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Chapter 7 Transverse Shear Stresses in Beams
Chapter 7 Transverse Shear Stresses in Beams
Transverse Force
Cross-section a-a
Area A
= 0 at the
top surface
a
x
Area A
Shear stress
Resultant Shear
Force V(x)
Fig. 7.1 Transverse shear force and transverse shear stress over cross-section of beam
If we look at a typical beam section with a transverse stress as in Fig. 7.1, the top and bottom
surfaces of the beam carries no longitudinal load, hence the shear stresses must be zero here. In
other words, at top and bottom surfaces of beam section = 0. As a consequence of this, the
shear stress distribution is not uniform and the formula of average shear stress is no longer valid
V (x )
(7.1)
avg =
A
F2
w(x)
M1
M2
x
dx
dM(x)
M(x)+ dx dx
N.A.
M(x)
dx
Fig. 7.3 Length of beam dx with normal stress distribution due to bending moment
Summing the forces horizontally on this infinitesimal element, the stresses due to the bending
moments only form a couple, therefore the force resultant is equal to zero horizontally. Consider
now a segment of this element a distance y above the N.A. up to the top of the element. In order
for it to be in equilibrium, a shear stress xy must be present, as shown in Fig. 7.4.
t(y)
x1
x2
dy
ytop
N.A.
M(x)
dy
ytop
xy
dM(x)
M(x)+ dx dx
N.A.
dx
dx
Fig. 7.4 Segment of length dx cut a distance y from N.A., with equilibrating shear stress xy
Let the width of the section at a distance y from the N.A. be a function of y and call it t(y).
Applying the horizontal equilibrium equation, gives:
+ Fx = 0 =
ytop
x1t ( y )dy
y
ytop
t ( y )dy + t ( y )dx = 0
x2
xy
(7.2)
M (x ) y
t ( y )dy
I
ytop
(M (x ) + dM (x )) y t ( y )dy + t ( y )dx = 0
xy
I
dM (x ) 1
=
dx It ( y )
ytop
yt ( y )dy
y
dM ( x )
But since V ( x ) =
dx
then, the Shear Stress Distribution is given by:
xy =
V (x )
It ( y )
ytop
yt ( y )dy =
y
V ( x )Q( y ) VQ
=
It ( y )
It
(7.3)
where:
V(x)
the shear force carried by the section, found from the shear force diagram
I
the second moment of area
t(y)
the sectional width at the distance y from the N.A.
Q( y ) =
ytop
yt ( y )dy = y A
area, defined from the section where t(y) is measured, and y is the distance to the centroid of
A, measured from the Neutral Axis.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 7
=0
Parabolic
curve
y
h
max
max
h/2 y
NA
NA
b
The distribution of the shear stress throughout the cross section due to a shear force V can be
determined by computing the shear stress at an arbitrary height y from the Neutral Axis.
2
1h
1h
h
(7.4)
Q = y' A' = y + y y b =
y 2 b
22
2 4
2
bh 3
The second moment of entire area: I =
12
With t = b, applying the shear formula, Eq. (7.3), we have
1 h2
V y 2 b
2
2 4
VQ
= 6V h y 2
=
=
It
bh 3
bh 3 4
b
12
(7.5)
The result indicates that the shear stress distribution over the cross section is parabolic, as
plotted in Fig. 7.5. The shear force intensity varies from zero at the top and bottom, y = h/2,
to a maximum value at the neutral axis at y = 0 (Please comparing this with the normal stress
distribution in Chapter 6, Fig. 6.6).
From Eq. (7.5), the maximum shear stress that occurs at the Neutral Axis is computed as
V
max = 1.5
(7.6)
A
This same value for max can be obtained directly from the shear formula = VQ/It, by
realizing that max occurs where Q is largest. By inspection, Q will be a maximum when the
area above (or below) the neutral axis is considered, that is A = bh/2 and y' = h / 4 .
By comparison, max is 50% greater than the average shear stress determined from Eq. (7.1).
Example 7.1: Determine shear stress distribution in the following I beam, with a shear
force of V = 25 kN applied.
0.05
0.04
10
1
y1 = 45
N.A.
100
y2 = 0
N.A.
10
y3 = -45
10
100
Ref
-0.04
-0.05
100 10 3
10 80 3
100 10 3
2
2
I =
+ ( 45) 100 10
+ 0 2 10 80 +
+ (45) 100 10 +
12
12
12
+6
4
-6 4
I = 4.49310 mm =4.49310 m
V (x )
=
It ( y )
ytop
yt ( y )dy =
y
VQ
It
0.05
25 10 3
xy =
+
.
ydy
.
ydy
0
1
0
01
y
0.05 2 0.04 2
0.04 2 y 2
+ 0.01
= 2.782 10 9 (0.0106 y 2 )
= 5.564 1010 0.1
2
2
2
2
iii) Range -0.05 y -0.04, i.e. Area 3, the shear stress is given by:
0.04
0.04
0.05
25 10 3
= 2.782 10 9 (0.0025 y 2 )
0.1ydy +
0
.
01
ydy
0
.
1
ydy
xy =
+
Plotting these distributions between their limits, gives the following discontinuous parabolic
distribution of shear stress:
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 7
y
2.5MPa
25.04MPa
N.A.
29.49MPa
Shear Stress
Distribution
2.5MPa
25.04MPa
A
D
Axial
Load
(Force F)
B
A
D
B
A
D
B
y
N.A.
N.A.
avg
A,C
D
N.A.
Torsional shear
stress
T = T/J
T
D
Bending
Load
(Transverse
Force P)
Stresses
Tensile average
normal stress
avg=F/A
Bending normal
stress
M = -My/I
Transverse
shear stress
V = VQ/It
D
B
Combined
Loads
N.A.
F
T
=F/A -My/I
Total normal
stress
A,C
N.A.
Total shear
stress at N.A.
= VQ/ItT/J
Example 7.2: Two forces P=18kN and F=15kN are applied to the shaft with a radius of
R=20mm as shown. Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses developed in the shaft.
y
B
z
b=1
y
B
00m
m
N.A
.
mm
a= 50
A
D
b=1
00m
m
N.A
.
F
F
T=Pa
B
A
D
x
M(x)
Pb
Loading Diagram
V(x)
-P
N.A.
0.1
Shear Force Diagram
Mmax
x
Bending Moment Diagram
0.1
From the shear force and bending moment diagrams, one can identify that the shear force is uniform
along the shaft with V=P=18000N, and the maximum bending moment occurs at the section ABCD
with a magnitude of Mmax = Pb=180000.1=1800Nm. So the critical section is ABCD.
Step 3: Apply the superposition for determining the maximum normal stress
The maximum compressive stress occurs at point B, where both the maximum bending
moment Mmax and axial force F will form a highest combined compressive stress as
P M y
1800 0.02
15000
= 11.93 286.40 = 298.33MPa
max = B = max max =
3
A
I
1.257 10
125.7 10 9
Step 4: Apply the superposition for determining the maximum shear stresses
As shown in table 7.1, the maximum shear stress occurs at point C, where both the transverse
shear force V=P and the torsional moment T=Pa give a highest combined shear stress as
TR
900 0.02
The max twist shear stress Tmax =
=
= 71.63MPa (at outer surface)
J
251.3 10 9
(
VQ
18000) (5.33 10 6 )
V
The max shear stress in bending max =
=
It
(125.7 10 9 ) (2 0.02) = 19.08MPa (at N.P.)
The total combined max shear stress: max = C = Tmax + Vmax = 71.36 + 19.08 = 90.44MPa