PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION CIRCULAR CONGREUTE TANKS WITHOUT PRESTRESSING‘The first edition ofthis publication was produced over ahalf century ago. The thoy used at thal time forthe structural analysis is still valid and utilized herein, This edition, which updates this publica tion to include the latest standards and codes, was written by August W. Domel, Jr, Senior Siueraral Engineer, Portand Cement Asso- ciation, and Anand B. Gogats, Anand Gogate Consulting Engineers, ‘Worthington, Ohio ‘COVER PHOTOS: Cross Cty Correctional Waste Water Treatment Plantin Cross City, Florida. Courtesy of Economy Forms Corpora- tion, Des Moines, Towa. ‘This publication is intended SOLELY for use by PROFESSIONAL, PERSONNEL who are competent to evaluate the signifiesnee and Timiations ofthe informatin provided herein, and who will accept total responsibility for the application of this information, The Portland Cement Association DISCLAIMS any au all RESPONSI BILITY and LIABILITY fer the accuracy of and the application of the information contained in this publication to the full extent ‘permitted by law. ISBN 0-89312-125-8 Library of Congress catalog number 92-40590 © Portland Cement Asscciation, 1993Circular Concrete Tanks Without Prestressing 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, Ilinois 60077-1083 Phone: 708/966-6200 » Facsimile: 708/966-9781Contents Section F Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 Section 10 Section 1 Section 12 Section 13 Section 14 Section 15 Section 16 Section 17 Section 18 Section 19 ‘Section 20 Introduction. Loading Conditions Design Methods . Wall Thickness Reinforcement... (Crack Control. Wall with Fixed Base and Free Top-Triangular Load . ‘Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top-Triangular Load .. Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top-Trapezoidel Load .. ‘Wall with Shear Applied at Top ‘Wall with Shear Applied at Base. ‘Wall with Moment Applied at To ‘Wall with Moment Applied at Base Roof Slab Without Center Support Roof Slab with Center Support. Roof Slab with Multiple Interior Supports Bifect of Variation in Wall Thickness. ‘Temperature Vatition in Tank Wall Base Slab Design Design Example Appendix sores aIntroduction Conventionally reinforced (non-prestressed) circular concrete tanks have been used extensively in munici- pal and industrial facilities for several decades. The design of these structures requires that attention be givennotonly tostrength requirements, but to service- ability requirements as well. A properly designed tank must be able to withstand the applied loads without cracks that would permit leakage. The goal of provid- ing a structurally sound tank that will not leak is achieved by providing the proper amount and distribu- tion of reinforcement, the proper spacing and detailing of construction joints, and the use of quality concrete placed using proper construction practices. A thorough review of the latest report by ACI Committee 350 entitled Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures’ is essential in understanding the design of tanks. The latest edition (1983) of that document recommends that, unless noted otherwise, the structural design should conform to Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89) (Revised 1992)°. Therefore, a working knowledge of ACI 318 is also necessary. ‘The topics discussed in this publication are: + Loading Conditions (Section 2) + Design Methods (Section 3) * Wall Thickness (Section 4) * Reinforcement (Section 5) * Crack Control (Section 6) * Design of Tank Walls (Sections 7 through 13) + Design of Roof Slabs (Sections 14 through 16) + Effect of Variation in Wall Thickness (Section 17) + Temperature Variation in Tank Walls (Section 18) + Design of Base Slabs (Section 19) A detailed design example is given in Section 20. Also, atthe end of the publication is alist of references pertaining to the design and analysis of tanks. pay) Leading Conditions A tank must be designed to withstand the loads that it will be subjected to during many years of use. But it isequally importantto consider loads during construc- tion, An example of some of the loading conditions that must be considered for a partially buried tank is shown in Fig, 1. The tank must be designed and detailed to withstand the forces from each of these loading conditions, The tank may also be subjected to uplift forces from hydrostatic pressure on the bottom of the slab when the tank is empty. Therefore, it is important for the design engineer to determine all possible loading conditions on the structure. Accord- ing to ACI 350, the full effects of the soil loads and ‘water pressure must be designed for without the ben- efit of resistance of the loads which could minimize the effects of each other. eran [JF a ng | — A BS se eg 4 reacts 2 M4 Figure 1—Possible loading conditions for a partially buried tank Ey Deseret Two approaches currently exist for the design of reinforced concrete members: (1) Strength Design, and (2) Allowable Stress De- sign (referred to in Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89) (Revised 1992) Appendix A, as the Alternate Design method). The Strength Design method became the com- monly adopted procedure for conventional buildings afier the 1963 revision to the ACI Building Code,and constitutes the basic procedure of design in the present ACI Building Code (ACI 318-89) with the Alternate Design method in an appendix (Appendix A). cingins LL “akc pace. Until recently, the use of strength design for mu- nicipal and other facilities was considered inapprops ate due to the lack of reliable assessment of crack Circular Tanks 7widths at service loads. The advances in this area of knowledge in the last two decades has led to the acceptance of the strength design method for munici- pal liquid retaining structures in general and circular concrete tanks in particular. The latest ACI Commit- tee 350 report recommends procedures for the use of both Allowable Stress Design, and Strength Design for liquid retaining structures. The new recommenda- tions by Committee 350 for strength design essentially suggest inflated load factors to control service load crack widths to fallin the range of 0.004 in. to 0.008 in., as suggested in a 1968 paper by Gogate? Service state analysis of reinforced concrete structures should include computations of crack widths and their Jong term effects on the structure in terms of its stability and functional performance. The present state-of-the-art of reinforced concrete design leads to computations which are, at bes:, a modified form of elastic analysis of the composite reinforced steel/concrete system. Due to the well known effects of creep, shrinkage, volume changes, and temperature, all analyses of this type, in terms of computed stresses, are indices of performance of the structure ané should not be construed to have any more significance than that, ‘The following discussion describes the alterations in the design methods of ACI 318 provided by ACI 350. Strength Design—The load combinations to deter- mine the required strength, U,are given in Section 9.2 of ACT 318-89. ACI 350 requires the following two ‘modifications to that section. Modification 1 —The load factor to be used for lateral liquid pressure, F, is taken as 1.7 rather than the value of 1.4 specified in ACI318. This value of 1.7 may be overconservative for some tanks, since they are filled to the top only during leak testing or because of accidental overflow. Since leak testing usually occurs only once and since most tanks are equipped with overflow pipes, some designers have considered using the load factor of 1.4 in an attempt to reduce the amount of required steel which results in less shrinkage restraint, However, this publication suggests that tank designs meet ACI 350 and therefore,recommends the use of a load factor of — r Modification 2—The members must be designed to meet the required strength, U, under ACI 318- 89. ACI 350 requires that the value of U be increased by using amultiplier called the sanitary coefficient. The sanitary coefficient will in- crease the design loads to provide a mote conser- vative design with less cracking, The increased required strength is given by Require strength = Sanitary coefficient U where the sanitary coefficient equals: 1.3 for flexure 1.65 for direct tension 1.3 for shear beyond that of the capacity provided by the concrete Working Stress Design—ACI 350 recommends that this alternative design method be in accordance with ACI 318. ACI 350 implies in its document that the: maximum allowable stress for Grade 60 reinforcing steel is 30 ksi. This is considerably larger than the 24 ksi allowed in Appendix A of ACI 318-89. ACI 350 recommends the allowable stress in hoop tension for Grade 60 reinforcing steel as 20 ksi and for Grade 40 reinforcing steel as 14 ksi. Wall Thickness ‘Typically, in the design of reinforced concrete mem- bers, the tensile strength of concrete is ignored. Any significant cracking in a liquid containing tank is unacceptable. For this reason, it must be assured that the stress in the concrete from ring tension is kept at a minimum to prevent excessive cracking. Neither ACT 350 or ACI 318 provide guidelines for the tension carrying capacity for this condition, The allowable tensile strength of concrete is usually between 7% and 12% of the compressive strength. A value of 10% of the conerete strength will be used in this publication. According to ACI350, reinforced concrete walls 10 fthigh or taller, which are in contact with liquid, shall have a minimum thickness of 12 in. As concrete dries and loses moisture, it contracts in size, This contraction (drying shrinkage), if con- strained, will produce tensile stresses that may exceed the capacity of the concrete and cause cracking. Fig- Cirear Fansure 2(a) illustrates a block of concrete with a bar as shown, but otherwise unrestrained. The height of the block is chosen as 1 ft, since tension in a circular ring of a tank wall is computed for that height. The dimension marked, t, corresponds to the wall thick- ness. The steel area is A, and the steel percentage is p. If the bar is left out as in Fig. 2(b) (which is obviously out of scale), shrinkage will shorten the 1- in, Jong block a distance of C, which denotes the shrinkage per unit length. The presence of the steel bar prevents some of the shortening of the concrete, so the difference in length of the block in Fig. 2(b) and Fig. 2(6) is a distance xC, in which x is an unknown quantity. 2 [cece ” Figure 2—Shrinkage ina concrete section Compared with (b), the concrete in (c) is elongated by adistance xC from its unstressed condition, so the concrete stress is fey = CE Compared with (a), the steel in (c) is shortened by a distance (1 — x) C from its unstressed condition, so the steel stress is: f= (1-3) CB Considering equilibrium, the total tension in the con- crete must equal the total compression in the stecl,s0 pfs feg. The stresses derived from these equations are: 1 fa = CE, Tap (compression) Gireilar Tanks fey =CE, Pension) Temp ‘The conerete stress due to ring tension, T, is practi- cally equal to T/A¢ (1 + np), when mis the ratio E/E, and the combined concrete tensile stress equals: CEA ‘Ac +A, f. a This formula will be used to investigate ring stresses in circular walls. The usual procedure in tank design is to provide horizontal steel, A,, forall the ring tension at acertain allowable stress, f,,as though designing for a cracked section, After determining A, = T/f,, the concrete tensile stress in the uncracked section due tocombined ring tension and shrinkage is checked by inserting the value of Ay in Equation 1. Setting Ac = 12t (tin in.), and solving for t gives: +f ~ fe 12h @ This formula may be used to estimate the wall thickness. The value of C, coefficient of shrinkage for reinforced concrete, isin the range of0,0002100.0004, The value of C for plain concrete ranges from 0.0003 to 0.0008. The shrinkage coefficient for plain con- crete was used to derive Equation 2 which would require a value of C between 0.0003 and 0.0008 However, this equation has traditionally used the value of 0.0003, the average value for reinforced concrete, with success. For illustration, assuming the shrinkage coefficient, C, of concrete as 0.0003, the allowable concrete stress.as(0.1 X 4000=400 psi, (for f¢ = 4000 psi) and the stress in the steel as 18,000 psi: = 210003 29> 10° 418,000 8 400 12400 x18,000 T _ 8700 + 18,000 - 3200 86,400,000 xT =00003T Reinforcement ‘The amount, size, and spacing of reinforcing bars has agreat effect on the extent of cracking. The amount ofreinforcement provided mustbe sufficient for strength and serviceability including temperature and shrink- age effects. The amount of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is dependent on the length between construction joints as shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3 is based on the assumption that the wall segment will be able to complete shrinkage movement without being restrained at the ends by adjacent sections. ‘The designer should provide proper details to ensure that cracking will occur at joints and that joints are prop- erly leakproofed. According to ACI 350, concrete sections that are 24 in. thick or thicker can have the ‘minimum temperature and shrinkage reinforcementat each face, based on a 12 in. thickness. 0.008 0.005 ooo F JS 0.003 os 0.002 oot 0 10 20 wo 40 50 60 Length between shrinkage dslpating ont inet Figure 3—Minimum temperature and shrinkage reinforcement ratio (ACI350) ‘The size of reinforcing bars should be chosen recog- nizing that cracking can be better controlled by using a larger number of small diameter bars rather than fewer larger diameter bars. The size of reinforcing bars, according to ACI350, should preferably notexceed #11. ‘Spacing of reinforcing bars should be limited to a maxi- mum of 12 in., and the minimum concrete cover for reinforcement in the tank wall should be at least 2 in. ‘The wall thickness should be sufficient to keep the concrete fromeracking. Ifthe concrete does rack, the ig steel must be able to carry all the ring tension alone. This can be achieved by the procedure stated in Section 2. Low steel stresses actually tend to make the con- crete crack because the lower the allowable steel stress, the greater the area of steel provided tocarry the tensile force. This results in higher concrete stresses due to shrinkage. If A; = T/fgis inserted into Equation 1 the stress in the concrete is given as: cert ‘Ach +i For illustration, use the following data: T = 240001 n=8 B, = 29108 psi © = 0.0003 Ag = 12 10=120 in? | wooo] Teno] tooo] remo] 18900] 70000 | wan te | wee | soa [ on | 2st | ove | 6 | 20 “None = Win, hg = and fg= The. If the allowable steel stress is reduced from 20,000 psi to 10,000 psi, the concrete stress is actually in- creased from 266 psi to 322 psi. From this point of view, it is desirable to use a higher allowable stec! stress so that less steel isused, resulting in essrestraint shrinkage and smaller tensile stresses in the concrete, Reinforcement splices should conform to the require- ments of ACI318. The required length of the splice is a function of many factors. Thelength depends onthe class of splice required, the clear cover, the clear distance between adjacent bars, and the size of the bar. Other factors affecting splice length include: the type of con- crete used (Lightweight or normal weight), bar coating, if used, and the amount of fresh concrete cast below the bar. Chapter 12 of ACI 318-89 should be referred to in determining splice lengths. In circular tanks, the location of horizontal splices should be staggered. Splices should be staggered horizontally by not less than one lap length or 3 ft and should not coincide in vertical arrays more frequently than every third bar (see Fig. 4). 7 Civewlar Tanks2 spice length 2X spleelengh (a) e SH) & Splice Figure 4—Staggering of ring bar splices Gi Crack Control Crack widths must be minimized in tank walls to prevent leakage and corrosion of reinforcement. A criterion for flexural crack width is provided in ACI 318-89 (10.6.4). This limitation is based on the Gergely-Lutz expression for crack width and is as follows: antler @ where, 2 = quantity limiting distribution of flexural reinforce- tment calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, ksi, 4. = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar located closest thereto, {A = effective tension area of concrete surrounding the ‘exural tension reinforcement having the same centroid as that reinforcement, divided by the number of bars, 4 in, ‘The determination of d- and A are shown in Fig. 5. In ACI 350, the cover is taken equal to 2.0 in. for any cover greater than 2.0. Rearranging Equation 3 and solving for the maximum bar spacing fora given value of z gives: 2 sax spacing = ACI 318-89 does not allow z to exceed 175 kips/in. for interior exposure and 145 kips/in. for exterior exposure, These values of z correspond to crack ‘widths of 0.016 in. and 0.013 in., respectively. ACT 350 has stricter requirements than ACI 318, since cracking is typically of greater consequence in liquid Ciredar Tanks A= 2cby al tienes af oe ‘Shang #— ty ——> Figure 5—Diagram to determine effective tension area of concrete for ealculation of 2 retaining structures. The limiting value of z specified in ACI 350 is 115 kips/in, For severe environmental exposures, the quantity z should not exceed 95 kips/in. Note thatthe zfactoris valid only for one-way flexural ‘members and is not directly applicable to hoop ten- sion. Joints in the circular tank walls, will allow dissipa- tion of temperature and shrinkage stresses and thereby reduce cracking. As discussed previously ,the amount of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is a func- tion of the distance between shrinkage-dissipating joints. Therefore, it is prudent to limit the size of conerefe placement. Maximum length of wall placed at one time will usually not exceed 60 ft, with 30 ft to 50 ft being more common. Note that water stops should be used in all joints to prevent the possibility of leakage. The cracking from temperature and shrink- age will be a function of the base restraint. A sliding wall has no base fixity and this will have less restraint than tanks with fixed bases. Tanks with fixed bases tend to develop shrinkage cracks just above the slab. Wall with Fixed Base and Free Top- Triangular Load Lhe ff) eras D:ametoe Figure 6—Wal with fixed base and free top-triangular load 3This section will discuss the analysis of a tank wall assuming that the top of the wall is free to displace and rotate, and the base is prevented from movement. In practice, it would be rare that a base would be fixed against rotation and such an assumption could lead to an improperly designed wall. Therefore, the calcula- tions in this section are for illustrative purposes only. The numerical values listed below will be used for design calculations in this and subsequent sections, Height, H=200 8 Diameter to inside of wall, D= 54.0 ft Weight of liquid, w Shrinkage coefficient Modulus of elasticity of stel, F,= 29 X 10° psi Specified compressive strength of conerete,f¢ = 4000 psi Specified yield strength of reinforcement, f = 60,000 psi Ratio of moduli of elasticity, n= 8 Fora wall with a fixed base and a free top, as shown inFig. 6, the coefficient to determine the ring tension, moments, and shears in the tank wall are shown in Tables A-1, A-2, and A-12 (Note that table numbers preceded by the letter A are located in the Appendix). ‘The appropriate values to be used for the given dimen- sion of a tank are determined by finding the value of H°/Dt. This term is a common factor involved in all values of ring tension, moment, and shear and is therefore a convenient characteristic to use in the tables provided. The value of H”/Dt with the thickness of the tank, t, estimated as 10 in. is: HPD) = (20)7(54 X 10/12) = 8.89, use 9.0 ‘The ring tension per foot of height is computed by multiplying wyHR by the coefficients in Table A-1 with the value of H7/Dt = 9. As discussed in Section 2 of this text, Wa, for ring tension is determined as follows: ww = sanitary coefficient X (1.7 X Lateral Force) 1.65 % (1.7 X 62.5) = 1753 Ibs peru ft Therefore, WHR = 175.3 X 20 X 54/2 = 94,662 Ibs per cu ft This is the factored ring tension that would exist at the base if it could slide freely. Since the base cannot move freely, this value must be adjusted by the coef- ficients taken from Table A-1 and shown in Table 1. Note that point 0.0H denotes the top of the tank and point 1.0H denotes the base of the tank. Table 1—Ring Tension ia Tank for Wall with Fixes Base and Free Top Coats Fm | Rg Tess ont | Tat at i co a cH 1 set ‘oan | 028 a6 EO ates ‘oa | 0040 Hist oma | 0598 50 828 I 5 65 7H | +060 1218 ‘OB | v0.0 aeatt ‘oo | v0.5 561 “oH v 2 ‘Aplus sign denotes tension, so there is compression atthe top, but itis negligible. The ring tension is zero at the base since it is assumed that the base has no radial displacement. Figure 7 compares the ring tension fora tank with a fixed base to a tank with a free sliding base. Figure 7—Ring tension in tank for wall with fred base and ‘ree top-triangular load ‘The amount of ring steel required is given by: ‘A, = maximum ring tension/(0.9 X fy) 5,9451(0.9 X 60,000) (04 qin, perf Use #6 bars spaced at 10 in.0.c. in two curtains (As 1,06 sqiin. per ft) atthis location. The reinforcement for ring tension elsewhere in the height of the wall is determined in a similar manner though it may not be economically prudent to change the bar sizes and spacing. ‘The maximum tensile stress in the concrete under service loads and including the effects of shrinkage is: = CEyAs + Trax (etastory/(Ae + 1s) @ Crear Tanks= [(0.0003 x 29 x 10° x 1,06) + 55,945/(1.65 x LDVCO X 12 +8 x 1.06) = (9222 + 19,945)/(120 + 8.5) = 227.0 psi Since 400 psi (0.1 4000) is considered accept- able, the 10 in. wall thickness is sufficient. ‘The moments in vertical wall strips that are consid- ered as one foot wide are computed by multiplying wal? by the coefficients from Table A-2. The value of wy for flexure is: Sanitary coefficient (1.7 X Lateral force) = (13 X17 X 625) = 138.1 Ibs per cu ft ‘Therefore, wH? = 138.1 X (20) = 104,800 feb ‘The resulting moments along the height are shown in Table 2. These moments are plotted in Fig. 8 with negative numbers denoting tension on the inside face. Table 2—Bending Moments for Tank Wall with Fed Base and Free Top Cosa Fem | — Went Print | Table oa oH 7 o on ° ° oat 7 ° oan | oo0one ra oa | 10.006 rd oan | more 1, ‘aH [ —vo.tee ESE ‘om | 0.03 TE aH | — once a ‘Ose] 0047 “876 OE TAO " loz os oa .~-————— ho aon | Figure 8—Bending moments for tank wall with _fixed base and free top-triangular load ‘The tension on the inside face exists for a distance of approximately 0.12 X 20 = 24 ft above the base. Rein- forcing bars willberequiredtoextend from thebaseto2.4 ft plus the proper development length above the base. ‘The required amountof reinforcing on the inside face for, the maximum moment of -14,804 ft-kips is: Mull be?) = -14,804 x 12/(0.9 4000 x 12 X (7.5)*) 0.0730 where d= 10 ~ 2{eover) - 1.0/2=75 From standard design aid in Appendix A: @ = 00765 Ag = bd fi lfy = 0.0765 X 12 X 7.5 X 4/60 = 0.459 in? Use #5 bars at 8 in, (A, = 0.465 in) ‘These bars are only needed on the inside face near the bottom of the wall and temperature and shrinkage reinforcement will be required for the remainder. The required vertical reinforcement for the outside of the ‘wall for a maximum moment of 3,756 ft-Ibs is: Mul(o fzbd?) = 3756 x 12/(0.9 x 4000 x 12 x (7.5))) = 000185 From standard design aid in Appendix A: @ =00187 ‘Ag = bd iffy = 00187 X 12 X75 X A160 = 0.112 UUse #5 bars at maximum allowable spacing of 12 in. (Ay=031 in ‘The shear capacity of a 10 in, wall with £; psiis: Ve =2yfe x bud Ya000 x 12% 75 = 11,384 kips 85 X 11,384 = 9676 kips 4000 ove The applied shear is given by multiplying wyH” by the coefficient of 0.166 from Table A-12. The value Wa is determined using a sanitary coefficient of 1.0 if is less than Ve. ‘wy = sanitary coefficient % (1.7 X Lateral Force) 0x (17 X 25) 1063 Ibs per eu ft ‘Therefore, aH? = 1063 X (20 ‘The resulting shear is: Vu =0.166 X 42,520 = 7058 kips < 9676 kips Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top-Triangular Load ‘The design in the previous section was based on the assumption that the base of the tank is fixed. Though Gircar Tanks 7Figure 9—Wall with hinged base and free top~ triangular load it is difficult to predict the behavior of the subgrade and its effect upon restraint at the base, it is more reasonable to assume that the base is hinged rather than fixed, which results in a more conservative de- sign. ‘The design example in this section will use the same numerical values from the previous section with H’/ (Dy and Wy = 175.3 lbs per cu ft for ring tension. ‘The ring tension is determined by multiplying WHR by the coefficients taken from Table A-5, The ring tension along the height of the tank is shown in Table 3 (ww yHR = 94,662 Ibs per cu ft). Table 9—Ring Tension Fo Wal with Hinged Base and Free Top TTiangular oad Goan Fon | rg ee ore | Tab ns ibs) conf — 09% 9 aa | 0088 i] aa | 0204 zat cai] 0308 730,06 oa | a6 en 7a | 0868 cai | 97 cai | —sa40 7 | 8 iat] 3 Figure 10 compares ring tension for tank bases that are fixed, free, and hinged. In the upper half of the wall, the base condition has little effect on the value of fing tension. In the bottom half of the wall, the difference between the hinged and fixed base becomes increasingly larger. Maximum ring tension for a hinged base is 67,494 Ibs while that for a fixed base is 55,945 Ibs. Therefore, the hinged base condition, g os Honea 0s os an sling |, __ssem Figure 10—Ring tension for tank wall with hinged base and {free top~ triangular load which is probably more realistic, gives a ring tension 21% greater than the same loading condition with a fixed base. The amount of ring steel required is given by: ‘Ag = maximum ring tension/(0.9 X fy) 7,494(0.9 X fy) 7,4944(0.9 X 60,000) 25 sq in. per ft ‘Therefore, at 0.7H, use #6 bars spaced at 8 in, 0. in twocurtains (A, = 1.32.sqin. per fi). The reinforce- ment for ring tension elsewhere in the height of the ‘wall is determined in a similar manner. ‘The maximum tensile stress in the concrete under service loads and including the effects of shrinkage is fg = CEA, + Trax (utaorenl(Ae + AS) (0.0003 x 29 X 10° x 1,32) +67,494(1.65 x LMAO X 12 +8 X 1.32) = (11,484 + 24,062)(120 + 10.6) 272 yak Since 400 psi is considered acceptable, the 10 in wall thickness is sufficient. ‘The moments in the vertical wall strips that are considered gs one foot wide are computed by multi plying WH? by the coefficients from Table A-7. The Value of wyH? for flexure was calculated in the previ- ous section as 1,104,800 ft-tb/ft. The resulting mo- ‘ments along the height are shown in Table 4. These moments as well as the moments for a fixed base condition are shown in Fig. 11. ‘The actual condition of restraint of a wall footing is somewhere between fixed and hinged, but probably closer to hinged, Com- Circalar TanksTable 4—Moments in Wall with Hinges Base and Free Top- ‘ranguar (sea a Point |Table AT. {t-b) amo o of v a 2 oat] ne i eat] 0 ¢ oa [sas ms ar] sonore —[ 78 ar] —sonoar [v5 ust] —sonoan [et et] — sone) —[ tmp 7 ° Flos oe dehaee _ ; ae onsionovsie |, Tonsn ve Figure 11—Momenis in wall with hinged base and free top triangular load parisons of the two different base fixity conditions show that for the exterior face, the hinged condition provides a conservative although not wasteful design. Note that depending on the fixity of the base, reinforc- ing may be required to resist moment on the interior face at the lower portion of the wall. ‘The required vertical reinforcement for the outside face of the wall for a maximum moment of 5,524 ft-lb 5524 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 x (7.5)°) 10273 Mul cba") From standard design aid in Appendix A: 278 0278 X 12 X 7.5 X 4/60 =0.167 in? 0.167/(12 X 7.5) =0,00189 Pan 2001, = 01033 > 00189 Use #5 bars atthe maximum allowable spacing of 12 in. (As=0.31 in2, p = 0.0035). ‘The shear capacity ofa 10in. wall with was previously calculated to be 9676 kips. applied shear is given by multiplying wyH” (previ- Girealar Tanks ously determined to be 42,520) by the coefficient of 0.092. The resulting shear is: Vu =0.092 X 42,520 = 3912 kips <9676 kips Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top-Trapezoidal Load Figure 12—Wall with hinged base and free top- trapezoidal load ‘Under certain loading conditions, the tank may be subjected to a uniform loading along the height of the wall. For example, this loading condition may occur from vapor pressure developed in a closed tank. The overall loading condition for the combination of the vapor pressure and fluid pressure results in a loading with a trapezoidal distribution as shown in Fig. 12. In this section, the design procedure for trapezoidal loading is illustrated. The data used in the previous designs will also be used in this section with the addition of a vapor pressure of 420 Ibs per sq ft. Because of the additional load from the vapor pres- sure, the wall thickness will be increased to 15 in. For a wall thickness of 15 in H 20° 59, use 60 ‘The value of the ring tension from the fluid pressure is computed by multiplying wHR by the coefficients in Table A-5 with the value of H/Dt = 6. As previ- ously determined, the value of wyHR is equal to 94,662 Ibs per cu ft. The value of the ring tension is shown in Table 5.“Table 5—Aing Tension in Wall wth Hinged Base and Fre Top from Fuld Pressure eeiaen From pont | Tse As ‘oan [dort a] 010 oat] 10200, osH | 0s oar] 10060 OSH] +0566 ak] 0600 ort] 08 ‘aH | 0507 ‘osH| —_saaa7 To 7 The value of the ring tension from the vapor pres- sure is computed by multiplying pyR by the coeffi- cients in Table A-6 with a value of H°/Dt = 6. The value of py is determined as follows: Pu = sanitary coefficient % (1.7 X Lateral Foree) 65 X (1.7 X 420) = 1178.1 pst ‘Therefore, pR = 1178.1 X 27 = 31,809 Ib per ft ‘The values of the ring tension are shown in Table 6. “Table 6—Ring Tension in Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top Tank from Vapor Pressure er on | — soo 3147 i ro oi] vie e250 oa] — vio 2178 oar] vi FL ast] te “aie ot] — ste an am] 098 aro aa on SBTET wai] 0@r St tayo ° ‘The values of the combined ring tension from both the fluid and vapor pressure are shown in Table 7. Table 7—Combined Rng Tension in Wall fom Fluid and Vapor Pressures Tig Tansonfion | Png TowionFon | Toal ng Pont| “FuidPreswro” | “ViporPressue™ | Tensan om OT EK) ate om Tare 51508 eet oat | 21.10 esti 152661 oan | Heeb S878 185685 a | 1aa.eo 783818 WB OSH | __va0870 308 aT aH | +40 468 E00 36500 a7] an eid aE aan] 81780 SBT TEST OSH] 90 958 S582 aE 10 0 v 2 0 ‘The total ring tensions are plotted in Fig. 13 together with the ring tensions that wouldexistif the base could slide freely. The maximum tension for a hinged base condition is 93,539 Ibs per ft and occurs at 0.6H. Above 0.6H, there is not much different in the ring tension if the base is either hinged or free sliding. Below 0.6H, ring tension for a hinged base decreases rapidly until it becomes zero at the base. Actually, the condition at the base will be somewhere between hinged and free sliding, so it is inadvisable to design the ring bars below point 0.6H for a hinged base. This condition will be discussed in greater detail in Section 11, The amount of steel required is given by: a (say Lee Figure 13—Combined ring tension in wall from fluid and vapor pressures ‘As. = maximum ring tension(0.9 X 6) 93,53940.9 X 60,000) 173sqin, Use #6 bars spaced a 6 i. sin. perf) a this location. in two curtains (Ay = 1.76 ‘The maximum tensile stress in the concrete under service loads and including the effects of shrinkage is: f= CBAs + Tax ontcnl(Ae + As) (0.0003 x 29 x 10° X 1,73) +93,539/(1.65 x LINCS X 1248 X 1.73) = (15051 + 33,367)/(180 + 13.8) 249.7 psi Since 400 psi is considered allowable, the 15 in. wall thickness is sufficient. ‘The moments in vertical wall strips that are consid- ‘ered as one foot wide are determined on the basis of the coefficients taken from Table A-7 for H°/Dt=6. The coefficients from the table are multiplied by: Circular TanksWalD + pH? 104,800 + 371,280 = 1,476,080 "104,800 (see Section 7) sanitary coefficient X (17 X Lateral Foree) XH = 13 X (17 X 420) x (20) = 371,280 ft Ib per ft The resulting moments along the height are shown in Table 8. Table 8—Bending Momenis fr Wal with Hinged Base and Fee Top Trapezcidal Load ‘Coaticeni Fron | — Waren Pont | “Table aT ee) 0H o 2 OTH ° 2 oa ° 0 ‘om | bani ca aH | +0008 sitet oe] 20078 728 eH] 00050 seTeT amt] +0062 ate ‘eH | 00078 arts ‘oH | ooo “10057 7H a 0 ‘The moments are plotted in Fig. 14. The required vertical reinforcement for the wall with a maximum ‘moment of 11,513 ft-lbs is: Mul(@ febd?) = 11,513 12/(0.9 x 4000 x 12 x (12.5)") = 0.0205 los i s1519 nie Figure 14—Bending moments for wall with hinged base and ‘free top-trapezoidal load From standard design aid: 0207 ‘Ag = bd fe /fy =0.0207 % 12 12.5 4160 = 0.207 207(12 X 12.5) =0.00138 Prin = 200/f = 0.0033 > 0.00138 Use #6 bars at maximum allowable spacing of 10 in (40.31 in, p =0.0035), the shear capacity of a 15 in. wall with f; = 4000 psi Ve = 2h x bud = 2 Yao00 X12 125 = 18.974 kips $Ve= 085 X 18,974 = 16,128 kips ‘The applied shear atthe base of the tank using the coefficient of 0.110 taken from Table A-12 for H’/Dt = 6 equals: Vy = 0.110 X (wuH? + pol) 110 X (1.7 X 624 X (209° + 1.7 X 420 X 20) = 0.110 X (42,432 + 14,280) = 6238 Ibs < 16,128 Ibs Wall with Shear Applied at Top Figure 15—Wall with shear applied at top ‘As shown in Fig. 15, the presence of a slab on the top of the tank may prevent free movement at that loca- tion. The previous designs discussed were performed assuming that the top of the tank was free to displace. ‘When displacement is prevented, the top cannot ex- pand and the ring tension will be zero at that location. Inthe design of Section 9, with the top free toexpand, the ring tension is 30,418. To prevent displacement, shear mustbe added at the top sufficient to eliminate this ring tension. Ring tension due to a shear, V, at the top is com- puted by using coefficients in Table A-8 for H’/Dt = 6, The applicable coefficient equals-9.02 VR/H per ft at the top. The shear force required at the top of the tank to produce zero ring tension is: vR -902x YB =-s0,418 H Circidar Tanks 1Therefore: 18H “902 R 2 39723222498 1 ¥=3972322 = 2498 bs pert ‘Todetermine the ring tension, multiply coefficients, in Table A-8 by VR/H=2498 X 27/20=3372.3 lbs per ft. The results are shown in Table 9. Table 9—Ring Tonsion in Wall with Snear Apples at Top Coatisani Fran | Ragen on | Tani As (we oor] 202 S506 om] a7 5 ‘ozt| 227 Te ost] 250 1686 0 ED air ost) 9038 1950 ‘ost | v0.9 Te [om| 035 6 ‘oa | vo. 3 ‘os | 001 a oH 0 T ‘The factored shear used to modify ring tension is 2498 Ibs per ft. ‘The sanitary coefficient for ring tensions 1.65, the coefficient for bending moments is 1.3. Therefore, the factored shear to determine bend- ing moments is 2498 X 1.3/1.65= 1968. The bending moments are determined by multiplying the coeffi- cients of Table A-9 by VH = 1968 X 27 = 53,136 ft- Ibs per ft. The results are shown in Table 10, Table 10—Benaing Moments in Wal wih Shear Applied at Top Coaigen Fam | Wanent pon | abe ne ea) oH 0 @ nd ae Fay ‘2H | +0070 72D 3H | +0056 aT 2 EI Hats os] +0018 6 Oe | +008 ri} om 0 0 oer] 005 = O94] 005 285 or] 0.006 ET] The ring tensions and moments are plotted in Fig. 16. Note that the values in the lower one-half of the ‘wall are so small that they can be ignored. R ° 20.4101, a2|=/ar00n ow | oa} 10) Fig torton Moment Figure 16—Ring tension and bending moments in wall with Shear applied at top Ring tensions and moments computed in this sec- tion are added to those in Section 9. The results of this addition are plotted in Fig. 17. It can be seen from this figure that the assumption of the top being free would be satisfactory. Consequently, the investigation made in this section may be omitted in most cases with the exception of tanks in which the ring tension is rela- tively large at the top and the wall is rigidly attached to the roof slab. o2 oa os 08 lio Fling toni Figure 17—Ring tension and bending moments for trapezoidal lad with roof in place ol Wall with Shear Applied at Base ‘The shear developed at the base of the tank wall in the example of Section 9 is 6238 Ibs per ft. This shear can ‘only develop if the base of the tank is restrained against horizontal displacement. If the base were free to slide, the reaction at this location would be zero. ‘Therefore, the shear at the base, not including the sanitary coefficient factor, will be somewhere be- tween 0 and 6238 Ibs. Cirilar FansFigure 18 Wall with shear applied at base Itis difficult to ascertain the amount of shear force thebase.can resist without moving horizontally. There- fore, any value used will be nothing more than a reasonable estimate, For this example, an average value will be used as shown below: For direct tension: Sanitary Coeflicient * Average Shear 1,65 X 6238/2 = 5146 Ibs For bending: Sanitary Coefficient x Average Shear 1.3 X 6238/2 = 4055 lbs ‘The ring tension and moments will be obtained by superimposing two design conditions, one is the trap- ezoidal load with a hinged base as determined in Section 9, and the other for the shear of 5146 Ibs for direct tension and 4055 Ibs for bending applied out- ‘ward at the base. ‘The procedure for design for shear at the base will be demonstrated below To determine ring tension, multiply coefficients from Table A-8 by VR/H = 5146 x 27/20 = 6947 Ibs per ft. These values, including the effects from Section 9, are shown in Tuble 11 using values for H"/DL= 6.0, ‘Table 11—Ring Tension for Wall with Trapozoical Loac and Shoat Appiiod at Baso| effects from Section 9 are shown in Table 12 using a value of H/Dt = 6.0. ‘Table 12—donaing Momants for Wall wih Trapezoidal Load and ‘Shoat Applied at Bace Nomant tem | Moment rom Pot ShearFor | "Secisng™ | Tot Monent co =a 7 oT oH “08 ° mg oa Tae ° 2a 0 T es 125 oak ar Ser ve om eo 22805 BE cae a0 SF a7 OH “se aie ao oH 677 Ts 6 S| O08 “sie 0097 an toa] 0 7 v c Iumakes a considerable difference whether the base is fully or partially restrained for horizontal displace- ment, as shown in Fig. 19. The effects of the move- ment of the base, though difficult to calculate, cannot be ignored. But, it is often possible to omit the investigation in this section and still obtain a satisfac tory solution. A possible solution isto use the solution from the regular ring tension for a hinged base from the top of the tank down to the point of maximum tension. The maximum tension is then used from this location to the baseas shown in Fig. 19. The difference between the moment curves is considerable and using the Jarger values obtained from the hinged base are recommended, Another possible solution is to use the average of the results from that of a restrained base (Section 9 results) and that of free sliding base. These results are shown in Figure 19(b). ‘This method is much quicker ‘The bending moment is calculated by multiplying the coefficients from Table A-9 by VH = 4055 x 20 81,100 fi-tbs per ft. ‘These values including the Cirelar Tanks Ty and gives resultsas reasonable as the previous method. pont| Rae” | "ehaseoce” | fosecere | Tenn q tat] a tas ae a oe oni 080 sat [at “ess oe aaa] 927 EH = : jSiedte ee aa ==, Figure 19a—Bending moments and ring tension for wall with trapezoidal load and shear applied at base Bigterion Figure 196—Bending moments and ring tension for wall with ‘trapezoidal load and shear applied at base (averaging method) Bi Wall with Moment Applied at Top Figure 20—Wall with moment applied at top ‘When the top of the walt and the roof slab are made continuous, as shown in Fig. 20, the deflection of the roof slab will rotate the top of the wall. This rotation will induce a moment at the top of the wall. ‘The cover assumed for the tank design in this section will be a 12 in. thick reinforced concrete slab with a center support. It will also be assumed that the factored moment (excluding the sanitary coefficient) with fixed edges is -12,500 fi-Ibs per ft. Since the tank roof and wall are integral, a portion of this moment will be transferred to the tank wall. ‘The procedure used to determine the amount of ‘moment transferred from the roof to the wall is similar to moment distribution of continuous frames. The data in Tables A-15 and A-16 are stiffnesses which denote moments required to impart a unit rotation at the edge of the wall and the slab. ‘The moment required to rotate the tangent at the a ‘edge through a given angle is proportional to the following relative stiffness factors. For the wall (Table A-15 for H?/Dt = 6): (0,0783t°/HI = 0.783 x 15°/20 = 132 For the slab (Table A-16 for c/D the column capital diameter = 8 fi): 0.3320°/R = 0.332 x 12°27 = 21 15 where ¢ is ‘The distribution factors are: 132 132421 For the wall: 21 132421 ‘The factored moment of -12,500 f-bs per ft will tend to rotate the fixed joint as shown in Fig.21, When the artificial restraint is removed, the rotation of the joint will induce additional moments in the wall. The sum of the induced moment and the original fixed end moments are the final moments. The moments must be equal and opposite as shown in Fig. 21. Calcula- tions may be arranged in accordance with the usual ‘moment distribution procedure. For the sla: =014 Wall Slab Distribution factor 0.86 014 Fixed end moment 0 | -12,500 Distibuled moment 10,750 | _ 1750 Final moment 10,760 | -10,750 (2) Fite en moments (©) Fra romonte Figure 21—Rotation of slab-wall joint The ring tension caused by the moment applied at the top is determined by multiplying the coefficients of Table A-10 by MR/H’. The value of MR/H? is determined as follows: MRUH? = (sanitary coefficient x 10,750) x 27/207 1,65 X 10,750 x 27/207 11973 Ibs per ft — Giretar Tas‘The ring tension along the height of the tank is shown in Table 13 and Fig. 22. Table 13—Ring Tension for Wal wih Moment Applied at Top a oat] 7 Sia] at —| st Sat] — 308 —[ at ‘st| —s0a8 —| — se at — seat mo oat] — ast se sat tat saa on aos “3 oa — a0 Te oa] — a “at att a ma 04 os 8 10 ‘eg tensen Figure 22— Ring tension and bending moments for wall with ‘moment applied at top ‘The moments in the vertical wall strips that are considered as one foot wide are determined on the basis of the coefficients from Table A-11 multiplied by M where: M=13 x 10,750 Moment 3975 The resulting moments along the height are shown in Table 14 and Fig. 22. Table 14—Benaing Maman or Wal wth Mement Apple at Top Coace Fm | Waneat ont | “aio Att eb) oH] — +100 sa9 i A Ta50 ope] +0252 ie oan] 0067 ae 7 OE “SIT Osi] 0.065 208 1 oi OTH] 0.040 ont] 001 ‘at | 0.006 o ‘The ring tension and the moments determined in this section are added to those in Section 9 as shown in Tables 15 and 16. Table 15—Combined Ring Tension from Trapezoidal Load and Moment Applied at Top ront| Se” | en” | one? ome | sna 3 Fe I TB5T =] car| as 215861 “oe oH] 5508 238 388 oat] 7758 76m esa ost] e787 75099 23188 oat] ans ao = are] —enaoe “0 =s0e04 cat] a5 76 saa aoe] eas 0 ste 1 < as ia ‘Table 16—Combined Bending moments for Trapezoidal Lad and ‘Moment Applied at Top Tiana] Were Fan ie Pont} "Secon Section. ota Moment oo 7 Faas 15575 aA ° Toe 7 02H ° S52 re O34 Ey a 105 oan rar “SIT ee oH 2S 6 57 ‘oar sST5T a Ec ‘Om ae 9 8580 oat] ns ea iit ‘oon |] 10057 70 eT 0 2 T 2 The effect of adding the moment at the top of the wall is shown in Fig. 23. The moment will increase both the ring tension and bending moments at the top of the wall. = Maen ed Teo 04 atten C= oe os = = ho rig rsen seme Figure 23—Combined ring tension and bending moments for trapezoidal load and moment applied at top Wall with Moment Applied at Basi Inthe previous sections, the wall has been assumed to rest on a footing, not continuous with the bottom slab ofthe tank. In many cases, the base slab and tank wall Circular Tanks %Figure 24—Wall with moment applied at base are one integral unit. Because of this continuity, a portion of the bending moments that may be present in the base slab will be transferred to the tank wall. For this section it is assumed that the factored ‘moment (not including the sanitary coefficient) at the fixed edge of the base slab is 38,000 ft-Ibs per ft. A triangular load on the wall of w =62.5 bs percu ft will be used for the liquid pressure, ‘The momentat the base of the wall is first computed on the assumption that the base is fixed, and a correc- tion is then made for rotation of the base of the wall caused by the continuity between theslab and the wall. ‘The fixed end moment at the base of the wall for the liquid pressure is; determined forthe ianglarlosding with the coefficient from Table A-2 for H’/Dt=6. The moment is equal to: ‘Base moment =-0.0187 X wH® 0.0187 X (1.3 X 1.7 X 625) x 20° = 20,664 flbs per ft As long as the base of the wall is artificially fixed against any rotation, itis subject to two moments. One ‘moment is due to the outward pressure of the liquid, the other is due to the moment at the edge of the base slab. ‘When the artificial restraint is removed, the joint will rotateand the moments will be redistributed, Calculation of the final moments may be arranged inaccordance with the usual moment distribution procedure. Moment Distribution Procedure Wa Slob Distibuton factor 088 014 (use values from Section 12) Fxod end moment (18% 98.000) = 20664 | 49,400 Induced moment 0255 9608, Final moment asser [ -295c1 ‘Thering tension and bending moments throughout the heightof the wall are investigated in two steps. First, the ‘base is assumed fixed, and second, a moment equal tothe induced moment is applied at the base. The results are then combined to obtain the actual base moment. The moments in the vertical wall strips forthe first partof the analysis are computed by multiplying wyH> by the coefficients from Table A-2, The value of wyHl was previously calculated in Section 7 as 1,104,800 ft- Ibs/ft. The resulting moments along the height for an H’/Dtvalue of 6 are shown in Table 17. The moments along the height of the wall for an applied moment at the base of 60,255 fi-tbs are shown in Table 18. The results are considered in Table 19. Table 17—Mements in Tank from Ligue Pressure Coatsenirien | Wanet Pon | “Tana ‘ea Oat 0 ‘on | wan 70, 024 | —von00s er Os | —0n008 0 ‘oa | 00079 269 ‘ost | —vonnse +a ‘6H | 0006 ste rH | 00061 868 can | — soe 0 osH| — -0004T 4500 oH 0087 “ZiBBe ‘Table 18-—Moments in Tank rom Applied Moment at ase Coatican Fon | Warart one | “rape Ait (re) a 2 ° OK] a0 a [oan| sore aes a oan] 20 365 asn | a5 ~39m7 ‘eH | —o0ar aaa ‘om | 0067 3 ‘aH | 0282 Tis.66 ‘094 | +0872 738486 on | +100 0256 The resulting ring tension along the height of the wall for the triangular load, with wJHR of 94,662 Ibs percu ft (see Section 7) is given in Table 20. For ring tension, the sanitary coefficient is 1.65 whereas for flexure it is 1.3. Therefore, the induced moment, M, at the base of the wall to determine ring tension is (1.65/13) X 60,255 = 76,478 fi-lbs and MR/H? 5162. Therrng tension along the height ofthe wall for an applied moment of 76,478 ft-lbs is shown in Table 21. The results are combined in Table 22. %e Crear Tanks‘Table 12—Comisined Bending Mements fem Liquid Pressure and ‘Applied Moment al Base Ring tension and moments for fixed base and forthe actual base condition are plotted in Fig. 25. Torarston | —Wonara fan] Tour Point | Liquid Pressure Base Slab Moments ro cr 7 7 z ont i i cr loz 2H S51 oes cz oH 7a6e 0) “128 os tan] va “a5 7595 raed oH] ss a7 “a2 et (ce ‘08H +5082. Ez 12855 “ ore] 54 735 79088 ‘oem ale tat] see wise EK) = oa] 590 = 2958 ot aoe xo | sat sant oD ‘Table 20—Ring Tension from Liquid Pressure aes ° Taro | Araya o| Ton ‘OOH 0018 +1704 be aati] a cE [oant —sozer “22,51 oa ast] oe er] aaa | aa nai os a5 | — wise arr a] —sosie vaaase os ssn ani] sor a4 aa | —s0300 2260 aa | ane siete aa : 2 Figure 25—Combined ring tension and bending moments for Table 21—Ring Tension from Applied Moment at Base liquid pressure and applied moment at base Tateanron | Argan ‘The maximum ring tension is 48,656 if the base is so| “etic : a aon] — 108 = fixed and is 96,012 for the actual base condition. The a] a5, =a ‘moment atthe baseis changed from-20,660to+39,591. iB oa = Itis clear that continuity between wall and bottom slab ante — materially affect both ring tension and moments and, asH| 98 rt if applicable, must be considered in design. aah] ast 139759 P ar] ine 7065 Shear at the base of the wall when the base is fixed gH | ara 287579 may be computed as the sum of the products of sant sta SSeS coefficients taken from Table A-12 multiplied by able 20--Gombinea Ring Tendon Uaui wyH? (1.0 X 1.7 X 62.5 x 20°) =42,500 Ibs per ftand abe 2_Camiesing Teen awsome ant Avees Maes (69.05/13 X 20)) = 2318 Ibs pet ft —]_ Raaresenton Aig ierganton | — Toalira ‘When the base is fixed: ron] “udProue” | “Bhselmen™ | “Terson ‘00H $704 5368. 64 0.197 X WH* = 0.197 X 42,500 = +8373 Ibs aa] — 265 a 72825 aan] at a ae Effect of M at base: ao] 2568 “2 “sea 7 == a oa “449 X MIB = 4.49 X 2318 = 10,408 Ibs ot] ——var0 aan seas 20835 Ibs car] ane 60 reese . ore] —aeate 73065 95579 PY) Roof Slab Without Center Support cai | sama e710 29612 —e————ovrr gp ene a Conventionally reinforced flat plate tank roofs with- utany interior supports will have limited span lengths Circular Tanks 7Figure 26—Roof slab without center support and are feasible only for small diameter tanks. This type of roof is typically used for tanks with diameters ‘ess than 30 ft. ‘ACT350 does not provide guidelines for the designs of slabs and ACT 318 must be consulted. ACT 318-89 provides a minimum slab thickness for both one-way (Section 9.5.2.1) and two-way slabs (Section9.5.3.2). Neither of these two sections can be directly applied to a circular roof slab without interior supports. When the roof slab is continuous with the wall, a suggested approach is to choose a minimum slab thickness between that of a one-way slab (28) and a two-way slab (33), where ¢is the span length. In the case of a simply supported slab,a minimum slab thickness of 20 should be appropriate. If deflection control is critical or ponding of the roof is a possibility, the designer should perform a more detailed analysis to determine the deflection. The dimensions of the roof slab to be designed are shown in Fig. 26. The roof will be designed for a live load of 100 psf and a superimposed dead load of 300 psf. Therequired strength, U, will not be multiplied by the sanitary coefficient. If crack control and corrosion of the roof slab are a concem, the designer may consider using the sanitary coefficients. The required strength, U, is: U = 14 x (300-4150 X 10/12) +1.7 x 100 = 765 psf For the wall, H?/Dt= 167/(26 x 1) = 98, say, 10. From Table A-15,forH’/Dt= 10, therelatiye stiffness of the wall is 1.010 x t'/H = 1.010 x 127/16 = 109. The relative stiffness of a circular plate without any interior supports (Table A-16) is 0. 104t*/R =0.104 x 10°/13 = 8.0. The distribution factors are: 109 109+8 wall = =0.93 slab =: =007 To9+8 ‘When the slab is fixed at the edge, the edge moment may be computed by multiplying pR” by the coefficient from Table A-14 at point 1.0OR: -0.125 x pR”=-0.125 X 765 X 13° =-16,161 ft-lbs per ft of periphery. ‘The procedure for determining the final moments at the edge hasbeen previously illustrated. The fixed end moments are shown in Fig. 27. The final moments which are also shown in Fig. 27 are computed by moment distribution, Wal_| sab Distibuton factor 093 | 097 Fixed end moment 0 | 16161 Distibuted moment 15090 | 1191 Final moment 15,090 | 15,000 doit su Ziese1 wat (a) Foo or moments ©) Final moments Figure 27—Rotation of slab wall joint Itis seen that a large moment is induced in the top of the wall. It has been shown previously how to determine ring tension and moments in a wall caused by a moment at the top of the tank wall (Section 12). Only design of the slab will be discussed in this section. The shear capacity in a 10 in. thick slab with f= 4000 psi is: Ve=2yfé x bwd 2 4000 x 12 x8.5=12,902 Ibs 4¥<=0.85 X 12,902 = 10967 Ibs ‘The applied shear is: = 13 X 765/2.= 4973 < 10,967 Ibs perf, OK. B Ciredlar TanksFor illustration, consider a tank in which there is a jointatthe top of the wall causing the slab tobe hinged. ‘The moments in the hinged slab may be computed by determining the moments in a fixed slab (Table A-14) and adding to them the moments ina slab in which the end moment of 0.125pR’ fi-Ibs per ftis applied. These combined results will give the results at a hinged support. The most convenient way to do this is to add 0.125 toall the coefficientsin Table A-14,both the radial and tangential moments, and then to multiply the modi- fied coefficients by pR®. Note that the coefficients for radial moments at the edge become zero by the addition of 0.125, and the tangential moment becomes 0.100. ‘These are values for a slab hinged at the edge. In the design problem of this section, the roof is continuous with the tank wall and the induced moment is 1131 ft-lbs per ft. Therefore, the final moment coefficients are those for a fixed edge (Table A-14) to cach of which must be added a quantity equal to 1131/ pR? = 1131/(765 x 137) = 0.009. These new coeffi- cients are multiplied by pR?=765 X 13”= 129,285 ft- Ibs per ft. The results are shown in Table 23, Table 24 and Fig. 28 with 0.0R denoting the center, and Point 1.0R, the edgeoftheslab, Note that these moments are for aone-foot wide slab across the tank roof. Since the reinforcing will be placed radially, the design width for reinforcing will not be one-foot wide but will decrease as the center of the tank is approached. For this reason, the moments shown in Fig. 28 include the radial moment per section, ‘These are obtained by multiplying the original moments by the fraction indi- cating its distance from the center. For illustration at O.5R, the radial moment per segment is equal to: 4396 “0.5 = 2198, ‘Table 23—Radial Moments for Root Slab Without Center Support Covicect Fada fomtae Rieot | pasa | Mementper pon] Ais | aszooo | coat | Women| Seared oon] sam | +0009 | vanes | vont ° CN ‘mm | —so0s7 | rome | vars | seas 1085 ‘oan| —soos7 | vouco | aes [ssa | ato an] 100% | ooo | vase | —e70a_[ saat ‘osm ] 10005 | ome | ast | a6 [vate en [00m | soon —[ 0012] i661 798 ‘mm ones [0009 [core | eto | oar tan] ones | ons > ama | ots | ‘9m | one? | 0009 | ave | toss | aor ton] aes | soo [one | a7 _|_-aar "Toot wide at ouside edge ‘Table 24 Tangential Moments for Root Slab Without Center Support Coetiaent font Revised | Tangent Pont] "Ata | asdooos | ostcent | Maar Tom] oars —[— 0.009 [+0008 | 10.80 ain] ora [oon [0000 [0731 an] coor | so009 —| —v0080 | +100 aR] —wos6 | 10.000 | 10075, 2886 ‘oan | soso —[ 10009 | s0068 rl ‘oan soso | 10.009 | +0050, Tee ‘oan +0059 | 10.009 | v0 ry ‘7a | —sa0e6 | —s0009 | — +0005 ae ‘oan [saat | sooo | +0000 286 ‘oan | —005_| ammo | 0.08 8 Ton] ones [+0008 [2016 “208 ser g acid mom. port with S Radiat mem. parsopment : Lm fo2 9 a9 99 98,07 ‘io { | | ft pK rr fangantal rome +1 Tangential moments Figure 28—Radial and tangential moments for roof slab without center support ‘The maximum negative radial moment is 14,997 ft- Ibs per ft. The required amount of reinforcing on the top of the slab at that location is: My(@ {-bd") = 14,997 x 1210.9 x 4000 x 12 x 8.5) = 00877 For standard design aid in Appendix A: © =0060 ‘Ac= bd fi /fy = 0.060 X 12 X 8.5 X 4/60 = 0.408 in? Use #5 bars spaced 9 in. 0.c. (As = 0.413 in) in the top. slab at the wall, Total number of bars required is 2nR/s=2n x 13 x 12/9 = 109 bars. For simplicity,these bars will be used for the entire length of the negative moments. There- fore, the length of these 109 bars will be 0.35R + development length, The largest positive moment is located at approxi- mately Point0.4R and has a value of 6723 fi-lbs per ft. The length of the concentric circle through 0.4R is 2n(04R) = 2m X 04 X 13 =32.7 ft. The required amount of reinforcing on the bottom of the slab at this location Circular Tanks BMy(@ fzbd") = 6723 x 12/(0.9 x 4000 x 12 x 8.5%) = 00258 From standard design aid in Appendix A: @ = 0026 ‘Ag = nbd f;/fy = 0.026 X 12 8.5 X 4/60 =0.177 Use #5 bars (Ay = 0.31 in.) Figure 29 shows one arrangement with eight radial barsin each quadrant. Sixteen bars are required for the slab and are bent as shown. Note that there are only two layers where the bars cross at the center in Fig.29 and only four types of bent bars are required, Figure 29—Radial reinforcement at center of roof slab ‘without center support Ring bars are proportioned to fit the tangential curve in Fig. 28. The maximum area of steel is required near the center. The required amount of reinforcing steel at the bottom near the center is: Mal( fz bd?) = 10,860 x 121(0.9 x 4000 x 12 x (8.5)") = 0.0418 From standard design aid in Appendix A: w =00428 A= wha fly = 0.0828 x 12 X85 x 60 =0.291 291i(12 x 83) =0.0029 Prin = 200/f, = 0.0033 > 0.0029 Use #5 bars on 10 in. 0.c. (As =0.31 in?, p = 0.0037) Since the required area of the bars for tangential moments decreases gradually toward Point 0.9R, the +#5 bars at 12 in.o.c. can be used forall the top circular reinforcing. Between 0.9R and 1.0R the bars will be placed in the top of the slab. ‘This design utilized radial and circular reinforce- ‘ment. Itisalso common to usea rectangular layout for the reinforcing. @ Roof Slab with Center Support Figure 30—Roof slab with center support ‘The tank dimensions for the design of the roof slab in this section are shown in Fig. 30. The roof slab will be designed for alive load of 100 psf and a superimposed dead load of 300 psf. The required strength, U, is: 4 (200 + 150 x 12/12) + 1.7 x 100 800 pst Data are presented in Tables A-17, A-18, and A-19 for slabs with a center support for the following ratios of column capital to wall diameter, c/D =0.05,0.15, 0.20, and 0.25. The tables are for fixed and hinged edge as well as for moment applied at the edge. ‘The general procedure in this section is the same as in the previous section. First the edge of the roof slab is considered fixed and the fixed end moments are computed. Then the moments at the edge are distrib- tuted and adjustments are made for the change in the edge moment. The values in Tables A-17, A-18, and A-19 are based on a uniform slab thickness. The presence of a drop panel will have some effect, but itis believed that the change is relatively small especially since the ratio of panel area to total slab area is typically very small. The relative stiffness factors foraroof slaband wall with the dimensions used here were previously caleu- lated in Section 13. The relative stiffness factors are 0.86 for the wall and 0.14 for the slab. ‘The radial fixed end moment equals the coefficient of -0,0490 from Table A-17 (for o/D = 8/54 =0.15 at Point 1.0R) multiplied by pR?, For p = 800 psf, the fixed end moment is -0.0490 X 800 X 27° = -28,577 ft-lbs per ft. ‘The final edge moment for which the slab is designed is -28,577 X (1 -0.14) = 24.576 fi-lbs per ft. ‘The procedure is to design the slab fora fixed edge moment of -28,577 and then add the effect of a o Circa Tanks‘moment 28,577 ~ 24,576 = 4001 ft-lbs applied at the ‘edge, but first, shearing stresses must be investigated. The column load is determined by multiplying coefficients taken from Table A-13 by pR?. For a fixed edge: 1.007 x pR? = 1.007 x 800 x 27” = 587,282 Ibs Effect of moment at edge: 9.29M = 9.29 x 4001 = 37,169 Total Column Load = 624,451 Ibs ‘The radius of the critical section for shear around the column capitalis4 X 12+ 18-15=64.5in.=5.38 ft. The length of this section is 21 X 64.5 = 405 i Load on the area within this section is 800 X X 5.38” 72,745 Ibs. The shear at the face of the column pital is (624,451 - 72,745)/1000 = 552 kips. The shear capacity of a 12 in. thick slab with a 6 in. thick drop panel is Ve =2 [fe xbyd = (4000 x 4051651000 = 845> 559 Kips, O.K. ‘The radius of the critical section for shear around the drop panel is 6 x 12+ 12-15 =82.5 in. =6.88 ft. Length of this section is 21 X 82.5=518 in. The load on the area within this section is 800 X = X 6.887 = 118,964. The shear edge of the drop panel is (624,451 — 118,964)/1000 = 505 kips. The shear capacity of a 12 in. thick slab is: Ve =2[fe xbyd = 21/4600 x 5181051000 =688> 505 kips Shear at the edge of the tank wall is: V = mpR?— column load = (% X 800 x 27°) ~ 624,451 = 1,207,726 Ibs = 1207 kips ‘The circumference of the tank is 2 Xm X 27 X 12, = 2036 in. The shear capacity of a 12 in. thick slab is: Vo= 2s xtbwd [4000 x 2036 x 10.5000 =2704 0.85 X 2704 = 298 > 1207 kips ov. The radial moments are computed by selecting coefficients for c/D = 0.15 from Tables A-17 and A- 19, and multiplying them by pR? = 800 x 27° = 583,200 fi-lbs per ft (for fixed edge), and by M=4001 felbs per ft (for moment edge). These moments are shown in Table 25 and in Fig. 31. The maximum negative moment at the center occursat the edge of the column capital. Tavle 25—Raclal Moments for Root Slab wth Center Support Tear oot | Radiat | cootcert | Marcel er | To ferPaed | Noman | frvtonent | Morera | Rasa! Prt | Coston | Foaatspe | “alEae | "Ea | Newent Ts] oe | Sen | | a | ‘2n] —ooser_| ses [ower _[—orat | -m408 A tan] aon | sir | —az60 [1100 [1905 | aor can sone [vias | —oore | are | wraree [eer sm —sonese [e178 | sea | vies | via. | — 9080 gh] —so0eso [ets [0510 | eon | 17709 | von 7m] _obiea_[—stess| 0885 [same iam [ore tak sone [50 oreo | sien | sit | me aR| nove _[—vessr_[ oso | —sseo1 | — 008 | 006 tor] ono | —ze5r7 [vine | _saot | ese | sre Figure 31—Radial moments for roof slab with center support The theoretical moment across the section around the column capital is larger than the moment that actually exists. It should be remembered that the moment coefficients in this section are computed for a slab that is assumed to be fixed at the edge of the capital. Actually, the edge is not fixed, but has some rotation and areduction in the theoretical moment will occur. ‘Cire Tanks aThe problem of determining the actual moment at, the capital is similar to that which exists in regular flat slab design. Asa matter of fact, the region around the center column in the tank slab is stressed very much as in ordinary flat slab floor construction, so that the design should be practically identical in the column region of both types of structures. A rigorous analysis of two-way slabs with circular capitals was presented by Nichols in 1914*. The expression derived by Nichols for the sum of the total positive and negative moment, Mo, is given as: 2 WL {,_2¢ 3 CL, ‘where L = span length, center-to-center of column © =diameter of column capital W = total panel load ‘The ACI 318 codes have not required that the slab be designed for the full theoretical value of Mo. Infact, even though the equation for determining the design for Mg has changed over the years, it is consistently about 25% lower than the value of Mg from the tigorous analysis. In view of this discussion, it seems reasonable to also use a 25% reduction in the theoreti- cal moments around the center columns of the tank slab. The reduction will be used here for radial ‘moments at the capital only. The other momentsin the slab are not large enough to consider a reduction. For the slab shown in Fig. 30, the moment at the edge of the capital will then be taken as (1 ~ 0.25) x 69,888 = 52,416 ft-lbs per ft. The required amount of reinforcement at the top of the slab at this location is: Mal( fzbe?) = 52,416 x 12/(0.9 x 4000 X 12 x (16.5)") =00535 From standard design aid in Appendix A: © =0055 A= @bd f-/fy = 0.055 X 12 x 16.5 X 4/60 = 0.726 in ft ‘Total Ay = 8 Xm X 0.726 = 18.2 in? ‘Use 28-#8 bars (Ay = 22.1 in.) as shown in Fig. 32, ‘Across the edge of the drop panel the moment is, approximately 34,106 ft-lbs per ft (at point 6/27 = 0.22, use 0.2). Using the 25% reduction, the moment to be designed for is 34,106 x (1 — 0.25) = 25,580 2 Figure 32—Radial reinforcement for roof slab with center support ft-lbs per ft. The required amount of reinforcement to the top of the slab at this location i Myl(o tba?) = 25,580 * 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 x (10.5)°) 0644 From standard design aid in Appendix A: 067 = wbd f/f, = 0,067 X 12 X 10.5 x 4/60 = 0.563 in.7/ft Total A, = 12 X x X 0.563 =21.2 in? The 28-88 bars (As =22.1 in.) will be adequate, ‘The maximum positive moment per segment oc- curs at Point0.6R as indicated in Fig.31. The moment at this point is 17,729 ft-lbs per ft. ‘The required amount of reinforcing at the bottom of the slab at this location is: Mul tba?) = 17,729 x 120.9 x 4000 x 12 x (10.5)") 0487 From standard design aid in Appendix A: © =0.046 abd fy =0.046 x 12 x 10.5 X 4160 Total Ay= 2% RX 066 X 27 X 039 = 39.7 in? Use 128-85 bars (39.7 in), The spacing at this location will be: 139 inZin spacing =2 x m X 0.6 X 27 X 12/128 Sin, ‘The maximum negative moment at the inside face of the wall is 24,576 ft-Ibs per ft. The required amount of reinforcing at the top of the slab at this location is: Mal febe?) = 24,576 x 121(09 x 4000 x 12 X (105)%) = 0.0619 From standard design aid in Appendix A: w =0.065 Ay = abd f/f, = 0.65 X 12 X 10.5 X 4/60 =0.546 in Zit Total Ay =2 X 1 X 27 X 0.546 = 92.6 in? Circa Tanks‘Use 212-#6 bars (93.3 ir ‘The spacing at this location will be: spacing =2 X xX 27 X 12212 =9.6in, ‘The tangential moments are computed by selecting coefficients for c/D = 0.15 from Tables A-17 and A- 19 and multiplying them by pR? = 800 X (27) 583,200 ft-lbs per ft (for fixed edge), and by M=4001 fi-lbs per ft (for moment edge). The resulting tangen- tial moments are shown in Table 26 and Fig. 33. Table 2¢—Tangental Moments fr Rect Stab with Center Support 8,451 % 1210.9 X 4000 X 12 x (10.57) 046 From standard design aid in Appendix A: © =00474 Ay = bd f/f, = 0.0474 X 12 X 10.5 X 4/60 = 0.40 in if Use #5 bars spaced at 9 in, (As = 0.41 in), Inthe remainder of the slab, #5 bars at 12 in. will be adequate (My = 14,350). As indicated in Fig-32,some of the bars are in the bottom of the slab depending on the sign of the tangential moments, Me(@ {24 ‘This design utilized radial and circular reinforce- oetos] Tangata | coon | Lecetes | _ tou ‘ment, Itis also common to use a rectangularlayout for irs | Teen | Gib | pede | tenes | the reinforcing. Patt | constions | Fed Eage| at Ege wrt | Manent 8 cam] owt | iene | —a38 | se —| Ta can| ao tease | ae |e] 8 i i i aa sae et ee ee er Roof Slab with Multiple Interior aan] aor | ross | —aaat_| ee] Supports 7 Tc an oom sie [oar | en | I Tm samnes_| ene] —vassr_[ sees | sate A TD an ates | a ose —Ti02 tan] omnes aris“ ate [at Ast #80. (op) -pt-4 150.1 (on) sg ieee) LA Ba Angel noes perk 1 nade of Wat 1 mo ' 1 ' i 1 Figure 33—Tangential moments for roof slab with center support i i Laren Within the drop panel , the effective depth of the slab is 16 Sin. instead of the 10.5 in. thatis beyond the drop panel. Ifthe moments in that region are reduced in the ratio of 10.5/16.5, itis seen that the critical moment for design occurs just beyond the edge of the drop panel. ‘The moment at the edge the drop panel is taken equal to 18,451 which is slightly larger than the moment at that location. The required circular reinforcing at this location is: Figure 34—Roof slab with multiple interior supports Figure 34 illustrates a column layout for a roof slab thathas multiple interior supports. In the two previous sections (roof slabs with one or no interior supports), the roof slabs are designed as circular plates, The reinforcing bars for these types of slabs were placed both radially and in a circular pattern, In contrast, when multiple interior supports are used, the reinfore- ing bars are placed in two perpendicular directions as is typically done for flat slabs in buildings. Design ‘examples for flat slabs are widely available" For this reason, this publication will only briefly discuss the design of flat slabs. ‘The analysis of a flat slab system consists of two steps. The first step is to determine the factored ‘momentsatcritical sections (usually at midspan and at the supports). The second step is to distribute the moments transversely across the slab, (Circular Tanks BACT 318-89 provides two methods to perform the first step. These methods are the Equivalent Frame Method and the Direct Design Method. Both of these methods will be discussed below. Equivalent Frame Method—This method provides representation in two dimensions of a three-dimen- sional system by defining flexural stiffinesses which reflect the torsional rotation possible in the three- dimensional system. The equivalent frame consists of the horizontal slab, the columns above and below the slab, and the portion of the structure that provides moment transfer between the slab and column (called atorsional member). The three parts of the equivalent frame are shown in Fig. 35. Figure 35—Equivalent frame Once the equivalent frame is established, the carryover and stiffness factors are determined. With these factors and the fixed end moments, the moment distribution is performed. This method of determin- ing the critical moments is tedious und time consumn- ing, and is best suited for computer use or where geometry is irregular, preventing use of the simple Direct Design Method discussed below. Direct Design Method—The moments at critical sections are determined with much less labor under this method than by the Equivalent Frame Method. The moments are determined at midspan and at col- umn faces by multiplying coefficients by the total factored design moment, Mo, which equals: My = walle /8 where wy= factored load per unit area 2 = length of span transverse to direction of analysis, measured center-to-cen- ter of supports length of clear span in direction of analysis. cs Once this moment is determined, itis multiplied by the coefficients from ACI 318-89 Section 13.6.3.3, which are reproduced in Table 27. “Table 27—Distibution of Static Moments Location Percentage of Mo Interior negative 70% factored moment Positive factored 50% moment Exterior negative 30% | factored moment Since the Direct Design Method is based on many assumptions, its use is allowed only if the structure conforms to certain limitations. These limitations are: + There shall be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction. « Panels shall be rectangular with a ratio of longer to shorter span center-to-center of supports within a panel not greater than two. ‘Successive span lengths center-to-center of sup- ports in each direction shall not differ by more than one-third the longer span * Columns may be offset a maximum of 10% of the span (in direction of offset) from either axis between centerlines of successive columns. + All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel. * Live load shall not exceed three times the dead load. Once the factored moments are determined by either the Direct Design Method or the Equivalent Frame Method, the second step of laterally distribut- ing the moments across the slab must be performed. The width of slab centered at a column line and extending to half-way between adjacent column lines is called the design strip. The design strip is divided into column and middle strips. The column strip is defined as having a width equal to one-half the trans- verse or longitudinal span, whichever is smaller. The remainder of the design strip is composed of two half- w Crear Farismiddle strips. These strips are determined as shownin Fig. 36. {= design strips Figure 36—Design strip of roof slab The percentages of moments carried by the column and the middle strips are shown in Table 28. Table 28—Latoral Distribution of Moments for Roof Slabs Column | Middle stip_| stip ‘Negative moment at 100% 0% exterior colurmn Negative moment at| 75% | 25% inferior column Positive momenis 6% | 40% Flat slabs must also meet serviceability require- ments. The roof slab must be designed to have adequate stiffness to prevent deflection problems. For slabs with drop panels, the minimum thickness shall not be less than 4 in. (ACI 318-89, Section 9.5.3.2), ‘The slab must also have a thickness no less than ty/36 fora flat slab and t,/33 for slabs without drop panels. For complete details of flat slab design, refer to the publications referenced at the beginning of this sec- tion. Effect of Variation in Wall Thickness All tables and numerical examples in preceding sec- tions are based on the assumption that the wall has uniform thickness from the top to the base. The effect of tapering the wall will now be discussed, If ACI 350 recommendations are followed, rein- forced concrete walls that are 10 ft high or taller, that are in contact with liquid, shall have a minimum thickness of 12 in. Therefore, it is unlikely that very Jarge tapers will occur. In the examples in the preced- ing section, 15 in, is the thickness required for maxi- mum ring tension which occurs approximately 0.61 below the top. As discussed in Section 11, the inves- tigation for a shear applied at the base of the wall can be omitted by designing for the maximum ring tension from the location of this maximum ring tension to the base of the tank. ‘Therefore, in the preceding ex- ‘amples, the tank wall can be tapered from 12 in. to 15 in. only for the upper one-half of the wall. The cross- sectional area of the wall wil] be reduced from 1.25 x 20 = 25.0 sq ft to 25 -0.5 X 10 X 3/12 = 23.75 sq ft. The reduction in cost from the reduced volume of conerete will probably not offset the added cost of forms for the tapered circular wall. Gray® has presented data for wall sections that vary from a maximum at the base to zero at the top. For illustration, consider a wall with H = 20 ft, D= 54 ft, and t = 125. For this wall, Gray's data show that ‘maximum ring tension is approximately eight percent ‘greater for triangular than for rectangular wall sec- tions, that is, when the sectional area is reduced from 25.0 sq ft to 12.5 sq ft. For the reduction of 1:25 sq ft inthe foregoing paragraph, it may be estimated roughly that the increase in maximum ring tension will be 1.25 X 8/12.5=0.8%. At any rate, the increase appears to be negligible. Timoshenko” gives an example with H = 14 ftand D=60 ft. The wall thickness is 14 in. in one case but varies from 14 in. to 3.5 in. in the other case. Moment and shear at the base are as follows: Moment, inIb Shear, Ib Uniform thickness (14 in): 13,960 564. Variable thickness GSin.to14in): — 13,900 527 Itis seen that the moment is practically unchanged and the shear is reduced by only 6.5 percent. The change will be even smaller when the taper is from 14 in. at mid-height to 12 in. at top. However, the taper will increase the ring tension and the decrease in wall Circular Tanks Bwidth must be taken into account, In this case, for ‘moment and shear the taper may be ignored, but under extreme circumstances it may be advisable to take it into account. This may be done approximately by inserting in H°/Dt the value of t which exists at the point being investigated in the wall, or, in other words, tose values of H’/Dt which vary from top to base. 18 | Temperature Variation in Tank Wall ‘When the temperature on the exterior of a tank differs from that on the interior, a temperature gradient will exist in the wall. A wall of a circular tank cannot expand or contract freely causing temperature in- duced stresses. The magnitude of these stresses are difficult to predict. The analysis requires the solving of complex differential equations, complicated by the possibility of a nonlinear temperature gradient and the changing of geometric properties due to cracking in the wall. Determination of the stresses under these circumstances are beyond the scope of this publication and references suggested in the bibliography should be consulted. In this section, temperature induced stress calculations will be presented using the closed form solutions presented by Ghali and Elliot in Refer- ence 10. These closed form solutions can be used only_ if the following conditions are satisfied: * Tank has a value of H7/(Dt) > 2.9 (ie. a deep tank). + Temperature varies linearly through the thick- ness of the wall. * The wall section remains uncracked. ‘The temperature gradient in the wall will produce a hoop force, No, and a circumferential moment, Mg, which, when combined, may produce vertical cracking if the tensile strength of the concrete is exceeded. The temperature differential may also produce horizontal cracking. For a complete discussion of this type of cracking, see Reference 10, Table 29 shows the closed form solutions for various base support conditions. The following numerical values will be used to calculate the stresses induced by a temperature gradi- ent, It should be noted that the notation used in this section is different than that of other sections in this publication, ‘Tablo 28—Closed Form Solution for Temperature Svesses, in Ckeular Wall That Cause Vertical Cracking FER semitone tar oan gt trav FB, seme ome ta-masdnzt Mae ta SBN +m 22 Tn =e 20+ ‘Tate Ns “ a me) a . ‘oe = 190m oo ‘Temperature on external face, Ty = 30°F ‘Temperature on internal face, T Height of tank, L'= 20 ft 7 fe atio, W= 0.16 Coefficient of thermal expansion, «= 0:0000056 Wall Bottom of tank is assumed hinged, Based on the numerical values provided, the fol- owing variables are determined tocalculate thestresses at the top of the tank (x = L and x =L-x=0). 130-2 =130 - 0.169} 227% 10) = 0.02297 Bx = 0.02297 x 20 x 12= 5.513 Br=0 ef om 08 (Bx) =0.7179 B in(Bx) ~ -0,6961 sin (Bx) =0 = (cosfhx + sinfix) = 0.00405 x (0.7179 - 0.6961) 0.000088, Z_= 0 (sinBx) = 0.00405 X (-0.6961) = 0.002819 Zs=€™ (cosPx - sinBx) = 0.00405 x (0.7179 + 0.6961) * (cosfix) = 0.00405 x (0.7179) = 0.002908 =e* (cosBx + sinBx) = 1 Zz=0** (sinpx) =0 = 6 (cosP - inf Zaz 0 (cosh =I B Cirlar TanksSubstitution of these values into the closed form solution for a wall with a free top and hinged base gives the following: h a+w, 2 =-Ba| (te +m) z4 + SY cry TY Za +Z3- No=-E: [tex ee 24 cas 0mn0s6 (20-9009) (1+0.16)x 30 Bane oonT ae 0 a0 04861021 “orp « (0,005721 + 1 - 0.002908) Mo =—Bal-weB*89(Mo + T))Z20((1—w?) x12) +h? (ToT) WZi —Za + ZVI p12) -3605) x (0,0000056)](—0, 16) x (27 x 12) x (0.02297)2 (10)? x (30) x (-0.002819)((I - (0.16)") x 12) +10}? x (30) x (1-0.16(0,000088 +-0,002819 +) H(Q-0.16)x12) 3605) x (0.000056) x (0.197) + 249.861) 5 kipsindin ‘The maximum stress on the interior face at this location is determined from the following equation and as shown in Fig. 37. 207 psi 303 ps 207 pst ‘8 pst Estee feos eto ie orp Figure 37—Stress diagrams for temperature vari tank wall ‘Gireular Tanks where Ni =2.07 kin Aztin, X (1x 10)=10in? M = 5.05 kips inJin. $= bd16= (1 in, (10)/6) = 16.67 in? ax = (2.07110) ~ 5.05/16 67) =0.097 ksi = 97 psi ‘Table 30 shows the resultant stresses occurring on the inside face of the tank, These stresses can cause vertical cracking if the tensile strength of the concrete is exceeded. Table 30—Siresses on Inside Face of Tank Wall © me) Semon Location tiny | acndny | Geo Tot en) Zs | Ss [970 at ar| 528 | 2ra5 oa oz | 33 | mes o7, oss | se | sar Oa oe | 608 | wes 05 oa 62 | aes bat ou | 603 | wea aL 05 | sm | 09 oz ore | saa [ome om om [512 | 202 ‘ot botany [304 | 505] 0 ++ denotes tension Observations of existing tanks have shown that tanks above ground are more vulnerable to problems from temperature variations than those below ground. Insome cases, the previous calculations can beavoided by increasing the horizontal ring steel by 10% to 20% eyond that required for the critical load case. Also, it should be noted that if strength design is being used, oad factors must be used to increase the service loads from temperature effects. ‘When the bottom of the tank is below the water table, the loading on the slab from hydrostatic pressure must be investigated. If the upward pressure exceeds the dead load of the tank floor, there may be a danger of heaving unless the floor is constructed as a structural slab with loading directed upward rather than down- ward. There are several methods to determine the Base Slab Design wrequired base slab reinforcing. ‘These methods in- Clude finite element analysis, complex mathematical solutions,|!"? and approximate methods. A rigorous treatment of a slab on an elastic foundation is beyond the scope of this publication, so the discussion on the design of the bottom slab will be based on what is believed to be a reasonable estimate. ‘The sanitary coefficients were not used for the base slab design since it is not clearin ACI 350 whether this would be appropriate. The designer must use engineering judg- ment to determine if the following analysis and the absence of the sanitary coefficients are suitable for the specific project. The following discussion will inves- tigate three different base design conditions. ‘The first condition occurs when there is no unbal- anced hydrostatic force present. The discussion that follows is only applicable for tanks with small diam- eters, The loading on the slab equals the load on the roof, weight of the roof, and weight of the wall. The factored loads excluding the sanitary coefficients are: Roof: Live Load = 1.7 X wy, x Tributary Area 1.7 x 100 x wx (13) 90,258 Ibs Dead Load = 1.4 X wp X Tributary Area = 14x (10/12 x 150) x x x (13? = 92,913 Ibs Wall: Dead Load = 1.4 X weight per radial foot x Circumference = 14x (2/12 x 150 x 16) X2KRXI13 = 274,450 tbs ‘Total Load = 90,258 + 92,913 + 274,450 = 457,621 Ibs ‘The loading of 457,621 Ibs is assumed to be distrib- uted uniformly over the subgrade for small diameter tanks, giving an upward reaction onthe bottomslab of: p=457,6210(R X 13°) = 862 psf This load is applied upward onthe slab and the same type of procedure as used in Section 14 is followed to determine the reinforcing. Note that the base area can be increased by extending the slab beyond the wall, thereby reducing the soil stress. This also provides a place to develop the slabs reinforcing and a work platform. B ‘The second condition occurs when there is unbal- anced hydrostatic pressure present. In this case, the upward force on the slab is equal to the hydrostatic pressure minus the pressure from the weight of the roof, wall, and slab as shown below: ° X height of hydrostatic pressure = (Woot + Wona + Wa) area} It should be noted that the two loading conditions presented above will only occur in small diameter tanks. In large diameter tanks, it is not realistic to assume that the weight of the wall and the roof will be uniformly distributed over the area of the slab. ‘The third condition is for tanks which do not have asmall diameter. For this condition, the portion of the slab near the wall is designed similar to a cantilever wall base. The reinforcement in the remainder of the slab is designed for temperature and shrinkage effects as well as any other loading conditions that might occur. Crear Tankssondametor Plan View of Circular Tank Section through Circular Tank Design Information: Internal fluid pressure Extemal soil pressure External soil surcharge = 3 ft (use 90 Ibs per ft) f = 4000 psi fy = 60,000 psi EB, = 29x 10° psi 0 8 Concrete roof is hinged connected t6 wall. Roof is in place prior to backfilling. 1. Loading Conditions cy AA Loading Condon No.1 Leakage test prior backfing No.2 Empty tank wih bacKfl present L ‘Loading Condition No.3 S . weet Pop ‘is ignored, Circular Tanks - wII. Estimate Tank Wall Thickness. ‘Tank wall thickness is estimated by limiting the fing tension stress in the wall to 10% of f. Initially, assume a wall thickness of 16 in, This gives a value of H’/(D1) = (28)/(90 X 16/12) = 65. ‘Maximum ring tension is determined by multiplying the largest coefficient for ring tension (Table A-5) for H”/ (Dt) = 6.5 by WHR. Largest ring tension coefficient = 0.657 Wo= sanitary coefficient x 1.7 X w 65 X 1.7 X 65.0 = 182.33 Ibsift® This gives a maximum ring tension of: Tmax = 0.657 X Wy XH XR = 0,657 X 182.33 X 28 x 45 = 150,936 Ibs ‘The required reinforcement to resist this tensile force is: Area =Tinax/(0.9 X Fy) = 150,936/(0.9 X 60,000) 2.80 in? Use #9 bars E.F. at 8 in. (As = 3.0 in2) ‘The maximum tensile stress in the concrete due to ring tension and shrinkage is: CEsAs + Tmax (unfactored) ‘Ac +nAs ‘where Tax (unfactored) = 150,936/(1.7 % 1.65) = 53,810 0.0003 x29 x 10° x 3.0 +53810 12x16+8x30 =370 psi< 400 psi, OK. III. Analysis for Loading Condition No. 1 During construction, prior to backfilling, the tank will be checked for leaks. It will beassumed that the tank cover has not yet been constructed at the time of the leakage test. The following procedure will be utilized for this loading condition. + Determine ring forces and bending moments from internal fluid pressure, * Add effects of possibility of outward movement of the base of the wall. For a wall with a hinged base and a free top subjected to a triangular load, the ring tension is calculated by multiplying the coefficients from Table A-5 by WyHR as shown in Table E-1. w - ~~ Cirear Fans‘Table E-1—Ring Tens‘on in Tank Well for Loading Canation No. 1 val SE] (eer ein) sof ao ae a] —saror wa aaa | — stato Bat ag | 098 7a aa | 008 0528 si | —vos05 8,7 agi | 056 “i. 76 ‘ari | —<0sor iso aH | 0566 “rook aan | ste 8 ‘oa 0 @ Note: woHR = 1.7 X 1.65 X 65 X 28 x 45 = 229,730 ‘The bending monicnts for the same loading condition are determined by multiplying the coefficients taken from ‘Table A-7 by WyH? as shown in Table E-2. ‘Table €:2~-encing Moments in Tank Wal fr Loacing Colon No, 1 Tag er (lata er | “onto toe. aa ee or ate eee | ae |e} ae or a =| ee [er et Note: wyH? = 1.7 x 13 X 65 X (28) = 3,153,405 Inthe analysis for a free top and hinged base, itis assumed that the base is restrained from lateral displacement. ‘As discussed in Section 11, the base slab may not be able to provide complete restraint. Jt was also noted, and will also be utilized for this design, that this complex analysis could be omitted by using the maximum ring tension to design the entire bottom portion of the wall, and ignoring the decrease in moments that result from the displacement of the base. ‘The resulting ring force and bending moments are shown in Fig. E-1. IV. Analysis for Loading Condition No.2 While in service itis possible thatthe tank will not be filled with liquid. Under this loading condition, soil pressure will be acting inward on the tank wall. The following procedure will be utilized for this loading condition. + Determine ring compression and bending moments from external soil pressure. + Add effects of lateral restraint provided by roof slab. Fora wall with a hinged base and free top subjected to a trapezoidal load, the ring compression is calculated by multiplying the coefficients taken from Tables A-5 and A-6, by WuHR and pR respectively. These results are provided in Table E-3. Note that the sanitary coefficient for ring tension of 1.65 was used even though the ring forces are compressive since a sanitary coefficient for this condition is not provided in ACI 350. Circular Tanks i° ° 02 02 o4 oa os os 08 Eq 08 n Seeseeseesaae 10 10 200 180 100 50 0 ou co 2 a Ring Force x 1000 Ibe Bending Moment X 1000 ft-lbs Figure B-1—Ring forces and bending moments in rank wall for loading condition no. 1 “Talo E-3—Ring Force in Tank Wall for Trapezoidal Loading Fira Fae Fig are citer for Table] Coot rm Taso ior Trangar Rirgforete | 5 Rraforeta | Toa ing Face Fort} icaditonses | LoedHnoy es | Tionpartoadn | Recarpdertoasng | (denctes rn tomj—oe 758 i ae eo ta] att EIT mur mata 6210 ‘azi| 0210 i018 28600 Are Toesee cot] ose a8 0754 5ST ee can | so. 1058 =i 8 57 18170 Co EE 085 “aie 8290 Zig I 1085 “28,67 5605 0.6 ena] 08s 70857 “ze 2616 25599 aa | oe =a =H 2:06 TH aoa | 038 “aa =i TE065 3 cl a ao a ° o = (LT x 165 % (BO) X 2B 45) = S188 1.7 X 1.65 X (90 X 3) X 45) =-340080 For a wall with a hinged base and free top subjected to a trapezoidal load, the bending moments are calculated by multiplying the coefficients taken from Table A-7 by (wyH? + pH’). These results are shown in Table E-4, ‘The results for this loading condition were obtained considering that the top of the tank is free to displace laterally. In actuality, the concrete roof slab will prevent lateral movement atthe top of the wall and will result in changes in the ring forces and bending moments. When the top of the tank is free to displace laterally, the ring force is, 29,856 Ibs in compression. To prevent displacement, a shear force acting in an opposite direction of the soil loads must be added to reduce the ring force to zero. Ring tension due to a shear, V, at the top of the wall is computed as discussed in Section 10. The shear force required at the top of the tank to produce zero ring force is: 9.378, H 1856 1983 Ibs per ft B ‘Circular Fanks‘Table E-4—Bonding Moments in Tank Wall for Trapezoidal Load Terdng erent Coatieet fom | Bending Moment Poh | “TatieATlor | (sds tron HE (oy e6s | sniner tame) oD 2 a [00000 o 2H | —ococo v 3H] —sacoor = can | — a006 zat csi] — ante TH eH | —vO.0oe asa ‘O7H | 0.0066 202 oan | —+a.00rs 5200 on | ote he oH] — coo © Note: (WH! + pH) = 1.7 X 1.3 X ((-90) x 28°) + (3 (-90) X 28%) = -4,834,065, ‘The change in the ring force is determined by multiplying coefficients taken from Table A-8 by VR/H. These results are shown in Table E-5. “Table E-S—Ring Force for Loading Conciion No. 2 Rg Foretony. | FingForce tom | _ Total Rieg Force Pein le ap ofwat | Tape Laat | (adonote ttn) oon aE, Be T On Hee, 6200 its om Ey 704.68 “ar ars ost aie 1.90 Ta.578 ‘Oat EECY “61700 ee Ost oe Bre or Bir 5e6 ‘8H 128 240 Te 720206 ‘om 100 22199 zepi9 oo 77 26 2089 8H = Teas TDS oe 7 2 o c 318 Bending moments due to a shear, V, at the top is calculated in a similar manner except that the sanitary coefficient is different forbending moments. Therefore, moments are shown in the additional top force must be reduced proportionally. The revised Table E-6, The resulting ring forces and bending moments are shown in Fig. E-2. Tabie E-6—Bending Moments for Loacing Consition No, 2 Teaqioret | Seoliren | ovations | — Tog oua conta tertabe] taeVacicest | Fon'rapenaa | Bore ont | eae 0) 65 Ei (Gas | fens) co] oto 7 7 z as] a0 ar @ ir cat] 0087 Fai 7 ait ot] one a 7 i cat] sate Ht Boi a2 ost] 0015 =r “rat “ai ast] —omoe We i597 “ai ort] ore of are “zr a aia 520 S57 oa | omer tt a aa wan] 0005 228 = “a8 Note: vars ( gg] 198 x 28= 43700 165 a00 09 02 02 o4 04 06 06 [-— oe aa Ls | | | 10 0 0-100 ~«-150 0050 10 mi a a Ring Force x 1000 Ibs Bending Moment x 1000 ft-lbs Figure E-2—Ring force and bending moment for load condition no.2 V. Analysis for Loading Condition No. 3 This loading condition occurs while the tank is in use, The tank roof is in place, the tank is full with liquid, and the backfilling is completed. According to ACT 350, the resistance of the soil must not be taken into account as a resisting force. ‘The following procedures will be utilized for this loading condition: * Determine ring forces and bending moments from internal fluid pressure. (This has previously been completed in the calculations for Loading Condition No. 1.) + Add effects of possibility of movement of the base of the wall. (This has previously been completed in the calculations for Loading Condition No. 1.) * Add effects of lateral restraint of top of tank provided by roof slab. The first two steps have been completed in the calculations for Loading Condition No. 1, the third step, accounting forthe effects of restraint at the top must be added to those results. To prevent lateral displacement,a shear force must be added at the top of the tank as previously discussed. 9.37 x SR 20787 H V=-183.08 Ibs per ft ‘The change in the ring force is determined by multiplying coefficients taken from Table A-8 by VR/H. These results are shown in Tables E-7 and E-8, H Crear Fanks‘Table E-7Ring Tenslon fr Load Consition No. Fae font | coat en Table] RegFucstonv’ | Arg Foeetum | | Teng Face Chawrnatays es | apiederpcrwat | Tanguarloes | (eres erst) omar ERT Ze 7 ai] sz ise Tai a aat| 207 " saat ro car] a9 ni 7758 7a aar| ar “tr Saszte [ss asr| ast st sae [a ast] 081 a seare [as om] ae a sos [vse oar] 8 = ‘isonet —[ a oar| oar 3 iE) TS o 2 @ ° = -183.08 X 45/28 =-294.2 ‘The bending moments due to the restraining force at the top is calculated in a similar manner. Table -8—Banding Moments fr Loading Corsition No. 3 Gerdng Wore | Baring vant | Banding onent Poin | con en esa] von Vapi tap | “tor arm | Ton Benérg at ‘aad Ad trH?01=65 Moment oro, 7 o 2 0 CH 26 ° 28 oan] 0087 ar o “ait oan | 00 210 “a as ‘oan | 0082 129 ee TTS ‘ost | 0015 a “8s “85 OH | +0008 ware 006 ‘om | 001 = SIT 768 ‘aH [0909 7 23.20 S250 ‘oan [004 He as ass 2 7) 2 2 13, Note: VH = 72: x -183.08 X 28 = 4039 165 ‘The change in ring forces and bending moments from restraint of the roof are relatively small compared to those from. the lateral forces and therefore, the graphs will practically be the same as those for Loading Condition No. 1. VI. Design of Ring Steel Figure B-3 shows the distribution of maximum ring tension and compression along the height of the wall. ‘Check compression: f= CIA = 242,619/(12 X 16) = 1264 psi OK. Design of reinforcing steel for tensile forces: T=A,X 09x fy Capacity of #9 bars at 8 in. EF. T= 12/8 X 2.0 X 0.9 X 60,000 = 162,000 Ibs Capacity of #8 bars at 8 in. EF. T= 12/8 X 1,58 0.9 X 60,000 = 127,980 Ibs Circular Tanks 5mOgmer 242819 | “J NN | 2? ~~ | —— 50 100 30 0 30 “100 ~—~-150~—~=~C OSC Zi looted 200 7 Figure E-3—Ring tension envelope for tank wall c-use #9 @ 8 in. E.F. (162,000 > 150,932 Ibs) for the bottom 15 ft of the wall and #8 @ 8 in. E.P. (127,980 > 120,523 Ibs) for the top 13 ft of the wall. Class B splices will be used for the ring steel since in most cases, the area of reinforcements not greater than twice that required by analysis. The basic development length, typ, for #8 and #9 bars is calculated as follows: Fab = 0.04 Antyh lf 12.15. 48 bars: ay = 0.04 0.79 x 60,000//4000 = 3000 in, #9 bars: fan = 0.04 «1,00 x 60,000/4000 = 379 in, ‘The development length is determined by multiplying the basic development length by the modifiers provided in ACI318-89. For the present case, the following modifiers are applicable: + Horizontal bars so placed that more than 12 in. of fresh concrete is cast in the member below the development length or splice. Use modifier of 1.3 + For #11 bars or smaller, with clear spacing not less than Sd, and with edge face cover not less than 2.5dp, ‘Use modifier of 0.8. » Bars in inner layer of wall with clear spacing of not less than 3dy. Use modifier of 1.0. Using these modifiers, the development lengths for #8 and #9 is: #8 bars: ty = 1.3 X 0.8 X 1.0 X 30.0=312in. but not less than. 0.03d6y/4ff- 12.236 fain = 0.03 X 1.0 X 60,000/¥4000 = 28.4 <31.2 OK. #9 bars: ty = 1.3 X 0.8 X 1.0 X 37.9 =394 in. but not less than 0.03dgfy/4/f; Gnin = 0.03 X 9/8 X 60,000/ 1/4000 = 32 in. < 39.4 in. OK. % — Cirealar TanksThe length of a Class B splice is equal to 1.3 X Splice length (#8 bars) = 1.3 X 31.2 = 406 in. (use 42 in.) Splice length (#9 bars) = 1.3 X 39.4 =51.2 in. (use 52 in.) Adjacent reinforcing splices should be staggered horizontally (center-to-center of lap) by not less than one lap length nor 3 ft and should not coincide in vertical arrays more frequently than every third bar. ‘Minimum temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements are shown in Fig.3 of Section 4. The minimum. reinforcement ratio provided in the horizontal direction is: Pp =(2 X 0.798 x 16) 0.0123 The minimum required reinforcement ratio when the length between shrinkage-dissipating joints is 50 ft is 0.00475 < 0.0123. Therefore, the minimum reinforcement requirements are satisfied. VIL. Design of Moment Reinforcing Figure E-4 shows the distribution of bending moments along the height of the wall. hn wer eon Been _ cI y 0 2 0 * 10 0 0 40 Figure E-4—Bending moments envelope for tank wall ‘The required vertical reinforcement for the exterior face of the wall with a moment of 23,032 ft-lbs is: Mul(f; bd?) = 23,032 X 120.9 x 4000 X 12 x (13.51)”) .0351 From standard design aid: @ =0.036 Ag = bd f fy = 0.036 X 12 X 13.5 X 4/60 = 0.389 Use #6 bars at 10 in. on exterior face (As = 0.53 in2) The required vertical reinforcement for the interior face of the wall with a moment of 35,157 ft-Ibs is: Myl(Of; bd”) = 35,157 x 12/(0.9 x 4000 x 12 x (13.51)) = 0.0535 Gireular Tanks 7From standard design aid: = 0.0555 A, = gbd fly = 0.0555 X 12 X 13.5 x 4/60 = 0.60 Use #6 bars at 8 in. on interior face (As <0.66 in.”) for the bottom half of the wall. Use #5 bars at 8 in. on the interior face for the top half of the wall (My = 27,600). This gives a minimum vertical reinforcement ratio of: p =0.53/(12 x 13.5) =0,0033 ‘The bars will be spliced at midheight immediately above the pour line. Since all the vertical bars will be spliced at this level, a Class B splice will be required. The basic development length, 4p, for #6 bars is calculated as follows: Lay = 0.04 Avfyhfe =0.04 x 0.44 x 60,000//4000 =16,7in. ‘The development length is determined by multiplying the basic development length by the applicable modifiers in ACI 318-89. For the present case, the following multipliers apply: + Since bars are vertical, there will not be 12 in, of fresh concrete below the bars. Use modifier of 1.0. * Cover is greater than 2d, clear bar spacing is greater than Sdg, and since the tank is circular, side cover requirements are satisfied. Use modifier of 1.0. ‘The development length for #7 bars using these modifiers is: = 1.0 X 1.0 X 16.7 = 16. but not less than 0.03d4f/4) tain = 0.03 X 0.75 X 60,000/¥/4000 =213in.> 167 in. The length of a Class B splice is equal to 1.3t4. Splice length = 1.3 X 21.3 = 27.7 in. (use 30 in.) The same size lap can be used for the splicing of the bars on the exterior face. ‘The development length ofthe standard hook that will be embedded in the base slab is equal to 1200khy/] multiplied by the appropriate modifiers of Section 12.5 of ACI318-89. Since the covers in.,the yield of reinforcements 60,000 and no ties or stirrups are used, all applicable modifiers are 1.0 and the development length is: fay = 1200 dy/ fe = 1200 X (6/8)/-¥4000 =142in. but not less than 8d) (6 in.) nor 6 in, Therefore, use 15 in. As discussed in Section 7, the maximum bar spacing must be limited to control flexural cracking. The maximum flexural moment for the exterior of the wall occurs at 0.8H. The maximum unfactored moment is equal to 0.0073 multiplied by WH. Note that this is the unfactored load, Therefore, the maximum unfactored moment for the exterior face of the wall is: 8 Cirear TanksMax = 0.0073 X 65.0 X (28)* = 10,416 ft-lbs per ft ‘The increase in the bending moments from the effect of restraint ofthe top of the tank from the roof slabis omitted since that increase is very small at this location. The stress inthe reinforcing is calculated using the working stress method as follows: As =0.528 int a =135 n =8 p =0528((12 x 13.5) =0.0033 k = /2pn+(pn)? —pn = 0.204 j =1-W3=0932 Therefore: f, = (10,416 x 12)(0.528 x 0.932 X 13.5) = 18815 psi ‘The maximum spacing to control cracking is: Smax = 2°1(2 X de? X fe) where: de ‘over + bar radius +0375 =2.375 z = 115 kipsfin. f, = 18.8kips Smax = (1IS)/(2 X (2.375)? X (18.8%) in.>8in. OK. Smax for the interior #6 bars is 15 in. VIII. Shear Strength ‘The shear capacity of the wall is given by: Ve =a/f Xbwd = 2V4000 x12 «13.5, = 20,492 Ibs OVe= 85 X 20,492 = 17,418 Ibs Circa Paks BThe maximum shear force is given by: Vmax = Coefficient X wy X H? where Coefficient = 0.1065 (see Table A-12) Wy = 17 X 90.0 = 153.0 Ibs/ft? Vmax = 0.1065 X 153.0 X (28) = 12,775 Ibs < 17,418 Ibs OK. 7¥ 160 120, 156 8in 3 2 S g + water stop 4 +l, jhe i s #60 12in Tic oon i @ alae asAppendix 7" ‘Pp Table A-I Fixed Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)—Ring Tension .. AQ Table A-2 Fixed Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)—-Moment Table A-3 Fixed Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)—Ring Tension Table A-4 Fixed Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)—Momert ... Table A-5 Hinged Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)—Ring Tension ... Table A-6 Hinged Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)—Ring Tension Table A-7 Hinged Base-Free Top (Trapezoidal Load)—Moment ... Table A-8 Fixed Base-Free Top (Shear Applied at Top)—Ring Tensior Table A-9 Fixed Base-Free Top (Shear Applied at Top)—Ring Tensi0n reno Table A-10 Hinged Base-Free Top (Moment Applied at Base)—Ring Tension Table A-II Hinged Base-Free Top (Moment Applied at Base)—Moment Table A-12 Shear at Base of Cylindrical Wall Table A-13 Load on Center Support for Circular Slab Table A-14 Moments in Circular Slab without Center Support .. Table A-15 Stiffness of Cylindrical Wall Table A-16 Stiffness of Circular Plates Table A-17 Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support-Uniform Load! Fixed Base ... Table A-18 Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support-Uniform Load/Hinged Edge Table A-19 Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support-Moment at Edge ... Table A-20 Design Aid for Bending Moment Reinforcing ..Fixed Base-Free Top (Triangular Load) @ Table A-1— Tension In clreular rings T = coef. x WHR Ib per ft Positive sign indicates tension eam # Tom ow | ost a aaH Suppliers Coticiots eae ee ap[aml| | a5] S| a) al ae Table A-2— Moments in cylindrical wall Mom. = coef. > wH? ft-lb per ft Positive sign indicates tension in the outside ries 22): 0] 28a Supplenentl oetconts econ se ace se sae 3 | 288 |S [mm [om | om] om ‘AppendicFixed Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load) | Table A<3— Tension In circular rings T = coef. x pR Ib per ft Positive sign indicates tension BBY Ni] 2 £235] S82] EE] Supplement coetints ‘| a) gt] ig s3e8| st] ae] | 3 a8 60) S90 | cows | Son ‘eave tone | S022] | se Bee ‘Table A-4— Moments in cylindrical wall Mom. = coef. x pH? fb per ft Positive sign indicatos tension in the outside Gear ast | om | om | om | 101 ars | aS “toes | “fez | ote | Zens | Site 23a | 2238 | cote | “es | ches | Supplemental Cooticents = oe Cee Fa al oS Taal oa| ee | aes | a || & |: S| S| | AppendixHinged Base-Free Top (Triangular Load) g Table A-5— Tension in circular rings T= coef. x WHR Ib per ft Positive sign indicates tension Tain Be Bee Bee bere Bee Bed Bored Breed ered ard 45) 225 | 935] 38] 8 | SN] SE) 338 | 28] 23] S| supplemental coors es ee CE 25) 23 | S| S388] net] a8 | ee] a6 | 68) | SPS 129| ame | cme | same soge| ue | cata|vame| sor woe| ene| | & 43] S| | 3 | 388] eek | | | ere See || & roy AppendHinged Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load) & Table A-6— Tension in circular rings T = coef. x pR Ib per ft Positive sign indicates tension se 22 | Supplemental Gootctons 30] +1074} +1079] +1981 | +1075 0310 Goan rE 9) S32] 88] 2] 38 |B treprert sete ose 7 2 oC ‘Append aSHinged Base-Free Top (Trapezoidal Load) Table A-7—Moments in cylindrical wall Mom. = coef. x (WH? + pH?) ft-lb per ft Positive sign inaicates tension in the outside 8) ||| S| S| 2] S) S|) | | semen comm eo| one amos | Caos Bf egeep eee cee ene le ston} 007 LTR | 2beee | atte | Sons | 2m | seorr HE E222 22) e/8 AppendFixed Base-Free Top (Shear Applied at Top) Table A-8— Tension in circular rings T= coef. x VRIH Ib per ft Positive sign indicates tension aya Tar] oe ar | aa aw oe | ae aol ox | as sas | 05a | om | sox | s09 soos | Supplemental Coefficients 0) ete] Sa. soe | 33 | 298 | S938 | 33h SIRES ales ‘When his table is used for shear applic atthe base whe the tep i fixed, 0.0H is the bottom ofthe wall and .0# the lop. Shear acing inward s positive, outward is negative Table A-9— Moments In cylindrical wall Mom, = cost, x VH fLib per ft Positive sign indicates tension in the outside = om om | om [om | om a7 SER Soe ERE ORS | OT 20] 40.100 +2908 | s0006 | -oor0 | oes | Supplemental Coefficients sl ‘Bae 18:80 | Sask | 2988 | 2558 | oe 3 sr 33m am | Boor | Sa |[ | cm [ oom [aoe [oom | ae 5 teaie aoe Se | 300s | oom | | oe 8a] soot 0062 | 0089 | ome | 900% VT a | saat | soos | sooes| soore | somos 3 ae 202 | S66] Sake | soe |] & | coeze | ess |

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