1

COVER PLATES OF THE TOP

AND BOTTOM FLANGES OF
WF SECTION
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A W 30 x 148 is required for a beam having a certain span, but it is not available at any hardware, however an extra
W 30 x 108 of sufficient length is available, along with a good supply of plates. The contractor decides to design the
cover plates to be welded to the flanges of W 30 x 108 having a thickness of 22 mm to provide satisfactory substitute
for the original W 30 x 148 beam. Assume that full lateral bracing is to be provided for the compression flange.
Prop. of W 30 x 148 Prop. of W 30 x 108
Wt. of beam = 220 kg/m Wt. of beam = 161 kg/m
d = 779.02 mm d = 757.68 mm
Zx = 8194 x 103 mm3 Zx = 5670 x 103 mm3
Fy = 345 MPa
Unit wt. of steel = 800 kg/m3

a) Determine the width of each cover plate needed at the top and bottom.
b) Determine the design flexural strength of the cover plated beam.
c) Determine the safe service live concentrated load that the beam could support at the midspan if the beam
has a span of 8 m.
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a) Width of each cover plate needed at the top and bottom

Plastic section required = 8194 x 103 (W 30 x 148)
Plastic section available = 5670 x 103 (W 30 x 108) b
Required section modulus: 22

Z = 5670 x 103 + b(22)(2)(389.84)

389.84
8194 x 103 = 5670 x 103 + 44(389.84)b 378.84
b = 147.15 mm N.A
757.68
Use b = 150 mm
Size of plate = 150 x 22 mm (at the top and bottom)

22
b) Design flexural strength of the cover plated beam
ø Mn = ø Mp
ø Mn = 0.90 Fy Zx
ø Mn = 0.90(345)(8194)(10)3
ø Mn = 2544.24 kN.m
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c) Safe service live concentrated load that the beam could support at the midspan if the beam has a span of
8 m.
161(9.81) 0.022(0.15)(1)(800)(9.81)
Dead load = +
1000 1000

Dead load = 1.631 kN/m

1.2 WDL L2 1.6 PL

ø Mn = +
8 4

1.2(1.605)(8)2 1.6 P(8)

2544.24 = +
8 4

P = 790.18 kN
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BENDING IN BOTH
DIRECTIONS
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BEAMS BENDING ON BOTH DIRECTIONS

Mux Muy
+ ≤ 1.0
ø Mnx ø Mny
Where:
Mux = factored load moment about the x-axis
Muy = factored load moment about the y-axis

Mnx = nominal flexural strength about the x-axis

Mny = nominal flexural strength about the y-axis
Resistance factor ø = 0.90
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Nominal Flexural Strength of Beams Along x-axis (Compact

Section)

① When the beam is fully laterally supported along

its span.
② When the beam has lateral supports only at any
point of the beam.
Given: Lp, Lr and Lb (distance between lateral supports)

Lp < Lb < Lr
é æ Lb - L p ö ù
Use: êë
( )
Mnx = Cb êMpx - Mpx - 0.7 Fy Sx ç ÷ ú ≤ MPa
è Lr - Lp ø úû
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Nominal flexural strength of beams along y-axis (compact)

① Mny = Fy Zy < 1.6 Fy Sy

where Fy Sy = yield moment for the y-axis

Nominal flexural strength of beams along y-axis (non-compact)

② Mny =

Mpy = Fy Zy
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A W 24 x 62 having a simple span of 3.6 m. The beam is subjected to the following service moments:
MDx = 80 kN.m MDy = 20 kN.m
MLx = 136 kN.m MLy = ?
These moments includes the beam weight. All the loads are assumed to pass through the centroid of the section and
the beam has full lateral support for the compression flange.
Prop. of W 24 x 62 (Compact section)
d = 603 mm Zx = 2507 x 103 mm3
bf = 178.82 mm Zy = 257 x 103 mm3
tf = 14.99 mm Sx = 2147 x 103 mm3
tw = 10.92 mm Sy = 161 x 103 mm3
Fy = 345 MPa Resistance factor ø = 0.90

a) Determine the nominal flexural strength about the x-axis.

b) Determine the nominal flexural strength about the y-axis.
c) Determine the max. value of the service live load moment that must be applied along the y-axis so that the
beam will not be overstressed.
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a) Nominal flexural strength about x-axis

Mnx = Fy Zx (the beam has full lateral support)
Mnx = 345(2507)(10)3
Mnx = 864.92 kN.m

a) Nominal flexural strength about the y-axis

Mny = Fy Zy < 1.6 Fy Sy
Mny = Fy Zy
Mny = 345(257)(10)3
Mny = 88.67 kN.m

Mny = 1.6 Fy Sy
Mny = 1.6(345)(161)(10)3
Mny = 88.87 kN.m

Use Mny = 88.67 kN.m

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c) Max. value of the service live load moment that must be applied along the y-axis so that the beam will not
be overstressed
Mux = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
Mux = 1.2(80) + 1.6(136)
Mux = 313.6 kN.m

Mux Muy
+ ≤ 1.0
ø Mnx ø Mny

313.6 Muy
+ = 1.0
0.9(864.92) 0.9(88.67)

Muy = 47.65 kN.m

Muy = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

Muy = 1.2 MDy + 1.6 MLy
47.65 = 1.2(20) + 1.6(MLy)
Muy = 14.78 kN.m (service live load moment that must be applied on the y-axis so that the beam will
not be overstressed)
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(Using Working Stress)
A 30 kg/m light crane rail sits on and is securely fastened to a W 16 x 45 crane girder. The girder is simply supported
on a span of 6 m. The beam is a compact section.
Crane wheel factored load:
Pu = 80 kN H = 20 kN Pu = 80 kN
Assume full transfer of lateral load to the top of the flange.
Properties of W 16 x 45
Sx = 1191 x 103 mm3 Cb = 1.32 H = 20 kN
Sy = 153 x 103 mm3 Lp = 1.98 m
Zx = 1349 x 103 mm3 Lr = 6.16 m
Zy = 238 x 103 mm3
Fy = 248 MPa
Wt. of girder = 67 kg/m

a) Determine the required flexural strength about the x-axis.

b) Determine the design flexural strength about the y-axis.
c) If the design flexural strength of the beam are ø Mnx = 330 kN.m and ø Mny = 80 kN.m, determine the max.
span of the girder so that the section shall be adequate to carry the given loads, neglecting the weight of rail
and girder.
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a) Required flexural strength about the x-axis

(30 + 67)(9.81)
w=
1000
Pu = 80 kN

w = 0.95 kN/m
wu
wu = 0.95(1.2) H = 20 kN
wu = 1.14 kN/m

wu L2 P L
Mux = + u
8 4

1.14(6)2 80(6)
M ux = +
8 4

L
Mux = 125.13 kN/m
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b) Design flexural strength about the y-axis

( )
é æ L - Lp ö ù
Mny = Cb êMp - Mp - 0.7 Fy Sy ç b ÷ ú ≤ Mpy
êë y y
è Lr - Lp ø úû

Mpy = Fy Zy
Mpy = 248(238)(10)3
Mpy = 59.02 x 106 N.mm

é æ 6 - 1.98 ö ù
(
Mny = 1.32 ê59.02 x 106 - 59.02 x 106 - 0.7(248)(153000) ç ) ú ≤ Mpy
è 6.16 - 1.98 ÷ø û
ë
Mny = 36.70 x 106 N.mm

ø Mny = 0.90(36.70)
ø Mny = 33.03 kN.m
Use ½ of this value to account for the torsional effect since the horizontal load is acting on the flange.
Flexural strength about the y-axis:
ø Mny 33.03
= = 16.52 kN.m
2 2
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c) Max. span of the girder so that it will be adequate to carry the loads

Pu L
Mux =
4
M ux M uy
Mux =
80L + = 1.0
4 øM nx øM ny

Mux = 20L 20L 5L

+ = 1.0
330 80
2
HL
Muy =
4 0.1856L = 1.0
20L
Muy = L = 5.39 m
4

Muy = 5L
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Concrete Bearing Strength

a) If the plate covers the full area of support
Nominal strength: Rn = 0.85 fc’ A1

b) If the plate does not cover the full area of support

A2
Nominal strength: R n = 0.85 fc' A1 ≤ 1.7 fc' A1
A1

where: fc’ = compressive strength of concrete

A1 = bearing area
A2 = full area of support

Design bearing strength = ø Rn

where ø = 0.60 Ω = 2.5
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Web Yielding
= the compressive crushing of a beam web caused by the
application of a compressive force to the flange directly above
or below the web.

① Nominal strength for web yielding at the support.

Rn = (2.5 k + N) tw Fy ø = 1.0

Design strength for web yielding at the support.

ø Rn = ø (2.5 k + N) tw Fy
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localized deformation
tw
N + 2.5k at the toe of the fillet
bearing plate

bearing plate
web yielding

Rn B
N

k web area
(top view)
d N + 2.5k tw
2.5k
k N + 2.5k

tw N
45˚
Rn
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② Nominal strength for web yielding at the interior of the beam.

Rn

tw

5k + N

5k + N

Rn = (5 k + N) tw Fy
Design strength: ø = 1.0
ø Rn = ø (5 k + N) tw Fy
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a) Thickness of bearing plate: (LRFD)

bearing plate

B
n+k=
2

B B
n= -k bearing plate
2

Mp = Fy Z t

N n k k n
2
2 Ru n B/2 B/2
t =
ø Fy BN
n

B
ø = 0.90
1 mm Ru
BN
n
Cantilever beam
 21

b) Thickness of bearing plate: (ASD)

3.34 Ra n2
t =
Fy BN

Rn
Ra =
W
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A W 21 x 68 beam with end reactions is supported by a steel bearing plate.

Prop. of W 21 x 68
d = 536.70 mm Fy = 345 MPa
bf = 210.06 mm fc’ = 27.6 MPa
tf = 14.70 mm Zx = 2622 x 103 mm3
tw = 10.92 mm Sx = 2294 x 106 mm4
k = 36.57 mm
End reactions: Use LRFD Method of design.
RDL = 112 kN
RLL = 178 kN
The beam will bear on a reinforced concrete wall. The bearing plate will have a width parallel to the wall not longer
than 200 mm. Assume that the bearing plate covers the full area of the support.

a) Determine the length of the bearing plate which is parallel to the beam at its support. Resistance factor ø = 0.60
b) Determine the max. factored reaction at the end point when N = 150 mm that will cause web yielding.
c) Determine the thickness of the bearing plate using LRFD.
d) Determine the thickness of bearing plate using ASD.
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a) Length of bearing plate which is parallel to the length of the beam.

ø = 0.60
ø Rn = 1.2 RDL + 1.6 RLL
ø Rn = 1.2(112) + 1.6(178)
ø Rn = 419.2 kN
ø Rn = ø (0.85) fc’ A1
419200 = 0.60(0.85)(27.6)(200) N
N = 148.9 mm say 150 mm

b) Max. factored reaction at the end point when N = 150 mm that will cause web yielding
Resistance factor ø = 1.0
ø Rn = ø (2.5 k + N) Fy tw
ø Rn = 1.0 [(2.5)(36.57) + 150](345)(10.92)
N + 2.5k
ø Rn = 908.54 kN
t

N
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c) Thickness of the bearing plate using LRFD

2 Ru n2
t =
0.90 B N Fy

k + n = 100
36.57 + n = 100
n = 63.43 mm
Ru = 419.2 kN

t
2(419200)(63.43)2
t =
0.90(200)(150)(345)
k n
t = 19.03 mm say 20 mm
100 100

B = 200
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Using the alternate solution:

æ 63.43 ö
M u = fp (1)(63.43) ç
è 2 ÷ ø
t
Ru 3
fp = .973 3
BN
f p=
13 63.4
n=
419200 b =1
fp = mm
200(150)

fp = 13.9733 N/mm2
t/2 t/4
(63.43)(63.43) t
M u = 13.9733(1) t/2
2

Mu = 28110 N.mm 1

ø Mn = Mu
ø = 0.90 (bending)
ø Mn = ø Fy Zx
ø Mn = ø Fy Zx
æ t öæ t ö
Z = (1) ç ÷ ç ÷ (2) 0.90(345)(t ) 2
è 2ø è 4ø 28110 =
4
t2
Z = t = 19.03 say 20 mm
4
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d) Thickness of the bearing plate using ASD

3.34 Ra n2
t =
Fy BN

n = 63.43 mm (as previously computed)

Ra =
Rn t
W
fp
R 3
Rn = u 63.4
ø n =
Rn =
419.2 1 mm
0.90
Rn = 465.78 kN

Rn 1.5
Ra = W= = 1.67 (3.34)(278910.18)(63.43)2
W 0.9 t=
345(200)(150)
465780
Ra =
1.67 t = 19.03 mm say 20 mm
Ra = 278910.18 N