q1 = qn( )2 qn = = = 272.

73 kPa
. . ( )
.
q1 = 272.73 [ ] = 126.85 kPa
. . ( . )
Net ultimate bearing capacity of soft clay = CNC = 70 (6.3) = 441 kPa

F.S. = =
.

F.S. = 3.48 > 3 (use strip footing having a width of 1.1 meters)

Mastery Test:
Solve the following problems:
1. For a certain soil the cohesion is 55kN/m 2, the unit weight is 20 kN/m3
Angle of friction is ∅ = 10o
c = 50 kPa
NC’ = 7.5
Nq’ = 1.8
Ny’ = 0.48

a) Assuming local shear failure, calculate the net ultimate bearing

capacity in kPa for a strip footing of width = 1.2m at a depth of
4.5m. Terzaghi’s ultimate bearing capacity equation for strip
footing is given by:
𝟏
qu = c’NC’ + 𝜸Df Nq’ + 𝜸 B Ny’
𝟐

b) Considering shear failure only, calculate the safe bearing pressure

qS on a footing 6 m long by 1.2 m wide, using a load factor of
safety of 2.5. Given:

𝑩 𝟏 𝑩
qu = c NC (𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑 ) + 𝜸𝑫𝒇 𝑵𝒒 + 𝜸𝑩𝑵𝒚 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 )
𝑳 𝟐 𝑳

𝒒𝒖𝒏𝒆𝒕
and use qS = + 𝜸𝑫𝒇
𝑭.𝑺.

c) Calculate the safe total load in kN of the rectangular footing.

 UNIT 5
FOUNDATION STRUCTURES

Pretest:

Design of reinforced concrete footings

 Wall Footing
 Square isolated footing subjected to axial load
 Square isolated footing subjected to axial load and bending
moment
 Rectangular isolated footing
 Footing on piles
 Rectangular combined footing
 Trapezoidal footing
 Strap footing

A footing is that part of the structure which transmits the load to the underlying
soil or rock. The main purpose of the footing is to distribute the load from the
structure to the ground in such a way that settlement of the total structure or any
part of the structure relative to any part is held to a minimum.

Wall Footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that supports a

bearing wall, cantilevering out on each side of the wall
Square or spread footings are pads that distribute the column load in two
directions to an area of soil around the column.

Rectangular footings are used to support loads on a single column where

sometimes the location of the footing is limited to its property line on one of the
sides.

Combined footings are used to support two heavily loaded columns are so
spaced that normally designed single footings would run into each other,
rectangular or trapezoidal in cross section.

Cantilever or strap footing are two footings joined by a beam instead of by a

bearing portion of the footing. Each of the two main parts of this footing supports
a column load

Floating or mat or raft foundation is a single thick mat or slab that supports the
entire structure. This type of foundation is frequently used with poor soil conditions
to equalize deformations.

Footing areas must be so proportioned that it is safe when only the permanent
load is acting and will still be safe when both dead load and live load are acting.
The settlement of the footings may be assumed to be proportional to the bearing
pressure caused by the dead load plus a fraction of the live load approximately
30%.

The distribution of soil pressure under the footing is a function of the type of soil
and the relative rigidity of the soil and foundation pad.

L.L. = live load D.L. = dead load

P.L. = permanent load; P.L. = D.L. + L.L.

T.L. = total load; T.L. = D.L. + L.L.

r = bearing ratio; r = P.L./T.L.

. .
Area of footing =

B = soil bearing pressure

Design of plain concrete footing

A plain concrete footing is to be designed for a 300mm reinforced concrete wall

that supports a dead load of 176 kN/m including the wall weight and a live load of
88 kN/m. The base of the footing is to be 1.5 m below the ground surface fc’ =
20.7MPa. Allowable bearing capacity of 192 kPa. Weight of soil 15.74 Kbn/m3 and
concrete is 23.5 kN/m3. Assume 600mm as total depth of footing. Determine:
a. Width of the plain concrete footing
b. Allowable bending strength of the plain concrete footing and check the
adequacy of the section
c. Allowable shearing strength of the plain concrete footing and check the
adequacy of the section

a. Width of the plain concrete footing

Net effective soil pressure
qeff = 192 – 23.5(0.6) – 15.74 (0.90)
qeff = 163.734 kPa

Consider 1-meter strip length of the plain concrete footing

L (1) = =
.

L = 1.61 m say 1.60m

b. Allowable bending strength

Ultimate bearing pressure

. . . ( ) . ( )
qult = = = 220 kN/m2
. ( )

.
Mu = 220 (0.65) ( )

Mu = 46.48 kN.m
Allowable bending strength:

Mn = 0.42 𝑓𝑐 S

∅Mn > Mu ∅ = 0.55

Note: The overall thickness h to be taken as 50 mm less than the actual

thickness

h = 600 – 50 = 550mm

S = elastic section modulus

( )
S= = = 50.42 x106 mm3

Mn = 0.42√20.7 (50.42 x 106)

Mn = 96.35 x 106 N.mm
Mn = 96.35 kN.m

∅Mn > Mu
0.55 (96.35) > 46.48
52.99 kN.m > 46.48 kN.m (adequate)

c. Allowable shearing strength

Vn = 0.11 𝑓𝑐′ bh

Vn = 0.11√20.7 (1000) (550) = 275,258.38 N

Vu = 220 (0.10) (1) = 22kN

∅𝑉𝑛 = 0.55 (275258.38) = 151.94 kN > 22 kN (safe)

Note: when plane concrete footings are supported by soil, they cannot have an
edge thickness less than 200 mm and they cannot be used in piles. The critical
sections for shear and moment for plain concrete footings are the same as for
reinforced concrete footing which is “d” distance from the edge of the column
and at the edge of the column respectively.
Critical sections for moment, shear and punching shear

Design of wall footing

A wall footing is to support a 300 mm wide reinforced concrete wall with a dead
load of 290 kN/m and a live load of 220 kN/m. The bottom of the footing is 1.20
m below the final grade. Assume that soil weighs 15.74 kN/m3and and the
allowable soil pressure is 193 kPa. fc’ = 20.7 MPa fy = 415 MPa. Use
75mm steel covering and concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m3. Compute:
a. The width and depth of footing
b. The spacing of 22 mm ∅ main bars and 16 mm ∅ longitudinal
temperature and shrinkage steel.
c. The development length required if:
Bar location factor 𝛼 = 1.0
Coating Factor 𝛽 = 1.0
Size factor 𝛾 = 1.0
Normal weight concrete λ = 1.0
Reduction factor ∅ = 0.90

Figure:
Solution:
a. Width and depth of footing:
Try 500 mm depth of footing
Effective soil pressure:
qeff = 193 – 0.50 (23.5) – 15.74 (0.70)
qeff = 170.23 kPa

width of footing =
.
width of footing = 2.99 say 3.0 m
ultimate soil pressure:
. .
qu =
consider 1-meter strip of wall:

. ( ) . ( )
qu = = 233. 33 kN/m2
( )

Vu = qu (0.925) (1) = 233.33 (0.925) (1) = 215.83 kN safe

Total thickness of footing = 500 mm

Width of footing = 3 meters

b. Spacing of 22 mm ∅ bars:
.
Mu = 233.33 (1.35) (1) ( )
Mu = 212.62 kn.m

But:
.
Mu = ∅ fc’𝜔bd2(1 – 0.59𝜔) 𝜔 =𝜌 𝜌= 𝜌 =

212.62 x 106 = 0.90 (20.7) (1000) (425)2 𝜔(1 – 0.59 𝜔)

𝜔(1 – 0.59 𝜔) = 0.06318
𝜔 2 – 1.6949 𝜔 + 0.107093 = 0
𝜔 = 0.0659
𝜔 =𝜌
( )
0.0659 = 𝜌
.
𝜌 = 0.00328
.
𝜌 =
𝜌 = 0.00337
AS = 𝜌bd = 0.00337 (1000) (425)
Use 𝜌 = 0.0037 AS = 1434 mm2
Using 22mm ∅

( ) (22)2 = 1434
S = 265 mm say 250 mm o.c.

Temperature bars (16 mm ∅)

AS = 0.0018bt
AS = 0.0018 (1000) (500)
AS = 900 mm2
( ) (16)2 = 900
S = 223.40 mm say 200 mm o.c.
c. Required development length:
Available development length:
Ld = 1.5 – 0.075 – 0.15
Ld = 1.275m or 1275mm
Use:
C = 75 (side cover) Ktr = 0 (no stirrup) db = diameter of main bar

= 2.5

= 3.41 > 2.5

( )( )( )( )( )
= =
√ ( . )

= 32.8

Ld = 32.8 db = 32.8 (22)

Ld = 721.6 mm < 1275 mm ok
Development length required = 721.6 mm
A development length is the reinforcement(bar) length needed to be
embedded or projected into the column to establish the desired bond strength
between the concrete and steel.