17

Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Column 1

Column load transfer from beams and slabs

Type of Columns

Strength of Short Axially Loaded Columns

Column Failure by Axial Load

Lateral Ties and Spirals
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tributary Area
When loads are evenly distributed over a surface, it is often possible to assign
portions of the load to the various structural elements supporting that surface
by subdividing the total area into tributary areas corresponding to each member.
Half the load of the table goes
to each lifter.

6m

Half the 100 kg/m2 snow load on the cantilevered

roof goes to each column.
The tributary area for each column is 3 m x 3 m.
So the load on each column is
100 (3 x 3) = 900 kg

3m

100 kg/m2

Column load transfer from beams and slabs

1) Tributary area method: Half distance to adjacent columns
Load on column = area floor load

y
y

6m

6m

4.5 m

9m

12 m

9m

All area must be tributed to columns

C3

C1

C3

C1
6m

C2

C4

C4

C2

6m
C4

C2

C4

C2

4.5 m
C1

C3

C3

9m

12 m

C1

9m

C1 : Corner column

C3 : Exterior column

C2 : Exterior column

C4 : Interior column

2) Beams reaction method:

Collect loads from adjacent beam ends
B2

B1

B4
RB1

RB2

RB1 RB2

B1

C1
B3

B2

Load summation on column section for design

ROOF

Design section

Load on 2nd floor column

= Roof floor + Column wt.

Design section

Load on 1st floor column

= load on 2nd floor column
+ 2nd floor + Column wt.

2nd FLOOR

1st FLOOR

Ground level

Design section
Footing

Load on pier column

= load on 1st floor column
+ 1st floor + Column wt.


 
  

 
C1 (A-6)

 

RB2

3.50 m

T1

RB4



0.3 x 0.3 m

RB19




B5

3.50 m

B4

B4

0.3 x 0.3 m

B5

 

B5
B4

B4
B5

 

1.50 m


0.4 x 0.4 m

RB2
RB4
RB19
T1
Col.Wt.
Floor load

= 5280 kg
= 4800 kg
= 4416 kg
=
960 kg
=
756 kg
= 16212 kg

2B5
= 10764 kg
2B4
= 14736 kg
Col.Wt.
=
756 kg
Floor load = 26256 kg
Cum. load = 42468 kg
2B5
= 10764 kg
2B4
= 14736 kg
Col.Wt.
=
576 kg
Floor load = 26076 kg
Cum. load = 68544 kg

Type of Columns

Tie

Spiral

Longitudinal
steel
s = pitch

Tied column

Spirally reinforced column

Strength of Short Axially Loaded Columns

Short columns are typical in most building columns.
P0

Steel

fy
Stress

f c
Section A-A

Concrete

.001

.002
Strain

.003

P0

[ Fy = 0 ]
P0 = Ast fy + fc( Ag Ast )
From experiment:

f c
fy

fy

Fs = Ast fy
Fc = (Ag - Ast) f c

P0 = Ast fy + 0.85fc( Ag Ast )

where
Ag = Gross area of column section
Ast = Longitudinal steel area

Column Failure by Axial Load

Pu

Axial load

Pu

Initial failure

Tied column

Axial deformation

Heavy spiral
ACI spiral
Light
spiral




 


 :
U = 1.4D + 1.7L




:
U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)



U = 0.9D + 1.3W

"#

() :


  

= 0.75



 

= 0.70


&'(
)**+&
,
&'( ACI
1) 

!
"# 
2) &'
  9 ".". 


) DB32 * 
&'
  12 ".". 


) DB36 *  DB40
3) 
!
! (s)
s 16





s 48 
 
s



,"
 

4) "") * 


."!/ 135o * 
."!"
 "
!/ 15 0".
x

x 15 cm
x

x > 15 cm

x
x 15 cm

x > 15 cm


&
'
Initial shape

Pu
Spiral

Final shape

f2

f2

Increase of compressive strength due to lateral pressure:

ff = fc + 4.1f2
Good design: Strength lost by spalling = Strength gain from f2

( Ag Acore )(0.85fc) = Acore (4.1f2 )

hcore
Core

Ab fy
Spiral
Ab fy
[ Fx = 0 ]

hcore s f2 = 2 Ab fy

f2 =
2

2 Ab fy

hcore s

4.1(2 Ab fy )
Ag

1 (0.85fc) =

hcore s
Acore

Define:

s =

Ab hcore
4 Ab
=
2
( hcore
/ 4)s hcore s

0.42fc Ag
s =
1

fy Acore

Rounding 0.42 to 0.45,

0.45fc Ag
ACI Code: s =
1

fy Acore

)**+&
,
&
'
1) Minimum width or diameter: hmin 20 cm
2) Reinforcement ratio: 1% g 8% (usually 5%)
3) Can use bundled bars in corners ( 4)
4) 2.5 cm Clear stirrup spacing 8 cm
5) Spiral diameter: db 9 mm
6) Lap splices: Lsp min { 48 db , 30 cm }

Minimum Cover for Column Reinforcement

Min. Cover

Condition

Reinforcement

Cast against earth

all sizes

7 cm

Exposed to weather
or earth

DB20 - DB60
DB16 and smaller

5 cm
4 cm

No exposure

main reinforcement,
ties, and spirals

4 cm

Limits on percentage of reinforcement

0.01 g = Ast / Ag 0.08

Lower limit:

To prevent failure mode of plain concrete

Upper limit:

To maintain proper clearances between bars

ACI Strength Provision: Pu  Pn

Spirally reinforced column:

Pn = 0.85[0.85fc( Ag Ast ) + fy Ast ], = 0.75

Tied column:

Pn = 0.80[0.85fc( Ag Ast ) + fy Ast ], = 0.70

Working Stress Design (WSD) of Short Column

Spirally reinforced column:

P = Ag (0.25fc + fs g ),

g = Ast / Ag

Tied column:

P = 0.85 Ag (0.25fc + fs g ),

g = Ast / Ag

where fs = 0.40fy but not exceed 2,100 kg/cm2

Length Effects
ACI permits neglect of length effect when

kLu
M
34 12 1
r
M2

M1

for braced system

M1

where (34 - 12M1/M2) may not exceed 40

M1 = The smaller bending moment

M2 = The larger bending moment

M1/M2 is positive for single curvature
and negative for double curvature

kLu
22
r

for unbraced system

M2

M2

Example 11.1 Design for Pure Compression

Design a concentrically loaded square column with ties providing lateral
reinforcement. Service dead and live loads are 180 and 90 tons, respectively
The column has an unsupported height of 3.0 m and is braced against
sidesway. Use fc = 240 kg/cm2 and fy = 4,000 kg/cm2.
1) Determine required strength
Pu = 1.4D + 1.7L = 1.4(180) + 1.7(90) = 405 tons
2) Check column slenderness. Assume an 50-cm square column
k = 1.0 for braced compression member
1 4 2
r = 0.3(50) = 15 cm
I/A =
h /h =
12

1/12 h

kLu 1.0 3.0 100

=
= 20 < 34 12(M1 / M2 ) = 22
r
15

Neglect length
effects

3) Design for column reinforcement

Required Pn = Pu/ = 405/0.70 = 578.6 ton
for tied column:

Pn = 0.80[0.85fc( Ag Ast ) + fy Ast ]

578.6 1,000 = 0.80(0.85240(5050 - Ast) + 4,000Ast)

Ast = 56.2 cm2

50 cm

USE 12DB25 (Ast = 58.9 cm2, g = 2.36%)

4) Select lateral reinforcement

12DB25
RB9@0.40

USE RB9 ties with DB25 longitudinal bars

Spacing not greater than:

16 (2.5) = 40 cm
48 (0.9) = 43.2 cm
column size = 50 cm

USE RB9 @ 40 cm

50 cm