-om), or
o y = zx i c, where m: gadient, c:y-intercept (Fadient-intercept form).
Example
(j) r=o (li) r=2 ( iii) 21 +]l 4:0

Parallel or Pcrpcndicular lines:

'Iwo lines having gradients rnr and m, respectiveiy arc
(i) parallei if m, = rr,
(ii) perpendicular if m,m2: I
Example (i) 7:0and y=-lt*t are parallel.
The straight lines 2t +3-i,
3
(ii) The straight +
lines 3x 41, 2 :0 and 4rf 3l = 5 are perpendicular
to each other.

The Parabola
ln general, a parabola
. with an axis ofs)4nmehy parallel to the.l,-axis, can be expressed as
y=a(,+u)'+c, e+0.
. with an axis ofs),mmetry parallel to ther-il\is, can be expressed as
(t+")'=n ; 6,
"*g
Some examples of y = a(x+b)'+c, a+0.
i y=+(x-2)'+1 b) v = (x + t)'7 +4

c9-13
 q-p9S!4IlS!-L: When,: c:0, rvc havc

(i)

the equation ofa parabola u,ith axis ofsymmetry -y = 0 ancl venex (0,0) .

Example:
a) i, :3rr, (whcrc d > o) h) (wh rd -(r.)

("Upward" Parabola) ("Downward"

Parabola)

(ii)

the equation ofa parabola with aris (]1 s),rnmetry _r = 0 and vertex (0,0) .

Example:
r) .v' = 2x, (where a > 0) b)

J. <0)

("Right Hand" Parabola) ("Leff Hand" Parabola)

C. (l)Graphsof y=tr1'. zeZ+- r>l

Case 1: fliseven (v: lcr',E.kx'. Case 2: n is odd (v : kx'- /cr' - ...)
fr<0
y+

c9-11
 Example I
Skctch on the san]e diagram
(i) the graphs of .y = i'? and I = -r4 (ii) lhe graphs ol 1= -tr
Solution
(i) For the graphs of y = r'? and y = -1',
xo <-rt fbr0.r< I a d lor-1< r < 0,
ro = rr lbrr: 1, 0, I
rt - t' L,rr 'l unJ t I
Note: Thc two curvcs intorscct at (0,0). ( I,l) and ( I , l).

(iD Fol the graphs of .y : ;r n5l .i = ,ri,

.rt<.rt for0<l< lor-Y< l,

n' = rr forx: 0, I and l,
r'>-rt lbr l<-r<0 andr>l
Notc:
The two culves intersect at (0,0), (l,l) and (-1,-l).

c.(2) Glaohs of v-[1'. "eV,' n>l

Case 1: r? is even Case 2: r is odd ( .1,,=

(k-0)

I
c.(3) craDhs of Y =kt" n€Z+- n>l
I I
Case 1: z is even (1= /oi ..) Case 2: a is odd (v = t,' ,l' = h5...)
(r'0) (r'0)

c9-15
Example 2
Sketch on the same diagam
I 1 I ,t,
(i) the graphs of t: ).2 and j| =ir4 (ii) the graphs of

Solution:
(i)

Differentiation

1. The Quotient Rule:

du dv
Let?l and v be two functions ofr.
ollll dr dr
a" I
",t

(;-r)i1z"i-z,i(l+r) 2r(2r) z(l-r)

"o 1[3]=
dx\1+1,/
(r')' 6'*tf
-
("*r)'
2. A stationary point is a point on the curve *he.e $= 0
dir

Nature of roots to an equation

Quadratic Equation ax' + bx+ c =O

, Lt .
I l he rnots ire -DtnD 4AC

2a
2. The naturc ofthe roots depends on the drscriminant D=br 4ac
(a) IfD > 0, roots are Real and Distinct
(b) IfD : 0, roots arc Real and Equal
(c) IfD > 0, roots ar€ Rdal
(d) IfD < 0, roots are Complex, imaginary ot uhreal

c9-16
 [Jsc of GC for Gr:rphing Techniqucs: Standard graDhs
A: Inlportant Notes

l) How to switch to "dottcd" modc

For rnosl graphs on the G.C. due to screen resoluliorl linlitations, il qray or may not be
bettcr to work ir "dotted" mode. You can change each graph individually as shown in
later cxanrplcs or do it automatically fol all
graphs like so:

<MODE>
scroll down tu DO I using thc arrow keys, Before, only Ali()r, all variables arc
<llNTER>, .:2nd>. <MODE>. <Y::' Y I is {loried dotted.

2) Tlre dilGrence between <(-)> md < >

<( )>,':9> for " - 9" and NoT

You will noticc that for begiining examples the steps to using thc calculator is very
tlelailed- As you rnovc along. gaining cxpcricnce in using the calculator, many keying
proccsses will be regarded as assuned knowledge.

B: The Parabola

How to plot a graph using the <Y=> function

.y2 = 2x =.> -r,

: t.'Di (Drarv I = .,D.v and y: ): (t (iD
"Ex
Use the a.row keys to move to the llrst variable Yl VJEJ(2X)
.rnd . r' . ', X.l,r),n, ,) . [scc(i)]
Use the arrow keys to move to the seconcl variable Y2
<( )>, <VARS> (iiD
Use the arrow keys to move to Y VARS lsee (ii)l
I -, - t>. lsce (iii)]
. < GRAPH> fsee (iv)l

Horv ro use the ZOOM firnction

1) ZoomBox:
o <ZOOM>, <1>,
. Use the arow keys to move the blinking cursor to any comer ofbox <ENTER>
lsee (i)l
. Usc thc arrow keys to move the culsor in ordcr to create a box which covers thc area
you want to zoom in [see (ii)]
. <ENTER> Isee (iii)]

c9-1'/
p*, l.ull,inu y:tL? +bx+c, a>0,saya:1.b:A,c: 3;

2) Zoolnln:

. t]se the nrrow kcys to nrcve 1o the first variable Y I

. <4>- .:X, t,0,n>, <-t:>, < >, .-l>, '-GRAPHt [sce (i)]
. Usc the anow keys to scroll to the point where you want the cenhe ofzoom t') he
. ..ZOONl:'. <2>. <DNTER> fsee (ii)l

3) Zoomout:
. tjse the arrow keys to soroll 1o thc point \there you want the centrc ofzoom to be.
. <ZOOM>, .:J>. <EN'lER: lscc (iii)]

4) Zoomstdndard: IZIris
This is used when you nccd the graph to be dralvn using the del'ault rvindow lsee (iv)l
r -:ZOOM>, <6:., <ENil ER>

LIow to find the i!-intercepts using the <CALC> function

<2nd>.:TRACE><2> lsce (i)l

Us(] the arrow keys to move the culsor to tho lcft hand side ofthe intercepl which you
are interestcd in linding and press <.ENTEII> [see (ii)]
Use thc anow keys to move the cursor to the right hand side ofthe intcrcept wlich you
are intercsted in linding and press <ENTER> [scc (iii)]
. <ENTER> Isee (iv)]
(i) (ii) ort)

Go through the same procedure in order to find th(- other it-interccpt.

How to find ther-interccpt usirg thc <CALC> function

o <2nd><TRACE><1><0><ENTER>

c9 18
Cl: Graphs of l,: kr-"'
For,t>0. even, say /. : L5, r'?=8
'r
To draw graph:

. Use the arrow kcys to movc to thc first variable Yl

. <1>, <.>, <5>. .:X.'f ,e ,n>, <^-', <8>, <GI{APH>

'fo zoom for a bcttff vil]w:

. .ZOOM-:
. LJse the a.row keys b select the appropriale zoom (Zoomln, Zoonout or ZoornBox)
. <(;ItAPH>

For other /c and n values, say A - 1, r- 3 (rdd)

To draw othc. graphs:

. Use the anow keys to move to the first variable Y I

. <CI-EAR>, <( )>. .: I >, .:X,T,o,n>', <">. <3>, <CRAPll>

Example I
Thc graphs of -r,
: -r:r and .I : 15.

Drarv .1 : xr:
. <Y:>. <-X.l,e.n-:. <^>.. <3:,.

Ho\\'to chanse the fbnnat ofa line

e.g. to chaDge fo dotted line.

Dlaw )' : in a dolled line:
rr5
. Use the arow keys to movc to variablc Y2
. llso the anow keys to move to the nost l.lls of that row
. <ENTER>, <ItN l'lrR>, <EN1]]R>, <DNIER>, <ENTER>, <ENTER>

To entery - rs and plot both graphs: I

. <X.T.0.n>, <^>. <5>.<GRAPH>
To zoom for a better view:
. <zooM>
. Use the arrow kcys to solcct the app.opriate zoom functiol
. <GRAPH>

How to find intorscction points

'fo tlnd an intersection point between the graphs:

. <2nd>, <TRACE>, <5> [sce (i)]
. Use tlle arrow keys to choose your fiIst curve by moving the cursor [see (ii)]
e <RNTER>

c9- l9
 Clhoosc your 2nd cune by ntoving the cursor-rvilh thc arrorv kevs again Isee (iii)]
ENTFR LNIER -
lsee (iv)l
(i) (iii) (i')

Note:
In order to find lhe coordinales oflhe intelsectjon point that yotl want, you can eithcl move
the cu$or near to the inte$ection point al'tc. choosing lhe 2nd curve or guess a valuc ofx
which is closc to the actuai value.

IIo\r'to show the {able and use the <WINDOW> lunctiot

To comparc lhe-}' coordinates of cach curve at thc samc.t coordinate:

. ..2nd>, <GllAPll;-

Ifthe talrlc ofvalues don't give you thc points that you want, you can adiust the increnent
valuc:
. <2nd>. <WINDOW>
(iv)
. Use thc arrow keys to move to "ATbl"
. flhange the Tblstart valuc to 0.6
. Changc the increment value to 0.1 lscc (i)] :ffifi F:
. flse --2nd>. <GRAI'H> to rctum to the tablc ofvalues.

C2: Graphs of y: tr ":

For /.>0. r cven. sav i:2. n:2. r.e. y=3

Draw J, =3:
. <Y:>, <2>,<->, < ( >, <X,T,e,n>, <-t2>, < ) >
o Use the ZOOM function ifnecessary

To observe relationship with 1 = j;2 :

.
.
.
.
Use the anow keys to move to Y2
<l>, <:>, <VARS>
Use tho arow keys to move
<1>, <1>, <GRAPH>
to Y VARS
1E2/<X 2)

!V
Examplc 2
I L
Graphsofy=r: alal

L 1
. Draw r,=x2 and

c9-20
 Sirnilar steps k) thc carlicI ones but please ersurc that you have
includcd the brackets whcre appropriate i.e. ,r ^(l/2) instcad ofr "1/2.
Use the ZOOM 1'unotion ifneccssarv.

To comparc the y coordinatos ofeach cur.,,e at the same,r coordinate:

. ':2nd>- <GRAPH>

lf the tablc ofvalues doesn't givo you the poinls thal you want, you can adjust the
increrr)ent value using the <WINDOW> firnction:
. <2 d:'. <WINDOW>
. [Jsc the anow keys to move to " A'l'bl"
. Change thc incrernenf valuc to {).2
. <0:-, <.>, <2>,.-2nd--, <GRAPII:-

D: Circles & Ellipses

Example 5(i)
D.aw thc circle -t'] + ),r = 9 + | = 1.,6 ,r'2

Drarv l'i hirlf oI circle:

r <1. >, <2nd>, <9>, <->- <x,'l',0,n>,
<r'>,<)>.<GRAPH>, lsec (j)l
<z(xlM>, <5>, lsee (ii)l
<zooM>, <2> Zoom standard Zoom square Zoorn hl
Usc the atrow keys to moYc youa
cursor up betwccn 0 and the m,L\. pt
. <DNTER> lsee (iii)]

Draw 2''d half of circle):

(')
. Use the alTow kcys to move to the
second variable Y2, <(-)>,
<VARS>
. Use the arrow keys to move to Y-
VARS <1>, <1>, < CRAPH> [see (i)]
o <ZOOM>, <6>, <ZOOM>, <5>, lsee (ii)]
. <ZOOM>, <2>, <ENTER> fsee (iii)]

c9-21
Nole:
To change the Zoom Factor

Notice that near the -r axis, the cuNe scdns disjoinled; thjs is duc to the caiculiltor
resolution.
Also, aftcr you ZOOM h i.e. <ZOOM>, <2>, some ofyoul ci.cles appears too big, tlis js
due to the ZOOM factor. You can teset the ZOOM 1'actor.
. <zooM> (t
. Use lhe arrow keys lo move the cursor to MIMORY lsel. (i)]

. Change XFact value to 3

. Clhangc YFact vaiue to 3 lsee (ii)]
. <2nd>. <MODE>

Belore
ZoomFactor ZoomFactor
adjusted adjusted

Ifyou have thc ncrver calculdtor modcls you can achieve a nicer circle (or ellipse) by
pressing thc button <APPS> and scroll down to look for an application called "CONICS".
Follow thc instructiclns careftrlly from the application on how to draw your circle (or
ellipse). Note that without having this application the calculalor still allows you to draw a
circle (or ellipsc) as showl abovc.

Eranrple 5(ii)
Draw thc circie (x+ 1)'+ (1- 2)? = 5 - iv = 21J5 - (t + l)'?

. r"yin r=rE G*tf rn.vi.

. To draw y=z a,G-1t*rf ,teyiD 2-Yl lbr Y2.
fo drara I -7.V5 ry I)'.keyrnJ Yllor Y-].
ZOOM Box ZOOM Squar
Follow the similar carlier steps to draw Y2 and Y3.

How to select the graph to be drawn

To prevent Yl from being drawn, use the arow keys to move to the
":" sign and press <ENTER> to remove the highlight on the ":" =f
sign, so when you press <GRAPH>, Yl will not be drawn :
:

c9-22
 Q A*01=t-, =z,
Example 4: Skctch thc cllipse l6 -s(,v l)'?

K"y i" ,'' = fi ;i, t)- ror vr.

82 Vr
1o,hrr, I ) Jin.t1,-l) leirn2 Yt tbr a2+v l

Y2
ZOOM ZOOM
loJrr\\ v : r Jr" .1
' l1: lc1 rn 2 Yl tur Slandard Iractor 2
Y3.
. Follow the similar earlier stcps to draw Y2 and Y3.

Note:
To prevent Yl fronr bcing drawn- use the at.row keys to highlight thl3 "=" sign ancl press
<ENTER-', so when you prcss <CRAPH:', Yl will not be drawn.

El HyDerbolas
F\ample 7: slcrulr llu rranh
'1 nf ' ', I \lar(. il rn).

(D thc pojnts ofintcrseclion with the axes,

(ii) lhe equations olthc aslmptotcs, &
(iii) the stationary points.

To draw the cuNe:

L \1..'
\ t.,'
. Kev in r : - /i..r2 3 for Yl l\-,/
'r/'l
i.
. Draw.l,=-./lr2 -l ,keyro Yl forY2. Follow the similar earlier steps to draw
v4
Y2.

How to find the interscction points with the r-axis

. Key irl : 0 into Y3.

. Change the lincs in Y3 to thick.
r Do a <2nd>, <TRACE> and choose INTERSECTION.
o Choose the hyperbola as first curve and the liney = 0 as your second line.
. Prcss <ENTER> when prompted for gxessing point, you will obtain th€ inter\ection
r
with the axis.

Similarly for the other parts ofthe graph.

c9,23
 How to check lbr oblique as)'lnptotes

6
To conlinn that the line / = 1{t,r are thc oblique asnnptotcs:

. a"r," r=ruff; forY3 byputting <{>,<( ):', <lr', <,>, <l>,

<l> in front ofthe function. Try zooming lor large values of,r-.

. Note that after zooming, the lines look like 2 slraight lines. Use the
and move yout cursors on the lines. When you do this thc cquatio
Thc screen as shown.

ZOOM Box

Try zoomiDg to other areas to confirm the obliquc as)orptotes.

E\ample 9r Sketch lhe graph of :I,

. I 2r r I

r 2 r-2
To draw the graph:
. in
Kev-i2 ,,=B torYl.
r
How to check for vertical and horizontal asymptotes

You should realize by now that the vertical asynplote for the rectangllar hlperbola is at -r

You can estimate the value by looking at the table ofvalues on yol]I GC and observe
how the values tend to be as the.n value approaches the discontinuity point from the
left and liom the right. ln thct, from your table of values, an error is indicated at n :
2.

For your horizontal aslqnptote at ]) =

2, you can aiso observe Aom the same table of
values. Scroll down for very large values oft and observe to what value the-t value
approaches.

You rotice that on older calculato.s, the curve seems to be joining with a ve ical
line (which is not the asymptote). This is due to the programming limitatioff of the
calculator. The newel TIu4+ (upgraded ROM) will not have the same problern.

c9-24
Example: S\ct,hrlrcp,rpl.ni ' 2\ J a,.,..,'.'ur.
.l
(i) the points ofintersection with the axes.
(iD thc cquatioDs ofthe as)mptoles, &
(iii) thc stationary points.
r?+2r+3 6
- 11 --Y+3+
rl
To draw thc erart!

Ker in r .-. -'

'r+)'+i lor Y I Jnd TOOM :c\ordrngly.
rl
You should realize lhat there is a veftical asymptoie at ]l: = I . You can observ(j the values
numcrically by looking at the GC tablc ofvalues as discussed carlicr on.

'l o confirn that thc linc -y = -r + 3 _are the oblig!!9jq4!p!q!9I

. Key in I =.t+3 1br Y2.

. Try zooninS fbr large values ()1r- Also use the'fllAClB lunction to detennine which
linc rcfcrs to what graph. Observe hor,' irs .\ + o . r -'(r+3) ilnd \ -+co!
r + ()c+3)..

. You can itlso ohservc the trend by looking at thc valucs numcrically using the table
values. As lhei values increase. the Yl values tend to be very close to Y2.

FIow to find stationary points using the <CALC> function

First you need to look at which pai ofthe graph which has a possibility ofhaving
stationary points (maximum or minimum points). Use the ZOOM f'unction ifneccssary.

c9-25
Sdy we use <ZBoxr'to cnlarge the area on thc lcft and rcmove the oblique as)'lnplote.

.7

Follow these steps to find thc maximum point:

. <2nd>, <TR{CE>, <4>
. tJse the arow kcys to move the culsor to choosc tho Lcft Bound lsee (i)l
. <ENTER>
. tlse the arrow kcys to move the cursor to choose the Right Bound lsee (ii)l
. <ENTER>, <ENTER>
. l he coordinates ofthe naximum point will bc refleoted on the screen. fsee (iii)]
(i) (D) (iiD

Say we change the window 10 enlarge the area on the riglt and remove the oblique
asymptote.

Follow thesc stcps to find the minimum point:

. <2nd>, <TRACts>, <3>
o Use the arrow kcys to move the cuNor to choose the Lelt Bould lsee (iv)l
. <ENTBR>
. Use the anow keys to movc the cu$or to choose the Right Bound lsee (v)l
. <ENTER>, <ENTER>
. The coordilates of thl- minimum point will be reflected on the scrccn- lscc (vi)l
(i") (") ('i)

c9-26